Aivasedo George

Outstanding Russian traveler - Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev

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Creative work in geography "Outstanding Russian traveler - Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev" Author of the work, 7th grade student Georgy Aivasedo, leader - geography teacher Sukhar Lyudmila Antonovna

Portrait of V. A. Obruchev “Never during a noisy city life, straining all my nerves like strings, have I experienced such peace of mind as in the desert, lying by a blazing fire after a tiring day’s march and contemplating clear sky with countless lights, the darkening horizon of the desert, listening to her voices, trying to unravel her secrets ... "V.A. Obruchev

Biography of the traveler Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev was born on September 28 (October 10), 1863 in the village. Klepenino, Rzhevsky district, Tver province, died June 19, 1956. - Russian geologist, paleontologist, geographer, science fiction writer. He graduated from a real school in Vilna in 1881, the Petersburg Mining Institute in 1886.

The outstanding Russian scientist V.A. Obruchev is a researcher of the geology of Siberia, Central and Central Asia, discovered several ridges in the Nanshan mountains, the Daursky and Borshchovochny ridges, explored the Beishan highlands. In 1892-1894. Obruchev participated as a geologist in the fourth expedition of Grigory Potanin. In the 1890s, the scientist was engaged in the design of the Trans-Caspian and Trans-Siberian railways. The first full-time geologist of Siberia

Obruchev V.A. - Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Since 1901. - 1912 - the first dean of the mining department of the Tomsk Technological Institute. From 1918 - 1919 - Professor at the Tauride University in Simferopol. From 1921 - 1929 - Professor of the Moscow Mining Academy. Since 1930, the scientist has been the chairman of the Commission for the Study of Permafrost. Since 1939 - Director of the Institute of Permafrost Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1942 to 1946 - Academician - Secretary of the Department of Geological geographical sciences Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1947 - Honorary President of the Geographical Society of the USSR. Among more than 1000 scientific works of the scientist are the three-volume Geology of Siberia (1935-1938) and the five-volume History of the geological exploration of Siberia (1931-1949)

Explorations of Siberia Rock Khobot Cape Shamansky stone on the shore of the lake. Baikal, near the villages. Kultuk and Art. Slyudyanka Red Yars of Upper Cambrian sandstones and clays of the left bank of the river. Lena below Art. Ust-Kut and a covered boat - Shitik Cliffs of folded limestones of the Middle Cambrian on the right bank of the river. Lena below Art. Ivanushkovskaya

Investigation of gold-bearing deposits in Siberia rollovers; in front - an old section in which a gold-bearing layer was mined. Bottom right - mouths of two ort. View to the west up the river valley. Dogaldyn (photo by N.I.Strauss)

Expeditions of Obruchev V.A. in Asia

Goals of the most important expeditions of 1886 - 1888 – research in the Karakum desert. The purpose of the expeditions: to carry out surveys along the Trans-Caspian (Ashgabat) railway under construction, to determine the water content of sandy desert regions, to find out the conditions for fixing dune sands that fill up the railway track. 1889 - 1891 - expeditions to the basin of the Vitim and Olekma rivers. Purpose: study of the geology and gold content of placers. The expedition was organized by the Russian Geographical Society. 1892-1894 - took part in the expedition of G.N. Potanin. Obruchev V.A. left Kyakhta, crossed Mongolia, walked along Northern China, explored the ridge. Nanshan and finished the expedition in Ghulja. 1901 - 1914 - work in Siberia. 1901 - organized a mining department in Tomsk, occupied the department of geology. Conducts surveys in the Lensko-Vitimsky gold-bearing region, geological survey of the Bodaibo river basin.

Asian Studies 1901 - 1912 -pedagogical activity of V.A.Obruchev. 1905-1906 and 1909 the researcher makes three trips to Dzungaria (Xinjiang). Purpose: to study large mountain systems - Altai and Tien Shan. As a result of the research of Altai, it was found that Altai is a complex geological formation, consisting of a system of horsts and grabens.

Scientific adventure books by V.A. Obruchev

Expedition results During the years of expeditions to Central Asia, the researcher traveled 13,625 km ... On each route, he conducted geological research. The collected collection contained 7000 samples, about 1200 prints of fossil animals and plants, but most importantly, Obruchev V.A. collected fundamental information about the geography and geology of Central Asia. He explored the gold-bearing region of the river. Lena, Transbaikalia to Chita, Altai, as a result of discoveries, gold is being mined.

Researcher's contribution to geography In Central Asia, Nanshan, V.A.Obruchev discovered six new ridges, which he called the ridges of the Russian Geographical Society, Richthofen, Potanin, Mushketov, Semenov and Suess. The researcher developed ways to fix sands with the help of plants, created interesting work about the gold content of Siberia, put forward and substantiated the theory of the origin of loess, was one of the founders of the science of permafrost. The scientist published a three-volume "Geology of Siberia", a multi-volume edition "History of the geological exploration of Siberia"

The name of the researcher modern map Named after Obruchev: Mountain range in Tuva; Mountain in the upper Vitim; Oasis in Antarctica; underwater hill in pacific ocean off the coast of Kamchatka; Streets in Irkutsk, Moscow and Tomsk; Scientific and technical library of the Tomsk Polytechnic University in Tomsk. Ancient volcano in Transbaikalia; Glacier in the Mongolian Altai; Steppe between the rivers Murghab and Amu Darya Name Obruchev V.A. worn by the Tomsk Industrial Institute and the Institute of Permafrost of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Information resources History geographical discoveries: Section of the volume "Geography" ser. "Encyclopedia for children" M .: Avanta +, 2000. Encyclopedia for children: T. 3 Geography. - M .: Avanta +, 2005. Markin V.A. Russian travelers.Historical portraits.M. : Astrel AST, 2006. I.A. Muromov "One Hundred Great Travelers" M., "Veche" 2001 Encyclopedia "Circumnavigation" (http://www/krugosvet.ru) Encyclopedia "Wikipedia" (http://ru .wikipedia.org) Encyclopedia "People" (http://www.peoples.ru) V.A.Obruchev "My travels in Siberia" M-L, 1948.

S.V. Obruchev

Obruchev Sergey Vladimirovich

(1891-1965)
Born February 3, 1891 in Irkutsk. Son V.A. Obruchev, author famous novels"Sannikov Land" and "Plutonia", from the age of 14 he took part in his expeditions. He graduated from the Tomsk real school, and then the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow University (1915). At the age of 21, he conducted the first expedition - on geological survey of the surroundings of Borjomi. In 1917 - to the region of the middle reaches of the Angara River. In the period 1926-1934 he made 4 expeditions to study the North-East of Siberia and Far East. 1926-1927 spent in the basin of the Indigirka River, on an expedition organized by the Geological Committee of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Based on the results of the research, he proposed to unite the mountain ranges of the middle reaches of the Indigirka and Kolyma and name them after the traveler and scientist I. D. Chersky. During the expeditions of 1918-1924. On the Central Siberian Plateau, S.V. Obruchev described a coal-bearing basin, which he called the Tunguska, the largest in terms of coal reserves, which is now a strategic reserve of Russia. In 1926, the expedition of S.V. Obruchev discovered the cold pole of the northern hemisphere in the Oimekon region. The second expedition to the North-East - Kolyma - took place in 1928-1929. Obruchev headed the Kolyma geomorphological team of the Yakut expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. During the expedition, about 5,000 km of geological routes were carried out (of which almost 3,000 km were in the Kolyma River basin), visual survey along the routes, 17 astro points and 27 magnetic points were identified. Gold content was also discovered on a number of tributaries of the Kolyma. According to S.V. Obruchev's forecasts, it was possible to speak about the total gold content of the entire Sredne-Chersky Highlands between Indigirka and the Kolyma Range, 700 kilometers long and 200 kilometers wide. In 1932-1933, the third expedition took place - on an airplane, for the first time in the USSR, the method of aerial visual route survey was used to explore a vast territory. During the flight, the cartographer of the expedition, K. A. Salishchev, compiled a map of the Chukotka District. Expedition 1934-1935 led to the discovery of tin deposits in Chukotka. In the expedition of 1934-1935, snowmobiles were used as a means of transportation. The subject of study was the northern part of Chukotka - the modern Chaunsky district. In 1932-1941 he worked at the All-Union Arctic Institute, in 1941-1950 - at the Institute of Geological Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1937-1954 he studied the ridges of the Eastern Sayan, Khamar-Daban and North-Eastern Tuva. He also conducted research on the geology and geomorphology of other regions of the USSR. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1953). Over the past years, he headed the Laboratory of Precambrian Geology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Died August 29, 1965.
Author of more than 150 scientific papers, over 80 popular science articles and books. He knew and promoted the artificial language Esperanto, for some time he was the editor of the magazine La Ondo de Esperanto, since 1957 he headed the Esperanto section at the House of Scientists. Gorky in Leningrad. Awards: Stalin Prize(1946), Order of Lenin, Red Banner of Labor, Badge of Honor. In honor of S.V. Obruchev named a mountain range in the Chersky uplands, a peninsula and a cape on Novaya Zemlya.

