What is remarkable about the village of Kostenki in the Voronezh region. Kostenki

The village of Kostenki (Voronezh region) is the richest place in Russia where Upper Paleolithic sites are concentrated. Here, on the territory of about 10 km., more than 60 sites dating back from 40 to 15 thousand years ago have been discovered. Kostenkovo ​​sites are distinguished by their special richness and diversity. material culture. Here dwellings made of mammoth bones were discovered and explored, above one of which a pavilion-museum was built. Numerous works of art have been found, including world-famous female figurines - the so-called " Paleolithic Venuses". Almost all burials of the Upper Paleolithic era known in Russia were found in Kostenki.

Only in Kostenki are known monuments of the initial time of the Upper Paleolithic. of Eastern Europe dating back approximately 40,000-35,000 years ago. Among them is the multi-layer site of Kostenki-12.

The project leader, M.V. Anikovich, headed the archaeological research at Kostenki-12 in 1974, 1976, 1979-1984 and in 1999-2000. In 1983, a baby burial was discovered at the monument. Before this discovery, only 7 Upper Paleolithic burials were known in Russia: 4 - in Kostenki, 2 - in Sungir, 1 - in Siberia. In 1984, the oldest, IV, cultural layer was discovered, possibly the most ancient monument of the Upper Paleolithic not only in Kostenki, but throughout Europe.

In 1999, excavations at Kostenki-12 were resumed by the Foundation for the Support of Archaeological Research of the Stone Age of Russia ("Archeolite"). The third cultural layer was explored and an interesting collection of stone tools was collected. The discovery of an even more ancient, IV-th cultural layer was fully confirmed.

In 2000, at Kostenki-12, the system of benchmarks, which had been destroyed during construction work in the early 1990s, was restored; In the exposed area, cultural remains were studied up to the III cultural layer inclusive. Thus, the oldest, IV-th cultural layer on an area of ​​49 sq. m.

The immediate task is to continue excavations at Kostenki-12, primarily to explore the oldest cultural layer on an area of ​​49 sq. m., as well as to continue the study of the third cultural layer in the adjacent areas. Estimated volume of earthworks - 400 cubic meters. Excavations are supposed to be carried out in close contact with specialists different kind: geologists, palynologists, paleozoologists, etc.

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Panko is a derivative form of the canonical names Pavel, Pankraty, Pafnuty (Unbegaun. S. 83; Grushko, Medvedev. S. 324), as well as some others (see PANKIN).

In some cases, the surname could also be formed from a nickname; cf .: punk - sib. “Almost disappeared popular prints, heroic, joker and everything in general, except for spiritual ones” (Dal); "a bit for playing grandmas, poured with lead"; "big nose"; "Laying of 3-4 sheaves" (SRGSU); tar “about the one who lives in contentment” (SRNG); “about a young Pole or Belarusian” (SRY); punks - "Poles": "In the Chukhloma district there is a clearing called Panshchina, where some punks (Poles) lived" (recorded in the Kostroma province.); “Barrows, hills, graves are scattered throughout the province, which the people call punks, pan graves” (recorded in the Olonets province.) (SRNG). See also: PANOV.

Yu.A. Fedosyuk believes that the surname could have been “descendants of Poles resettled deep into pre-revolutionary Russia during the wars with Poland”; at the same time, the same author derives the surname Pankov from “derivative forms of the names Pavel, Panfil, Pankrat, Pantelei, etc.” (Fedosyuk. S.170-171). E.N. Polyakova produces a surname from a non-canonical
the name or nickname of Panko from Pan (Polyakova, p.168).

Historical examples: "Pankov Ivan Afanasyevich, 1596, Eagle" (Veselovsky I); "Fedotko Panok, Astrakhan (in Razin's army), 1672" (Tupikov).

Ural examples: “Peasant of the village of Ponomarihina Panko Mikhailov, 1579; peasant of the village of Limezh on the river Limezh Davydko Yuriev son of Pankov, 1623 ”(Polyakova). In 1684, Ivan Pankov (probably named after his father) made a contribution to the Dalmatovsky Monastery (Mankova, p. 48).

Within the limits of the future Kamyshlovskiy u. The surname has been known since the end of the 17th century. In the village of Gorbunova (4:8) in 1691/92, the natives of Cherdynsky district, who lived in the Limesh camp (“on the Isady Limeshsky”), peasants settled - the brothers Isak, Grigory and Leonty (Levka) Grigorievich Pankov (census of 1695 ; possibly the descendants of D.Yu. Pankov - see above). Peasant Ugetskaya sl. (25:1) was Vasily Dmitrievich Pankov (census 1710). The peasant Ivan Artemyevich Pankov, who lived in the village of Shablishskaya (10:1), fled with his son Procopius in 1733 (second revision, 1745).

