The image of a gray wolf in Russian fairy tales. Images of a wolf and a fox in Russian folk tales

Department of Education of the Yustinsky District Administration municipality

Municipal government educational institution
"Harbin average comprehensive school»

Regional correspondence competition “My small homeland: nature, culture, ethnicity"

Nomination "Humanitarian-ecological research"

The image of a wolf in Kalmyk and Russian folk tales.

Angarikov Angrik Alekseevich,

7th grade student of MKOU "Harbin Secondary School" of Yustinsky district

Supervisor: Angarikova Bain Anatolyevna, teacher of Russian language and literature MCOU "Harbin Secondary School" of Yustinsky district

Kharba, 2015.

Content:

Introduction. 2.

1.1. Relevance of the topic.

1.2. Area of ​​study, object of study.

1.3. Goals and objectives of the study.

1.4. Stages of research. Research methods.

1.5. Literature review

Main part. 4.

2.Theoretical research. Tales about animals. 4.

3. Practical research:

3.1. The image of a wolf in fairy tales about animals. 8.

3.2. Comparative analysis the image of a wolf in Kalmyk and Russian folk tales about animals 10.

Conclusion 12.

Bibliography. 13.

Introduction

“The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it! Good fellows lesson".
A.S. Pushkin. "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"

Fairy tale - amazing world, where real and fictional events and characters are intricately intertwined , there is its own unusual poetics, the beauty of the language, and there is certainly a moral that is hidden or obvious in the fairy tale.

Getting acquainted with fairy tales, we notice that Kalmyk and Russian fairy tales are very similar. What do fairy tales have in common? different nations? How are they different? I had questions that I wanted to find answers to.

The study is devoted to the analysis and comparison of the image of the wolf in fairy tales about animals - Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales. The fulfillment of this goal began with an acquaintance with the history of fairy tales: defining the genre, collecting and studying fairy tales, and their classification.

I did the research purpose which was a comparison of the image of a wolf in Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales about animals

Object of study- the image of a wolf in folk tales about animals.

Subject of study– general and distinctive features the image of a wolf in Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales about animals.

Research objectives:

Learn about the history of folk tales.

Analyze the features of folk tales about animals.

To establish common and distinctive features of the image of a wolf in Russian and Kalmyk folk tales about animals.

Working methods:

Studying literary sources on the problem.

Search method.

Comparison of two fairy tales (analogy, contrast, generalization).

Analysis of results.

Project work plan:

Choosing a topic, drawing up a work plan

Working with literature, searching for information on the issue

Reading fairy tales.

Comparison of the plot, composition and language features of the Russian folk tale “Beasts in the Pit” and the Kalmyk folk tale “ Leopard, wolf, fox and camel»

Comparison and analysis of results, description.

Literature review:

In the textbooks for schools Moiseev A.I., Moiseeva N.I. “History and culture of the Kalmyk people (XVII - XVIII centuries)” and V.T. Sarangov “Kalmyk folk poetry: Fairy tales” reveals the form of existence, the structure of the Kalmyk fairy tale

The book by V. Ya. Propp (1895-1970), the greatest folklorist of the 20th century, “Russian Fairy Tale” is a kind of textbook on fairy tales, a popular encyclopedia of fairy tales. The final work on the fairy tale includes a set of information about the collection, study, structure and development, form of existence of all types of Russian fairy tales.

For comparison, a Russian folk tale is taken “Beasts in the Pit” from the collection “Russian folk tales” (compilation and introductory article by Anikin V.P.) and a Kalmyk folk tale “ Leopard, wolf, fox and camel ” from book“Kalmyk tales about animals. Mouse and camel. Translation from Kalmyk" (compiled by V.D. Badmaeva)

Practical value of the work: the results of the study can be used in the study of Russian and Kalmyk folklore.

The work consists of an introduction, main part, conclusion and list of references. The introduction indicates the goals and objectives of the study and justifies the relevance of the chosen topic. The main part examines the image of the wolf in fairy tales of the peoples of the world as a whole, examines the images of the wolf in Russian and Kalmyk folk tales, and identifies similar features and characteristics of the wolf in the fairy tales of different peoples. In conclusion, conclusions are given based on the material studied.

Main part.

2. Features of fairy tales about animals.

In big explanatory dictionary modern Russian language" D.N. Ushakova fairy tale defined as narrative work oral folk art about fictional events. We love fairy tales since childhood, they warm the heart, awaken the mind and imagination. Fairy tales are filled with incredible events, fantastic adventures; in fairy tales, animals and birds speak and act like people, they reason, deceive, quarrel and make friends. A fairy tale is the soul of the people, embodied in words, the richest source of folk wisdom.

Modern science distinguishes the following genres of fairy tales:

1) about animals;

2) magical;

3) novelistic;

4) legendary;

5) fairy tales-parodies;

6) children's fairy tales.