This introductory part of the book of the outstanding explorer of North-Eastern Siberia S. V. Obruchev (son of the famous traveler, scientist and science fiction writer V. A. Obruchev) is dedicated to his three large expeditions to the north of Asia, which took place respectively in 1926, 1928-1930 and 1934 -1935. As a result of these expeditions, the Chersky Range and the Yukaghir Plateau were discovered, the Kolyma with tributaries and many other rivers of the region were mapped, and Chukotka was explored. After the expeditions of S. V. Obruchev, the previously unknown vast territory of Siberia, the bowels of which turned out to be rich in minerals, entered integral part in the national economy of our country.

"To unexplored lands"

S.V.Obruchev on the expedition

Expedition tasks

If you look at a map of Siberia, you will see that to the east of the Lena stretches a vast mountainous country stretching for 3,000 kilometers to the Bering Strait. This area is irrigated by three large rivers: Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma, reaching from 1500 to 2 thousand kilometers in length. By 1926, the Yana and the lower reaches of the Kolyma were more or less accurately mapped, while its upper reaches and the Indigirka were completely unexplored. Fenced off from the whole world by a stone wall, the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma Territory, in addition to the swamps and forests common to northern Siberia, is famous for its cold. The meteorological station in Verkhoyansk gave the lowest temperatures in the world, reaching almost 68°C in some years. Naturally, the population of the region was then extremely rare - no more than 15 thousand people in total; the largest settlements, the "cities" of Verkhoyansk and Sredne-Kolymsk, each had 500 inhabitants, while the rest of the space accounted for one person per 100 square kilometers.

On Kolyma

How inaccessible this region was showed by a small number of expeditions that had visited it before us. Almost two hundred years have passed since the time of the first explorer of Yakutia, I. Gmelin, and there are still vast areas equal to France or Germany, not crossed by any route. Most of the expeditions went from Yakutsk to the north, to Verkhoyansk, and then to the east along the Kolyma tract (in fact, the path), some expeditions explored the sea coast. The area south of the Kolyma tract was not only the least explored area in the entire USSR, but also one of the least explored corners of the world. This is where our expedition managed to pass in 1926. True, there were several travelers here before us, but they all followed the same route, crossing the region obliquely, from the southwest to the northeast, to Verkhne-Kolymsk. The first of them, the fleet captain Gavrila Sarychev, who was part of the Billings sea expedition, left Yakutsk on January 22, 1786 and, heading east on horseback, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range and reached the headwaters of the Indigirka, which here, as he reported, was called Omekon. From here Sarychev rode on reindeer to Okhotsk. Only in August did he return back to the headwaters of the Indigirka already on horseback and went to the northeast, to Verkhne-Kolymsk. Sarychev crossed high mountain ranges, crossed the powerful tributaries of the Indigirka - the Neru and Momu rivers.

River rafting. Yakutia

In Kolyma, he supervised the construction of sea vessels, on which the expedition was to explore the seas surrounding the northeast of Asia. In total, Sarychev spent eight years on this expedition - from 1785 to 1793. Sarychev is one of the outstanding Russian navigators, and his research in the northeast of Russia, as well as later works other scientists-travelers, gave wonderful materials for the knowledge of the seas and sea coasts. In the study of the Kolyma-Indigirka region, he was a pioneer and boldly followed paths that had not been explored before. But Sarychev's descriptions are too brief, they concern only the route itself and life local residents. Therefore, from his book it is impossible to get a clear idea about the relief and the direction of the mountain ranges. The small-scale map of the studied country attached to the book is very schematic and also does not give a clear idea of ​​the location of the ridges. Therefore, we should regard Sarychev's trip only as the first, reconnaissance, to get acquainted with the country, which was completely unknown before. Apparently, in the same way as Sarychev, in 1823, Fyodor Wrangel's companions, Midshipman Matyushkin and Doctor Kiber, traveled from Kolyma through Oymyakon to Yakutsk, but in the published works of the expedition there are not only descriptions of their path, but even an indication that what route they followed. The expedition of Wrangel and Matyushkin, as is known, was aimed at studying the polar coast and the Arctic islands. Matyushkin only determined the latitude and - very roughly - the longitude of Oymyakon.

Parking. Yakutia

In 1870, the members of the Maidel expedition, the topographer Afanasiev and the astronomer Neumann, returned by approximately the same route. From Verkhne-Kolymsk they went south-west, at first for about 300 kilometers along a slightly more southerly route than Sarychev, and then they traveled along a path close to Sarychev's route. The shooting, which was initially conducted by Afanasiev, was soon stopped, and the description of the route was not conducted: the travelers were tired of two years of work in Chukotka. Finally, in 1891, the famous geologist and geographer I. Chersky was sent by the Academy of Sciences for three years to research in the area of ​​the Kolyma, Indigirka and Yana rivers. In June 1891, he left Yakutsk with his wife (expedition zoologist) and twelve-year-old son on forty-four horses. The Verkhoyansk ridge was crossed by their caravan somewhat south of the Sarychev route along the summer road, which goes around the Khandyga River from the south, along its tributaries. Chersky crossed the Indigirka in the upper reaches, in Oymyakon, and then followed to the northeast, again in a somewhat more southerly way than Sarychev. He went out on his path already in the upper reaches of the Moma. Chersky arrived in Verkhne-Kolymsk on August 28 and spent the winter here. In the spring of 1892, the expedition sailed down the Kolyma, but Chersky fell seriously ill in the winter; during the voyage, his condition worsened, and on June 25 (old style) he died before reaching Nizhne-Kolymsk. The traveler's wife brought the research of the Kolyma to Nizhne-Kolymsk and then returned with her son through Yakutsk and Irkutsk to St. Petersburg. So tragically ended this expedition, which was supposed to lift the veil over the mysterious country. Chersky during the winter in Verkhne-Kolymsk compiled and sent to the Academy of Sciences a preliminary report on the first year of work.

