Education

What's the Difference fiction from scientific? Examples

Literature is an indispensable part of the culture of every country. Without it, it would be impossible to exchange information, learn last news or study science. In all its splendor, literature appears before readers in various genres. And it is often difficult to choose which book to give preference to. Especially often such torments arise when the reader does not know what is the difference between fiction and scientific literature. Well, let's try to help him.

It all starts with theory

Before classifying texts into artistic and scientific, it is worth arming yourself with theoretical knowledge in this area. That is, to learn about what scientific and fiction literature is.

• Fiction is a kind of art, the main component of which is the word.
• Scientific literature is written works that have been created in the course of certain studies using a certain scientific method. This type of literature is intended to provide information to scientists about the latest developments in their field of activity.

If you look only at these definitions, it is impossible to understand what, in fact, is the difference between fiction and scientific literature, except for the target audience.

What is style?

Therefore, it is worth studying this issue in more detail. Fiction and non-fiction did not receive original titles. The thing is that the first is created by artists, and the second is full of formulas. It's all about the features (or, as they say, styles) of writing the text.

Style is the layout of the text. This is a kind of "clothes" of the text. Scientifically speaking, style is a system language tools and the ways that they use to present any information. Each system and method is used in certain cases.

What is the difference between fiction and scientific literature? First of all, in the style of the text. And if you analyze in more detail, then you need to know about the features of the textual conventions of each style.

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Artistic speech style

This style is emotional and expressive. The author of the text is mainly focused on displaying images and emotions, which, in fact, captivates readers.

The main features of the artistic style:

• The hero and the narrator in one bottle - a free reflection of his "I".
• The text conveys images, emotional background and mood of the characters.
• The author can use many stylistic constructions in the text: homonyms, antonyms, phraseological units, obsolete words, hyperbolas, etc. The choice of wording is unlimited.
• In a literary text, the author can apply many different styles, beautifully "fitting" them to the general author's style.
• Words always have a hidden meaning.

The main purpose of the text in this style is to convey emotions, to create a certain mood in the reader. This is the first difference between fiction and scientific literature.

scientific style

However, that's not all distinctive characteristics styles. It is impossible to compare artistic and scientific style without saying something about the features of the content.

The main features of the scientific style:

• The author is objective and impartial. The pronouns "we" or "they" appear in the text.
• Lots of terminology and speech clichés. The absence or minimization of the use of emotionally expressive vocabulary.
• The text is static and reads slowly due to the abundance of adverbs, adjectives and nouns.
• The text is structured logically, presented consistently, according to the theses.
• Many introductory words that explain phenomena or concepts.

This is another difference between fiction and scientific literature.

A little about popular science

Many readers tend to confuse non-fiction with non-fiction. Non-fiction literature is artistic text about science. It is intended for both experienced researchers and the general public. The difference between fiction and popular science literature is that the latter combines the main features of the two literary styles. Here you can find images, emotions, and dry information that frightens with formulas and terminology.

Plan and example

There is a big difference between fiction and non-fiction. To summarize everything written, it is worth giving a practical example.

The difference between fiction and scientific literature (examples):

• Art style : “The first rays of dawn were already rattling on the horizon, but no one in the camp paid attention to them. Each soldier was immersed in his own thoughts. Someone was cleaning the muzzle of the machine gun, someone was finishing the last lines of the letter, and someone was looking indifferently in the direction where the enemy was located. Should have happened today decisive battle. The whole night no one was able to close their eyes, and the minutes of early morning crawled like snails, until someone shouted: “It has begun!” ... "

• scientific style: “The Berlin offensive operation began on the morning of April 16, 1945. 9,000 Soviet guns and mortars hit the German positions. Within minutes, the first line of defense was destroyed. Air bombers attacked the German artillery and headquarters. 2145 units of German military equipment were destroyed ... Germany announced its surrender on May 8, 1945.

These two texts tell about the beginning of the Berlin offensive operation- the last battle in the Great Patriotic War. And if you draw up a plan: “The difference between fiction and scientific literature,” then it will look like this:

1. AT scientific text will always be:

• exact dates and figures;
• a list of the main operating elements;
• assessment of what is happening;
• attention to significant moments;
• overall results;
• figures, protocols, statements.

1. Artistic text includes:

• impressions about what is happening;
• description of the place where the events take place;
• means of expression that make the reader experience;
• reality is painted in living pictures.

