Musical instrument: Organ - interesting facts, video, history, photos. The largest musical instruments in the world

Which sounds with the help of pipes (metal, wooden, without reeds and with reeds) of various timbres, into which air is blown with the help of bellows.

Organ playing is carried out using several keyboards for hands (manuals) and a pedal keyboard.

In terms of sound richness and abundance of musical means, the organ ranks first among all instruments and is sometimes called the “king of instruments”. Due to its expressiveness, it has long been the property of the church.

A person who plays music on an organ is called organist.

Soldiers of the Third Reich called the Soviet multiple launch rocket systems BM-13 "Stalin's organ" because of the sound made by the tail of the missiles.

History of the organ

The embryo of the organ can be seen in, as well as in. It is believed that the organ (hydraulos; also hydraulikon, hydraulis - “water organ”) was invented by the Greek Ktesibius, who lived in Alexandria of Egypt in 296-228. BC e. The image of a similar tool is available on one coin or token from the time of Nero.

Large organs appeared in the 4th century, more or less improved organs in the 7th and VIII centuries. Pope Vitalian (666) introduced the organ into the Catholic Church. In the 8th century, Byzantium was famous for its organs.

The art of building organs also developed in Italy, from where they were sent to France in the 9th century. Later this art developed in Germany. The organ began to receive the greatest and ubiquitous distribution in the XIV century. In the 14th century, a pedal appeared in the organ, that is, a keyboard for the feet.

Medieval organs, in comparison with later ones, were of crude workmanship; a manual keyboard, for example, consisted of keys with a width of 5 to 7 cm, the distance between the keys reached one and a half cm. They hit the keys not with fingers, as they do now, but with fists.

In the 15th century, the keys were reduced and the number of pipes increased.

Organ device

Improved organs reached a huge number of pipes and tubes; for example, the organ in Paris in the church of St. Sulpice has 7 thousand pipes and tubes. In the organ there are pipes and tubes of the following sizes: at 1 foot, notes sound three octaves higher than written, at 2 feet, notes sound two octaves higher than written, at 4 feet, notes sound an octave higher than written, at 8 feet, notes sound as they are written, at 16 feet - notes sound an octave below written, at 32 feet - notes sound two octaves below written. Closing the pipe from above leads to a decrease in the emitted sounds by an octave. Not all organs have large tubes.

There are from 1 to 7 keyboards in the organ (usually 2-4); they are called manuals. Although each organ keyboard has a volume of 4-5 octaves, thanks to the pipes sounding two octaves below or three octaves above the written notes, the volume of a large organ has 9.5 octaves. Each set of pipes of the same timbre constitutes, as it were, a separate instrument and is called register.

Each of the retractable or retractable buttons or registers (located above the keyboard or on the sides of the instrument) actuates a corresponding row of tubes. Each button or register has its own name and a corresponding inscription, indicating the length of the largest pipe of this register. The composer can indicate the name of the register and the size of the pipes in the notes above the place where this register should be applied. (The choice of registers for the performance of a piece of music is called registering.) Registers in the organs are from 2 to 300 (most often found from 8 to 60).

All registers fall into two categories:

• Registers with pipes without reeds(labial registers). This category includes registers of open flutes, registers of closed flutes (bourdons), registers of overtones (potions), in which each note has several (weaker) harmonic overtones.
• Registers with pipes with reeds(reed registers). The combination of registers of both categories together with a potion is called plein jeu.

The keyboards or manuals are located in the terraced organs, one above the other. In addition to them, there is also a pedal keyboard (from 5 to 32 keys), mainly for low sounds. The part for the hands is written on two staves - in the keys and as for. The pedal part is often written separately on one musical staff. The pedal keyboard, simply called "pedal", is played with both feet, using alternately the heel and toe (until the 19th century, only the toe). An organ without a pedal is called positive, a small portable organ is called portable.

Manuals in organs have names that depend on the location of the pipes in the organ.

