Rock painting animals. What and how did primitive man draw

October 13, 2014, 13:31

Rock paintings in Horseshoe Canyon, Utah, USA.

Such ancient historical monuments are not concentrated somewhere in one place, but are scattered all over the planet. Petroglyphs were not found at the same time, sometimes the discoveries of various drawings are separated by significant periods of time.

At times, on the same rocks, scientists find drawings from different millennia. There are traces of similarities between the most diverse rock paintings, so that it seems that in ancient times there was a single pra-culture and universal knowledge associated with it. So, many figures in the drawings have the same features, although their authors did not know anything about each other - they were separated by a huge distance and time. However, the similarity in the images is systematic: in particular, the heads of the gods always radiate light. Despite the fact that the rock paintings have been studied for about 200 years, they still remain a mystery.

It is believed that the first images of mysterious creatures were rock paintings on Mount Hunan, China (picture above). They are about 47,000 years old. These drawings supposedly depict early contacts with unknown beings, possibly visitors from extraterrestrial civilizations.

These drawings were found in the National Park called Sera da Capivara in Brazil. Experts say that the paintings were created about twenty-nine thousand years ago:

Interesting rock carvings over 10,000 years old were recently discovered in the state of Chhattisgarh, India:

This rock art dates back to around 10,000 BC and is located in Val Camonica, Italy. The painted figures look like two creatures wearing protective suits and their heads emitting light. In their hands they hold strange devices:

The next example is the rock carving of a luminous man, which is located 18 km west of the city of Navoi (Uzbekistan). At the same time, a radiant figure sits on a throne, and the figures standing near it have something similar to protective masks on their faces. The kneeling person in the lower part of the drawing does not have such a device - he is at a considerable distance from the luminous figure and, apparently, does not need such protection.

Tassilin Adjer (Plateau of Rivers) is the largest monument of rock art in the Sahara. The plateau is located in the southeastern part of Algiers. The most ancient petroglyphs of Tassilin-Adjer date back to the 7th millennium BC. And the latest - the 7th century AD. For the first time, drawings on the plateau were seen in 1909:

Depiction dated circa 600 BC, from Tassilin Adjer. The picture shows a creature with different eyes, a strange “petal” hairstyle and a shapeless figure. More than a hundred similar "gods" were found in the caves:

These frescoes, found in the Sahara desert, depict a humanoid creature in a spacesuit. Frescoes - 5 thousand years:

Australia is isolated from other continents. However, on the Kimberley Plateau (northwest Australia) there are entire galleries of petroglyphs. And here all the same motifs are present: gods with similar faces and with a halo of rays around their heads. The drawings were first discovered in 1891:

These are images of Vandina, the goddess of the sky, in a halo of shining rays.

Rock art in Puerta del Canyon, Argentina:

Sego Canyon, Utah, USA. The most ancient petroglyphs appeared here more than 8,000 years ago:

"Rock-newspaper" in the same place, in Utah:

"Alien", Arizona, USA:

California, USA:

An image of an "alien". Kalbak-Tash, Altai, Russia:

"Sun Man" from the Karakol Valley, Altai:

Another of the many petroglyphs of the Italian Val Camonica valley in the Southern Alps:

Rock paintings of Gobustan, Azerbaijan. Scientists date the most ancient drawings to the Mesolithic era (about 10 thousand years ago:

Ancient rock paintings in Niger:

Onega petroglyphs at Cape Besov Nos, Russia. The most famous of the Onega petroglyphs is Bes, its length is two and a half meters. The image is crossed by a deep crack, dividing it exactly into two halves. A “gap” into another, otherworldly world. Satellite navigation often fails within a kilometer radius from Bes. The clock also behaves unpredictably: it can run forward, it can stop. What is the reason for such an anomaly, scientists only speculate. The ancient figure is cut with an Orthodox cross. Most likely, it was hollowed out over the demonic image by the monks of the Murom Monastery in the 15th-16th centuries. In order to neutralize the devil's power:

Petroglyphs of Tamgaly, Kazakhstan. Rock paintings abound in a variety of subjects, and the most common of them depict divine sun-headed creatures:

White Shaman Rock in Lower Canyon, Texas. The age of this seven-meter image, according to experts, is more than four thousand years. It is believed that the White Shaman hides the secrets of an ancient vanished cult:

Rock carvings of giant people from South Africa:

Mexico. Veracruz, Las Palmas: cave paintings depicting creatures in spacesuits:

Rock paintings in the Pegtymel river valley, Chukotka, Russia:

The twin gods fight with battle axes. One of the petroglyphs found in Tanumshead, western Sweden (drawings painted in red already in the modern period):

Among the petroglyphs on the Litsleby rock massif, a giant (2.3 m tall) image of a god with a spear (possibly Odin) dominates:

Sarmysh-say gorge, Uzbekistan. Numerous ancient rock paintings of people in strange clothes were found in the gorge, some of which can be interpreted as images of "ancient astronauts":

Rock paintings of the Hopi Indians in Arizona, USA, depicting certain creatures - kachina. The Hopi considered these mysterious kachinas to be their celestial teachers:

In addition, there are many ancient rock carvings, either solar symbols, or some objects resembling aircraft.

Cave paintings in San Antonio, Texas, USA.

This ancient rock art, discovered in Australia, depicts something very similar to a space alien ship. At the same time, the image may well mean something quite understandable.

Something like a rocket taking off. Kalbysh Tash, Altai.

Petroglyph depicting a UFO. Bolivia.

UFO from a cave in Chhattisgarh, India

The petroglyphs of Lake Onega depict cosmic, solar and lunar signs: circles and semicircles with outgoing lines-rays, in which a modern person can clearly see both a radar and a spacesuit. Moreover, TV.

Rock art, Arizona, USA

Petroglyphs of Panama

California, USA

Guanche rock paintings, Canary Islands

Ancient images of the mystical symbol of the spiral are found throughout the world. These rock paintings were once created by Indians in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA.

Rock art, Nevada, USA

One of the drawings discovered in a cave on the island of Youth, off the coast of Cuba. In it, one can find a great similarity with the structure of the solar system, where there is an image of eight planets with their largest satellites.

These petroglyphs are located in Pakistan, in the Indus Valley:

Once in these places there was a highly developed Indian civilization. It was from her that these ancient images carved on stones remained. Take a closer look - don't you think that these are mysterious vimanas - flying chariots from ancient Indian myths?

Modern man is surrounded by an incredible number of artistic images. Wherever we look, everything is replete with paintings, ornaments, photographs, from the simplest life to works of art.

Throughout history, man has sought to convey the internal or external through the image. “Indeed, art lies in nature; who knows how to find it, he owns it. Albrecht Dürer

The artistic culture of mankind begins its countdown from time immemorial - the Paleolithic itself. Everyone knows the ancient rock painting. It was in the Paleolithic (2.5 million-10,000 years BC) that art as such was born.

The time when agriculture did not yet exist, and the Earth was inhabited by extinct species of animals, during the Stone Age, when primitive man was engaged in gathering and hunting with the help of primitive weapons.

Even then, a person had a need for the artistic transmission of simple images.

rock art

Ancient rock carvings carved in stone are called petroglyphs.

These drawings, differing in the manner of execution, were located in the caves where Paleolithic people lived, sometimes in inaccessible places.

rock drawing was carried out on stone with the help of a rough cutting tool, as evidenced by stone cutters found at the sites of primitive people.

Mineral dyes were often used, which were applied as a second layer, they were prepared from manganese oxide, coal, kaolite and gave color variations from ocher to black. "The cave painters had a better understanding of the anatomy of quadrupeds than most modern artists, and made fewer mistakes in the drawings of walking mammoths and other mammals" It is assumed that the significance of the rock drawings was ritual, but disputes on this topic are still ongoing. Mostly animals were depicted, including those that have already become extinct. The image of a person is much less common and belongs to a later period.

For rock paintings characteristic is the lack of proportions, a simple primitive depiction technique, sometimes a primitive hunting plot is visible, often the drawings of primitive people conveyed movement.

rock painting distributed throughout the world. Its most striking examples are in Kazakhstan (Tamgaly), in Karelia, in Spain (Altamira cave), in France (caves of Font-de-Gaume, Montespan, etc.), in Siberia, on the Don (Kostenki), in Italy, England , Germany, Algeria.

History of the first found rock art

“After the work in Altamira, all art went into decline.” Pablo Picasso

Cave drawings were carefully hidden in numerous caves not in one place, but all over the world. For the first time they attracted the attention of the public only 120 years ago.