Even presented small examples correspond to most of the points of the plan. What is the difference between fiction and scientific literature is briefly described in the article. If the first is something sublime, sensual and spiritual, then the second is its direct opposite - it sets out the main facts using complex terminology and, forgetting about the aesthetics of speech turns, stubbornly strides towards the goal. We can say that they are like heaven and earth. It's pointless to compare them. However, it is impossible to imagine the world of culture both without works of art and without scientific works.

The world of literature is amazing and diverse, there are a great many books, and their most basic division is into scientific and artistic. Let's see how they differ.

Target

The difference between fiction and scientific literature lies in the purpose of writing a work. So, if a novel, story or poem can give the reader aesthetic pleasure, gives him the opportunity to immerse himself in the world of the author's intention, then a reference book or Scientific research has more mundane motives - communication of certain facts, hypotheses, analysis of a phenomenon. To write such works, as a rule, not only the knowledge of a particular scientist is used, but also the systematization of data on a particular subject, the achievements of researchers of past years are described. They argue or agree. The purpose of a scientific treatise is to inform colleagues about the discovery made, to secure the right to it.

Plot

If a work of art has a plot, then it does not exist in a scientific treatise or monograph, the text is a consistent presentation of facts, attempts to interpret and explain them, and contains hypotheses. The presentation is strictly logical, while in a novel or story the author can work with several time plans, looking ahead or going back.

At the same time, in one work there can be a number of storylines, and a work or treatise describes several phenomena or objects, but the presence or absence of a plot will make it possible to distinguish one work from another.

Use of artistic techniques

What is the difference between fiction and scientific literature in terms of design? First of all, for the first, not only the content is important, but also the form. The writer is the master of the word. He tries to put his thoughts into an ideal form, therefore he actively uses tropes: sonorous epithets, bright catchy comparisons, hyperbole, parallelism. Oxymorons and euphemisms help to achieve a special effect. For example, Tolstoy's play is called The Living Corpse. This is an oxymoron, that is, a combination of words that do not match in meaning. In reality, a corpse cannot be alive. But it is this trope that helps the author to characterize the character of the protagonist, Fedor Protasov, his torment and quest, the desire to die.

But the scientific literature does not use the trail. The speech of a scientist is always accurate, the object or phenomenon being studied is described in detail, clearly. Of course, the researcher can use comparisons and definitions, but only in order to describe the object of his work in as much detail as possible. Exaggerations, oxymorons in a strict treatise are unacceptable.

Heroes

Another difference between fiction and scientific literature is the presence or absence of heroes. So, in a novel or a poem, there must be actor. In "Eugene Onegin" it is Onegin himself, Tatyana, Lensky, Olga. In the course of the story, different events happen to them, the characters undergo personal evolution, communicate with each other. Some characters are the main ones, key to revealing the author's intention, others are secondary, necessary to play out any situation with the main characters or also to express the ideas of the writer. Individual characters in a work of art may die in the course of the story, which also makes it possible for the writer to convey to his reader important information. For example, the murder of Lensky in a duel in Pushkin's novel suggests that Onegin, despite the ability and ability to think, has not yet departed from the rules imposed by a society despised by him.

In scientific treatises and works, everything is different. They don't have a hero. You can, of course, conditionally call the subject and object of research heroes, but there is no author's fantasy in what happens to them. Scientists present all the facts, based on their own observations, and conjecture may also take place. For example, when describing an insect unknown to science, an entomologist may assume the purpose of a particular organ. Therefore, in an article or monograph there are the words "I suppose", "I suppose", "hypothesis". Gradually, already in other works, each hypothesis is tested by facts and refuted or confirmed.

Genre

Another difference between fiction and scientific literature is their use of different genres. So, for the artistic, first of all, the division into prose and poetry is characteristic, within which a story and a novel, an elegy and a thought, a play and a fairy tale stand out. Each genre has its own specifics and distinctive features. The world of scientific works is also quite diverse: these are treatises, articles, reviews, reports, abstracts, reviews.

Table

Capaciously and briefly present in the table the differences between fiction and scientific literature. This will help you remember the material faster and, if necessary, refresh it in your memory.

The table shows the key differences between fiction and scientific literature. In conclusion, we note that contemporary authors often try to combine features, for example, setting out in scientific work information emotionally and expressively. However, taking into account the scope of application, it is always possible to quickly determine whether a particular work belongs to scientific or artistic literature.