Ice drift. Yakutia

This report, published in 1893, for the first time reported reliable information about the geological structure of the Indigirka-Kolyma region and introduced a lot of new information into the description of the geography of the region, but Chersky's data is still too short and insufficient, since the expedition's route covered a very narrow strip. Of the geographical observations of Chersky, the most important is the discovery of three other high chains behind the Verkhoyansky ridge: the ridge, which he called Tas-Kystabyt, on the right bank of the Indigirka above Oymyakon, and the Ulakhan-Chystai and Tomus-Khaya ridges on the watershed between Indigirka and Kolyma. It should be noted that Chersky, apparently, already understood that the location of the ridges of the Indigirka-Kolyma region is completely different from what was drawn before him on the maps. But the scientist's instructions in the preliminary report are so obscure that they were ignored. After Chersky there was a break of thirty-five years, during which several expeditions explored the lower reaches of the Yana and the sea coast, but not one looked into the mountainous country. The upper reaches of the Kolyma, higher than Verkhne-Kolymsk, were visited during this time only by the ethnographer V. Yokhelson, who in 1896 climbed to the mouth of the Korkodon and walked along the latter for another 100 kilometers. Jochelson's expedition had only ethnographic tasks. Thus, a huge area, more than a million square kilometers, bordering the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and Aldan in the south, Yana in the west and 65 ° latitude in the north, is crossed by only one route of Chersky. The region, which made up one-twentieth of the entire area of ​​pre-revolutionary Russia, still remained as mysterious as the upper reaches of the Congo or the Antarctic continent at the beginning of the last century. For a long time I have been attracted by the idea of ​​studying the powerful rivers of Northeast Asia and the huge ridges that separate them. But it was not until 1926 that the Geological Committee was finally in a position to allocate sufficient funds for this work. According to the original plan, it was assumed that the first summer (and maybe the second) the expedition would work in the middle part of Verkhoyansk ridge and, having familiarized himself with local conditions, in the following years he will be relocated to Indigirka and Kolyma. Both rivers in general terms by this time should have been studied by the expeditions of the Academy of Sciences. But in the spring of 1926, the work plan had to be changed. As early as the beginning of 1925, a certain Nikolaev, a white officer from the gangs thrown back to the northeast during the defeat of the White armies, returned to Yakutsk after an amnesty and presented a vial of platinum to the Yakutsk office of the State Bank. He stated that the platinum was washed up by him during his wanderings south of the Tas-Khayakhtakh ridge in the area of ​​the Chybagalakh, the left tributary of the Indigirka. This area was not yet explored at all, and the alleged deposit of platinum became interested. The Yakut Council of People's Commissars sent a geologist P. Kharitonov to inspect mineral deposits in the north of the Indigirsko-Kolyma Territory, including platinum deposits. The expedition program was extensive: having started work in Verkhoyansk, she was supposed to finish it at the mouth of the Kolyma.

But, having left Yakutsk on the sledge track, Kharitonov was soon forced to linger due to ice drift on the Aldan. By autumn, he managed to get into the middle part of the Tas-Khayakhtakh ridge. The path that Nikolaev allegedly took lay much further south, but Kharitonov did not dare to move further south. Despite the fact that during the summer he replaced his horses with local Yakuts for fresh ones three times, the horses were very exhausted and knocked down their hooves on the pebbly rivers; one of the seven caravan horses had to be abandoned. Therefore, having made an excursion to the southwest and collecting information from the local Evenki, Kharitonov turned back and returned to Verkhoyansk along the Kolyma tract. The platinum deposit indicated by Nikolaev remained undiscovered. True, the existence of this deposit became doubtful: the local Evenks did not hear that during their trips Nikolaev was washing gold or platinum (and everything quickly becomes known in the taiga); in addition, the analysis of platinum, carried out at the Geological Committee, showed that it is very similar in composition to Vilyui and, it is very possible that it was bought from prospectors in Vilyui. Not trusting Nikolaev's testimony, the Geological Committee nevertheless decided to send an expedition to the area indicated by Nikolaev in order to find out geological structure this part of the mountainous country.

Ice drift on the Kolyma

This work was entrusted to our expedition. Therefore, the program of our work was planned as follows: from Yakutsk we are heading east and, having crossed the Aldan, we go northeast through the Verkhoyansk Range directly to Chybagalakh - according to Kharitonov, this is the shortest and easiest way. Here we leave the reconnaissance party and leave to the west; if possible, crossing the Verkhoyansk Range several times, we explore the area between Indigirka and the old Verkhoyansk tract (the western of the two routes going from Yakutsk to Verkhoyansk). Finally, along this path we go to the Aldan valley and return to Yakutsk to the last steamer - by the end of September. The reconnaissance party, after working for a month, was supposed to go straight to Aldan. Such was the program drawn up on the basis of the most reliable information. But in reality we ended up after Chybagalakh not to the west, as planned, but to the southeast, to Indigirka, and returned to Yakutsk only by the New Year.

The memory of an academician and a person

While there is a lot of literature about academician V.A. Obruchev, little is known to the general reader about his son Sergei, also a geographer, researcher, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Meanwhile, he made geographical discoveries, his name is on the map of the planet. Vladimir Afanasyevich explored mainly Baikal and Transbaikalia, Central and Central Asia. His son erased White spot from a map of a country roughly the size of France. It was located to the east from the Aldan River to the Kolyma Range, in the pole of cold and inaccessibility. This led to the discovery of a mountain system larger than the Greater Caucasus, which was called the Chersky Ridge. The explorer explored these places in 1891. Sergei Vladimirovich made several expeditions east of the Aldan River to the Omolon and Kolyma Rivers. Passed these rivers on primitive boats. And they are not easy to pass with the help of modern equipment. At the same time, the researcher conducted topographic and geological surveys of the area. Let us tell you more about the research of 1926 - 1927, which led to the geographical discovery.

The expedition began on June 15, 1926 in Yakutsk on the left bank of the Lena. Crossing on a barge of horses - and further east to the Aldan River. Settlement Cross - the last. Prior to Oymyakon, the population is practically absent. 180 kilometers of swamps, the Tomlo River and the foothills of the Verkhoyansk Range. The expedition almost died in a taiga fire, but the journey to the east continued. After the main chain of the Verkhoyansk Range - the Bryungadinsky chain, crossings and passes, and finally, the Indigirka River. None of the explorers sailed along it. Further, the expedition splits in two: those on horseback go parallel to the Indigirka, and Sergey Vladimirovich himself, on a local flimsy boat about two meters long, decides to go along a wide rapids river, from one side of which the other is barely visible. The speed of the current is more than 15 kilometers per hour (for comparison: the speed of the Volga within the Rzhev is two and a half kilometers per hour). Together with Obruchev, another boat with equipment is rafted. On the thresholds they are flooded, people are sitting waist-deep in water. After passing the Algina River, having climbed a mountain above Indigirka, the researchers realized that they had discovered a mountain system. Subsequently, it will be given the name Chersky Ridge. Further - connection with the main group and the end of the route in the area of ​​the river Chybagalakh. Result: 2.5 months of travel, 1500 kilometers of route, open mountain ranges, glaciers, plateaus.

Memorial plaque in honor of the centenary

Then we went south to Oymyakon. A winter hut was set up here. Although it is mid-September, the temperature during the day is minus 20. In winter, it is minus 60 in these parts. Then there were surveys of the large rivers of Eastern Siberia: the Angara, Kolyma, Omolon; many other expeditions. Sergey Vladimirovich also took part in the study of the Arctic. Named after Obruchev: a cape on the island of Novaya Zemlya, a peninsula in the archipelago of the New Siberian Islands, a mountain range in the massif of the Chersky Ridge.

"I think a science fiction novel
should not look like fairy tale»

Polina Karlovna Gertner - mother (18.. - 1917)
Afanasy Alexandrovich Obruchev - father (18 .. - 1981)
Alexander Afanasyevich Obruchev - elder brother (1862 - 1898)
Nikolai Afanasyevich Obruchev - younger brother (1864 – 187..)
Maria Afanasyevna Obrucheva - sister (18.. - 04.20.1955)
Natalya Afanasyevna Obrucheva - sister (died in childhood)
Anna Afanasievna Obrucheva - sister
Elizaveta Isaakievna Lurie - wife (18.. - 01.30.1933)
Vladimir Vladimirovich Obruchev - son (1888 - 1966)
Sergei Vladimirovich Obruchev - son (1891 - 1965)
Dmitry Vladimirovich Obruchev - son (1900 - 1970)
Eva Samoilovna Bobrovskaya - second wife (18 .. - November 1956)

Soviet geologist and geographer, academician, explorer of Siberia, Central and Central Asia. He discovered a number of ridges in the Nianshan mountains, the Daursky and Borshchovochny ridges, explored the Beishan highlands. The main works are the geological structure of Siberia and its minerals, tectonics, neotectonics, permafrost. He was approved by the first full-time geologist of Siberia. The result of many years of research was the fundamental work - "History of geological research in Siberia" in five volumes (1931-1949).