In the village of Chikunova, the surname was carried by peasants; found in Kamyshlov, Pyshminsky, Talitsky, Dalmatovsky districts, in Yekaterinburg (Memory; T 1974). In the Dalmatovsky district, the surname Pankov (Memory - 5 people) is also recorded.

17.2. Chikunova village, parish of the Nicholas Church, she is also Chekunova (1869), the village of Chikunovo (1956)

The text is taken from Aleksey Gennadyevich Mosin's book Dictionary of Ural Surnames, Yekaterinburg Publishing House, 2000. All copyrights reserved. When quoting the text and using it in publications, a link is required.

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Paleolithic sites in Kostenki.

Kostenki- a village in the Khokholsky district of the Voronezh region, the administrative center of the Kostensky rural settlement.

Kostenki is recognized as the richest place in Russia for the concentration of sites of the Upper Paleolithic era - people modern type. Here, on a territory of about 10 km², more than 60 sites are open (on a number of several dwellings, sometimes very large), dated from 45 to 15 thousand years!

In connection with the huge area (albeit at different times) of settlement, researchers are looking for arguments in favor of recognizing Kostenok one of the oldest proto-cities on the planet(with a population of 200-300 people at the same time). Kostenkovo ​​sites of the ancients contain dwellings made of mammoth bones, over one of which a pavilion-museum was built. Numerous works of art have been found, including world-famous female figurines - the so-called "Paleolithic Venuses".

There are many traces of life activity from the Mesolithic times up to the present time in the district. By virtue of different reasons the population repeatedly left the district for relatively long periods. Defined as a city in the XVI-XVIII centuries.

During recent works to study two ancient sites Kostenok-14 and Kostenok-12 were sensational finds have been discovered that change our views on primitive history.

According to the results obtained from the American laboratory in 2002, the age of the lowest cultural layer Kostenok-12 can drop to 50,000 (!) years instead of the traditional 40,000 years for the Upper Paleolithic!Despite a solid history of study, Kostenki today is an iceberg, most of which rests under water and waits in the wings and its researcher.

The presence of antiquities in the Kostenok area is mentioned by S. G. Gmelin in “Journey through Russia” (1768), although the remains of mammoths were found here earlier, as the name itself indicates locality. Accompanying Peter I to the south in 1703 The Russian Dutchman de Bruin, for example, writes: “In the area in which we were, to our great surprise, we found many elephant teeth, of which I kept one for myself, for the sake of curiosity, but I cannot understand how these teeth could get here. True, the sovereign told us that Alexander the Great, passing by this river, as some historians assure, reached the small town of Kostenka, located about eight versts from here, and that it could very well be that at that very time several elephants fell here, the remains of which are still here today."

Discovery history. The Kostenki-1 site was discovered in 1879 by Russian archaeologist Ivan Polyakov. The purpose of the excavations in 1881 and 1915 (largely unsystematic) was to find stone tools. The systematic study of the Kostenkovo ​​monuments began in the 1920s.

Most significant works P. P. Efimenko led in Kostenki. In the 1930s, these scientists unearthed a dwelling made of mammoth bones (36 x 15 meters in size, about 20 thousand years old), which has now been mothballed. On the territory of the dwelling there are 12 pits, which were used as ossuary. Other dwellings of Kostenkovites are elongated; along the longitudinal axis there are a number of foci.

By the second half of the 20th century, it became clear that Kostenki did not represent one settlement, therefore, in scientific literature you can often find a numeral after the name of the site, the most famous of which are Kostenki-12 and Kostenki-14 (Markina Gora).

Kostenki-1 (Polyakov's site) has much in common with the upper layer of the Avdeevskaya site in the Kursk region. Kostenki 1/1, Kostenki 4/II (Aleksandrovskaya site), Kostenki 8/2, Kostenki 21/3 are attributed together with the sites of Pushkari 1, Borshchevo 1, Buran-Kaya, Khotylevo 2, Gagarino, Zaraysk, Willendorf, Dolni-Vestonice, Prsedmosti, Pavlov, Avdeevo, Petrkovice and Berdyzh to the Eastern Gravettian culture. Kostenki 2, Kostenki 3, Kostenki 11-Ia and Kostenki 19 are combined into the Zamyatninskaya culture. Kostenki 1 layer 2, Kostenki 1 layer 3, Kostenki 6, Kostenki 11, Kostenki 12 layer 3 belong to the sites of the seletoid circle. The Telman culture was named after the Kostenki VIII site (2nd layer) (Telman site).

AT top layer The sixth left rib mammoth with the sharp part of the flint tip stuck in it.