Literature is an indispensable part of the culture of every country. Without it, it would be impossible to exchange information, learn the latest news or study science. In all its splendor, literature appears before readers in various genres. And it is often difficult to choose which book to give preference to. Especially often such torments arise when the reader does not know what is the difference between fiction and scientific literature. Well, let's try to help him.

It all starts with theory

Before classifying texts into artistic and scientific, it is worth arming yourself with theoretical knowledge in this area. That is, to learn about what scientific and fiction literature is.

• Fiction is a kind of art, the main component of which is the word.
• Scientific literature is written works that have been created in the course of certain studies using a certain scientific method. This one is intended to provide information to scientists about the latest developments in their field.

If you look only at these definitions, it is impossible to understand what, in fact, is the difference between fiction and scientific literature, except for the target audience.

What is style?

Therefore, it is worth studying this issue in more detail. Fiction and non-fiction did not receive original titles. The thing is that the first is created by artists, and the second is full of formulas. It's all about the features (or, as they say, styles) of writing the text.

Style is the layout of the text. This is a kind of "clothes" of the text. Speaking scientifically, style is a system of language means and methods that are used to present any information. Each system and method is used in certain cases.

What is the difference between fiction and scientific literature? First of all, in the style of the text. And if you analyze in more detail, then you need to know about the features of the textual conventions of each style.

Artistic speech style

This style is emotional and expressive. The author of the text is mainly focused on displaying images and emotions, which, in fact, captivates readers.

The main features of the artistic style:

• The hero and the narrator in one bottle - a free reflection of his "I".
• The text conveys images, emotional background and mood of the characters.
• The author can use many stylistic constructions in the text: homonyms, antonyms, phraseological units, obsolete words, hyperbole, etc. The choice of wording is unlimited.
• In a literary text, the author can apply many different styles, beautifully "fitting" them to the general author's style.
• Words always have a hidden meaning.

The main purpose of the text in this style is to convey emotions, to create a certain mood in the reader. This is the first difference between fiction and scientific literature.

scientific style

However, this is not all the distinctive characteristics of the styles. It is impossible to compare artistic and scientific style without saying something about the features of the content.

• The author is objective and impartial. The pronouns "we" or "they" appear in the text.
• Lots of terminology and speech clichés. No or minimal use
• The text is static and reads slowly due to the abundance of adverbs, adjectives and nouns.
• The text is structured logically, presented consistently, according to the theses.
• Many introductory words that explain phenomena or concepts.

This is another difference between fiction and scientific literature.

A little about popular science

Many readers tend to confuse non-fiction with non-fiction. Popular science literature is a literary text about science. It is intended for both experienced researchers and the general public. The difference between fiction and popular science literature is that the latter combines the main features of the two literary styles. Here you can find images, emotions, and dry information that frightens with formulas and terminology.

Plan and example

There is a big difference between fiction and non-fiction. To summarize everything written, it is worth giving a practical example.

The difference between fiction and scientific literature (examples):

• Art style: “The first rays of dawn were already rattling on the horizon, but no one in the camp paid attention to them. Each soldier was immersed in his own thoughts. Someone was cleaning the muzzle of the machine gun, someone was finishing the last lines of the letter, and someone was looking indifferently in the direction where the enemy was located. The decisive battle was to take place today. The whole night no one was able to close their eyes, and the minutes of early morning crawled like snails, until someone shouted: “It has begun!” ... "

• scientific style: “The Berlin offensive operation began on the morning of April 16, 1945. 9,000 Soviet guns and mortars hit the German positions. Within minutes, the first line of defense was destroyed. Air bombers attacked the German artillery and headquarters. 2145 units of German military equipment were destroyed ... Germany announced its surrender on May 8, 1945.

These two texts tell about the beginning of the Berlin offensive operation - the last battle in the Great Patriotic War. And if you draw up a plan: “The difference between fiction and scientific literature,” then it will look like this:

1. The scientific text will always indicate:

• exact dates and figures;
• a list of the main operating elements;
• assessment of what is happening;
• attention to significant moments;
• overall results;
• figures, protocols, statements.

1. Artistic text includes:

• impressions about what is happening;
• description of the place where the events take place;
• means of expression that make the reader experience;
• reality is painted in living pictures.

Even the small examples presented correspond to most of the points of the plan. What is the difference between fiction and scientific literature is briefly described in the article. If the first is something sublime, sensual and spiritual, then the second is its direct opposite - it sets out the main facts using complex terminology and, forgetting about the aesthetics of speech turns, stubbornly strides towards the goal. We can say that they are like heaven and earth. It's pointless to compare them. However, it is impossible to imagine the world of culture both without works of art and without scientific works.