Many geographical objects are named after him - a mountain range in Tuva, a series of mountains, an oasis in Antarctica, a mineral spring. There is also a mineral "obruchevite". And in Moscow, in the Southwestern District, there is the Obruchevsky district, named after V. A. Obruchev.

diligent stubborn

Looking at a photograph of the famous geologist, geographer, writer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, explorer of Siberia, Central and Central Asia, whose name is given to many geographical points on the world map of our planet, seeing on it an old, tired man with smart, kind and slightly squinted eyes , it’s just that the language does not turn to call him Adey, as his mother called him in childhood.

The handsome boy Ada (short for Volodya) could not remember the number of places where he lived from early childhood. His father, Afanasy Alexandrovich, was a military man, so the Obruchev family was “lucky” with the moves. Having visited many western regions Russian Empire, the family finally settled in Vilna, but every summer Volodya, his brothers and sisters (there were three boys and three girls in total in the family), were sent to the grandfather's estate - p. Klepenino, Tver province, located near Rzhev in a picturesque corner.

Actually, Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev, the second child in the family, was born here. Here he lived for three years.

The upbringing of children in the family was mainly carried out by the mother - Polina Karlovna - a German by nationality, the daughter of a Lutheran pastor. The main emphasis was on persuasion and the strictest observance of order and respect for parents. Volodin's father was also notable for his stubbornness. Their love story can be expressed eternal words: "I came, I saw, I conquered." Everything was classically sweet and military clear. But Afanasy Alexandrovich had someone to succeed. His mother at one time also showed noticeable stubbornness in choosing her betrothed, the Russian officer Alexander Obruchev during the Polish uprising, when the Russian military acted as occupiers. She resisted the objections of her relatives and achieved her goal: she married Alexander, left Warsaw and went to an unknown country for her - Russia.

Afanasy Alexandrovich's sister, Maria, went even further. Living with her lawful husband, she loved all her life, and did not hide it, her husband's friend, the famous Russian scientist Ivan Mikhailovich Mechnikov. However, the love was mutual. Masha was a good friend and different famous person- Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. In the Obruchev family, it was considered indisputable that Vera Pavlovna from the novel "What to do?" Chernyshevsky copied it from Masha - an energetic, kind and insanely persistent personality.

To this we can add the fact that Volodya's uncle, Nikolai Nikolaevich Obruchev, was one of the organizers of the well-known organization "Land and Freedom". So Volodya had someone to go with character.

In this boy, two such contradictory character traits coexisted - diligence, perseverance and stubbornness. This rare combination has never prevented him from going through life. Excellent grades in a real school, where he went only because there was no need to learn stupid, in his opinion, “dead languages” - Latin and Greek, helped him in 1881 easily enter the St. Petersburg Mining Institute. Why in Gorny? Yes, because Obruchev, having applied the “price-quality” indicator to the situation, calculated exactly. On the one hand, a poor family, after the illness of their father, experienced far from better times. On the other hand, the young man thus realized his childhood dream - a passion for travel, instilled in the books of Jules Verne and Fenimore Cooper, writers whom Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev revered until the end of his life.

* * *

What did the Mining Institute give to Obruchev? Together with a passion for writing and the necessary knowledge, he gave the main thing - the goal in choosing a profession. And in the last year, he again showed his stubbornness and energy. At the institute, he even had the unusual nickname "Bomb" for his explosive energy and impetuosity.

The fact is that the institute produced two specialties: "miners" and "breeders". The first were sent to work in mines and mines, the second - as engineers at mining plants. Both the first and second received a decent salary, a place in society and a quiet, satisfying life. Maybe Volodya would have become one of them, if not for the new teacher, the famous traveler Ivan Vasilyevich Mushketov, who appeared in the fourth year. His interesting, practical lectures, which often took place not in the classroom, but in the vicinity of the city, and besides, close attention to Obruchev and his comrade Bogdanovich, could not but affect the choice life path two the best students course.

That is why Obruchev's stubbornness to be nothing more than a geologist, namely to specialize in the regions of Central Asia, surprised the administration of the institute. At that time in Russia there were only ... seven (!) full-time geologists who made up the so-called Russian Geological Committee. Geology was not presented promising area and therefore the government had an attitude towards her ... yes, to be honest, there was no relation at all.

Stubborn Vladimir Obruchev firmly decides to exchange the silence of the factory office and the comfort of a small apartment for dusty clothes, dirt, impassability and the romance of traveling untrodden paths and mountain ranges. And Obruchev gets his way. In this he was helped by a teacher and friend Ivan Vasilyevich Mushketov, who sent Obruchev and Bogdanovich immediately after graduation. educational institution in 1886 on the first expedition to the Karakum.

Dreams of a future expedition dimmed somewhat, as soon as Vladimir remembered Lisa Lurie. And the obsessive image of the girl in whom, together with her sister, he had lodged for several years, and his attitude towards her, still could not splash out in the form of a confession through cold confidence, and in recent times and insecurity and heartache young man. Only before the trip, he finally found the courage to declare his love. He did not even suspect that in the eyes of Liza's sister Ida, for several years he had acted as a tormentor of her sister. God, what all the same thick-skinned men. How could one not see the torment of a young loving creature. And if you see it, then for so long you don’t dare to even hint at it somehow. Stoerosovy chump! Glacier insensitive!

In the summer of 1886, two comrades were heading to Turkmenistan, where a railway was being built to Samarkand, for which the steel track would have to cross the southeastern part of the Karakum desert. Graduated specialists were appointed as "graduate students" at the construction of the road, they were given money and sent to the town of Kyzyl-Arvat.

The first full-time geologist of Siberia

In his student years, Volodya began to write poetry; many subsequently were dedicated to his love - Lisa. First story "The Sea is Noisy" appeared during the holidays after the second year in the newspaper "Son of the Fatherland" in June 1887. He liked to compose, especially since Stasyulevich himself, the editor of the reputable journal Vestnik Evropy, after reading his poetry, strongly advised not to give up literary searches. In 1887-1895 his stories and essays were published in St. Petersburg newspapers. Obruchev even once decided to leave the Mining Institute for the sake of literature, and if Mushketov had not appeared in it, maybe it would have been so.

Whatever it was, but everything turned out differently. 1887 becomes a turning point for Vladimir Obruchev. He has just returned from his first expedition, in February he will marry Liza - Elizaveta Isaakievna Lurie, and they are already expecting a child. Vladimir writes his first report on the expedition, after which he fell in love with the dull desert landscapes of Central Asia for the rest of his life. He did not know that, having made three expeditions to the Trans-Caspian Territory, he would see this region again only many decades later.

In the meantime, ahead of him was waiting for work in Siberia, where he goes with his wife and baby. Opened in Irkutsk position geologist at the Mining Department and he had the opportunity to take it. It was at that time, after the first expeditions to the surroundings, that Obruchev began the work that he had been doing all his life and completed as an academician. His five volume "History of geological exploration of Siberia" completed in 1949 and was awarded the State Prize of the USSR.

After publishing a series of articles about his research in the Transcaspian region, he received several awards and was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. And after a long two-year trip (1892 - 1894) as a geologist to China and South Tibet as part of a large scientific expedition (a total of 13,625 kilometers were covered), Obruchev is already becoming quite famous in the scientific world of Russia. By the beginning of the 20th century, Obruchev came up with a dozen published works, a position as a teacher of geology at the Tomsk Technological Institute, and a reputation as a famous traveler and explorer of Siberia, Central Asia and China.

imaginary journeys

In the troubled years of the beginning of the century, V. Obruchev, under the pseudonym “Sh. Ersh" ( "Shersh" - French for "seek") in the local newspaper began to publish impudent feuilletons and articles directed against the then leadership of Tomsk and the Technological Institute. This fact became known, which was one of the reasons for Obruchev's dismissal from the institute.

After his resignation, he leaves for Moscow, where the family could live quite tolerably on his pension of 250 rubles. Not for the opportunity to participate in expeditions, Vladimir Afanasyevich begins to put in order his richest material accumulated over the previous quarter of a century. He writes a lot of articles, works, books on geology. By the beginning of the First World War, one and a half hundred of his works were published in the form of monographs, articles and maps, published in various journals, scientific yearbooks and Izvestia of various institutions.