At the first investigated site (Kostenki-1), ten “Kostenki Venuses” were found: stone or bone figurines of naked women with enlarged belly, chest, and hips. Such finds are also unique, such as, for example, pieces of dyes, suggesting that the Kostenkovites used charcoal and marl rocks to obtain black and white paints, and ferruginous nodules found in nature, after processing them in a fire, gave dark red and ocher tones. dyes. Burnt clay was also found there - perhaps it was used to coat baking pits. The camps consisted of huts, the foundations of which were mammoth bones. There are two types of dwellings. Structures of the first type are large, elongated, with hearths located along the longitudinal axis, like a ground dwelling uncovered in the 1930s by Pyotr Efimenko measuring 36 meters in length and 15 meters in width, with four dugouts, 12 storage pits, various depressions and pits that were used as storage. Dwellings of the second type were round, with a hearth located in the center. Earth mounds, mammoth bones, wood and animal skins were used for construction.

Also found were the remains of household objects, tools, typical for Late Paleolithic decorations: headbands, bracelets, curly pendants, miniature (up to 1 centimeter) stripes for headdresses and clothes, fragments of small plastic, seashells from the Black Sea coast.

human remains. In the 1950s, during three field seasons, four Upper Paleolithic burials were discovered in Kostenki. In 1983, another discovery was made. Thus, scientists judge the population of the Middle Don by the findings from five burials: young man from Kostenki-14, an elderly man from Kostenki-2 (Zamiatnin site), two children from Kostenki-15 (Gorodtsovskaya site) and Kostenki-18, a newborn boy from Kostenki-12. The burials of Kostenki-2 and Kostenki-15 belong to the Kostenki-Gorodtsov culture, the burial of Kostenka-18 (21020 ± 180 years ago) belongs to the Kostenki-Avdeev culture. The burial of Kostenka-14 from Markina Gora belongs to an unknown cultural tradition.

Human remains from the Kostenki-14 site (37 thousand years ago) were reconstructed by M.M. Gerasimov, who personally participated in the excavations. According to anthropological indicators, they resemble modern Papuans. They were distinguished by short stature (160 cm), narrow face, wide nose, and prognathism. However, the later population of the site already has a Cro-Magnoid appearance.

The skeleton from Markina Gora (Kostenki 14), dated at 37,000 years old, was examined for mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal DNA. He was found to have the mitochondrial haplogroup U2 (now this haplogroup is distributed mainly in Northern India and the Kama region) and the Y-chromosomal haplogroup C1b. The sample of Kostenka-12, dated at 32 thousand years, has a Y-chromosomal haplogroup CT and a mitochondrial haplogroup U2.

V.P. Yakimov discovered the similarity of the metric data and contours of the brain region of the skull of Kostenka-15 with the skull of Predmost II from Moravia. For the Kostenka-2 skull, G. F. Debets noted a disharmonic combination of a long skull and a wide face. Long bones have so far been practically unexplored, since they have not been extracted from the monolith. Poorly preserved baby skull Bones-18. The postcranial skeleton (parts of the skeleton, except for the skull) of a newborn boy from the burial at the Kostenki-12 site, discovered by M.V. Anikovich in 1983, differed from the skeletons of modern newborns much more high value elbow-shoulder pointer.

G. F. Debets believed that skulls from Kostenki belong to three races- Cro-Magnon proper (Kostenki-2 and Kostenki-18), Brno-Prshedmost (Kostenki-15) and Grimaldian (Kostenki-14) and that these finds reflect the participation in the formation of the Upper Paleolithic population of the Russian Plain of ancient forms modern races. V. V. Bunak considered the skull of Kostenka-14 and the skulls of the “Negroids” of Grimaldi to be sharply deviating forms.

The small volume of the brain capsule of the skull from Kostenki-14 indicates the heterogeneity of this find among other Upper Paleolithic Neoanthropes. The physique features of a person from Kostenki-14 are directly opposite to the features a man from Sungir brachymorphic, big stature, a large conditional indicator of volume and a high ratio of body mass to its surface. It is possible that the discovery of a man on Markina Gora is evidence of the early penetration of a representative of a population into the Russian Plain that was not adapted to life even under warming conditions.

American professor John Hoffecker declared the neighborhood of Kostenki the ancestral home of all modern European nations: "So many ancient sites primitive man were not found in Western and Central Europe.", and the finds are unique on a global scale and make us traditional look to ethnogenesis. It is Kostenka finds that call for a fundamental revision of generally accepted views: - "the technique of sawing, drilling, grinding turns out to be absolutely the same as in the artifacts found in the southern Russian and Ukrainian steppe sites of the Neolithic era. But they are thirty to thirty-five thousand years younger !This circumstance completely destroys the traditional idea: the lower the layer and ancient era the more primitive the culture. All in all, modern man appeared much earlier than previously thought. Evidence of this was found precisely in Kostenki.