Why did this happen relatively recently, despite the fact that they have probably been found repeatedly before? Apparently, their simplicity of execution, often similar to children's drawings, was simply unremarkable.

In the 19th-20th centuries, the systematization and comprehension of the entire artistic heritage of our planet takes place. In the middle of the 19th century, no art was known older than Egyptian or Celtic.

The existence of some ancient rudimentary forms of art was assumed, but it was believed that they would have to be extremely primitive. This is probably why it took half a century to recognize and comprehend the already found, very meaningful and multifaceted cave drawings.

Marcelino de Sautuola is considered the discoverer of rock art. He explored the caves that were located in the area where he lived since 1875. In 1879, while exploring Altamira Cave, his nine-year-old daughter discovered amazing drawings that were later called the “Sistine Chapel of Primitive Art” of Altamira Cave.

It took Marcelino de Sautuola a whole year to dare to make a public statement. He was not worried for nothing, as his statement caused an incredible storm of unrest in scientific circles.

It took a lot of time and discoveries to recognize the authenticity rock paintings Altamira. As time passed and numerous similar finds, the experts were forced to admit that Marselio was right, he, unfortunately, did not live to see these days.

Ancient of the ancient - the creations of the Neanderthals

The Spanish cave of Nerja with the finds found in it rock paintings may revolutionize the understanding of Neanderthals. These caves were discovered in 1959 by boys hunting bats. Excavations in these caves continue to this day.

It was in Nerja that they discovered cave drawings strange spiral shape, reminiscent of the structure of DNA. Scientists claim that pinnipeds, which the inhabitants of that time ate, had a similar appearance.
“Art must first of all be clear and simple, its significance is too great and important.” M. Gorky The coal found on the images was examined by radiocarbon dating, which determined the approximate age of the drawings. Their age stunned everyone - it turned out that the drawings are about 43 thousand years old. This is 13,000 years older than the drawings of the Chauvet Cave, France, which have so far been considered the most ancient.

At the moment, there have been no official statements about the cave of Nerja, as they can have a big impact on ideas about human development, cave drawings need more research and validation.

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These step-by-step drawing schemes will help you create paintings with children that imitate rock art. The painting of cave walls by ancient hunters is the oldest work of fine art known to mankind. Primitive pictures are made so expressively, brightly and lively that they still do not leave the audience indifferent.
Usually, cave artists depicted animals - the object of their hunt, less often - hunters, and almost never plants. Therefore, we offer you four schemes for step-by-step drawing with children of rock art figurines: a man, an elk, a ram and a wild prehistoric horse.
For their work, ancient artists used natural pigments. We will use more modern materials for drawing. Pastels or felt-tip pens are best, but you can also draw with colored pencils or paints. But we will try to keep the “ancient” colors: red, brown, black.

Preparing paper for step-by-step drawing with children "Rock Painting"

Of course, you can draw on ordinary landscape sheets, but it is much more interesting to make the basis for the drawing - “stones”. What's more, they're easy to make. And the drawings made on such “stones” are wonderful to assemble into a whole “rock”.
You can make the basis for a step-by-step drawing with the children or prepare the “stones” in advance. First, imitating a stone surface. Use all shades of brown. Then, with a wide brush, draw a dark brown uneven line - the outline of the "stone". When the drawing is dry, cut the paper along the outline.
Ready-made basis for step-by-step drawing with children "Rock Painting".

Step-by-step drawing with children "Rock painting" on natural stones.

As the basis for the drawing, you can also choose real stones found on a walk or brought from a summer vacation. You can draw with a thin brush and gouache paint, a marker, a felt-tip pen, even a soft simple pencil. For durability, it would be good to cover the drawing with a colorless varnish. Read about the tricks of such painting in the article. Choose the color of paints based on the color of the stone. In this case, the more contrast, the better.
Natural stones with figures of "Rock Painting"

Hunter - a step-by-step drawing scheme with children "Rock Painting"

Baran - a step-by-step drawing scheme with children "Rock Painting"

Elk - a step-by-step drawing scheme with children "Rock Painting"

Horse - a step-by-step drawing scheme with children "Rock Painting"

Drawings-diagrams can be printed and given to the children for independent work. Children can decide for themselves what kind of drawing they want to do, choose a paper (or real) “stone” for it, the color of a chalk or felt-tip pen. In one lesson, children of 7-8 years old will have time to make one or two drawings, if you tint paper “stones” with them together. Or all four pictures, if you give them ready-made “stones”. Such an activity will perfectly complement the reading of "Little Tales" by R. Kipling. For example, about a cat that walked by itself, or about how the first letter was written. You can read a book while the tinted base dries or just after all the work is finished.

primitive art

Anyone endowed with a great gift - feel the beauty surrounding world, feel harmony lines, admire the variety of shades of colors.