In 1914, Obruchev in the journal "Priroda" begins to publish popular science articles on geology, designed for the mass reader. With these essays "Sea fountains of Hawaii", "New Siberian meteorite", "Origin of Lake Teletskoye", "Ancient volcanoes in South Africa" etc.) he wants to attract young people to the romance of his beloved profession.

And then he begins to write his two science fiction novels Sannikov Land and Plutonia, which were published a decade later.

Idea "Plutonium" was born to Obruchev after reading "Journey to the Center of the Earth" Jules Verne. The entertaining narrative of the French science fiction writer was based on complete absurdities with scientific point vision. Vladimir Afanasyevich decides to write a book for young people on the same basis, but without arbitrary assumptions. Taking the Hollow Earth hypothesis advocated by some scientists in the last century as the basis for the plot, he began to write his first science fiction novel. "Plutonia". The heroes of the novel, six brave explorers, penetrate the Earth into the underworld, where they meet fossil flora and fauna (dinosaurs of the Tertiary period), as well as a tribe primitive people. In this underground world, a small sun shone day and night, called by travelers Pluto, and the entire underworld - Plutonia. They got inside our planet through a huge hole located far to the north, among the ice of Antarctica, gradually descending along its gentle slope. The novel is written in the form of a travel diary, each chapter of which told about another feature underworld. "Plutonia" was written by me with the aim of giving our readers the best possible idea of ​​the nature of past geological periods, of the animals and plants that existed in those distant times, in the entertaining form of a science fiction novel., - so wrote V. A. Obruchev in the afterword to the novel.

The author himself did not believe in the empty Earth hypothesis, but his second science fiction novel "Sannikov Land" was based on yet another scientific hypothesis, which seemed real to Obruchev. Then many argued whether the land or the floating island was seen in the Arctic Ocean in 1811 by Yakov Sannikov, and after him by Eduard Toll. We are talking about the disappearing polar islands (scientists have come to the conclusion that they consist of fossil ice, slightly covered with sand). As the protagonist, the writer uses the political exile Goryunov, who, together with several companions, ends up in this oasis among the ice, where the tribe of free Onkilons lives. Obruchev builds his plot on the assumption that such a warm island in the ice could have been formed as a result of volcanic activity. The volcano on the island has already died out, but has not yet cooled down. And here is the resort. The main place in this book, as in the previous one, is occupied by detailed description the surrounding nature, the structure of the soil and the animal world of the open land. Fossil creatures have also been discovered on Sannikov Land: mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, primitive bears and rhinos. Together with the Onkilons, tribes of primitive people, the Wampus, also lived on this island. They were constantly at enmity with the Onkilons, stealing from the last pets and women. The Onkilons warmly welcomed the expedition and settled them in their village. For half a year, people and Onkilons lived together, hunted, fought with the wampus. Each member of the expedition even had to choose a wife, and one took two at once. Nothing marred the benevolent mood of the village until the moment when one of the earthquakes did not violate the natural underground passages through which heat flowed from the depths. Then the Onkilons began to perceive white people as evil. Underground cataclysms destroyed the land of Sannikov, but the expedition managed to escape by delivering materials about it to St. Petersburg, the organizer of this trip, Professor Shenk.

After the publication of these two novels in the mid-20s, Obruchev began to receive a lot of letters from teenagers who firmly believed in the existence of Plutonia and Sannikov Land, and persistently asked to take them with them on a new expedition to these wonderful places. Despite the fact that in the prefaces to the reprints, the writer convinced readers that these places did not exist, the letters still came. Many simply did not read the prefaces, to which Obruchev angrily said: - Such inattentive. After all, it seems that he wrote clearly. No, we were more serious at their age. No one would have thought to write to Jules Verne to take them to the Nautilus.

* * *

"Plutonia" and "Sannikov Land" were not the only science fiction works of V. A. Obruchev. In the 10s, Vladimir Afanasyevich began to write, and remained unfinished, a utopian story "Heat Mine", the action of which takes place at the beginning of the 20th century in St. Petersburg and in the "extraterritorial" city of Bezmyatezhny, located on the Russian-Chinese-Korean border. Its plot is based on punching a 1700-meter mine to the hot bowels of the planet to provide this free city, which serves as a haven for "people seeking salvation from political storms", with cheap energy.

In addition to geological and geographical works, Obruchev wrote a story "Journey to the past and future" which he wanted to continue "Time Machine" Wells. And over his fantastic story "Coral island" Obruchev worked in the evenings in Sverdlovsk, where some Moscow scientists were evacuated during the war.

Almost all of his fantastic works small form were published in the collection "Journey to the past and future" (1961).

After his death, a psychological novel was also found among the manuscripts. "Many face", unpublished novel "Natasha", a play from Greek life "Isle of the Blessed", written under the influence of Maeterlinck, story "On the Pillars"(published only in the late 80s in the book "Behind the Secrets of Pluto"), several stories, as well as stories, outlines of stories, plans for plays, chapters of planned novels.

In the Soviet period, V. A. Obruchev, due to his advanced age, traveled little, paying special attention to the publication of the richest scientific material he had collected in previous years. In addition, he begins to reap the glory of his life's work. Already in 1918 in Kharkov he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science "honoris causa" (i.e. without defending a dissertation). He becomes director of the Geological Institute, corresponding member Russian Academy Sciences and the Chinese Geological Society, an honorary member of the Hamburg Geographical Society. In 1929, he became an Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, he was awarded a lot of prizes and titles: for the second time he received the Chikhachev Prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences (1925), the Stalin and Lenin Prizes (1926), two USSR State Prizes (1941, 1950) etc.

In the same 1929, he forever refuses teaching work. "My language, he said, can't compete with my pen".

On January 30, 1933, Vladimir Afanasyevich suffered a heavy loss - his beloved wife Liza, with whom he lived for almost half a century, died. Together they raised three beautiful sons, who each in their own way continued the work of their father. Yes, this is not surprising. Obruchev with young years I tried to take them on trips and travels. Two years later, in 1935, Vladimir Afanasyevich marries a second time, to a woman whom he had known for two decades - Eva Samoilovna Bobrovskaya, who became him more true friend and the firm support of his old age. She loved Vladimir Afanasyevich so passionately, although she was many years younger than him, that after his death, longing brought her to the grave just a few months later.

During the Great patriotic war Obruchev was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, where he led the search for mineral deposits in the Urals, for which, immediately after the end of the war, he received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). And he wrote and wrote all the time. One after another, his books are published: multi-volume scientific works, popular science books, works of art.

Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev died in 1956, being a famous world-famous scientist who contributed to geology, paleontology, and other related sciences. And for the boys, he was, above all, the author of two fascinating novels that were included in the treasury of Soviet science fiction.

Interesting fact. According to his son, in his entire long life, Obruchev wrote a total of more than 70 volumes (!), 550 pages each, printed 3,872 works, not counting reprints and translations.

His three sons followed in the footsteps of their father: one of them became a zoologist and geographer, the second a paleontologist, and the third, Sergei, a geologist, who became famous for not being related to his father (his name is associated with the discovery of the grandiose Chersky Range, the discovery of the Pole of Cold of the northern hemisphere , Tunguska coal basin). The sons also inherited literary abilities and an attraction to foreign languages. For example, Sergei mastered 11 languages, including Latin and Esperanto. The wives and children of the sons of V. A. Obruchev, and other numerous relatives of the academician are also engaged in natural sciences.

Isn't this true happiness when the work you started is continued by children and children of children. When the love for the life path chosen by the soul passed to numerous followers, beloved students, it was able to ignite the fire of passion in thousands of young hearts who were just starting to choose their professional path.

As an epilogue, I would like to cite an appeal to the Soviet youth, in which Academician Obruchev, looking into his past, dreams of the future, trying to outline guidelines for modern science.

Happy journey, travelers to the third millennium!