• Main manual (having the loudest registers) - in German tradition called Hauptwerk(fr. Grand orgue, Grand clavier) and is located closest to the performer, or on the second row;
• The second most important and loud manual in the German tradition is called Oberwerk(louder version) or Positive(light version) (fr. Positif), if the pipes of this manual are located ABOVE the pipes of Hauptwerk, or Ruckpositiv, if the pipes of this manual are located separately from the rest of the pipes of the organ and are installed behind the back of the organist; The Oberwerk and Positiv keys on the game console are located one level above the Hauptwerk keys, and the Ruckpositiv keys are one level below the Hauptwerk keys, thereby reproducing the architectural structure of the instrument.
• The manual, the pipes of which are located inside a kind of box, which has vertical shutters in the front part of the blinds in the German tradition are called Schwellwerk(fr. Recit (expressif). Schwellwerk can be located both at the very top of the organ (more common), and on the same level as the Hauptwerk. The Schwellwerka keys are located on the game console at a more high level than Hauptwerk, Oberwerk, Positiv, Ruckpositiv.
• Existing types of manuals: Hinterwerk(pipes are located at the back of the organ), Brustwerk(pipes are located directly above the organist's seat), Solowerk(solo registers, very loud trumpets arranged in a separate group), Choir etc.

The following devices serve as relief for the players and a means for amplifying or attenuating sonority:

Copula- a mechanism by which two keyboards are connected, with the registers advanced on them acting simultaneously. The copula enables the player on one manual to use the extended registers of another.

4 footrests above pedal board(Pеdale de combinaison, Tritte), each of which acts on a known specific combination of registers.

Blinds- a device consisting of doors that close and open the entire room with pipes of different registers, as a result of which the sound is strengthened or weakened. Doors are set in motion by a footboard (channel).

Since registers in different bodies different countries and epochs are not the same, then in the organ part they are usually not indicated in detail: only the manual, the designation of pipes with or without reeds, and the size of the pipes are written over one or another place in the organ part. The rest of the details are provided to the performer.

The organ is often combined with the orchestra and singing in oratorios, cantatas, psalms, and also in opera.

There are also electric (electronic) organs, for example, Hammond.

Composers who composed organ music

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Adam Reinken
Johann Pachelbel
Dietrich Buxtehude
Girolamo Frescobaldi
Johann Jakob Froberger
Georg Friedrich Handel
Siegfried Karg-Elert
Henry Purcell
Max Reger
Vincent Lübeck
Johann Ludwig Krebs
Matthias Weckman
Domenico Zipoli
Cesar Frank

Video: Organ on video + sound

Thanks to these videos, you can get acquainted with the tool, see real game on it, listen to its sound, feel the specifics of the technique:

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The largest organ in the world December 13th, 2015

Another addition to our .

In the large sports and concert hall Boardwalk Hall, which is located in the American city of Atlantic City, there is the world's largest organ. The unique musical instrument consists of 33,000 pipes and 1,200 keys. Fans drive air into the pipes, which rotate electric motors with a capacity of 600 liters. With. Now the body is far from being in the best condition. In 1944, it was damaged during a hurricane, and in 2001, workers negligently destroyed part of the main pipes. They are trying to restore the organ, however, this will take several years.

Let's find out more about it...

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The historic Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City is the city's most important convention center. All the big events in Atlantic City are held there. The Boardwalk Hall has hosted numerous sporting events (boxing, basketball, football, wrestling, figure skating, etc.), music concerts(Beatles, Rolling Stones, Madonna and Lady Gaga just a few of the celebrities), political conventions, and even the Miss America pageant. This entertainment complex occupies 7 acres of land with its own power plant, radio station, kitchens and telephone network. At the time of its opening in 1929, the structure was an incredible feat of developers. Another outstanding feature of the Boardwalk Hall is the largest organ in the world, which will be discussed in this article.

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In those days, organs were standard equipment for any entertainment complex, used mainly for musical accompaniment films (the technology of film dubbing had not yet been developed by that time). In those times average theater could seat 2,000 to 3,000 people, but the Boardwalk Hall's capacity was a whopping 42,000 spectators. The closed space of the hall reached 5.5 million cubic feet in area and it was a big technical problem to fill this huge volume with music.

Photo 5.

The task of building the organ was given to Midmer-Losh Inc. from New York. They created a gigantic instrument that broke all possible records. Hall Hall is still the proud owner of the largest organ in the world and one of the most unique musical instruments on earth. Made with 33,000 pipes, this gigantic instrument handles a huge hall area with ease and sounds louder than the loudest train. To produce such a deafening sound, the organ uses a 600 degree electric drive. Horse power, capable of blowing 36,400 cubic feet of air per minute. The organ's main console is also the largest console in the world. It took three years to build the organ - all work took place directly inside the building. The tallest pipe reaches 20 meters in height.

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Pope Vitalius (?-672), who by his decree introduced the organ into liturgical use

In the small old German city of Passau, where there are only 50 thousand inhabitants, including 10 thousand students of the local university, for many decades the largest organ in Europe has been sounding in St. Stephen's Cathedral. In terms of the richness and beauty of the sound, in terms of the impact on the listeners, it is unique. It is no coincidence that he is considered the king of wind musical instruments, "enslaver human souls". People from neighboring cities and countries come here to listen to it.