In Kalmyk folklore, researchers note four main fairy tale genre: a) magical, b) heroic, c) everyday, d) fairy tales about animals.

V.Ya. Propp gives the following definition of animal tales: “By animal tales we mean those tales in which the animal is the main object or subject of the story. On this basis, tales about animals can be distinguished from others, where animals play only a supporting role and are not the heroes of the story.”

Tales about animals are called those in which the characters are wild animals, less often domestic animals. These tales arose in an era when the main occupations forced a person to often encounter animals, i.e. in the era of hunting and cattle breeding. In this era, fighting animals was very dangerous due to poor human weapons; man seemed weak to himself compared to a number of predatory animals; on the contrary, many animals must have seemed unusually powerful to him. Under the influence of an animistic worldview, people attributed human properties to animals, even in exaggerated proportions: the cry of an animal or bird was incomprehensible to humans, but human speech was understandable to animals and birds; the beast and the bird know more than man and understand the aspirations of man. During this era, a belief arose in the possibility of turning into a beast and back. The growth of human power should have gradually weakened these views and beliefs, and this should have been reflected in the content of fairy tales about animals.

At first, simple stories were formed about animals and birds and fish, about their relationships with each other and with humans. Later, with the development of artistic thinking, the stories turned into fairy tales. The genre was formed long time, was enriched with plots, types of characters, developing certain structural features.

The identification of similar features in animals and humans (speech - cry, behavior - habits) served as the basis for combining their qualities with human qualities in the images of animals: animals speak and behave like people. V.Ya. Propp wrote: “The power of artistic realism is so great that we do not notice that, despite the subtly noticed properties of animals, animals in fairy tales often do not act like animals at all and their actions are not consistent with their nature. The animal epic is widely reflected human life, with her passions, greed, greed, deceit, stupidity and cunning and at the same time with friendship, loyalty, gratitude, i.e. wide range human feelings and characters, as well as a realistic depiction of human, in particular, peasant life.” This combination also led to the typification of the characters of animals, which became the embodiment of certain qualities: the fox - cunning, the wolf - stupidity and greed, the bear - gullibility, the hare - cowardice. So fairy tales acquired an allegorical meaning: animals began to mean people of certain characters. But there is hardly any reason to believe that in all fairy tales human traits are depicted in animal images. The uniqueness of the image of an animal in fairy tales lies precisely in the fact that the human features in it never completely supplant the animal features.

In fairy tales about animals, animal figures are realistic; they differ sharply from the fantastic firebird of fairy tales: such a bird does not exist in reality, but the fox, wolf, bear, hare, crane are taken from real life.

However, it should be emphasized that the main semantic aspect of fairy tales about animals is moral. In moral terms, two main ideas of animal fairy tales can be distinguished: the glorification of camaraderie, thanks to which the weak defeat the evil and strong, and the glorification of victory itself, which brings moral satisfaction to the listeners.

The structure of animal tales is quite simple. The most notable feature of the structure of this type of tale is the stringing of episodes. The meeting of animals with each other is very characteristic of the development of action. Perhaps only in fairy tales about animals is the composition distinguished by such pronounced functionality. All parts of the plot are structured in such a way as to reveal the essence of phenomena with the utmost speed in a short episode and convey the nature of the relationships between the characters.

Each hero has his own individual character and only his inherent features. Characteristics of animals in a fairy tale includes several distinct characters, personifying strength and cunning, anger and brute force.

National traits fairy tales are determined by the folklore traditions of the people. Animals are reflected in fairy tales and vegetable world the country where these tales appeared. Animals - the heroes of fairy tales - in their speech and behavior resemble the people of the country where these fairy tales exist. And it cannot be otherwise, since a fairy tale has always been a reflection folk life, a mirror of the people's consciousness.

2.1. Russian fairy tales about animals

Animal Tales- one of the oldest types of Russian fairy tales. The animal world in fairy tales is perceived as an allegorical image of the human. Animals personify the real carriers of human vices in everyday life (greed, stupidity, cowardice, boasting, trickery, cruelty, flattery, hypocrisy, etc.).

V.Ya. Propp in his book “Russian Fairy Tale” (Chapter 6 “Tales of Animals”) identifies six groups of tales about animals:

1) tales about wild animals;

2) tales about wild and domestic animals;

3) tales about humans and wild animals;

4) tales about domestic animals;

5) tales about birds, fish, etc.;

6) tales about other animals, plants, etc.

Allegory is manifested in the characterization of the characters: the depiction of the habits of animals and the peculiarities of their behavior resembles the depiction of human behavior and introduces critical principles into the narrative, which are expressed in the use of various techniques of satirical and humorous depiction of reality.

