Thread folk arts and crafts. A work of folk decorative art: types

Folk decorative art in our country is an organic part of folk culture. Poetic images, emotions inherent in him are dear and understandable to all people. It instills a sense of beauty, helps to form a harmoniously developed personality. Being based on long-standing artistic traditions, decorative art has a positive effect on the education of a person of the future. The works created by masters from the people are a reflection of love for the native land, the ability to see and understand the beauty of the surrounding world.

The main varieties of decorative art

For many centuries, home production in peasant families, and starting from the 18th-19th centuries, handicrafts, supplied cities and villages with a variety of utensils made of clay, wood and metal, printed fabrics, ceramic and wooden toys, carpets, etc. and cheerfulness on wood, Dymkovo figurines and whistles made of clay, Lukutin painted lacquer boxes. Each of these items is a work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - Khokhloma painting - is of great interest in Russia and abroad.

There were original crafts in the Far East, the Russian North, Siberia, and the Caucasus. Metalworking in Dagestan Kubachi, ceramic painting in Balkhara, and wood carving with silver Untsukul gained fame. Folk decorative art, the types of which are very diverse, is represented in different parts of our vast country.

Vologda lace - folk decorative art

Vologda lace gained popularity in European capitals at the end of the 18th century. And in our time, many foreigners mistakenly believe that lace in Russia is woven only in Vologda. In fact, Yelets, Kirishi, Vyatka also have reason to be proud of their products. Almost all of them have their own unique features. So, Mikhailov's colored laces are very interesting. In our country, they have gained no less popularity than the Vologda ones. Nevertheless, like hundreds of years ago, people go to Vologda for a snow-white miracle.

openwork carving

Openwork carving adorns small bone objects: boxes, caskets, pendants, brooches. A work of folk decorative art - bone lace - this is how openwork carving is poetically called.

The most widespread are three types of ornament in the case of cutting on bone:

• Geometric - a plexus of straight and curved lines.
• Vegetable.
• Rocaille - stylization of the shape of a sea shell.

The technique of openwork carving is used to create compositions based on ornament and plot. The raw material is an ordinary cow bone.

Fine work on openwork carving requires special tools: needle files, engravers, rivets, jigsaws.

beading

Beading can be proud of centuries of history, like the beads themselves. The inhabitants of Ancient Egypt were the first to master the complex art of weaving necklaces based on small colored glass balls, and also decorated clothes with them. However, bead production really flourished in the 10th century. For many years, the inhabitants of Venice carefully kept the secrets of craftsmanship. Purses and handbags, shoes, clothes and other elegant things were decorated with luxurious beads.

When beads appeared in America, they replaced the traditional materials used by the natives. Here they finished cradles, baskets, earrings, snuff boxes.

The peoples of the Far North decorated with beaded embroidery high fur boots, fur coats, reindeer harness, and hats.

Batik

Batik - do-it-yourself painting of fabric using fixing compounds. The technique is based on the observation that rubber glue, paraffin, when applied to a fabric, do not allow paint to pass through.

There are several varieties of batik - nodular, hot, shibori, cold.

The name "batik" is Indonesian, which means "draw", "hatch", "cover with drops".

This painting has been used by the peoples of India and Indonesia since ancient times. Batik came to Europe in the 20th century.

painting

Painting is one of the most ancient forms of decorative art. For centuries it has been an organic part of the original culture and life of the people. This type of decorative art is widespread.

Here are some types of painting:

• Zhostovo painting is a well-known Russian craft that appeared in the 19th century in the village of Zhostovo, not far from Moscow. Belongs to the most popular crafts where Russian folk painting is created. The famous Zhostovo trays are hand-painted. Most often, bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
• Gorodets painting is a craft that appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the city of Gorodets. The painting is bright and concise. Her themes are figurines of horses, genre scenes, floral patterns. Decorated doors, shutters, furniture, spinning wheels.
• Khokhloma painting is one of the oldest folk crafts. It originated in the 17th century in Khokhloma, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma painting - decorative painting of wooden objects, made on a golden background in black, red, less often green. After drawing the pattern, the product is coated with a special composition and treated three times in an oven, which allows you to achieve a unique honey-golden color. Traditional for Khokhloma are rowan and red strawberries, branches and flowers. Animals, fish and birds often appear in the compositions, turning what has been made into a genuine work of folk decorative art. Wooden gold - this is how Khokhloma painting is often called.

Let's get acquainted with various handicrafts used in kindergarten for the development of children.

Dymkovo toy

The products of the Kirov craftsmen impress with bright patterns, non-standard proportions and shapes. Everyone is delighted with elegant, wonderfully decorated and painted ladies-francihi, ponies, roosters, goats. The first Dymkovo toys appeared in 1811. Clay dolls with paintings were sold at the Vyatka holiday. Clay toys were made by craftsmen from the village of Dymkovo. They did it with their families.

Now a factory that produces Dymkovo toys is operating in Kirov.

Filimonov toy

No less famous is the center of folk craft in the village of Filimonovo near Tula, where wonderful clay toys are born. People and animals made by craftsmen are distinguished by their bizarre form and great expressiveness. These are peasant women, ladies, soldiers, cows, horse riders, sheep. Filimonovo toys cannot be confused with others, as they carry their own unique features in the form of modeling and painting. They play with all the colors of the rainbow.

A child who sees a Filimonovo toy that has a non-standard color and shape awakens creativity.

Kargopol toy

Kargopol is an ancient city whose inhabitants have long been engaged in pottery. Mostly they made dishes, but some craftsmen were engaged in clay toys. True, in 1930 the fishery fell into decline. The restoration of the Kargopol workshops took place in 1967.

Kargopol toys look stricter against the backdrop of bright Dymkovo and Filimonovo toys. The range of colors is brown, black and dark green. There are many funny images here, simple, but at the same time breathing warmth and humor. These are peasant women, bearded men, dolls with spinning wheels.

Gzhel dishes

Not far from Moscow is the village of Gzhel. Since the 14th century, pottery has been practiced here. Among the dishes produced by kvassniks are plates and toys, which are painted with brown and yellowish-green paints for ceramics. Now porcelain products produced in Gzhel are world famous. The reason for this is the uniqueness of the form and pattern. Gzhel porcelain is distinguished by blue painting made on a white background. True, the blue is not uniform. If you look closely, you can find the subtlest shades and halftones, evoking thoughts about the blueness of the sky, river and lake water. In addition to dishes, toys and small sculptures are produced in Gzhel. Everything that the masters do strikes with the harmony of content and form. This is a real work of folk decorative art. Everyone dreams of buying Gzhel.