Painting- this is the artist's attitude captured on canvas. If your perception of the surrounding world is reflected in the artist's painting, then you feel an affinity with the works of this master.

Pictures attract attention, fascinate, excite the imagination and dreams, evoke memories of pleasant moments, favorite places and landscapes.

When did they appear first images man-made?

Appeal primitive people to a new type of activity for them - art - one of the greatest events in human history. Primitive art reflected the first ideas of man about the world around him, thanks to him knowledge and skills were preserved and transferred, people communicated with each other. In the spiritual culture of the primitive world, art began to play the same universal role that a pointed stone played in labor activity.

What prompted a person to think of depicting certain objects? How do you know if body painting was the first step towards creating images, or if a person guessed the familiar silhouette of an animal in a random outline of a stone and, having cut it, gave it a greater resemblance? Or maybe the shadow of an animal or a person served as the basis for the drawing, and the imprint of a hand or a step precedes the sculpture? There is no definite answer to these questions. Ancient people could come up with the idea of ​​depicting objects not in one, but in many ways.
For example, to the number the most ancient images on the walls of caves of the Paleolithic era are also human handprints, and a disorderly weave of wavy lines, pressed into the damp clay with the fingers of the same hand.

The works of art of the early Stone Age, or Paleolithic, are characterized by simplicity of forms and colors. Rock paintings are, as a rule, the contours of the figures of animals, made with bright paint - red or yellow, and occasionally - filled with round spots or completely painted over. Such ""paintings"" were clearly visible in the semi-darkness of the caves, illuminated only by torches or the fire of a smoky fire.

At the initial stage of development primitive fine arts didn't know laws of space and perspective, as well as composition, those. intentional distribution on the plane of individual figures, between which there is necessarily a semantic connection.

In living and expressive images rises before us life history of primitive man era of the Stone Age, told by him in the rock paintings.

Dance. Painting by Lleid. Spain. With various movements and gestures, a person conveyed his impressions of the surrounding world, reflecting in them his own feelings, mood and state of mind. Frantic jumps, imitation of the habits of an animal, stamping feet, expressive hand gesturescreated the prerequisites for the emergence of dance. There were also martial dances associated with magical rituals, with the belief in victory over the enemy.

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Composition in the cave of Lascaux. France. On the walls of the caves you can see mammoths, wild horses, rhinos, bison. Drawing for primitive man was the same "witchcraft" as a spell and ritual dance. “Conjuring” the spirit of the drawn animal by singing and dancing, and then “killing” it, the person seemed to master the power of the animal and “defeat” it before the hunt.

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And these are petroglyphs. Hawaii

Paintings on the Tassili-Adjer mountain plateau. Algeria.

Primitive people practiced sympathetic magic - in the form of dancing, singing, or pictures of animals on the walls of caves - to attract herds of animals and ensure the continuation of the family and the safety of livestock. The hunters acted out successful hunting scenes to draw energy into the real world. They turned to the Mistress of the Herds, and later to the Horned God, who was depicted with the horns of goats or deer to emphasize his leadership in the herds. The bones of animals were supposed to be buried in the ground so that animals, like people, would be reborn from the womb of Mother Earth.

This is a cave drawing in the Lascaux region of France from the Paleolithic era.

Large animals were the preferred food. And the Paleolithic people, skilled hunters, destroyed most of them. And not just large herbivores. During the Paleolithic, cave bears completely disappeared as a species.

There is another type of rock paintings, which is of a mystical, mysterious nature.

Rock paintings from Australia. Either people, or animals, or maybe not both...

Drawings from West Arnhem, Australia.

Huge figures and a number of little men. And in the lower left corner, something is generally incomprehensible.

And here is a masterpiece from Laskaux, France.