The humor is based on the reproduction of absurd situations in which the characters find themselves (a wolf puts its tail into an ice hole and believes that it will catch a fish).

The language of fairy tales is figurative, reproducing everyday speech, some fairy tales consist entirely of dialogues (“The Fox and the Grouse,” “ bean seed"). In them, dialogues prevail over the narrative. They move the action, reveal situations, show the state of the characters. Small songs are included in the text ("Kolobok", "Goat-dereza"). Fairy tales about animals are characterized by bright optimism: the weak always come out of difficult situations.

The composition of fairy tales is simple, based on the repetition of situations. The plot of the fairy tales unfolds rapidly ("The Bean Seed", "Beasts in the Pit"). Tales about animals are highly artistic, their images are expressive.

2.2. Kalmyk tales about animals.

Kalmyk tales about animals are simple in plot, uncomplicated in composition and small in volume. Wild animals and animals act in them - wolves, foxes, leopards, lions, elephants, hares; domestic animals - rams, camels, goats; birds - sparrows, crows, peacocks, roosters, owls; rodents - gophers, mice; The most common insect is the mosquito.

These tales are allegorical: khans, noyons, and zaisangs were bred under the guise of predators. In the image of a leopard, a lion, a wolf, stupid, ruthless people are depicted, in the image of a fox - deceivers, cunning, liars, in the image of an elephant and a camel - strong, but lazy and not loving to work. It is absolutely clear that these tales condemn bad, unjust deeds and negative actions of representatives of the exploiting class that are incompatible with popular morality. In the image of birds, obviously, innocent people were depicted, who, due to their naivety, fell into the networks of deceivers, oppressors, and various oppressors in the class society of that time.

Fairy tales written in Kalmyk language, provide an opportunity to get acquainted with traditions, culture and oral creativity. For example, Buryat fairy tales, in which the main characters are animals, teach the reader to distinguish the good, bright principle from the evil, to empathize and help the weak, and to believe in justice. Wait for the happy completion of the tests.

The entire plot of the fairy tale is built on the constant clash of good and evil. The power of evil is softened by humor, which occupies a significant place in fairy tales. Evil heroes They are constantly ridiculed and often find themselves in ridiculous, comical situations. Usually the fairy tale ends with the victory of good. Evil is punishable.

The peoples of the world live on one planet, develop according to general laws stories. Each people has its own path and its own destiny, its own language and living conditions. In the similarity of historical folk life we ​​should look for the answer to the question of what are the reasons for the similarity and closeness of fairy tales of peoples living on different continents.

Speaking about fairy tales of different peoples with similar plots, it is necessary to note three cases:

1. Fairy tales are formed among some people, and then move to other countries, but they are influenced by their own folklore traditions(beginnings, motives), adapt to local customs.

2. There are similar tales that arise independently of each other in different countries due to the commonality of life, psychology, conditions and laws, socially - historical development peoples

3. Fairy tales can also be transmitted through a book.

3. The image of a wolf in folk tales

Who is cold in winter b an evil one will give birth in the forest, hungry?

The wolf is a predatory animal common in the northern hemisphere of planet Earth. The wolf looks quite ferocious and terrifying. The wolf is a traditional hero of folk tales and epics of most peoples of the world. In our minds the image of a wolf is endowed for the most part negative characteristics:

You are cold snow beasts.

Your losses are incalculable...

The night will split with terrible crying.

That's it, no one can help me.

A mad howl will freeze under the windows -

These snow wolves came for me.

V. Butusov “Snow Wolves”

IN " Etymological dictionary of a schoolchild" by G.N. Sycheva the word "wolf" is defined as a common Slavic, Indo-European character. There is an opinion that the name "wolf" is derived from the verb drag, i.e. "drag". The wolf is a predatory animal, it often drags away and drags away livestock. Therefore, literally - “dragging” (livestock).

The word "wolf" is widely used literally and figurative meaning, for example: don’t go into the wolf’s mouth - when communicating with someone, you expose yourself to danger and trouble. But nevertheless, the wolf symbolizes freedom, independence in the animal world, and fearlessness. In nature, a wolf is a dangerous, predatory, intelligent, resourceful animal that evokes fear and respect.

3.1.1. The image of a wolf in Russian fairy tales about animals.

In Russians fairy tales There is an image of a wise wolf, a wolf who helps the heroes of fairy tales. In such fairy tales, the wolf appears as an unknown force, a kind of sorcerer (gives advice to Ivan the prince), a healer (heals illnesses), for example, in the fairy tale “Ivan the prince and the gray wolf.” The wolf represents mysterious powers endowed with enormous knowledge.