Decorative art in kindergarten

The art of folk craftsmen is a property not only for adults. It is also important for children, who can enthusiastically play with both wooden nesting dolls and clay toys of Kirov craftsmen. The art of the people arouses children's interest in the originality of ideas, figurativeness and brilliance. It is understandable to children, since its content is simple and concise, but at the same time it opens up to the child the beauty of the world around him. Here are the beloved fairy-tale images of animals, which are made of clay or wood, and ornaments with flowers, berries and leaves, seen more than once in life. Masters involved in the manufacture of clay toys often paint their works with an ornament of geometric shapes: stripes, rings, circles. These drawings also find understanding in kids. All clay and wooden products in kindergartens are not only interior decoration. Guided by an experienced teacher, the children carefully look at them, drawing and sculpting them based on samples of folk products.

Folk decorative art in kindergarten enters the life of kids, bringing them joy, broadening their horizons, and having a positive effect on artistic taste. In preschool educational institutions there should be a sufficient number of handicrafts. This allows you to decorate the interiors of groups, updating them after a while. Artistic products are shown to children when conversations are being held about craftsmen. All such items must be stored in the cabinets of the pedagogy office. They must be constantly replenished and distributed among the fisheries. Younger children need to purchase fun toys, chiseled wooden toys. The guys of the middle group are better suited Filimonov and Kargopol. All types of folk toys, including clay and wooden ones, are available for older children.

Decorative modeling in a kindergarten involves the creation of children's dishes, various figurines on the themes of folk toys. In addition, children can make small decorations for dolls, souvenirs for mothers, grandmothers and sisters for the holiday of March 8.

Under the influence of classes with folk crafts, children are more deeply and interested in illustrations on the themes of Russian toys, with the richness of their subjects, spur the child's imagination during modeling, making his knowledge of the world that surrounds him richer. Classes with the use of folk art as illustrations provide an opportunity to develop the mind of kids.

However, a positive effect from this is achieved only if children are systematically and systematically introduced to objects of arts and crafts. On the basis of the acquired knowledge, they create decorative works with their own hands. They are invited to reproduce a work of folk decorative art (any). A photo, if the work itself is not available, will help the child imagine what he will draw or sculpt.

The desire of children to engage in the creation of beautiful objects is largely determined by the attention of the educator to these issues. He must have information about folk crafts, be aware of the history of their appearance. If the teacher knows what kind of folk craft this or that toy can be attributed to, and knows how to tell interesting things about the craftsmen who make these toys, the children will be interested, and they will have a desire to be creative.

Fine arts in elementary grades

Folk decorative art in the design activities of younger students allows children to return to the origins of folk culture, to the spiritual heritage. In the modern world, the study of the riches of national culture is the most important task of the moral education of children, turning them into patriots of their country. The soul of the nation is embodied in folk crafts, the historical memory of generations is awakened. It is impossible to educate a full-fledged personality, to develop its moral potential, the aesthetic taste of children, if talk about creativity is reduced to abstract reasoning. After all, the works of craftsmen are an illustration of the best qualities of a folk character: it is the awakening of respect for one's own history and traditions, love for the motherland in general and for the place where one was born in particular, modesty, striving for beauty, a sense of harmony.

How to organize the educational process so that love for the motherland is not just a beautiful phrase, but really corresponds to the inner essence of the younger generation? What can be done if there are no performances that clearly and figuratively reveal the theme of patriotism? This issue, of course, requires an integrated approach. must be addressed systematically.

In order for the child to understand what is at stake, it is proposed to consider a work of folk decorative art (any) in the lesson. An example of such a work will help to understand the issue.

The modern era requires an appeal to the very origins of art. Preservation, enhancement of folk art, development of its traditions - such difficult tasks are faced by teachers, educators, artists.

Visual arts in high school

As they grow older, children begin to understand more and more what a work of folk decorative art is. Grade 6 also systematically studies this issue.

The work program for the study of fine arts in the 6th grade provides for three main types of creative activity:

1. Visual work (painting, drawing).
2. Decorative art (ornaments, paintings, applications).
3. Observation of the surrounding world (conversation).

These varieties allow children to get acquainted with the spheres of artistic creativity. Already in the course of acquaintance, it becomes clear how closely these areas are interconnected and how noticeably they complement each other in the process of solving the tasks set by the program. It is necessary to subject each work of folk decorative art to a detailed analysis. Grade 6 is the time to develop artistic taste.

Visual arts are taught at school in close connection with other subjects. It uses the knowledge that is obtained as a result of studying literature, music, the Russian language, history, technology, biology. This makes it possible to understand the practical meaning of art lessons, their vital necessity. In the course of literature, such a topic as "The work of folk decorative art" is also studied. Essay (grade 6) allows the student to show knowledge of the subject. Children evaluate the products of folk craftsmen in it. They must draw up a work plan and describe a work of folk decorative art (any). 5-6 sentences for each item of the plan will be enough.

Folk decorative arts and Russia

Both Tatarstan and other regions of Russia were affected by folk art. Tatar decorative art is bright and multifaceted. It has its roots in the ancient times of paganism - VII-VIII centuries. In the Kazan Khanate and the Volga Bulgaria, the development of art went in line with Islamic traditions. The leading direction was diverse. This type of pattern is widely manifested in various types of Tatar art. Ornaments adorn embroidery, wood and stone carving, ceramics, jewelry, and calligraphy. The zoomorphic style was widely used in the products of the pagan masters of Bulgaria.

A feature of Russian decorative art is its mass character. In Russia, decorative art is mostly anonymous. Gambs furniture and Faberge jewelry are the exception rather than the rule. Unnamed craftsmen created masterpieces of painting, weaving, dishes and toys. The artistic production of Russia can be proud of creating great values ​​in various fields.

The first evidence of the high development of blacksmithing and jewelry industries can be found among the Scythians and tribes who lived in territories stretching from the Black Sea to Siberia. Here the advantage was given to the Scythian animal style. The northern Slavs, who were in contact with the inhabitants of Scandinavia, included fragments of human and animal bodies in the ornament, which are intricately intertwined. In the Urals, Finno-Ugric tribes made amulets with images of bears and wolves, made of wood, stone or bronze.

Throughout Russia there were many icon-painting workshops. In Palekh, Ivanovo region, the finest on the plots of folk tales and songs on black lacquer has been developed. From Ancient Byzantium came to us the filigree art of chasing, granulation, niello, carved openwork on wood and bone. In the 17th century, decorative art developed into a developed artistic production. This is Rostov painted enamel, Nizhny Novgorod carving on huts, blackening on silver in Veliky Ustyug. The works of folk masters of decorative art decorated palaces and temples.