Passau is located near the border with Austria on an elongated stretch of land, washed by water on both sides. This is the confluence of three rivers: the Danube, the Inna and the Ilts. Therefore, the city is also called "Bavarian Venice", "Floating ship", "Gate of the East". It arose in the 1st century on the site of the settlement of the ancient Romans, who built two fortresses Boetro and Batavia in the interfluve on a hill. From the latter came the name Passau.

Historically, it so happened that in the era early medieval Passau turned into the residence of bishops and has remained so to this day. The rule of the prince-bishops in it also determined the presence in Pascay of an appropriate church institution. In the 16th century, it was the then built St. Stephen's Cathedral, which is still the main attraction of the city.

The cathedral of the episcopal city needed a corresponding large organ. The first appeared at the end of the 16th century. However, the fires of the 17th century that raged in the city destroyed the cathedral and the organ. Master builders invited from Italy rebuilt Passau, the city had two architectural style- Italian baroque and the former late Gothic. At the same time, 8 multi-ton bells were hung in the renovated cathedral, and a new organ, more powerful and sonorous, was installed in a special aisle.

At the same time, a musical artel was born in Passau, bringing together master organists who were engaged in the repair and creation of new musical instruments. By the way, Artel has now turned into a world-famous company, its highly qualified specialists continue to manufacture new organs on orders from other countries already with electronic elements.

The largest mechanical organ in St. Stephen's Cathedral was installed in 1928. Since then, the organ has been repeatedly restored, improved, and updated. At the end of the 20th century, the last cardinal alteration of the instrument was carried out. It took several years to make and test it. The cost of all work performed is not disclosed, but it is assumed that the manufacture and installation of this keyboard wind instrument took several million euros ...

The organ appeared around the 3rd century BC. Its creation is credited to the Greek mechanic-inventor Ctesibius, who lived in Alexandria, who made a small sounding hydraulics with wind pipes. The pressure of the air entering the pipes was maintained by a water column. The Greeks, followed by the Romans, used hydraulics during mass entertainment events, at hippodromes, in circuses. The sound of the hydraulics was strong, piercing - this made an impression on the audience. Later, the water pump was replaced with more compact air bellows, which made it possible to increase the number and size of sounding pipes.

In 666, Pope Vitalius by his decree introduced the organ into the conduct of the liturgical rites of the Catholic Church. Since then, Italy began to create its own organs. From the 9th century they began to be sent to France, later to the lands of Germany. But the organ was most widely used in the 15th-17th centuries. It was his Golden time". It became the most important attribute of Catholic cathedrals.

Medieval organs were rough, heavy, and only physically strong people could play them, because they had to beat the wide keys with their fists, and press the pedals with their feet. The organists were paid little, most often in food. It was believed that for church liturgies, the organist should play not for money, but according to the call of the heart. The most famous organist and composer, Johann Sebastian Bach, was forced not only to play the organ in the Leipzig church, but also to teach those who wished to play it and write musical works.

The modern organ is a complex and very expensive musical wind instrument. It consists of many metal pipes and tubes of various sizes, into which air is forced with the help of bellows. The number of tubes reaches several thousand. They are made of tin with the addition of other metals for fullness of sound, for shine and durability.

In front of the organist there are several keyboards for hands, they can reach up to 7, and below is a pedal keyboard, which consists of 5 pedals, in some organs their number reaches 32. They are designed to extract low sounds.

In modern organs, air is forced into the pipes with the help of electric motors. At present, the "facades" of the organ are often made fake - this is a decor, and the main pipes are hidden in the inside of the chapel. Every organ making workshop has its own secrets.

The largest in the world today is a concert organ created in Atlantic City (USA), it has 33,112 pipes. The instrument has two pulpits, one of which has seven keyboards. To serve such a giant, the organist needs assistants.

But the desire to create the largest organ did not lead to an improvement in the quality of its sound. And at present, organs of medium traditional sizes are more often made, which can be controlled by one person. It is believed that today in all of Europe there is no more beautiful, more sonorous organ than in the Catholic St. Stephen's Cathedral in Passau.

This organ was created in 1608, it has gone through many repairs in its lifetime, but its basis is still the same, made 400 years ago by conscientious masters of the Middle Ages. Members of the numerous Fugger dynasty rest in the cathedral - the richest family local merchants.