Artistic style is a complex alloy, which reflects all the richness national language. It is possible to combine elements of all styles here. literary language. means artistic word through a system of images, the artistic style influences the mind, feelings and will of readers, forms their ideological convictions, moral character and aesthetic tastes.

Imagery distinguishes the artistic style from other styles. The use of linguistic means is due to its purpose - to figuratively recreate reality. The language of fiction is characterized by an exceptional richness of vocabulary and phraseology. AT works of art historicism, archaisms, dialectisms, elements of vernacular, even jargon are introduced. An example of archaisms: Mute mouths open.

An example of dialectisms: “In Yaremche, not far from the waterfall, a Hutsul was sitting in a captarik, in a keychain, in an embroidered shirt and smoking a pipe. Nearby lay linen besags with some kind of kadibok, bought in Yaremche at the fair, the besagas stretched out their legs in white gachas.

In the artistic style, emotionally expressive vocabulary is widely used: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, phraseological units. A variety of methods are used to convey thoughts (epithets, metaphors, comparisons, symbols, etc.).

scientific style

The main function of scientific style is communication. The works written in this style contain scientific information, therefore, it is subject to strict requirements in compliance with the norms.

The scope of the scientific style is scientific and scientific-technical works intended for specialists, textbooks for higher schools.

The main purpose of the style is to present the consequences of research on a person, society, natural phenomena, substantiate hypotheses, prove the truth of theories, classify and systematize knowledge, explain phenomena, excite the reader's intellect to comprehend them.

The main features of the scientific style: clarity and objectivity of interpretations, logical consistency and evidence of presentation, generalization of concepts and phenomena, objective analysis, accuracy and conciseness of statements, argumentation and persuasiveness of statements.

The main feature of the scientific style is terminology. The world described in terms. Definitions of various concepts, phenomena, processes, etc. are often given. Since the basis of terminological vocabulary is nouns, this part of speech in the scientific style is represented more than other parts of speech, for example, verbs. In works scientific literature common words are nouns formed from new, verbal and adjective roots with the help of various generalizing suffixes:

• awn: property, humidity, consciousness, duration;
• nn (i): competition, ignoring, prosperity;
• Ann (I): relationships, relationships;
• inn (i): understanding, conscience;
• stv (o): students, peasantry;
• tstv (o): production, cooperation;
• ats (iya): aviation, mechanization;
• ism: historicism, aphorism;
• ism: humanism, Darwinism.

Works in a scientific style saturated with abstract vocabulary. Common words are used, as a rule, only in one of their meanings.

In the scientific style, repetition of the same words in a small text is allowed. This is due to the need to accurately and unambiguously express an opinion.

“The wire is insulated with a thin layer of scale, so the turns of the wire are insulated from each other. A metal rod is placed above the winding, along which the slider can move. The slider with its contacts is pressed against the turns of the winding. From the friction of the slider on the coils, the scale layer under the contacts of the slider is erased, and the electric current in the circuit passes from the turns of the wire to the slider. And through it - into a rod with a clamp at the end. (From textbook)

Scientific discourse is dominated by complex sentences, especially complex subordinate, participial and adverbial phrases, plug-in and plug-in designs. This emphasizes the bookish nature of the scientific style, which allows for a logical and consistent presentation of information.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of writers, therefore, as a rule, it is used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays), texts written in advance are read out. Historically, the artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

An article about all styles of speech -.

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The art style is:

2. Language means are a means of transmission artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonyms, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of language means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subject to the fulfillment of a creative plan. These combinations gradually form what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are chosen so that with their help not only “draw” images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.

6. Information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood, an emotional mood in the reader.

Art Style: Case Study

Let's take a look at the features of the parsed style as an example.

An excerpt from the article:

The war disfigured Borovoe. Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. Pillars stuck out from the gate. The shed gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away.

There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth. Only in some places two or three juvenile apple trees took shelter.

The village was depopulated.

When the one-armed Fyodor returned home, his mother was alive. She grew old, emaciated, gray hair increased. She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat. Fedor had his own, soldierly. At the table, the mother said: everyone was robbed, damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. With a fright, they gave the last one. Here I have nothing left. Oh, it was bad! The damned fascist ruined the village! You can see for yourself what's left... more than half of the yards burned down. The people fled to where: some to the rear, some to the partisans. How many girls were kidnapped! So our Frosya was taken away ...