Doctor historical sciences Mikhail Anikovich, researcher Kostenok-12, points to the worldwide significance of this unique archaeological site: - "here, on a stretch of the Don coast, about ten kilometers long, there are more than sixty sites of the ancient Stone Age - the Upper Paleolithic. This corner of the earth is unique: it is, as it were, in miniature reflects the picture of the development of the whole of Europe in the period from approximately 45 to 15 thousand years ago.<...>Kostenkovskaya district - this small "patch" with an area of ​​​​about thirty square kilometers - is one huge monument of WORLD significance.

M. Anikovich, based on the results of his expedition, claims that the long-held concept of the evolution of a Neanderthal into a Cro-Magnon man is untenable: - "We found that nowhere in Europe can we trace the evolution from the Middle Paleolithic (the period of the Neanderthal man) to the upper one (the Cro-Magnon period). Upper Paleolithic was brought to Europe from the outside. Our excavations have confirmed that the Upper Paleolithic could not have come to the middle Don from the south or southwest. Nor could it from the Caucasus."

Middle Don Anikovich considers representatives of the Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic cultures to be a place of acculturation and assimilation, explaining the fruitfulness of this contact by the fact that neither of them were autochthonous here: - "Neanderthals, who brought their traditions to the Middle Don and transformed them here under the influence of homo sapiens, came from the Crimea. Apparently, some part of them, for some unknown reason, was forced out of their historical homeland and migrated to the north. In the Middle Don, there was a "meeting" of these flows of migrants. It was here, on a land equally alien to both a certain symbiosis arose between them. But where did the people come from, who brought to Europe the most ancient highly developed culture of the Upper Paleolithic - it is difficult to answer this question reliably. "

According to the remains discovered in Kostenki, an anthropologist Mikhail Gerasimov created a sculptural portrait of a man of the Paleolithic era, which became canonical and went around all the textbooks and encyclopedias of the world.

Kostenki — village of Khokholsky district, Voronezh region; located on the right side of the Don. Acquired world fame in connection with the discovered human sites of the late Paleolithic period (40 thousand years ago). Here were found the remains of dwellings of tribal communities made of bones and tusks of a mammoth. Dwellings are round or oval with a hearth in the center. There were also remains of ground buildings with many hearths. A significant number of finds have been discovered that give an idea of ​​the way of life and life primitive people, them economic activity testifying to the birth of art.

In the same place people lived in later times. On the left bank of the Don, opposite the village, the remains of a dwelling of the era bronze age(2nd millennium BC).

In the village Kostenki and the surrounding area has long come across a lot of outlandish bones. locals told the legend of the monstrous beast indre, which Don allegedly wanted to drink, but burst and scattered its bones throughout the district. At one time, Peter the Great drew attention to these bones. At the same time, under Peter, there was such an idea that the commander Alexander the Great, who had war elephants, reached these places. It is now known that the bones belong to an extinct animal mammoth, which was hunted by people of the late Paleolithic. These bones gave the name to the village, although at first it was called differently.

In the "Patrol Book" of 1615, it is written: "Wasteland on a wild field on Konstyantinsky Yar by Fyodor Oladyin on a well of a wild field on arable land fifty-quarters in a field." The “Scribe Book” of 1629 says: “The village, which was repaired at Kostentinovsky Yar, Kostenki, too, on the well, across the river beyond the Don, which was in the estate behind Fyodor Oladin, and now mixed Cossacks own it.” Comparing these data, we can state the events associated with the emergence of the village, as follows. Apparently, back in the 16th century, near one Yar near the Don, there lived a man named Konstantin . Then this place was deserted, but behind it was preserved, the name Konstantinov Yar , mentioned in a 1615 document. Between 1615 and 1629 a village appeared, dubbed Kostenki.

In 1642 a small fortress (ostrogek) was built in the village. The settlement became known as - city ​​of Kostensk . According to the data for 1676, there were 164 yards of dragoons, gunners and other service people. In the 18th century, due to the loss of military significance Kostenskaya fortress comes into decline. Traveler S.G. who visited it in 1769 Gmelin wrote: “The city of Kostenskaya is thin and small, and although it is fortified with a rampart and a front garden, these have completely collapsed due to lack of correction. Previously, a prison was built on this site to protect the inhabitants from Tatar raids, but in the past century they were forced to make it a fortress in order to resist the attack of this predatory people with all the greater force; and as at the present time no equal danger should be expected, the fortifications are left in neglect. Only one-dwellers live here, living on agriculture.

Gmelin, among other things, reported: "The inhabitants are infected with a false opinion about the great underground four-legged beast, whose existence is revealed after his death."

In 1779 city Kostensk converted to Kostenki village.

See: Prokhorov V.A. All Voronezh land. pp.134-136.