The largest, most majestic musical instrument has ancient history emergence, with many stages of improvement.

The most distant ancestor of the organ from us in time is considered to be the Babylonian bagpipe, common in Asia in the 19th-18th centuries BC. Air was blown into the fur of this instrument through a tube, and on the other side there was a body with pipes with holes and tongues.

The history of the origin of the organ also remembers “traces ancient greek gods": the deity of forests and groves Pan, according to legend, came up with the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcombining reed sticks of different lengths, and since then Pan's flute has become inseparable from musical culture Ancient Greece.

However, the musicians understood: it is easy to play on one pipe, but on several - there is not enough breath. The search for a replacement for human breath for playing musical instruments bore its first fruits already in the 2nd-3rd centuries BC: hydraulics entered the musical scene for several centuries.

Gidravlos - the first step to the greatness of the body

Approximately in the III century BC. Greek inventor, mathematician, "father of pneumatics" Ctesibius of Alexandria created a device consisting of two piston pumps, a water tank and tubes for making sounds. One pump supplied air inside, the second supplied it to the pipes, and the water tank equalized the pressure and provided a more even sound of the instrument.

Two centuries later, Heron of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician and engineer, improved the hydraulics by adding a miniature windmill and a metal spherical chamber immersed in water to the design. The improved water organ received 3-4 registers, each of which contained 7-18 pipes of diatonic tuning.

The water organ has become widespread in the countries of the Mediterranean region. Hydravlos sounded at gladiator competitions, weddings and feasts, in theaters, circuses and hippodromes, during religious ceremonies. The organ became the favorite instrument of Emperor Nero, and its sound could be heard throughout the Roman Empire.

In the service of Christianity

Despite the general cultural decline seen in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, the organ was not forgotten. By the middle of the 5th century, improved wind organs were being built in the churches of Italy, Spain and Byzantium. The countries of the greatest religious influence became the centers of organ music, and from there the instrument spread throughout Europe.

The medieval organ was significantly different from the modern "brother" by a smaller number of pipes and big size keys (up to 33 cm long and 8-9 cm wide), which were beaten with a fist to make a sound. A "portable" - a small portable organ, and a "positive" - ​​a miniature stationary organ were invented.

The 17th-18th centuries are considered the "golden age" of organ music. The reduction in the size of the keys, the acquisition by the organ of the beauty and variety of sound, crystal timbre clarity and the birth of a whole galaxy predetermined the splendor and grandeur of the organ. Solemn music Bach, Beethoven, Mozart and many other composers sounded under the high arches of all Catholic cathedrals in Europe, and almost all best musicians served as church organists.

For all inseparable connection With catholic church, a lot of "secular" works have been written for the organ, including by Russian composers.

Organ music in Russia

The development of organ music in Russia went exclusively along the "secular" path: Orthodoxy categorically rejected the use of the organ in worship.

The first mention of the organ in Russia is found on frescoes Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv: the “stone chronicle” of Kievan Rus, dated to the 10th-11th centuries, preserved the image of a musician playing the “positive” and two calcane (people pumping air into furs).

Moscow sovereigns of different historical periods showed a lively interest in the organ and organ music: Ivan III, Boris Godunov, Mikhail and Alexei Romanov “ordered” organists and organ builders from Europe. Under the reign of Mikhail Romanov, not only foreign but also Russian organists became known in Moscow, such as Tomila Mikhailov (Besov), Boris Ovsonov, Melenty Stepanov and Andrey Andreev.

Peter I, who devoted his life to introducing the achievements of Western civilization into Russian society, back in 1691 ordered the German specialist Arp Schnitger to build an organ with 16 registers for Moscow. Six years later, in 1697, Schnitger sends another 8-register instrument to Moscow. During Peter's lifetime, dozens of organs were built in Lutheran and Catholic churches in Russia, including gigantic projects for 98 and 114 registers.

Empresses Elizabeth and Catherine II also contributed to the development of organ music in Russia - under their rule, St. Petersburg, Tallinn, Riga, Narva, Yelgava and other cities of the northwestern region of the empire received dozens of instruments.

Many Russian composers used the organ in their work, suffice it to recall Tchaikovsky's Maid of Orleans, Rimsky-Korsakov's Sadko, Scriabin's Prometheus,. Russian organ music combined classical Western European musical forms and traditional national expressiveness and charm, had a strong influence on the listener.

modern organ

Having gone through a historical path of two millennia, the organ of the XX-XXI century looks like this: several thousand pipes located on different tiers and made of wood and metal. Square wood tubes produce low bass sounds, while pewter metal tubes are round and designed for a thinner, higher sound.