In the time of Peter the Great, Western European things came into fashion: upholstered furniture, faience. From the 18th century, mirrors began to be widely used. MV Lomonosov mastered the art of producing glass, mirrors and mosaic smalt. Talented architects of the 18th and early 19th centuries developed projects for decorative interior decoration. Some architects of that era began their creative career with decorating work, such as Rossi and Voronikhin. The imperial court and the highest nobility of Russia supplied private enterprises with numerous orders, which managed to reach the heights of excellence. Such enterprises include the Kuznetsov faience and porcelain factories, the Popovsky porcelain factory.

The study of folk art and folk crafts shows that the popularization of folk art works in the best way affects both adults and children. This brings up aesthetic taste, contributes to the emergence of spiritual needs, causes a sense of national pride and humanity. After all, amazing colorful objects are created by folk craftsmen, people whom nature has endowed with talent, imagination and kindness.

Arts and Crafts

Section of decorative arts; covers a number of branches of creativity that are devoted to the creation of artistic products intended mainly for everyday life. Works of decorative and applied art can be: various utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, weapons, as well as other products that are not works of art according to their original purpose, but acquire an artistic quality due to the application of the artist's labor to them; clothes, all kinds of jewelry. Along with the division of works of decorative and applied art according to their practical purpose in the scientific literature from the second half of the 19th century. the classification of branches of decorative and applied arts was established according to material (metal, ceramics, textiles, wood, etc.) or according to the technique of execution (carving, painting, embroidery, printing, casting, embossing, intarsia, etc.). This classification is due to the important role of the constructive-technological principle in arts and crafts and its direct connection with production. Solving together, like architecture, practical and artistic tasks, decorative and applied art belongs simultaneously to the spheres of creation of both material and spiritual values. Works of decorative and applied art are inseparable from the material culture of their contemporary era, are closely related to the way of life that corresponds to it, with one or another of its local ethnic and national characteristics, social group and class differences. Composing an organic part of the subject environment with which a person comes into daily contact, works of arts and crafts with their aesthetic merits, figurative structure, character constantly affect the state of mind of a person, his mood, are an important source of emotions that affect his attitude to the world around him. Aesthetically saturating and transforming the environment surrounding a person, works of arts and crafts at the same time, as it were, are absorbed by it, as they are usually perceived in conjunction with its architectural and spatial solution, with other objects included in it or their complexes (service, furniture set , costume, jewelry set). Therefore, the ideological significance of works of arts and crafts can be most fully understood only with a clear idea (real or mentally recreated) of these relationships between the object, the environment and the person.

The architectonics of an object, determined by its purpose, design capabilities and plastic properties of the material, often plays a fundamental role in the composition of an artistic product. Often in the arts and crafts, the beauty of the material, the proportions of the parts, the rhythmic structure serve as the only means of embodying the emotional and figurative content of the product (for example, glassware or other untinted materials devoid of decor). Here, the special significance for arts and crafts of purely emotional, non-pictorial means of artistic language is clearly manifested, the use of which makes arts and crafts related to architecture. An emotionally meaningful image is often activated by an image-association (comparison of the shape of an item with a drop, a flower, a figure of a person, an animal, its individual elements, with some other item - a bell, a baluster, etc.). The decor, appearing on the product, also significantly affects its figurative structure. Often, it is thanks to its decor that a household item becomes a work of arts and crafts. Possessing its own emotional expressiveness, its own rhythm and proportions (often contrasting in relation to the form, as, for example, in the products of Khokhloma masters, where the modest, simple form of the object and the elegant, festive surface painting are different in their emotional sound), the decor visually modifies the form and at the same time merges with it in a single artistic image. In decorative and applied arts, ornament and elements (separately or in various combinations) of fine arts (sculpture, painting, less often graphics) are widely used to create decor. The means of fine arts and ornament serve in arts and crafts not only to create decor, but sometimes penetrate into the shape of an object (furniture details in the form of palmettes, volutes, animal paws, heads; vessels in the form of a flower, fruit, bird, animal, figure person). Sometimes an ornament or an image becomes the basis for the formation of products (lattice pattern, lace; weaving pattern of fabric, carpet). The need to harmonize the decor with the form, the image with the scale and nature of the product, with its practical and artistic purpose leads to the transformation of pictorial motifs, to the conventions of interpretation and combination of elements of nature (for example, the use of lion paw motifs, eagle wings and swan head motifs in the design of a table leg) .

In the unity of the artistic and utilitarian functions of the product, in the interpenetration of form and decor, fine and tectonic principles, the synthetic nature of decorative and applied art is manifested. Works of arts and crafts are designed for perception by sight and touch. Therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness and variety of methods of its processing acquire the significance of especially active means of aesthetic influence in the arts and crafts.

Having arisen at the earliest time in the development of human society, arts and crafts for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The oldest (belonging to the prehistoric era) works of arts and crafts, covering the widest range of ideas about the world and man, are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material and the aesthetics of materialized labor, to the rational construction of the form, emphasized by the decor. This trend was maintained in traditional folk art ( cm. also Folk arts and crafts) up to the present day. But with the beginning of the class stratification of society in the stylistic evolution of decorative and applied art, its special branch begins to play a leading role, designed to serve the needs of the ruling social strata and meet their tastes and ideology. Gradually, interest in the richness of material and decor, in their rarity and sophistication, is becoming increasingly important. Products that serve the purposes of representativeness are singled out (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of building a form. However, until the middle of the XIX century. masters of decorative and applied arts preserve the integrity of plastic thinking and the clarity of the idea of ​​aesthetic connections between the object and the environment for which it is intended. Formation, evolution and change of artistic styles in arts and crafts proceeded synchronously with their evolution in other art forms. Trends in eclecticism in the artistic culture of the second half of the 19th century. lead to a gradual impoverishment of the aesthetic quality and emotional and figurative content of arts and crafts. The connection between decor and form is lost, an artistically designed object is replaced by a decorated one. The dominance of bad taste and the depersonalizing effect on arts and crafts of intensively developing mass machine production ( cm. Art industry) artists tried to contrast the unique objects made according to their projects in the conditions of handicraft (workshops of W. Morris in the UK, the "Darmstadt artists' colony" in Germany) or factory (Werkbund) labor, to revive the emotional-figurative integrity and ideological content of the artistically meaningful environment ( cm. Modern). On new ideological and aesthetic foundations, these attempts were developed after the October Revolution of 1917, which opened up prospects for creating an artistically meaningful environment for the work and life of the broadest masses. Its ideas and goals inspired artists who saw art as one of the most effective means of revolutionary agitation (for example, the so-called propaganda porcelain of 1918-25). The task of creating a comprehensive furnishing of a worker's apartment, workers' dormitories, clubs, canteens, comfortable overalls, rational equipment of the workplace, designed for mass factory production, opened the way for creative searches for constructivists in the USSR, functionalists in Germany (from m. Bauhaus) and other countries, which largely preceded the appearance of design. The foreground in artistic creativity of the formal-technological side in the early 1920s. led to its absolutization, the identification of artistic creativity with the production of things, the denial of the role of decor in creating an artistic image of a work of arts and crafts. The revival of folk crafts in the USSR and awakened in the 30s. interest in the Russian artistic heritage played a prominent role in the development by Soviet masters of arts and crafts of a number of technological and artistic traditions of the past. However, the approach to works of arts and crafts with the standards of easel art, the pursuit of splendor of products, which made themselves felt especially strongly in the late 40s and early 50s, noticeably hampered the development of arts and crafts. Since the mid 50s. in the USSR, along with the search for functional and artistically expressive forms and decor for everyday household items produced in a factory way, artists are busy creating unique works in which the emotionality of the image is combined with a variety of processing techniques for the simplest materials, with the desire to reveal all the richness of their plastic and decorative possibilities . Such works (as well as elegant works of folk arts and crafts, unique because of their handicraft) are designed to serve as visual accents in an artistically organized environment, formed mainly by factory-made art products that are less individualized in form and objects that are created on the basis of a designer’s work. design.