North Africa, Sahara. Tassili. 6 thousand years BC Flying saucers and someone in a space suit. Or maybe it's not a spacesuit.

Rock painting from Australia...

Val Camonica, Italy.

and the next photo is from Azerbaijan, Gobustan region

Gobustan is included in the UNESCO heritage list

Who were those "artists" who managed to convey to remote eras the message of their time? What prompted them to do this? What were the hidden springs and the driving motives that guided them? .. Thousands of questions and very few answers ... Many of our contemporaries are very fond of being offered to look at history through a magnifying glass.

But is it really all that small?

After all, there were images of the gods

In the north of Upper Egypt is the ancient temple city of Abydos. Its origin dates back to prehistoric times. It is known that already in the era of the Old Kingdom (about 2500 BC), the universal deity Osiris enjoyed wide veneration in Abydos. Osiris, on the other hand, was considered a divine teacher who gave the people of the Stone Age diverse knowledge and crafts, and, quite possibly, knowledge about the secrets of the sky. By the way, it was in Abydos that the oldest calendar was found, dating back to the 4th millennium BC. e.

Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome also left a lot of rock evidence to remind us of their existence. They already had developed writing - their drawings are much more interesting, from the point of view of studying everyday life, than ancient graffiti.

Why is humanity trying to find out what happened millions of years ago, what knowledge ancient civilizations had? We seek the source because we think that by uncovering it, we will know why we exist. Humanity wants to find where is the starting point from which it all began, because it thinks that there, apparently, there is an answer, “what is all this for”, and what will happen in the end ...

After all, the world is so vast, and the human brain is narrow and limited. The most difficult crossword puzzle of history must be solved gradually, cell by cell...

All over the world, speleologists in deep caves find confirmation of the existence of ancient people. Rock paintings have been excellently preserved for many millennia. There are several types of masterpieces - pictograms, petroglyphs, geoglyphs. Important monuments of human history are regularly included in the World Heritage Register.

Usually on the walls of the caves there are common plots, such as hunting, battle, images of the sun, animals, human hands. People in ancient times attached sacred significance to the paintings, they believed that they were helping themselves in the future.

Images were applied by various methods and materials. For artistic creation, animal blood, ocher, chalk and even bat guano were used. A special type of murals are hewn murals, they were beaten out in stone with the help of a special cutter.

Many caves are not well studied and are limited in visiting, while others, on the contrary, are open to tourists. However, most of the precious cultural heritage is lost without supervision, without finding its researchers.

Below is a short excursion into the world of the most interesting caves with prehistoric rock paintings.

Ancient rock paintings.

Bulgaria is famous not only for the hospitality of the inhabitants and the indescribable color of the resorts, but also for the caves. One of them, with the sonorous name of Magura, is located north of Sofia, not far from the town of Belogradchik. The total length of the cave galleries is more than two kilometers. The halls of the cave have colossal dimensions, each of them is about 50 meters wide and 20 meters high. The pearl of the cave is a rock painting made directly on the surface covered with bat guano. The murals are multi-layered, here are a number of paintings from the Paleolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Ages. The drawings of ancient Homo sapiens depict figures of dancing villagers, hunters, many outlandish animals, constellations. The sun, plants, tools are also represented. Here begins the story of the festivities of the ancient era and the solar calendar, scientists assure.

The cave with the poetic name Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for “Cave of Many Hands”) is located in the province of Santa Cruz, exactly one hundred miles from the nearest settlement, the city of Perito Moreno. The art of the rock painting in the hall, 24 meters long and 10 meters high, dates back to 13-9 millennium BC. An amazing painting on limestone is a three-dimensional canvas, decorated with handprints. Scientists have built a theory about how the surprisingly crisp and clear handprints turned out. Prehistoric people took a special composition, then typed it into their mouths, and through a tube they blew it with force onto a hand attached to the wall. In addition, there are stylized images of a man, rhea, guanaco, cats, geometric figures with ornaments, the process of hunting and observing the sun.

Enchanting India offers tourists not only the delights of oriental palaces and charming dances. In north central India, there are huge mountain formations of weathered sandstone with many caves. Once upon a time, ancient people lived in natural shelters. About 500 dwellings with traces of human habitation have been preserved in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The Indians called the rock dwellings the name of Bhimbetka (on behalf of the hero of the Mahabharata epic). The art of the ancients here dates back to the Mesolithic era. Some of the paintings are minor, and some of the hundreds of images are very typical and vivid. 15 rock masterpieces are available for contemplation of those who wish. Mostly, patterned ornaments and battle scenes are depicted here.