In my youth, I myself read with enthusiasm about adventures in distant lands and listened with great interest to the thoughts and advice of many experienced, experienced people. The books of Cooper, Mine Reed, and later Jules Verne made a strong impression on me as a child. My brothers and I mentally overcame the ice of the Arctic, climbed high mountains, descended into the depths of the oceans, hunted elephants, lions and tigers. We played travel games, cutting people and animals out of paper, gluing boats out of cardboard and arranging hunting for wild animals, wars between whites and Indians, shipwrecks. I really liked the hunters, the sailors, and the Julvernian scientists, sometimes funny and absent-minded, but great connoisseurs of nature. I also wanted to become a scientist, a naturalist, a traveler. One thing grieved me: America was discovered without me, trips around the world were made without me, continents and islands were mapped. White spots were not easy to find in a geographic atlas. Livingston has already penetrated the wilds Central Africa, Przhevalsky - in the deserts of Central Asia. Alas, I was born too late.

I know that many of you also dream of distant travels, discoveries, inventions, many sigh in secret: what a pity that America and the poles are open! What a pity that I do not live in the time of Columbus or Przhevalsky! It is a pity that I was not born before Mozhaisky and Popov: perhaps I would have invented the airplane and the radio! And now everything is open, alas ...

Perhaps popular literature is to blame for such thoughts, which speaks in great detail, in detail and enthusiastically about the achievements of the past and briefly, reluctantly mentions the obscure, unknown, unresolved. Meanwhile, not isolated white spots - a huge ocean of the unknown surrounds us. And the more we know, the more mysteries nature asks us.

The outlines of the coasts, mountain ranges and rivers have already been mapped, but how much do we know about the interior the globe? Our mines and boreholes are like pinpricks on the skin of the Earth. The deepest on them do not make up one thousandth of the earth's radius. ocean floor and atmosphere, bowels of the Earth, planets and solar system still waiting for their Columbuses and Przhevalskys. Enormous, as yet unsolved problems confront Soviet science.

It is required: - to extend a person's life to an average of 150 - 200 years, to destroy contagious diseases, to minimize non-contagious ones, to overcome old age and fatigue, to learn how to restore life in case of untimely, accidental death; - put at the service of man all the forces of nature, the energy of the Sun, wind, underground heat, use atomic energy in industry, transport, construction, learn how to store energy for future use and deliver it to any place without wires; - to predict and finally neutralize natural disasters: floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes; to manufacture at factories all substances known on Earth, up to the most complex ones - proteins, as well as those unknown in nature: harder than diamond, more heat-resistant refractory brick, more refractory than tungsten and osmium, more flexible than silk, more elastic than rubber; - bring out new breeds of animals and plants, growing faster, giving more meat, wool, grain, fruits, wood fibers for the needs of the national economy; - to push, to adapt for life, to master inconvenient areas, swamps, mountains, deserts, taiga, tundra, and maybe the seabed; - learn to control the weather, regulate wind and heat, as rivers are now regulated, move clouds, manage rains and clear weather, snow and heat at will.

Is it difficult? Extraordinarily difficult. But it is necessary. The Soviet people want to live long, they want to live in abundance and security, they want to be complete masters of their land, not to depend on the vagaries of nature. So all this will be done. And all this will be done by you, today's schoolchildren, and not only those of you who will become great scientists, but also all the rest: turners and drivers, tractor drivers and masons, nurses, weavers, miners ... Great tasks cannot be solved by a single person - The Volga-Don Canal was built not only by the authors of the project. And in any case, all of you, every one of you, will take part in the accomplishment of the greatest, most noble and humane task of mankind - the building of communism, in the creation of a happy peaceful life for all Soviet people.

You, today's schoolchildren, are just beginning your journey into mastery, into creativity, into science, into life. And I, an old man who traveled many miles through unexplored lands, searched a lot in the wilds of science, I would like to give you, novice travelers, some parting advice.

Love to work. The greatest pleasure and satisfaction brings a person work. Get the right to say: I am doing the right thing, my work is expected, I am useful. And if you encounter difficulties, seemingly hopeless dead ends, the resistance of the old, perhaps even indifference and misunderstanding, the thought will always support you: I am doing the right thing.

Don't give up on your dreams! I mean youthful dreams of discoveries, of creativity. There are people who easily give in to circumstances, give up after an unsuccessful exam, with family or work difficulties. But the difficulties pass, and time is lost, and there remains a bitter regret about a life lived without fire, wasted on trifles, on labor devoid of joy.

Dare! Take on big things if you're serious. Abilities, like muscles, grow with training. Big discoveries are not for everyone, but those who do not dare to try will surely discover nothing. You must go far from your grandfathers and great-grandfathers.

I was born 90 years ago. When I was young, there were no planes, no movies, no radio, no electricity. There was no railway through Siberia yet, I went to Irkutsk on a tarantass. For me, the radio is a great achievement, for you it is a familiar object in the room. You start on our shoulders, you have to climb high. I lived under the tsarist regime for more than fifty years. I spent strength, energy, enriched the gold miners, I was fired from the institute for my leftist beliefs. I could only dream of a system where labor would be held in high esteem. And you were born in free country, in a country where everyone can get an education, where creative work is respected. So let your work, your dreams be worthy of the socialist Motherland, let your achievements be the most advanced in the world.

Don't hide your intentions, don't keep your intentions a secret. This is not modesty, but, on the contrary, pride, false shame and greed of a miner-owner who keeps a gold mine for himself. If your proposal is really golden, you will not be able to develop it alone, if you were deceived - why should you waste time, you will immediately be shown an error. I have often been reproached for being in a hurry to publish my observations. But I never regretted it. Other finds I could not examine properly myself, others completed the work for me. So, in the Gobi desert, I found a rhinoceros tooth, and, following in my footsteps, large expeditions discovered entire cemeteries of extinct animals. Sometimes my articles met with objections, I listened to them, returned to the topic, looked for new facts, expanded it. Thus, not only the advice of friends, but also the objections of my scientific opponents helped me to improve my work.

Be principled. We need the truth, and only the truth. Do not try to please your friends, to reconcile your teachers, not to offend anyone. On this path you may find peace and even well-being, but you will not bring any benefit. Do not be afraid of authorities. And if there are future geologists among you who do not agree with Academician Obruchev (I would like, of course, that there were few of them!), Feel free to oppose him if you have data that refutes his conclusions.

But do not count on an easy victory, on a raid opening, on an idea that dawned on you. Everything that lay at hand had long been picked up and tested, what easily comes to mind, long ago came to mind and was discussed. It is only on new facts, on new observations that new achievements can be built. Facts are the bricks that make up the human experience, they are your weapon of creativity. Search tirelessly for facts, collect them in nature and in books, read good textbooks from board to board and, in addition, books not included in the program. Study your specialty thoroughly, but do not spare time for someone else's. A geologist who knows geology well is a valuable person, and who also knows geography, chemistry or botany is a possible inventor.

In conclusion, I would like to wish great success in the work and science of the wonderful Soviet youth - the future workers-innovators, masters of high yields, researchers, inventors. Good luck to you, travelers to the third millennium!.

Vitaly Karatsupa

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Presentation on the topic: Obruchev

slide number 1

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Creative work in geography "Outstanding Russian traveler - Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev" The author of the work is a student of the 7th grade Borisov Ivan MOU secondary school No. 32 of the Beloglinsky district Krasnodar Territory head - geography teacher Farafonova Valentina Ivanovna 5klass.net

slide number 2

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Portrait of V. A. Obruchev “Never during a noisy city life, straining all the nerves like strings, have I experienced such peace of mind as in the desert, lying by a blazing fire after a tiring day’s march and contemplating a clear sky with countless lights, darkening the horizon of the desert, listening to its voices, trying to unravel its mysteries…” V.A. Obruchev

slide number 3

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Biography of the traveler Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev was born on September 28 (October 10), 1863 in the village. Klepenino, Rzhevsky district, Tver province, died June 19, 1956. - Russian geologist, paleontologist, geographer, science fiction writer. He graduated from a real school in Vilna in 1881, the Petersburg Mining Institute in 1886.