About separate branches, varieties and types of technology of decorative and applied art cm. articles Batik , Vase , Fan , Embroidery , Tapestry , Toy , Inlay , Intarsia , Ceramics , Carpet , Forging , Lace , Varnishes , Majolica , Marquetry , Furniture , Printing , Notch , Carving , Decorative painting , Glass , Terracotta , Embossing , Fabrics , Porcelain , Faience , Filigree , Crystal , Embossing , Niello , Tapestry , Enamels , Jewelry art .

Literature: D. Arkin, Art of everyday things, M., 1932; M. S. Kagan, On applied art, L., 1961; A. V. Saltykov, Selected Works, Moscow, 1962; A. K. Chekalov, Fundamentals of understanding arts and crafts, M., 1962; A. Moran, History of arts and crafts from ancient times to the present day, translated from French, M., 1982; Magne L. et H. M., L "art appliqué aux métiers, v. 1-8, P., 1913-28; Geschichte des Kunstgewerbes aller Zeiten und Völker, hrsg. Von H. Th. Bossert, Bd 1-6 , V., 1929-35; Marangoni G., Clementi A., Storia dell "arredamento, v. 1-3, Mil., 1951-52; Fleming J., Honor H., The Penguin dictionary of the decorative arts, L., 1977; Bunte Welt der Antiquitäten, Dresden, 1980; Lucie-Smith E., The story of craft, Ithaca (N. Y.), 1981.

(Source: "Popular Art Encyclopedia." Edited by Polevoy V.M.; M.: Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)

Creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose (household utensils, dishes, fabrics, toys, jewelry, etc.), as well as artistic processing of utilitarian items (furniture, clothing, weapons, etc.). Masters of arts and crafts use a wide variety of materials - metal (bronze, silver, gold, platinum, various alloys), wood, clay, glass, stone, textiles (natural and artificial fabrics), etc. Making products from clay is called ceramics, from precious metals and stones jewelry art.

In the process of creating art works from metal, casting, forging, chasing, engraving techniques are used; textiles are decorated with embroidery or prints (a painted wooden or copper board is applied to the fabric and hit with a special hammer, getting an imprint); wooden objects - carvings, inlays and colorful paintings. The painting of ceramic dishes is called vase painting.

Decorative and applied products should be, first of all, convenient to use and beautiful. They create an objective environment around a person, influencing his state of mind and mood. Works of decorative and applied art are designed for perception both by sight and touch, therefore, revealing the beauty of the texture and plastic properties of the material, the skillfulness of processing play the most important role in it. In the form of a vase, a toy, a piece of furniture, in the system of their decorations, the master seeks to reveal the transparency of glass, the plasticity of clay, the warmth of wood and the texture of its surface, the hardness of stone and the natural pattern of its veins. At the same time, the shape of the product can be both abstract and resemble a flower, a tree, a figure of a person or an animal.

In jewelry, various ornaments. Often it is the decor that turns a household item into a work of art (a Khokhloma bowl of a simple shape, painted with bright patterns on gold; a dress of a modest style, decorated with embroidery or lace). At the same time, it is very important that ornaments and figurative images do not contradict the shape of the product, but reveal it. So, in ancient Greek vases, patterned stripes separate the body (central part) from the stem and neck, the painting of the body emphasizes its bulge.

Decorative and applied art has existed since ancient times. Artistic products are closely related to the way of life and customs of a certain era, people or social group (nobles, peasants, etc.). Already primitive craftsmen decorated dishes with carvings and patterns, made primitive ornaments from animal fangs, shells and stones. These objects embodied the ideas of ancient people about beauty, about the structure of the world and about the place of man in it. The traditions of ancient art continue to live in folklore, in products handicrafts. In the future, utensils for the performance of sacred rites and luxury items are allocated, designed to emphasize the wealth and imperious power of their owners. Rare, precious materials and rich decor were used in these products. The development of industrial production in the 19th century. allowed to create works of arts and crafts for the mass consumer. At the same time, the idea, the sketch of the painting, the form for manufacturing, etc., belonged to the great masters, and the finished products were replicated by workers of factories and plants ( tapestries according to the sketches of famous masters, products of porcelain factories, etc.). The application of industrial technology marked the beginning of art design.

decorative arts and crafts

Decorative and applied art is one of the types of plastic art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and the artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, vehicles, clothing, jewelry, toys, etc.). d.). Works of arts and crafts form part of the subject environment surrounding a person and enrich it aesthetically. Arising in ancient times, arts and crafts has become one of the most important areas of folk art, its history is associated with art crafts, the art industry, with the activities of professional artists and craftsmen, since the beginning of the 20th century. also with artistic design. Big Encyclopedic Dictionary 1997

S.V. Pogodina gives a definition of folk arts and crafts: “Folk arts and crafts is defined as an art form aimed at creating artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life, and artistic processing of utilitarian items (utensils, furniture, fabrics, tools, clothes, toys.