Wolf in fairy tales about animals already appears with evil traits: he is angry, greedy, gluttonous, but stupid and slow-witted. In ancient cultures, the image of a wolf was associated with death, so in fairy tales this animal character often eats someone (“The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”) or disrupts the quiet life of animals (“”). But in the end

A. Pushkin wrote: “The fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it.” The social prototype of the wolf is quite clear. The people knew many scoundrels and criminals from whom they had a hard time. The tale of how a wolf slaughtered a pig (“The Pig and the Wolf”) depicts in the image of a wolf a cruel and unforgiving master who exacted money from the peasants for poisoning.

Good fairy-tale characters in Russian fairy tales always deceive or defeat the wolf: the wolf devours the kids and dies (“The Wolf and the Goat”), fattens a hungry dog ​​in order to eat it, and is left without a tail (“The Wolf the Fool”).

More often than other animals, the wolf is deceived and cruelly laughed at by the fox.ButVIn the Russian fairy tale, we can feel the sympathy and sympathy expressed towards the wolf, even if he was “remained a fool” (“The Tale of the Little Chanterelle and the Wolf”, “How the Fox Sewed a Fur Coat for the Wolf”, “For the Lapotok - a Chicken, for the Chicken” - little goose”, “Fox-midwife”, “Beasts in the pit”). The way the Fox deceives the Wolf actually only speaks in favor of the latter - yes, he is too naive and simple-minded (although in nature this is not the case), because he takes the trickster Fox at his word. Neither give nor take - a simple village peasant.

3.1.2. Wolf in Kalmyk fairy tales.

Wolf among many Mongolian peoples was considered ancient and one of the main totems. The Kalmyks have an ethnic subdivision called “chonos” (“wolves”): “iki chonos” (big wolves) and “baga chonos” (small wolves). The people have preserved a legend about the origin of this clan, the action of which takes place “in pre-Chinggis Khan Mongolia, when tribes and clans lived separately.” The plot of this legend is not new. Romulus and Remus from Roman mythology were also suckled by a she-wolf. The legend about the origin of the Chonos clan was literary processed and used in the novel people's writer Kalmykia Alexey Badmaev “Zulturgan - steppe grass”, written in the Soviet years.

In fairy tales about animals The wolf is strong, but stupid, narrow-minded and often fooled.

An angry, greedy, gluttonous wolf in the fairy tale “The Mice Brothers,” but the mice in the fairy tale were able to win terrible beast. stupid and slow-witted. In the fairy tale “The Elephant and the Wolf,” the wolf tries to deceive the simple-minded and cowardly elephant, but in the end he himself dies.

The wolf is often depicted as stupid and slow-witted. The fox makes fun of the wolf and deceives him, but the wolf deceives her again every time: “The wolf and the fox”, “The cunning fox”, “The fox, the wolf and the bear”, “The wolf, the fox and the hare”, “Leopard, wolf, fox and camel."

Fairy tales about animals were created not only for the edification of little ones. Many of them use funny fiction and jokes to ridicule vices. The wolf is often the embodiment of stupidity. His stupidity is the stupidity of a cruel and greedy beast.

From the fairy tales discussed above, we can make conclusion, that the wolf is often stupid, but this is not his main feature: he is cruel, ferocious, angry, greedy - these are his main qualities. But such qualities are never encouraged in fairy tales, so the wolf always gets what he deserves.

3.2. Comparison of Russian and Kalmyk folk tales

Our task is to compare Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales . For example, let's compare the Russian folk tale “Beasts in the Pit” and Kalmyk folk tale “ Leopard, wolf, fox and camel ” .

Comparison of Russian and Kalmyk folk tales.

Elements of a fairy tale

Russian folk tale "Beasts in the Pit"

Kalmyk folk tale “Leopard, Wolf, Fox and Camel”

Scene

Animals fell into the pit.

Time of action

Winter came

Characters fairy tales

cockerel and hen, hare, wolf, fox and bear

Leopard, wolf, fox and camel

Animal actions

They talk and think.

They think and talk.

Problems that heroes solve

Everyone wants to get out of the hole, and need to satisfy your hunger

Food supplies have run out and need to satisfy your hunger

Initiation

Once upon a time there lived a cockerel and a hen.

That was a long time ago. There lived four brothers: a leopard, a wolf, a fox and a camel.

The beginning

Here comes the hail. The hen got scared, the cockerel and the hen ran.

Climax

The fox tricked others into eating someone.

The fox ate part of the camel's meat and blamed it on the wolf. Leopard killed him, but he himself died

Denouement

The fox ate everyone and, with the help of the bird, got out of the hole.

The fox ate the camel's meat, deceived all the animals and lived happily ever after.

Dialogue that drives action.

Animals talk to each other. The fox sings songs that lead to the death of someone

Animals talk to each other. The fox is always the first to start a conversation and deceives others.

Repetition of situations and words

1) They ran, they ran. A hare meets them:

- Where are you running, cockerel?