Rare animals and venerable scientists find shelter in the Serra da Capivara National Park. And 50 thousand years ago here, in the caves, our distant ancestors found shelter. Presumably, this is the oldest community of hominids in South America. The park is located near the town of San Raimondo Nonato, in the central part of the state of Piauí. Experts counted more than 300 archaeological sites here. The main surviving images date back to the 25-22 millennium BC. The most amazing thing is that extinct bears and other paleofauna are painted on the rocks.

The Republic of Somaliland recently seceded from Somalia in Africa. Archaeologists in the area are interested in the Laas-Gaal cave complex. Here are rock paintings from the 8th-9th and 3rd millennium BC. On the granite walls of the majestic natural shelters, scenes of the life and life of the nomadic people of Africa are depicted: the process of grazing, ceremonies, and playing with dogs. The local population does not attach any importance to the drawings of their ancestors, and uses the caves, as in the old days, for shelter during the rain. Many of the studies have not been studied properly. In particular, there are problems with the chronological reference of the masterpieces of the Arab-Ethiopian ancient rock paintings.

Not far from Somalia, in Libya, there are also rock paintings. They are much earlier, and date back almost to the 12th millennium BC. The last of them were applied after the birth of Christ, in the first century. It is interesting to observe, following the drawings, how the fauna and flora changed in this area of ​​the Sahara. First we see elephants, rhinoceros and fauna characteristic of a rather humid climate. Also interesting is the clearly traced change in the lifestyles of the population - from hunting to settled cattle breeding, then to nomadism. To get to Tadrart Acacus, one has to cross the desert to the east of the city of Ghats.

In 1994, on a walk, by chance, Jean-Marie Chauvet discovered the cave that later became famous. She was named after the caver. In the Chauvet cave, in addition to traces of the life of ancient people, hundreds of wonderful frescoes were discovered. The most amazing and beautiful of them depict mammoths. In 1995, the cave became a state monument, and in 1997, 24-hour surveillance was introduced here to prevent damage to the magnificent heritage. Today, in order to take a look at the incomparable rock art of the Cro-Magnons, you need to get a special permit. In addition to mammoths, there is something to admire, here on the walls there are handprints and fingers of representatives of the Aurignacian culture (34-32 thousand years BC)

In fact, the name of the Australian national park has nothing to do with the famous Cockatoo parrots. It's just that the Europeans mispronounced the name of the Gaagudju tribe. This nation is now extinct, and there is no one to correct the ignorant. The park is inhabited by natives who have not changed their way of life since the Stone Age. For thousands of years, Indigenous Australians have been involved in rock art. Pictures were painted here already 40 thousand years ago. In addition to religious scenes and hunting, stylized stories in drawings about useful skills (educational) and magic (entertainment) are sketched here. Of the animals, extinct marsupial tigers, catfish, barramundi are depicted. All the wonders of the Arnhem Land plateau, Colpignac and the southern hills are located 171 km from the city of Darwin.

It turns out that the first Homo sapiens reached Spain in the 35th millennium BC, it was the early Paleolithic. They left outlandish rock paintings in the Altamira cave. The art artifacts on the walls of the huge cave date back to both the 18th and 13th millennia. In the last period, polychrome figures are interesting, a kind of combination of engraving and painting, the acquisition of realistic details. The famous bison, deer and horses, or rather, their beautiful images on the walls of Altamira, often end up in textbooks for middle school students. The cave of Altamira is located in the Cantabrian region.

Lascaux is not just a cave, but a whole complex of small and large cave halls located in the south of France. Not far from the caves is the legendary village of Montignac. The paintings on the walls of the cave were drawn 17 thousand years ago. And they still amaze with amazing forms, akin to modern graffiti art. Scholars especially value the Hall of the Bulls and the Palace Hall of the Cats. What prehistoric creators left there is easy to guess. In 1998, the rock masterpieces were almost destroyed by mold, which arose due to an improperly installed air conditioning system. And in 2008, Lasko was closed to save more than 2,000 unique drawings.

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