Decorative and applied art already existed at an early stage in the development of human society and for many centuries was the most important, and for a number of tribes and nationalities, the main area of ​​artistic creativity. The most ancient works of arts and crafts are characterized by exceptional content of images, attention to the aesthetics of the material, to the rational construction of the form, emphasized by the decor. In traditional folk art, this trend has persisted up to the present day. With the beginning of the class stratification of society, interest in the richness of material and decor, in their rarity and sophistication, becomes increasingly important. Products that serve the purposes of representativeness are singled out (items for cult rituals or court ceremonies, for decorating the houses of the nobility), in which, in order to increase their emotional sound, craftsmen often sacrifice the everyday expediency of building a form.

Decorative and applied art is a multifunctional phenomenon. Practical, ritual, aesthetic, ideological and semantic, educational functions are inseparable unity. However, the main function of products is to be useful and beautiful.

In folk arts and crafts, there are two areas:

• - urban artistic crafts;
• - folk art crafts

When we talk about arts and crafts, an important concept is folk art craft - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing local cultural traditions and focused on the sale of handicrafts. Crafts is an unusually flexible, mobile structure, developing, although within the framework of the canon, but, nevertheless, sensitively responding to changes in style in professional art, individual creativity, to the demands of the time and the specific social environment. Preschoolers are introduced to some crafts: nesting dolls, Gorodets, Khokhloma paintings, Filimonov and Dymkovo toys, Gzhel ceramics. The power of handicraft art lies in the transfer of original techniques of local craftsmanship.

Decorative and applied art has characteristic features that distinguish it from other types of art:

• - utility, practical affiliation;
• - syncretism or indivisibility of various aspects of the culture of the people (relationships between the world and man, fixing the moral and aesthetic principles of both creativity and behavior), the essence of which was created and transmitted over many millennia;
• - collectivity of creativity, i.e. labor is collective in nature, centuries-old experience of folk art is passed on from generation to generation;
• - traditionalism is characterized by the observance of traditions, but also arises due to urgent and spiritual needs, revealing the sphere of individuality;
• - the reality, which lies in its centuries-old relevance.

The category of integrity makes it possible to draw a dividing line between folk and decorative art proper. A distinctive feature of traditional decorative art from folk art lies precisely in the lack of integrity of the worldview.

Getting acquainted with the variety and richness of products of folk craftsmen, children are imbued with good feelings for those who created extraordinary things. In his book, S.V. Pogodina writes: "Folk art gives food to the artistic perception of children, promotes aesthetic experience and the first aesthetic judgments"

Getting acquainted with the works of folk art enriches not only the cognitive experience of the child, but also his emotional and aesthetic activity. Each region has its own folk crafts, and the perception of their works by children contributes to the formation of aesthetic feelings, an emotionally positive attitude towards folk craftsmen and traditions. Beauty as a philosophical and aesthetic category in folk art has real forms of reflection. What we call beautiful in a work of art is created by expressive means that the master combines in accordance with the traditions of a particular trade or craft. In works of arts and crafts, one of the main components that attract attention is the form. It allows you to combine the functional side and the aesthetic, so that the external beauty and elegance do not deny the practical purpose of the thing. Form is one of the main components that attract attention. The form contains several features. First, it largely determines the meaning of the subject. Secondly, the form expresses the creative intent of the master and reveals a specific idea. Thirdly, it serves as a kind of symbol, the meaning of which was passed down from generation to generation.

In folk art, the ratio of purpose and material, the interaction of form and function is important. The material can contribute to the disclosure of the essence of the subject, or it can violate its integrity and make it unusable. Thanks to the material, the master manages to come up with a material basis for his idea, but the material itself, when perceiving the object, remains in the background, the decor comes to the fore. Decor is the final moment of decorating a thing. Jewelry distinguishes works of folk art from each other, makes them unique and therefore valuable. In the decor, there are no objects of the same type in shape. When performing the same ornament, it is difficult to repeat all the details in detail.

Techniques for performing work depend on the tasks facing the master

Technology. Traditional folk art and technology are not mutually exclusive. It all depends on how technology is used in the process of creating a thing that bears the imprint of the past experience of the people. The most important thing is that in the pursuit of improving or facilitating the process of making an object of folk art, its cultural and historical uniqueness should not be lost.

The aesthetic value of the object is due to the ornament. Ornament - a pictorial, graphic or sculptural decoration that artistically decorates a thing, which is characterized by a rhythmic arrangement of drawing elements.

The rhythmic construction of the ornament is the artistic basis of many products: dishes, furniture, carpets, clothes. The ornamental language is extremely rich. Depending on the nature of the motifs, the following types of ornaments are distinguished: geometric, floral, zoomorphic, anthropomorphic, combined.

A geometric ornament can consist of dots, lines, circles, rhombuses, polyhedrons, stars, crosses, spirals. This type of ornament is one of the oldest. In the beginning, these were easy-to-remember signs-symbols. Gradually, people began to enrich it with real observations and fantastic motifs, observing the rhythmic principle, complicating its content and aesthetic significance.

Vegetable the ornament is made up of stylized leaves, flowers, fruits, branches. The “tree of life” motif is often found - this is a floral ornament. It is depicted both as a flowering bush and more decoratively figuratively.

The zoomorphic ornament depicts stylized figures or parts of figures of real and fantastic animals. Decorative images of birds and fish also belong to this type of ornament.

Anthropomorphic ornament uses male and female stylized figures or part of a person's face and body as motifs. This also includes fantastic creatures such as a maiden-bird, a man-horse.

Often there is a combination of various motives. Such an ornament can be called combined . L.V. Kosogorova and L.V. Neretin is also distinguished by calligraphic (from letters and text elements) and heraldic (horn of plenty, lyre, torches, shields) ornaments.

By the nature of compositional schemes, ornaments are:

• - tape
• - mesh
• - closed.

Ornament is the most characteristic feature, a special sign of objects of peasant creativity. The ornament allows us to talk about the aesthetics of the object, its artistry.

The following materials are used in arts and crafts: wood, clay, metal, bone, fluff, wool, fur, textiles, stone, glass, dough.

According to the technique, decorative and applied arts are divided into the following types.

Thread. Decoration of the product by drawing a pattern using various cutters and knives. It is used when working with wood, stone, bone.

Painting. Decoration is applied with dyes on a prepared surface (most often wood or metal). Types of painting: on wood, on metal, on fabric.

Embroidery. A widespread type of arts and crafts, in which the pattern and image are made manually (with a needle, sometimes with a crochet) or by means of an embroidery machine on various fabrics, leather, felt and other materials. They embroider with linen, cotton, wool, silk (usually colored) threads, as well as hair, beads, pearls, precious stones, sequins, coins, etc.

Types of embroidery: mesh, cross-stitch, satin stitch, cut-out (the fabric is cut in the form of a pattern, which is subsequently processed with various seams), type-setting (performed with red, black threads with the addition of golden or blue tones), top-stitch (allows you to create three-dimensional patterns on large planes) .