- Ay, don't ask me, ask the chicken!

2) And the fox sang:

- Bear-bear is a good name...

Kura-okurava is a bad name!

Here we ate the chicken.

The fox ate the tripe.

What are you doing? The leopard will check and kill us,” the wolf screamed at us.

The camel was stupid, and stupid people don’t have a rumen (omentum).

Artistic media language: suffixation

Cockerel, chicken, little bear, titmouse.

Conclusions.

The wolf is widely represented in fairy tales of different nations.

In fairy tales, the wolf can play both the main and minor role, but the image of the wolf does not change from this.

In the traditions of both peoples, the wolf is shown as a cruel but stupid animal.

Most often, in the fairy tales of both peoples, the wolf is deceived by the fox.

In Kalmyk fairy tales there is practically no clash between wild and domestic animals.

The Russian fairy tale, although the plot and characters are externally similar to the Kalmyk fairy tale, is more lively, bright, and imaginative. It contains more epithets, onomatopoeia, and songs. It's connected with ancient tradition telling a fairy tale to music and its theatricalization.

Conclusion

Fairy tales are the most ancient creations of the human spirit. The fairy tale is one of the popular and favorite genres in folklore and literature.

We didn’t know how to walk yet, but we had already heard fairy tales from our mothers and grandmothers. Having matured, we will read and study them for a long time. And while reading, we always immerse ourselves in their fantastic, magical and at the same time so alive and real world. Every fairy tale image comes alive vividly in the imagination. And this is no coincidence, a fairy tale is a perfect work folk spirit, honed over centuries or even millennia.

Absolutely everyone understands the fairy tale. She goes through everything without hindrance linguistic boundaries, from one people to another, and is preserved alive for thousands of years.

The form of a fairy tale, compact, capacious, and the manner of presenting a fairy tale, unedifying, so unpretentious in appearance, usually illuminated by the soft smile of the narrator, allows you to convey not only the most characteristic qualities of a person, but also to capture his deepest, most hidden features and in a publicly accessible form for anyone show the listener or reader what is good and what is bad. Fairy tale - forever seeking the truth and justice, love and happiness, the soul of the people, embodied in words.

From the material studied, it is clear that the goals and objectives set for us were solved, and we received answers to all the questions that interested us. In our work, we compared Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales about animals and saw that they have a lot in common, since the peoples of the world live on the same planet and develop according to the general laws of history. But fairy tales simultaneously demonstrate national identity folklore of every nation. And animals - the heroes of fairy tales - resemble both in their speech and behavior the people of the country where these fairy tales exist. It cannot be otherwise, since fairy tales have always been a reflection of people's life.

As long as humanity exists, it needs a dream, and, therefore, it cannot do without a fairy tale that inspires, gives hope, amuses and consoles.

Literature:

1. History and culture of the Kalmyk people (XVII - XVIII centuries): textbook for educational institutions / Moiseev A.I., Moiseeva N.I. – Elista: Kalmyk book publishing house, – 2002. P. 151-163.

   Kalmyk folk poetry: Fairy tales: Tutorial/ V.T. Sarangov; Kalm. State University; Elista, –1998. pp. 3-11.

3. Mouse and camel. Kalmyk tales about animals. Translation from Kalm.: collection. Comp.

V.D. Badmaeva. – Elista: AU RK “ Publishing House“Gerel”, 2012.

Propp V.Ya. Russian fairy tale.

Russian folk tales. Compilation and introductory article by Anikin V.P. – Moscow: Pravda Publishing House, 1990

fairy tale animal moral lesson

Wolf is enough popular character Russian folk tales, but in the minds of Russian people his image is endowed with mostly negative characteristics. Most often in Russian folk tales, the wolf is a stupid and simple-minded animal, which everyone is constantly deceiving and setting up (Sister Fox and the Wolf, Wolf and Goat, Fool Wolf, Wintering of Animals). But it should be noted that even when a wolf is portrayed as a fool in fairy tales, he is never mean and low, unlike a fox.

It was already said earlier that fairy tales about animals were created not only for the edification of little ones. Many of them use funny fiction and jokes to ridicule vices. And, for example, the embodiment of stupidity in fairy tales is often the wolf. His stupidity is the stupidity of a cruel and greedy beast. Storytellers seem to deliberately put the wolf in conditions that justify his actions, which should make the listener feel pity for him, but this does not happen, because there is no place in life for stupidity, cruelty and greed - this is the main thesis of fairy tales.