Record-breaking organs are registered overseas, in the United States of America. The organ, located in Philadelphia's Macy's Lord & Taylor mall, weighs 287 tons and has six manuals. The instrument, located in Atlantic City's Hall of Concord, is the loudest organ in the world, with over 33,000 pipes.

The largest and most majestic organs of Russia are located in the Moscow House of Music, as well as in Concert hall them. Tchaikovsky.

The development in new directions and styles has significantly increased the number of types and varieties of the modern organ, with its own differences in the principle of operation and specific features. The current classification of organs is as follows:

• wind organ;
• symphony organ;
• theater organ;
• electric organ;
• Hammond organ;
• organ Typhon;
• steam organ;
• street organ;
• orchestrion;
• organol;
• pyrophone;
• maritime organ;
• chamber organ;
• church organ;
• home organ;
• organum;
• digital organ;
• rock organ;
• pop organ;
• virtual organ;
• melody.

1. In Latin organism the stress falls on the first syllable (as in its Greek prototype).
2. The frequency range of wind organs, taking into account overtones, includes almost ten octaves - from 16 Hz to 14000 Hz, which has no analogues among any other musical instruments. The dynamic range of wind organs is about 85-90 dB, the maximum value of sound pressure levels reaches 110-115 dB-C.
3. Douglas E. Bush, Richard Kassel. The organ: An encyclopedia. New York/London: 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-94174-7
4. “The organ sound is motionless, mechanical and unchanging. Without yielding to any softening finish, he brings to the fore the reality of division, attaches decisive importance to the slightest temporal relationships. But if time is the only plastic material of organ performance, then the main requirement of organ technique is the chronometric accuracy of movements. (Braudo, I. A., On organ and clavier music - L., 1976, p. 89)
5. Nicholas Thistlethwaite, Geoffrey Webber. The Cambridge companion to the organ. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-57584-3
6. Praetogius M. "Syntagma musicum", vol. 2, Wolffenbuttel, 1919, p. 99.
7. Riemann G. Catechism of Music History. Part 1. M., 1896. S. 20.
8. The connection between the Pan flute and the idea of ​​the organ is most clearly seen in the anthological epigram of Emperor Flavius ​​Claudius Julian (331-363): “I see reeds of a new kind growing separately on one metal field. They make a sound not from our breath, but from the wind that comes out of the skin reservoir lying under their roots, while the light fingers of a strong mortal run through the harmonic holes ... ”(Quoted from the article“ On the origin of the organ. ”-“ Russian invalid", 1848, July 29, No. 165).
9. “He has 13 or 24 bamboo pipes fitted with metal (bronze) reeds. Each tube is 1/3 smaller than the next. This set is called piao-xiao. The tubes are inserted into a hollowed-out gourd (later wooden or metal) tank. Sound is produced by blowing air into the tank and drawing air into itself. (Modr A. Musical instruments. M., 1959, p. 148).
10. Brocker 2005, p. 190: “The term 'organum' denotes both the polyphonic musical practice and the organ, which in the Middle Ages had drone pipes. It could serve as a model when it came time to call it hurdy-gurdy, since its polyphonic type is probably not very different from hurdy-gurdy. "Organistrum" can then be understood as an instrument identical or similar to an organ. Goog Riemann interpreted the name this way when he saw it as a diminutive of "organum". He thought that, just as "poetaster" came from "poeta", "organistrum" came from "organum" and originally meant "small organ" (eng. The term "organum" denotes both a polyphonic musical practice as well as the organ, which in the Middle Ages had drone pipes. It could have served as a model when it came time to name the hurdy-gurdy, since its type of polyphony was probably not very different from that of the hurdy-gurdy. The "organistrum" then can be understood to be an instrument identical with or similar to the organ. Hug Riemann interpreted the name in this manner when he saw it as a diminutive of "organum". He thought that, similar to how "poetaster" came from "poeta", "organistrum" came from "organum" and meant originally "little organ")»
11. Each instrument has its own image, description of the form and appearance, and allegorical interpretation necessary for a kind of “sanctification” of biblical instruments so that they enter the Christian cult. The last mention of Jerome's Instruments is in M. Pretorius's treatise Sintagma musicum-II; this fragment was taken by him from S. Wirdung's treatise Musica getutscht 1511. First of all, the description emphasizes the unusually loud sonority of the instrument, because of which it is likened to the organ of the Jews, which is heard from Jerusalem to the Mount of Olives (a paraphrase from the Talmud "From Jericho is heard ...") . Described as a cavity made of two skins with twelve bellows pumping air into it and twelve copper tubes emitting a "thundering howl" - a kind of bagpipe. Later depictions combined bagpipe and organ elements. Furs were very often not depicted, keys and pipes could be depicted very conditionally. Wirdung, among other things, also flips the image, since it was probably copied by him from another source and he had no idea what kind of tool it was.