For sewn applications (a kind of embroidery, often with a relief seam), fabrics, fur, felt, and leather are used. Embroidery is used to decorate clothes, household items, to create independent decorative panels. The main expressive means of embroidery as an art form are: revealing the aesthetic properties of the material (iridescent sheen of silk, even shimmer of linen, shine of gold, sequins, stones, fluffiness and dullness of wool, etc.); using the property of lines and color spots of the embroidery pattern to additionally influence the rhythmically clear or whimsically free play of seams; effects derived from a combination of a pattern and an image with a background (fabric or other base) that is close or contrasting with embroidery in texture and color.

Knitting. Making products (usually clothing items) from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools manually (crocheting hook, knitting needles) or on a special machine (mechanical knitting).

Weaving. Refers to a technique based on the interlacing of strips in the form of a grid with a different configuration and pattern.

Types of weaving: lace and bead weaving, weaving from birch bark, and vines, from threads (macrame), from paper.

Heel (stuffing). Obtaining a pattern, monochrome and color drawings on fabric by hand using forms with a relief pattern, as well as fabric with a pattern obtained by this method. Forms for heeling are made of carved wooden (manners) or type-setting (type-setting copper plates with studs), in which the pattern is typed from copper plates or wire. When stuffing, a form covered with paint is applied to the fabric and hit on it with a special hammer (mallet) (hence the name “heel”, “stuffing”). For multi-color designs, the number of printing plates must match the number of colors.

Printing is inefficient and almost completely replaced by printing a pattern on fabric on printing machines.

Casting. It is used in work with precious metals. Under the influence of high temperatures, the metal is brought to a molten state, and then poured into prepared molds.

Chasing. The metal in the heated state is accelerated into a thin sheet, while its elasticity and elasticity are not lost. The shape of an object is created already in a cooled state by accelerating hammers, as a result of which products of a convex and concave shape are obtained.

Forging. One of the ways to process iron. By hammer blows, the heated billet is given the desired shape.

Gilding. A gold-making operation in which less valuable metals take on the appearance of gold. Types of gilding: cold, on fire, liquid.

Scan (filigree); (from lat. wire). It is an ornament made of thin gold or silver smooth or embossed wires, which are folded into spirals, antennae, lattices and soldered to the object. Filigree is made of pure gold or silver, which, due to the absence of impurities, is soft and can be drawn into very thin wires. Cheap scanned items were also made from red-copper wire and then gilded or silvered.

Enamel. A special type of glass, which is painted in various colors with metal oxides. It is used to decorate metal products, it is a picturesque accompaniment to a gold product. Enameling is the complete or partial coating of a metal surface with a glass mass, followed by firing the product.

Black. A mixture of silver with copper, sulfur and lead, compiled according to certain recipes, is applied to engraved objects made of light metal, and then all this is fired over low heat. Niello is a black mass - a special alloy of silver, similar to coal.

Blowing. Technique used in working with glass. Glass, brought to a liquid state, is blown in hot form using special tubes, thereby creating products of any shape.

Modeling. One of the common techniques in arts and crafts, thanks to which many toys and ceramic products are created. This is the shaping of plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, plastics, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools.

Batik. Hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions. On the fabric - silk, cotton, wool, synthetics - the paint corresponding to the fabric is applied. To obtain clear boundaries at the junction of paints, a special fixer is used, called a reserve (reserving composition based on paraffin, gasoline, water-based - depending on the chosen technique, fabric and paints).

Mosaic. Decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres, whose works involve the formation of an image by arranging, setting and fixing on a surface (usually on a plane) multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.

Origami. The ancient art of paper folding. Classical origami prescribes the use of one sheet of paper without the use of glue and scissors. In this case, often to shape a complex model or to preserve it, impregnation of the original sheet with adhesive compositions containing methylcellulose is used.

Purpose: utensils, furniture, fabrics, tapestries, carpets, tools, weapons, clothing and jewelry, toys, culinary products.

Functional role:

Practical art is associated with the use in the economic, everyday life of a person to obtain practical benefits.

Artistic and aesthetic, due to the realization of the aesthetic needs of man.

Leisure, aimed at meeting the needs of a child) in entertainment and games.

Manufacturing technology:

Automated. Products are made automatically according to a given program, scheme, patterns (Tula gingerbread, printed shawls, etc.).

Mixed. Both automated and manual labor is used.

Manual. The works are made only by hand, and each product is individually.

In arts and crafts, a number of means of artistic expression are used.

1) Proportion

Proportions in a work of art are the ratio of the magnitudes of its elements, as well as individual elements of the composition with the entire work as a whole. Compliance with proportions plays an important role in the composition, as this creates a favorable ratio of the whole and its parts.

2) Scale and scale

The concepts of scale and scale are used if it is necessary to characterize the proportionality of the whole or its individual parts.

Objects of the subject environment created by a person must be large-scale in relation to him, i.e. their mass should be related to the mass of the human body.

Scale is a relative characteristic of the size of an object, it is the ratio of the size of an image in a picture, sketch, drawing to its actual size in kind.

Scale is the proportionality of the form and its elements in relation to the person, the surrounding space and other forms. Each object has its own scale, but it is far from always possible to talk about its scale, proportionality in relation to a person. Scale is a qualitative characteristic, especially in three-dimensional and three-dimensional compositions. As a means of composition, it should be used quite freely, guided by considerations of artistic expression.

Rhythm is an important means of bringing various forms and their elements to harmonious unity.

Rhythm (Greek flow) is the alternation of commensurate elements of any whole, taking place with a regular sequence and frequency.

Rhythm is inherent in various phenomena and forms of nature: the change of seasons, day and night, the arrangement of leaves on a tree branch, stripes and spots in the color of animals, etc. It exists in all works of art: music (alternation of sounds), poetry (alternation of rhymes ), architecture, fine and decorative arts (various repetition and alternation of forms on a plane or in space).

Color is one of the important means of artistic expression, it conveys the attitude to the created image. It helps to reveal the main properties of objects, gives everyone the opportunity to show their individuality.

5) Composition

This is the most important structural principle of the work, organizing the mutual arrangement of its parts, their subordination relative to each other and the whole, which gives the work unity, integrity and completeness.

6) Invoice

This is the nature of the surface of an object, determined by the properties of the material of which it consists, and the way it is processed.

7) Symmetry

Symmetry - Proportionate, proportional arrangement of parts of smth. in relation to the center, the middle.

A silhouette is a one-color contour image of a person, an object against a background of a different color, drawn or cut out.