One of the most famous fairy tales about the wolf is the fairy tale The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats. A mother goat, leaving the house, warns her kids to beware of the wolf that wanders nearby. Meanwhile, the wolf, taking advantage of the opportune moment, knocks on the goat's door and declares that he is their mother. And the kids respond by saying that their mother’s voice is soft, while his voice is rough. To soften his voice, the wolf eats a piece of honey, but the kids still don’t let him in because their mother’s paws are white, not black, like the wolf’s. Then he goes to the mill and gets his paws dirty in flour. The kids let the wolf in, who immediately eats them all, except for the smallest one, hidden in the stove. Returning home, the mother goat sees the destruction caused by the wolf and the smallest kid who escaped, who tells her about what happened. She goes after the wolf and finds him sleeping with a full stomach, in which something is stirring. The mother goat rips open the wolf's belly, and six kids emerge alive. Instead of kids, their mother fills the wolf's belly with stones. The next morning, the goat met the wolf and invited him to compete in jumping over the fire, the goat jumped over, the wolf also jumped, but the stones pulled him down. So the wolf burned. Another version of the ending - the wolf woke up with stones in his stomach, became thirsty, went to the stream, slipped, fell into the water and drowned from the weight.

In this fairy tale, the wolf is cruel and merciless; for the sake of his prey, he is able to deceive the little goats who are left alone at home. By deception (speaking in the voice of a mother goat), he tells the kids that he is their mother and asks to let him in home. And when they let him in, the wolf eats all the kids except one, which he did not notice. It is thanks to the little goat that evil, greed and mercilessness are punished in this fairy tale.

In the Tale of the Wolf and the Fox, the wolf appears before readers in a slightly different image - a stupid and naive animal who is easy to deceive. The fox in his house manipulates and controls the wolf, cleverly charming him. At the very beginning of the fairy tale, it is said that the fox lived in an ice hut, and the wolf lived in a twig hut, and when spring came, the fox’s hut melted, and she began to ask the wolf to live in the wolf’s house. The wolf took pity on her and foolishly let her in. Every day the fox managed to deceive the wolf: she said that guests were coming to her and went out to them to eat his sour cream and butter, and slowly changed her sleeping place so that it was closer to the stove. So, the fox moved to sleep on the stove, and the wolf moved under the stove. The fairy tale ended with the fact that, continuing to deceive the wolf, the fox remained to live in his house forever, becoming the mistress there, and making the wolf a servant.

The stupidity of the wolf is also described in the fairy tale How the Fox Sewed a Fur Coat for the Wolf. The stupid wolf asked the sly fox to sew him a fur coat. The fox received sheep from the wolf: she ate the meat and sold the wool. And when the wolf ran out of patience and asked for his fur coat, the fox killed him by deception.

So, from the fairy tales discussed above, we can conclude that the wolf is often stupid, but this is not his main feature: he is cruel, ferocious, angry, greedy - these are his main qualities. He eats a poor old man's horse, breaks into the animals' winter quarters and disrupts their peaceful life, wants to eat the kids, deceiving them with a song. But such qualities are never encouraged in fairy tales, so the wolf always gets what he deserves.

The wolf in Russian folk tales is in most cases a negative character. He is a strong and dangerous opponent, but at the same time he is a naive and not particularly intelligent hero. He often gets into trouble because of his stupidity, maliciousness, and excessive trust in Lisa and other smarter characters. In rare stories, the wolf still becomes a true friend and protector.

Wolf in Russian folk tales

The positive and negative role of the wolf in fairy tales: its origins

The ambiguous image of the character is associated with the same unclear attitude towards the animal among the people. In fairy tales he often becomes collectively, endowed with strength and stupidity at the same time. By using instructive stories it is demonstrated that the physical strength of the enemy is not the main quality for winning a fight. This character is successfully complemented by the proverb “If you have strength, you don’t need intelligence!” But at the same time, when in a fairy tale the cunning Fox mocks the wolf, we empathize with him. His simplicity is closer to us than the cunning of the red-haired cheat.

The image of the simple-minded wolf is refuted in some fairy tales. For example, in the story about Ivan Tsarevich, the wolf hero, on the contrary, demonstrates wisdom, unexpectedly takes the side of good, and plays the role of an adviser and assistant. But this is the exception rather than the rule.

In the picture fairy wolf people have strayed far from the real qualities of the animal. If the quality of cunning given to the fox, and cowardice to the hare, seem quite logical, then it is not at all clear why stupidity was attributed to such a dangerous predator. In nature, a wolf is an excellent hunter. He even brings some benefit as a forest orderly. The quality of straightforwardness attributed to him can only be associated with the fact that he is capable of facing danger eye to eye. His style of hunting also speaks of his ingenuousness: the wolf does not chase the prey for a long time, attacks more often in a pack and only on the weakest individuals from the herd.

The character of the wolf in folk tales

First of all, the wolf is a villain character. It’s just that in some fairy tales he poses a threat to other heroes, but in others he is harmless and even useful.