Fyodor looked around in a day or two. They began to return their own, Borovsky. They hung a piece of plywood on an empty hut, and on it in crooked letters soot in oil - there was no paint - “The board of the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm” - and it went, and it went! Down and Out trouble started.

The style of this text, as we have already said, is artistic.

His features in this passage:

1. Borrowing and application of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( as monuments of national grief, fascist, partisans, collective farm management, the beginning of trouble).
2. The use of pictorial and means of expression (hijacked, cursed skinners, really), the semantic ambiguity of words is actively used ( the war disfigured Borovoe, the barn gaped with a huge hole).
3. they've all been robbed, you damned skinners! We hid pigs and hens, who are much better. Will you save? He makes noise, threatens, give him a chicken, be at least the last one. Oh, it was bad!).
4. There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth; She sat down at the table, but there was nothing to treat; on oil - there was no paint).
5. The syntactic structures of a literary text reflect, first of all, the flow of the author's impressions, figurative and emotional ( Interspersed with the surviving huts, charred stoves stood like monuments to people's grief. The barn gaped with a huge hole - half of it was broken off and carried away; There were gardens, and now stumps are like rotten teeth).
6. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian language ( stumps are like rotten teeth; charred stoves stood like monuments to national grief; sheltered by two or three teenage apple trees).
7. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the parsed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in context, and words broad scope use ( grew old, emaciated, burned, letters, girls).

Thus, the artistic style does not so much tell as it shows - it helps to feel the situation, to visit those places that the narrator tells about. Of course, there is also a certain "imposition" of the author's experiences, but it also creates a mood, conveys sensations.

The art style is one of the most "borrowing" and flexible: writers, firstly, actively use language of other styles, and secondly, they successfully combine artistic imagery, for example, with explanations scientific facts, concepts or phenomena.

Sci-Fi Style: Case Study

Consider the example of the interaction of two styles - artistic and scientific.

An excerpt from the article:

The youth of our country loves forests and parks. And this love is fruitful, active. It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. One day, at a meeting, even chips appeared on the table of the presidium. Some villain cut down an apple tree that grew alone on the river bank. Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born. They called it the "Green Patrol". There was no mercy for the poachers, and they began to retreat.

N. Korotaev

Scientific style features:

1. Terminology ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar, poachers).
2. The presence in a number of nouns of words denoting the concepts of a sign or state ( bookmark, security).
3. The quantitative predominance of nouns and adjectives in the text over verbs ( this love is fruitful, active; in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests).
4. The use of verbal phrases and words ( bookmark, security, mercy, meeting).
5. Verbs in the present tense that have a “timeless”, indicative meaning in the text, with weakened lexical and grammatical meanings of time, person, number ( loves, expresses);
6. A large volume of sentences, their impersonal nature in conjunction with passive constructions ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests.).

Art style features:

1. Extensive use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles ( presidium, laying of forest belts, krutoyar).
2. The use of various figurative and expressive means ( this love is fruitful, in vigilant protection, reckless), the active use of the verbal polysemy of the word (the appearance of the house, "Green Patrol").
3. Emotionality and expressiveness of the image ( They got used to it, as to the appearance of their home, they loved it. And now she was gone. On this day the band was born.
4. Manifestation creative individuality author - author's style ( It is expressed not only in the laying of new gardens, parks and forest belts, but also in the vigilant protection of oak forests and forests. Here: combining features of several styles).
5. Paying special attention to particular and seemingly random circumstances and situations behind which one can see the typical and general ( Some villain cut down an apple tree ... And now it was gone. On this day, the conservation group was born).
6. The syntactic structure and the corresponding structures in this passage reflect the flow of figurative and emotional author's perception ( Like a lighthouse, she stood on a steep yard. And now she's gone).
7. The characteristic use of numerous and varied stylistic figures and tropes of the Russian literary language ( this fruitful, active love, like a beacon, it stood, there was no mercy, growing alone).
8. The use, first of all, of vocabulary that forms the basis and creates the figurativeness of the analyzed style: for example, figurative techniques and means of the Russian language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context, and words of the widest distribution ( youth, reckless, fruitful, active, guise).

According to the variety of language means, literary devices and techniques art style is perhaps the richest. And, unlike other styles, it has a minimum of restrictions - with proper drawing of images and an emotional mood, you can even write a literary text in scientific terms. But, of course, this should not be abused.