Children's aesthetic perception of visual, plastic features and textural properties of materials that characterize samples of folk applied art has been relatively little studied. Numerous observations, conversations allow us to say that children show a keen interest in the subjects of Russian folk art. Children are impressed by colorful brush paintings on wood in the works of folk masters of Gorodets and Khokhloma painting, patterns of plants, flowers and birds, saturated in color, decorative Zhostovo trays, Semenovskaya painted nesting dolls. Cheerful smiles and sympathy are evoked in children by the products of Bogorodsk carvers: bears that can build houses and ride bicycles, birds and deer, decorated with the famous Bogorodsk carving. Children very emotionally and directly show their attitude to the decorativeness, expressiveness of images, the beauty of the texture of the materials of folk works of applied art, rejecting, as a rule, naturalistic and overloaded with decor samples.

Through communication with folk art, the soul of the child is enriched, love for one's land is instilled. Folk art preserves and transmits to new generations national traditions and forms of aesthetic attitude to the world developed by the people. Because the experience of millennia has been embodied in folk art.

When talking about the use of works of arts and crafts in kindergarten, special attention is paid to objects of traditional folk art. Indeed, the products of folk craftsmen: carving and painting on wood, lacquer miniatures and embossing, glass and ceramics, woven, lace and embroidered products, folk toys - this is a manifestation of talent, skill and inexhaustible optimism of artists from the people. Fine examples of arts and crafts help to educate children in respect and love for the culture of their people, their homeland, their land. The predominance of plant forms is a feature of Russian folk art.

The art of folk craftsmen helps to reveal the world of beauty to children, to develop their artistic taste. Folk art contributes to a deep impact on the world of the child, has moral, aesthetic, cognitive value, embodies the historical experience of many generations and is considered as part of material culture.

Folk arts and crafts is a complex phenomenon of historical, sociological, ethnographic and national artistic cultures, and at the same time the most democratic and accessible to a person from childhood.

Description of the presentation Russian folk arts and crafts. This is slide art.

Russian folk arts and crafts. This art has the ability to bring joy to life ... to affirm positive ideals. Folk arts and crafts ... teaches you to love and appreciate what is recognized by the people. V. M. Vishnevskaya

Dymkovo clay toy The name of the toy comes from the Dymkovo settlement, now a district of the city of Vyatka. The craft had a family organization - women and girls sculpted the toy, timed its production to the spring fair. For production, local red clay mixed with fine river sand is used.

Technique. The figurines are molded in parts, rolling the desired shape from clay lumps rolled into a pancake. Separate parts are assembled and molded using liquid clay as a binder. After drying and firing, the toy is covered with whitewash and painted with paints. The painted toy was covered with a beaten egg to add shine and brightness. The use of a wide range of colors - up to 10 colors gives the toy brightness and elegance. A strictly geometric ornament is built according to various compositional schemes: cells, stripes, circles, dots are applied in various combinations.

Skopinsky pottery art craft is a traditional center of folk art in Ryazan. The industry owes its origin to clay, which occurs in large quantities in the vicinity of the town of Skopin. Pottery in places where the city of Skopin later appeared was made back in the days of Kievan Rus. In this dish they churned butter, fermented the dough, stored milk, water, kvass. 1640 is considered the year of birth of Skopino pottery. This year, the first name of the Skopinsky potter appeared in the census - Demka Kireev, son of Bernikov. Skopino ceramics

Pottery was molded on a hand machine from many parts, decorated with ornaments, colored glazes. Before firing, the items were covered with colored lead glaze powder. Melting, it turned into a shiny surface with streaks that created beautiful overflows. Skopinskaya ceramics is distinguished by a pronounced fantasy and fiction.

Gzhel ceramics Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian centers of ceramics production. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in the "Gzhel Bush" located about sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now the Gzhel Bush is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. For the first time, the Gzhel area was mentioned among others in the spiritual charter of Ivan Kalita, and Ivan the Terrible designated it as the "sovereign's palace" volost, that is, the property of the court.

The famous Gzhel porcelain appeared at the end of the 18th century. It was very expensive and was in honor of merchants and nobles. The secret of this fine production was owned by a few. The palette of Gzhel ceramics is very peculiar. It is based on combinations of watercolor delicate shades of blue, green, yellow, purple, which are applied to a white background.

Khokhloma painting Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, not gold, but silvery tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.

It is believed that Khokhloma painting originated in the 17th century on the left bank of the Volga. Currently, the village of Kovernino in the Nizhny Novgorod region is considered the birthplace of Khokhloma. The peasants turned, painted wooden utensils and took them for sale to the large trading village of Khokhloma (Nizhny Novgorod province), where there was a bargain. Hence the name "Khokhloma painting", or simply "Khokhloma".

There is also a legendary explanation for the appearance of Khokhloma painting. There was a wonderful icon painter Andrei Loskut. He fled from the capital, dissatisfied with the church innovations of Patriarch Nikon, and began to paint wooden crafts in the wilderness of the Volga forests, and paint icons according to the old model. Patriarch Nikon found out about this and sent soldiers for the recalcitrant icon painter. Andrei refused to obey, burned himself in a hut, and before his death bequeathed to people to preserve his skill. Sparks went out, Andrey crumbled. Since then, the bright colors of Khokhloma have been burning with a scarlet flame, sparkling with golden nuggets.

Gorodets painting Exists since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free stroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors. In 1936 an artel was founded that made souvenirs; masters - D. I. Kryukov, A. E. Konovalov, I. A. Mazin. Gorodets painting originates from carved Gorodets spinning wheels, which had their own peculiarity: a comb and a bottom. To decorate the Donets, Gorodets craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay: the figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape.

The Gorodets style is distinguished primarily by its content. In the murals, genre scenes give the main impression. All these images are conditional in character, very free and decorative in form, and sometimes border on caricature. This is the life of the peasantry, merchants, a magnificent parade of costumes. A significant place is occupied by floral motifs - lush "roses", painted widely and decoratively. Especially often the image of a hot, strong horse or rooster in a proud, warlike pose. Most often these are paired images, heraldically facing each other. Gorodetsky master of painting loves flowers. They are scattered everywhere on the field of paintings with cheerful garlands and bouquets.

Finii ft (from the Greek fingitis - a light shiny stone) is a special kind of applied art that uses enamel (as the main material) in combination with metal. Enamels are stained with metal salts: gold additives give the glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt a blue color, and copper a green one. When solving specific pictorial problems, the brightness of enamel can, unlike glass, be muffled. Icons, crosses, portraits, decorations made using the enamel technique are distinguished by their special durability, decorative effect, brightness and purity of colors. Enamel is a truly Russian folk art craft. Rostov jewelers mastered the production of artistic enamel as early as the era of Kievan Rus in the 12th century.