• “How the wolf was taught intelligence”- the wolf character in this story is stupid and lazy. He shows straightforwardness, which could be regarded as positive feature, if it were not associated with stupidity.
• "Wolf and Goat"- here he is a malicious deceiver, ruthless and greedy, but still not without naivety.
• "Sister Fox and the Wolf"- the wolf hero is depicted as a stupid and naive character who, despite his evil face, suffers from the tricks of the Gossip-Fox.
• "Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf"- is portrayed as a conscientious villain who decided to compensate for his crime with a good deed and help a person with advice and deed. Here he is revealed as a kind and selfless character.
• "Wolf, Cat and Dog"- here the character demonstrates simple tricks, this is one of the few stories where his ability to deceive is manifested. Not as skilled as the Fox, but still capable of causing harm.

As you can see, the gray wolf is the most instructive, both in positive and negative forms.

Wolf's image
Russian folk
fairy tales
Vekshin Yaroslav 3a class

Purpose of the study
The goal of my research was to understand why
The wolf in fairy tales is always depicted differently. That
like a stupid and narrow-minded animal, then how
faithful friend and assistant, then both creepy and
evil enemy.
Let's try to figure it all out.

It is not in vain that the wolves are shrouded in a peculiar aura of mystery
became heroes of legends and horror films, songs and novels.
They are credited with mystical abilities and incredible strength.
Which, strictly speaking, they don’t have. Yes, wolves can smell prey
or each other at a distance of 1.5 km, and if necessary, they
many hours will pass without fatigue.
Besides the fact that wolves are still one of the most dangerous
predators (yes!), they also contribute huge contribution into cleansing
territory of their residence from the sick, weak and even dead
animals. It was not for nothing that they were given such a nickname.

All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other.
Sometimes fairy tales help you understand what is bad in life, and
what well. Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and
even writing.
In fairy tales about animals, they argue, talk, and
animals quarrel, love, are friends, are at enmity: the cunning “fox”
there is beauty in conversation”, stupid and greedy “wolf-wolf - from under a bush
grabby", "gnawing mouse", "cowardly bunny - bow-legged,
skok slide." All this is implausible, fantastic.
The appearance of various characters in Russian fairy tales about animals
initially determined by the circle of representatives of the animal
peace, which is typical for our territory. That's why
It is natural that in fairy tales about
animals we meet with the inhabitants of forests, fields, steppes
open spaces (bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, etc.). IN
In fairy tales about animals, animals themselves are the main characters -
characters, and the relationship between them determines the character
fairy tale conflict.

In fairy tales about animals one of
the main characters are
wolf. It's straight
the opposite of the image
foxes. In fairy tales the wolf is stupid, he
easy to deceive. No, it seems
such trouble, no matter what
this unlucky guy got caught
an eternally beaten beast. So,
the fox advises the wolf to catch
fish, lowering the tail into the hole.
The goat offers to the wolf
open your mouth and stand under
mountain so he can jump into
mouth The goat knocks over
wolf and runs away (fairy tale “Wolf-
fool"). The image of a wolf in fairy tales
always hungry and lonely. He
always gets into something funny
ridiculous situation.

However, in the ancients
cultures image of a wolf
associated with death
that's why in fairy tales this
animal character
often eats someone
("The wolf and the seven Young goats")
or disturbs the peace
animal life (“Zimovie”
animals"). But in the end they are good
fairy tale characters
Russian fairy tales always
cheat or win
wolf For example, the wolf in
fairy tale "Little Fox-Sister"
and the wolf" remains without a tail.

"... meets young
warrior gray wolf..." This
also a symbol. The symbol itself
Perun. Mighty Storm God,
God of justice, light and
military valor,
appearing on earth
prefers the appearance of a wolf.
Wolf-Perun is wise, brave and
very fast. It's on him
other fairy tales Ivan Tsarevich
covers huge
distances. Moreover, Perun
becoming a knight is not easy
friend, but also brother. ABOUT
what does this say? That,
having himself as a brother
Peruna, Russian hero
capable of crushing anyone
whatever.

So now let's think
why is there a wolf in all fairy tales
so different? For this you need
remember that fairy tales were originally
no one wrote it down, they
were transmitted exclusively from
word of mouth. And only in a narrow circle.
It's impossible to imagine that
some merchant's son was listening
a fairy tale from an ordinary peasant.
Who could be afraid of wolves?
That's right, peasants. Wolves
could attack livestock, people,
and the peasants could suffer from this
terrible losses. For these people
a terrible wolf, that's in their fairy tales
he was scary, but still
conquerable. Yes, and peasants
children were told such tales,
so that it is discouraging to go into the forest
walk "a little gray top will come
and bites you on the side.”