slide number 4

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An outstanding Russian scientist V.A. Obruchev, a researcher of the geology of Siberia, Central and Central Asia, discovered several ridges in the Nanshan mountains, the Daursky and Borshchovochny ridges, explored the Beishan highlands. Obruchev participated as a geologist in the fourth expedition of Grigory Potanin. In the 1890s, the scientist was engaged in the design of the Trans-Caspian and Trans-Siberian railways. The first full-time geologist of Siberia

slide number 5

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Obruchev V.A. - Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Since 1901. - 1912 - the first dean of the mining department of the Tomsk Technological Institute. From 1918 - 1919 - Professor at the Tauride University in Simferopol. From 1921 - 1929 - Professor of the Moscow Mining Academy. Since 1930, the scientist has been the chairman of the Commission for the Study of Permafrost. Since 1939 - Director of the Institute of Permafrost Science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1942 to 1946 - Academician - Secretary of the Department of Geological and Geographical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1947 - Honorary President of the Geographical Society of the USSR. Among more than 1000 scientific works of the scientist are the three-volume Geology of Siberia (1935-1938) and the five-volume History of the geological exploration of Siberia (1931-1949)

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Explorations of Siberia Rock Khobot Cape Shamansky stone on the shore of the lake. Baikal, near the villages. Kultuk and Art. Slyudyanka Red Yars of Upper Cambrian sandstones and clays of the left bank of the river. Lena below Art. Ust-Kut and a covered boat - Shitik Cliffs of folded limestones of the Middle Cambrian on the right bank of the river. Lena below Art. Ivanushkovskaya

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Investigation of gold-bearing deposits in Siberia rollovers; in front - an old section in which a gold-bearing layer was mined. Bottom right - mouths of two ort. View to the west up the river valley. Dogaldyn (photo by N.I.Strauss)

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slide number 9

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Goals of the most important expeditions of 1886 - 1888 – research in the Karakum desert. The purpose of the expeditions: to carry out surveys along the Trans-Caspian (Ashgabat) railway under construction, to determine the water content of sandy desert regions, to find out the conditions for fixing dune sands that fill up the railway track. 1889 - 1891 - expeditions to the basin of the Vitim and Olekma rivers. Purpose: study of the geology and gold content of placers. The expedition was organized by the Russian Geographical Society. 1892-1894 - took part in the expedition of G.N. Potanin. Obruchev V.A. left Kyakhta, crossed Mongolia, walked along Northern China, explored the ridge. Nanshan and finished the expedition in Ghulja. 1901 - 1914 - work in Siberia. 1901 - organized a mining department in Tomsk, occupied the department of geology. Conducts surveys in the Lensko-Vitimsky gold-bearing region, geological survey of the Bodaibo river basin. Description of the slide: 13

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Researcher's contribution to geography In Central Asia, Nanshan, V.A.Obruchev discovered six new ridges, which he called the ridges of the Russian Geographical Society, Richthofen, Potanin, Mushketov, Semenov and Suess. The researcher developed methods for fixing sands with the help of plants, created interesting works on the gold content of Siberia, put forward and substantiated the theory of the origin of loess, and was one of the founders of the science of permafrost. The scientist published a three-volume "Geology of Siberia", a multi-volume edition "History of the geological exploration of Siberia"

Description of the slide:

Information resources History of geographical discoveries: Section of the volume "Geography" ser. "Encyclopedia for children" M .: Avanta +, 2000. Encyclopedia for children: T. 3 Geography. - M .: Avanta +, 2005. Markin V.A. Russian travelers.Historical portraits.M. : Astrel AST, 2006. I.A. Muromov "One Hundred Great Travelers" M., "Veche" 2001 Encyclopedia "Circumnavigation" (http://www/krugosvet.ru) Encyclopedia "Wikipedia" (http://ru .wikipedia.org) Encyclopedia "People" (http://www.peoples.ru) V.A.Obruchev "My travels in Siberia" M-L, 1948.

1863-10-10

1956-06-19

Vladimir, Sergey, Dmitry.

Afanasy Alexandrovich Obruchev

Polina Karlovna Gertner

Geologist and geographer, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Researcher of Siberia, Central and Central Asia. He discovered a number of ridges in the Nanshan mountains, the Daursky and Borshchovochny ridges, explored the Beishan highlands. The main works on the geological structure of Siberia and its minerals, tectonics, neotectonics, permafrost. Author of popular science books: "Plutonia" (1924), "Sannikov's Land" (1926) and others. Lenin Prize (1926), State Prize of the USSR (1941,1950).

Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev was born on October 10, 1863 in the family of retired colonel Afanasy Aleksandrovich Obruchev and Polina Karlovna Gertner, the daughter of a German pastor.

After graduating from the Vilna Real School in 1881, Vladimir entered the St. Petersburg Mining Institute. After graduating from the institute in 1886, the 23-year-old mining engineer, who chose geology as his specialty, went to work in the field in Turkmenistan. The main task of the young geologist is to carry out surveys along the Trans-Caspian (Ashgabat) railway under construction, to determine the water content of sandy desert regions, to find out the conditions for fixing dune sands that fill up the railway track.

The routes of the young prospector were not limited to the railway strip, they went along the rivers Tejen, Murgab and Amu Darya Near Samarkand, he studied the deposit of graphite and turquoise.

The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the works of the scientist. His first work was awarded a silver, and the second - a small gold medal.

In September 1888, Obruchev, together with his young wife and young son, went to Irkutsk, where he was waiting for the first state position in Siberia as a geologist. Mushketov recommended him for this position.

In Irkutsk, Vladimir Afanasyevich spent the whole winter studying the literature on the geology of Siberia, compiling a bibliography, and in the spring he conducted exploration of coal deposits. A little later, he examined a graphite deposit on Olkhon, the largest of the Baikal islands.

He is constantly on expeditions - he studies the reserves of mica and the amazing blue stone - lapis lazuli, from which jewelry and precious vases were carved.

In the summer of 1890, Obruchev set off from Irkutsk to the north, to study the gold-bearing region located in the basin of the Vitim and Olekma rivers Plyvya along the Lena, he got acquainted with the structure of the banks of the great Siberian river. Making his way along the taiga paths, moving from mine to mine, Obruchev studies the geology and gold content of placers.

The following summer, he repeated the trip to the Olekma-Vitim mines, and then received unexpected offer from the Russian Geographical Society to take part in the expedition of the famous traveler Potanin, heading to China and Southern Tibet.

“My dreams came true,” writes Obruchev, “refusing to participate in this expedition meant burying them forever. I immediately agreed, although the expedition dramatically changed all plans for the future.”

In Beijing, at the Russian embassy, ​​he met with Potanin, and Grigory Nikolaevich advised Obruchev to put on a Chinese dress so as not to attract too much attention to himself.

In the first days of January 1893, Obruchev left Beijing for the loess regions of northern China. Potanin and his wife went to the outskirts of Tibet, to the province of Sichuan.

Loess, fertile yellow earth, consisting of fine grains of sand, with particles of clay and lime, covers vast expanses of northern China. The life of the peasants in this part of China is closely connected with the loess. Obruchev saw entire villages, whose cave houses were dug into the cliffs of the loess; from it in China they make dishes, bricks, but the main economic significance of loess is that fertile soils, which give excellent harvests, serve as a source of wealth for farmers. Obruchev put forward a hypothesis explaining the origin of loess.

In the city of Suzhou, located on the outskirts of the Nanshan mountain ranges and the deserts that covered the northern regions of China, Obruchev began and ended all his Central Asian expeditions. His journey through Nanshan turned out to be very difficult: the passes were steep, and the fordable rivers were swift; besides, the conductor, as it turned out, did not know the road well.

Obruchev worked slowly and thoroughly. Fully trusting Przhevalsky, who discovered the Humboldt and Ritter ridges here, he nevertheless discovered the mistake of Nikolai Mikhailovich, who believed that these ridges seemed to be connected into a knot. Obruchev made sure that the ridges run parallel and are separated by a valley.