In the centuries-old history of artistic metal processing in Russia, the art of blackening on silver occupies one of the leading places. Since the time of Kievan Rus, blackened silver has become a highlight of Russian jewelry art. One of the first surviving documentary references to the Veliky Ustyug niello dates back to 1683. Veliky Ustyug niello

Niello is an alloy of silver with copper, lead and sulphur. The composition, crushed into powder, is rubbed into the grooves of the pattern engraved on a silver object. During firing, the niello is firmly fused with the silver surface, giving rise to a black graphic pattern. It is supplemented with engraving, embossing, gilding, shotting the background - chasing with a special sharp tool that creates a grainy texture of the metal surface. The strength of adhesion with silver and the shade of black depend on the method of preparation of black and the proportions of its components. Ustyuzhans had their own secret composition. Northern niello differs from other similar centers in its special strength and rich range - from ash-gray to deep black.

Enamel is fused into cells bounded by flat metal partitions. The cells are filled with enamel to the upper edge of the partitions. The surface of the product is polished in such a way that the partitions and enamel lie in the same plane. Enamel making. Colored glass was crushed into powder, a little water was added. The resulting pasty mass was applied to a metal product and fired several times in a kiln. The enamel melted and firmly bonded to the metal. Then it was polished to a shine. According to the brightness of colors and the play of light, ancient enamels resembled a mosaic.

Niello, granulation, enamel, filigree. Grain, small gold or silver balls (with a diameter of 0.4 mm), which are soldered in jewelry on a filigree ornament. The grain creates an effective play of light and shade and texture, enriches the ornamental rhythm of the product. Grain has been known since ancient times (in Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece, in the Caucasus), it became widespread in the Middle Ages (especially in Ancient Russia), and is still used today.

Jewelry technique, which consists in soldering gold or silver grains on the subject (gold - on gold, silver - on silver). The use of granulation is very diverse: it is scattered throughout the filigree ornament, borders parts of the object with stripes, is arranged in the form of a grid, rhombus, triangles, forms relief pyramids and clusters. The technique of manufacturing and fixing grain requires great skill from the master. In order to obtain a large number of balls of grain of the same size, the master must first of all cut pieces of wire equal in length and diameter. To speed up this process, the master winds the wire around a cylindrical rod, and then cuts this spiral. Obtained in this way, equal in size, open rings are laid out with tweezers on a large piece of charcoal with rows of small depressions on it, after which a blowtorch flame is directed at them. Molten rings in the form of drops roll into the recesses made in the coal and solidify in the form of balls. Grain can also be obtained in another way: rings or pieces of wire are not laid out on a piece of coal, but sprinkled with coal dust and melted in a crucible. The balls of granulation are glued in the appropriate places in the ornament, sprinkled with solder and soldered, often placing scanned rings under the balls.

Filigree (from the Old Slavonic verb "skati" - to twist, twist several strands into one thread), filigree - a type of jewelry technique: an openwork or soldered on a metal background pattern made of thin gold, silver or copper wire, smooth or twisted into ropes. Filigree products are often complemented with granulation (small silver or gold balls) and enamel.

In Ancient Russia, the filigree technique began to be used from the 9th-10th centuries. At that time, twisted wire was not yet used for production, but grains were used. Products of the 12th-13th centuries are of high quality, at that time they began to use soldered technology more often, and from the 12th century - openwork and embossed filigree, stones began to be used in production. The heyday of Moscow filigree falls on the XV-XVI centuries. A variety of materials were used: precious stones, enamel, wood, carved bone. The most famous scanners at that time were Ambrose and Ivan Fomin.

Painting on metal The craft took shape at the beginning of the 19th century in the village of Zhostovo, not far from Mytishchi, near Moscow

Palekh A type of Russian lacquer miniature painting that developed in the early 1920s on the basis of local icon painting. Characterized by a thin and smooth pattern on a predominantly black background, an abundance of golden shading, and the clarity of the silhouette of flattened figures.

Folk arts and crafts is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. It includes a variety of directions, types, forms. But all of them are united by a combination of the practical expediency of products with the natural beauty of their appearance, coming from the surrounding nature.

In Ancient Russia, the whole life of people was literally permeated with the desire for beauty and harmony with the natural environment. House, hearth, furniture, tools, clothing, utensils, toys - everything that the hands of folk craftsmen touched embodied their love for their native land and an innate sense of beauty. And then ordinary household items became works of art. The beauty of their form was complemented by decorative ornaments in the form of ornaments, images of people, animals, birds, scenes.

Since ancient times, folk craftsmen used in their work what nature itself gave them - wood, clay, bone, iron, linen, wool. Nature has always served as the main source of inspiration for craftsmen. But, embodying images of nature in their works, the masters never copied it literally. Illuminated by folk fantasy, reality sometimes acquired magical, fairy-tale features; in it, reality and fiction seemed inseparable.

It is this originality of folk arts and crafts, its unique expressiveness and proportion that have inspired and continue to inspire professional artists. However, not all of them manage to fully comprehend and rethink all its depth and spiritual potential.

As the well-known researcher of folk art M.A. Nekrasova notes, in modern conditions “the need of the people for folk art, for its authenticity, spirituality is growing. But finding ways to preserve folk art, to its fruitful development is possible only by understanding its essence, creative and spiritual, its place in modern culture.

The leading creative idea of ​​traditional folk art, based on the assertion of the unity of the natural and human world, tested by the experience of many generations, retains all its significance in the art of modern folk art crafts.

Let's get acquainted with the most famous of them.

Artistic processing of wood

The tree is one of the ancient symbols of Russia. In ancient Slavic mythology, the tree of life symbolized the universe. Shady groves and oak forests, mysterious dark thickets and light green lace of forest edges have attracted connoisseurs of beauty since ancient times, awakened creative energy in our people. It is no coincidence that wood is one of the most favorite natural materials among folk craftsmen.

In different parts of Russia, original types of artistic woodworking have developed.

Wood carving - these are Bogorodsk sculptural and Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk flat-relief carvings in the Moscow region; production of products with trihedral carving of the Kirov, Vologda, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Arkhangelsk regions; birch bark carving in the Vologda and Kirov regions.

To traditional arts and crafts painting on wood include: Khokhloma, Gorodetsky and Polkhov-Maidansky crafts of the Nizhny Novgorod region; Sergiev Posad painting with burning, painting with burning in the Kirov, Gorky, Kalinin, Irkutsk and a number of other regions; production of products with free brush painting in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions.

Each of these crafts has its own history and its own unique features.