The role of animals in Russian folk art extremely large and varied. Almost all fairy tales feature some kind of animal. Among them are fox, bear, wolf, hare, hedgehog, magpie and others. With the help of these well-known colorful characters, adults tell their children about what is good and what is bad. The first fairy tales in history appeared long before the invention of books and writing and were passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. That's why they are called folk. Let's look at the most popular animals that appear in fairy tales and compare how much their “fairytale” characteristics coincide with their descriptions in real life.

“Fox-sister”, “Fox is beautiful when talking”, “Fox Patrikeevna”, Lisafya, Fox-godmother - this is how the Fox is affectionately called in Russian folk tales. This red-haired cheat is certainly an all-time favorite character. And invariably she is cunning, smart, quick-witted, calculating, vindictive and insidious. So, only she was able to outwit and eat poor Kolobok, deceive a stupid wolf whose tail was frozen to the ice hole, and even deceive a man by pretending to be dead. The main idea of ​​these fairy tales is to tell children that what is important in life is not strength, but cunning. Despite this, the fox is still negative character. In some fairy tales, peaceful animals who have suffered from this red-haired cheat have to work very hard to outwit and teach the Fox herself a lesson.

But is the fox really that cunning and smart? German zoologist Alfred Brehm, in his book “The Life of Animals,” argues that the cunning of the fox in Russian fairy tales is greatly exaggerated, but the intelligence of the wolf is, on the contrary, underestimated. Otherwise, the real common fox is in many ways similar to the “fairytale” one: red fur, a beautiful fluffy tail, the fox often hunts a hare or visits nearby chicken coops.

“Bear Clubfoot”, “Mikhail Potapych” or simply Mishka in its popularity does not lag behind the Fox. This character is often presented in fairy tales as lazy, fat and clumsy. Big and clubfooted, he is slow, stupid and dangerous. Often he threatens the weak with his strength, but in the end he always loses, because it is not strength that is important, but speed, dexterity and intelligence - this is the meaning of fairy tales involving Mishka. The most popular fairy tales- “Three Bears”, “Masha and the Bear”, “Tops and Roots”. However, in real life, Brown bear not as slow as one might assume. He can run very fast and, moreover, is not particularly stupid. Otherwise, his “fairy-tale” image has a lot to do with him common features: he is really big, dangerous and a little club-footed: when walking, his toes point slightly inward, and his heels point outward.

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“Runaway Bunny”, “Cowardly Bunny” or “Slant” is also a very common hero of Russian fairy tales. His main feature- cowardice. In some fairy tales, the Hare is presented as a cowardly, but at the same time boastful, cocky and stupid hero, and in some, on the contrary, as a moderately cautious and intelligent forest animal.

For example, in the fairy tale “The Boastful Bunny” or “Fear has Big Eyes,” the cowardice of the Hare is ridiculed, main idea these fairy tales - you must always be brave. At the same time, in the fairy tale “Zayushkina’s Hut”, the Bunny appears before us as a positive character who needs support and protection.

In real life, the hare, like its “fairytale” character, has long ears, is fast, agile, careful and attentive. Thanks to the special position of the eyes, the hare can look not only forward, but also backward. During the chase, the hare may “squint” its eye to calculate the distance to its pursuer. For this ability, the hare was nicknamed Oblique. Main enemy the hare, as in fairy tales, is a fox.

“The gray wolf - chucked his teeth”, “The wolf-wolf - grabbed from under the bush”, “The wolf-fool” is presented in most cases as a negative character, stupid, angry, hungry and dangerous. But, in most cases, he is so stupid that in the end he is left with nothing. For example, “the tale of the Fox and the Wolf” or “The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats.” In these fairy tales, the wolf is the embodiment of evil, and the main message for children is that good always triumphs over evil. However, in some fairy tales the wolf appears to us as wise and true friend a person who is always ready to help, an example of this is the fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf.”

In real life, a wolf can indeed be extremely dangerous. He is often hungry and wanders through the forest in search of food. But his intelligence is extremely underrated. The wolf is an intelligent and organized animal; a clear structure and discipline can be seen in the wolf pack. Wolves create incredibly strong couples, their unions are strong, and the wolves themselves are the real personification of loyalty and love for each other. A tamed wolf can indeed become a faithful and devoted friend for a person.

The Prickly Hedgehog has long appeared before us in the image of a kind, smart old man, wise in life. Despite his small stature and small legs, he always emerges victorious thanks to his extraordinary intelligence and cunning. So, for example, in the fairy tale “The Hare and the Hedgehog,” the hedgehog outwitted and killed the poor Hare, with whom they allegedly ran a race, and in the fairy tale “The Magic Wand,” the Hedgehog taught the Hare various life wisdom, explaining that for survival one must first just think with your head.

In real life, the Hedgehog is not distinguished by his outstanding intelligence, but he is not stupid either. When in danger, the hedgehog curls up into a thorny ball, which makes it inaccessible to predators, as stated in fairy tales.