Then he went to the alpine lake Kukunor - the beautiful Blue Lake, located at an altitude of more than three thousand meters. For the sake of this lake, Humboldt, at one time, learned the Persian language, intending to go to him through Persia and India, since the route through Russia was then closed due to the war with France. Here, off the coast of Kokunor, Obruchev first met the Tanguts, about whom there was a bad rumor. Many peaceful travelers were convinced more than once that the Tanguts could suddenly attack an insufficiently well-guarded caravan and lighten its load in no time. Yes, and to Vladimir Afanasyevich himself, the prince in Tsaidam said that he could not vouch for his life if he went to the lands of the Tanguts.

Przhevalsky was also frightened by them, but he still went. Without a doubt, Obruchev also went. In fact, alone, without any protection. He believed that in peace, without resorting to weapons, one could pass through this land.

Three months later, in September 1893, Vladimir Afanasyevich returned to Suzhou, completing a large circular route, and a month later set off on a new journey - to the north, into the depths of the Chinese and Mongolian deserts. He wanted to study the nature of the central part of the Gobi. He had to lay the road in a roundabout way - through Alashan to the Yellow River, since he could not find a reliable guide.

The entire surface of the Alashan plain was covered with fragments of dark brown stones. Even white quartz, under the merciless sun, seemed to burn out and turn black.

Together with Tsoktoev, he crossed the Huang He ice, constantly sprinkling sand under the feet of the camels - otherwise they would slip and could not advance, and entered the loose sands of the Ordos. Here, over vast expanses, icy winds raged.

Having finished his work in Ordos, Obruchev went south, across the Qinling Range, where he was to meet Potanin. But at the end of January, Vladimir Afanasyevich learned that Potanin was returning to his homeland.

Obruchev turned to the northwest - again through the Qinling Mountains, wanting to get to the remote regions of Central Asia, where Chinese explorers had not yet been.

Little was known about Nanshan, where he was going, and even less about its middle part. Even accurate map this area did not exist. Last year's report of Obruchev's trip to Nanshan was highly appreciated by the Geographical Society, thanks to the efforts of Mushketov, money was quickly printed and sent to the traveler with an order to continue research in this mountainous region. And he begins his third expedition.

The valleys had long been blooming, and a snowstorm was blowing in the mountains, forcing the traveler to sit in a tent. When the blizzard subsided, the hunters led Obruchev to the high passes of the ridge, to which he gave the name of the Russian Geographical Society. Then I had to move through the eternal snows, glaciers ...

Obruchev studied Middle Nanshan for six weeks. He specified the location of three known mountain ranges and discovered four new ones. Here he found and explored two small rivers that were not marked on the maps, discovered large deposits of coal, and a little later went to the Lyukchunskaya hollow, where there was a weather station set up by Przhevalsky's student, Vsevolod Roborovsky. There, at the bottom of the basin, the lowest in Central Asia, lies salt Lake, the surface of which is more than one hundred and fifty meters below sea level.

The expedition tired Obruchev. Then, recalling those days, he will write: “I no longer had the strength or equipment to work in the mountains. My shoes were worn out, all writing paper was used up, there was nothing to write a diary on, and even for labels on samples I already old envelopes and all sorts of scraps of paper... The camels, after a two-month journey from Suzhou, were very tired and were not suitable for excursions to the high mountains at all; they would have had to hire horses, but there was no money for this ... to Kulja.

Over the years, he has traveled 13,625 kilometers. And almost on each of them he conducted geological research. The collected collection contained seven thousand samples, about 1200 prints of fossil animals and plants. But most importantly, he collected fundamental information about the geography and geology of Central Asia and actually completed its study - continuing the work begun by Russian researchers. In fact, there are no more "blank spots" left in Central Asia.

Vladimir Afanasyevich arrives in St. Petersburg already as a traveler, fanned world fame. His letters from China, articles, travel essays were published in newspapers and magazines. The Paris Academy of Sciences awards him the P. A. Chikhachev Prize - the great Russian traveler - geologist and geographer. A year later, Obruchev receives the N. M. Przhevalsky Prize, and a year later - the highest award of the Russian Geographical Society - the Konstantinovsky Gold Medal, awarded "for every extraordinary and important geographical feat, the accomplishment of which is associated with labor and danger." He is not yet forty.

His work "Central Asia, Northern China and Nanypan" in 1900-1901 was published by the Russian Geographical Society in two volumes. Popular Description Vladimir Afanasyevich made his trip to Central Asia 45 years later, in 1940 he published the book "From Kyakhta to Kulja".

In 1895, Obruchev went to Eastern Siberia as the head of the mining party, whose task was to study the areas adjacent to the Trans-Siberian Railway under construction. For more than three years, the scientist-traveler devoted to the study of Transbaikalia In a cart, on horseback, on foot and along the rivers on a boat, he traveled and traveled thousands of kilometers. The explorer visited iron mines, inspected coal deposits, mineral springs, salt and mountain lakes, collected a lot of material about minerals. In addition, he made many interesting observations on the life and way of life of the population of Transbaikalia.

After an expedition to Transbaikalia, Vladimir Afanasyevich returned to St. Petersburg in 1899.

In the summer of the same year, Obruchev traveled to Germany, Austria and Switzerland to get acquainted with the geological structure of these countries.

In 1901, Vladimir Afanasyevich was going to Siberia for the third time to continue studying the Lena gold-bearing region. “But fate,” says Obruchev, “wanted to tie me to Siberia even more tightly.” He agrees to the proposal of the director of the newly opened technological institute in Tomsk to take the chair of geology and organize a mining department. Upon arrival in Siberia, Obruchev carried out surveys in the Lensko-Vitimsky gold-bearing region in the summer and made a geological survey of the Bodaibo River basin.

Returning from Bodaibo, Vladimir Afanasevich starts organizing a mining department at the Tomsk Technological Institute. From that time, for eleven years (1901 - 1912), Obruchev devoted himself to teaching, but at the same time did not leave his research trips. With the funds allocated by the institute, in 1905-1906 and 1909 he made three trips to the border Dzungaria (Xinjiang). Research in this area, which is the junction of two large mountain systems - Altai and Tien Shan, allowed him to better understand the geological structure of the Asian continent.

Vladimir Afanasyevich went out every summer to work in the fields, examined the gold-rich Kalbinsky Range, separated by the Irtysh from Altai; twice visited the gold mines of the Kuznetsk Altai. In 1908, Obruchev spent the summer months with a group of students who had an internship near Krasnoyarsk on the "Pillars".

At the beginning of 1912, Obruchev moved from Tomsk to Moscow, where he wrote and published whole line popular science works. In the same years, Obruchev wrote the first science fiction novel "Plutonia".

At the same time, Vladimir Afanasyevich did not stop his research trips. He visits gold mines in the Kuznetsk Altai and Transbaikalia; during a trip to Altai, he studies the structure of the mountain system, in the Caucasus he examines copper deposits, in the Crimea, in the valley of the Kacha River, examines a mineral spring.

In 1920, the scientist returned to Moscow and was soon elected a professor in the department of applied geology at the newly organized Moscow Mining Academy.

Working on scientific problems and doing pedagogical activity, Vladimir Afanasyevich no longer goes on long journeys, but every year, from 1923 to 1928, he travels to the Caucasus, to Kislovodsk, where he makes excursions to the surrounding mountains.

In 1936, when Obruchev was 73 years old, he made a long trip to the Altai mountains, where he examined a mercury deposit and marble outcrops; the latter were intended for the construction of the Moscow Metro.

Obruchev wrote the books "Sannikov Land", "Plutonia", "Poor Mine", "In the Wilds of Central Asia" (Notes of a Treasure Detector), "Gold Diggers in the Desert" and a number of interesting autobiographical books: "My Travels in Siberia", "From Kyakhta to Kulja" and others. He also wrote a number of biographical essays on Russian explorers of Asia: Przhevalsky, Chersky, Mushketov, Potanin, Kropotkin, Komarov.

Scientists named the mineral found by Vladimir Afanasyevich "Obruchevite". The Russian people put the name of the traveler geologist on the map. An ancient volcano in Transbaikalia, a peak in the Altai mountains, a glacier in the Mongolian Altai bear the name of Obruchev. The steppe between the Murgab and Amu Darya rivers, first described by the scientist, is called the Obruchev steppe.

Source "100 great travelers" I.A. Muromov.