12. Chris Riley. The Modern Organ Guide. Xulon Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-59781-667-0
13. William Harrison Barnes. The Contemporary American Organ - Its Evolution, Design and Construction. 2007. ISBN 978-1-4067-6023-1
14. Apel 1969, p. 396: "described in a 10th-century treatise entitled (GS i, 303, where it is attributed to Oddo of Cluny) (eng. is described in 10th-century treatise-titled Quomodo Organistrum Constructur (GS i, 303 where it is attributed to Oddo of Cluny))»
15. Orpha Caroline Ochse. The History of the Organ in the United States. Indiana University Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-253-20495-0
16. Virtual MIDI system "Hauptwerk"
17. Stonebreaker 2012: "Each key actuated switches connected to different drawbars, or drawbars"
18. ? An Introduction to Drawbars: “Sliders are the heart and soul of your Hammond organ sound. There are two sets of nine sliders, sometimes referred to as tone bars, for the top and bottom manuals, and two pedal sliders located between the top manual and the info center display. (English) The Drawbars are the heart and soul of the sound of your Hammond Organ. There are two sets of nine Drawbars, sometimes referred to as Tonebars, for the Upper and Lower Manuals and two Drawbars for the Pedals, located between the Upper Manual and the Information Center Display)»
19. HammondWiki 2011: "The Hammond organ was originally developed to compete with the pipe organs. Sliders were a unique innovation of the Hammond keyboard musical instruments (register buttons or labels were used to control the air flow in the pipes of the pipe organs)… The Hammond organ was originally developed to compete with the pipe organ. Much of the discussion that follows is easier to understand if you have a little knowledge of pipe organ terminology. Here's a link to A Crash Course in Concepts and Terminology Concerning Organs. Drawbars were a unique Hammond innovation to keyboard musical instruments. Prior to the hammond organ, pipe organs most commonly used stop buttons or tabs to control the flow of air into a specific rank of pipes. position controls; on or off. The organist blended the sound produced by the pipe ranks by ope ning or closing the stops. The Hammond organ blends the relatively pure sine wave tones generated by the ToneGenerator to make sounds that are harmonically imitative of the pipe organ (obviously Jazz, Blues and Rock organists aren't always interested in imitating a pipe organ). The Hammond organist blends these harmonics by setting the position of the drawbars which increase or decrease the volume of the harmonic in the mix. .
20. Orchestrions include a variety of self-playing mechanical organs, known in Germany under the names: Spieluhr, Mechanische Orgel, ein mechanisches Musikwerk, ein Orgelwerk in eine Uhr, eine Walze in eine kleine Orgel, Flötenuhr, Laufwerk, etc. Haydn, Mozart wrote especially for these instruments , Beethoven. (Music Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia, Soviet composer. Ed. Yu. V. Keldysh. 1973-1982.)
21. Spillane 1892, pp. 642-3: “The peculiarity of the American cabinet (salon) organ lies primarily in the reed structure system invented in this country, with the help of which the tone of the sound changed, which distinguished this organ from reed instruments of foreign production. Some other features in it internal arrangement and external decoration, however, distinguish it from reed instruments called harmoniums. The "free reed", as it was first used in American accordions and seraphins, was by no means an internal invention, as writers rashly claim. It has been used by European pipe organ builders for register effects as well as in some keyboard instruments before 1800. The "free reed" is named to distinguish it from the "beating reed" of the clarinet and the "double reed" of the oboe and bassoon. The individuality of the American parlor organ rests largely upon the system of reed structure invented in this country, upon which a tone has been evolved which is easily distinguished from that produced by the reed instruments made abroad. Several other features in its interior construction and exterior finish, however, distinguish it from the reed instruments called harmoniums. The "free reed," as it was first applied in American accordeons and seraphines, was not by any means a domestic invention, as writers recklessly assert. It was used by European pipe-organ builders for stop effects, and also in separate key-board instrument, prior to 1800. The "free reed" is so named to distinguish it from the "beating reed" of the clarionet and the "double reed" of the oboe and basson)»