Which syllables are called open and which are closed. See what "Syllable" is in other dictionaries

Syllable- this is the minimum phonetic-phonological unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory fusion of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relationships. This is a purely pronunciation unit. Sounds are grouped in a syllable varying degrees sonorities, the most sonorous ones are syllabic, the rest are non-syllabic.

When defining the concept of a syllable from the point of view of the science of language, two approaches differ. From the side of education, or, otherwise, in a physiological sense, a syllable is interpreted as a sound or a combination of sounds, during the pronunciation of which the human speech apparatus generates one inseparable push of exhaled air. In turn, in acoustic terms, or from the side of sonority, a syllable can be understood as such a segment of speech within which one sound stands out in comparison with others that are in close proximity to it, most sonority.

The syllable in linguistics

General concept of a syllable

Classification of syllables

As the most important, two options for classifying syllables are traditionally considered: according to the final sound and according to the number of vowels.

I. By final sound distinguish syllables:

1. open- that is, those that end directly with a syllabic sound and do not have a back periphery;
2. Closed- that is, those that end in a non-syllabic sound and, accordingly, have a back periphery.

In some languages, both named types of syllables are used equally actively, in others there are no closed syllables. In particular, among the languages open syllable at a certain stage of its development belonged to the Proto-Slavic language; At present, in Russian, closed syllables are possible, but they are used much less frequently than open ones - consonant groups that are in a position between two vowels are usually referred to as the next vowel in syllable division.

II. By number of vowels distinguish syllables:

1. long- that is, those that include either a long vowel or a group of several consonants;
2. Brief- that is, those in which there is a short vowel and at the same time there are no groups of consonants.

The distinction between long and short syllables was, in particular, characteristic of the ancient Greek and Latin languages. On the present stage this division is relevant, for example, for the Arabic language.

Polythongs

Researchers see a direct relationship between the concepts of a syllable, on the one hand, and groups of vowels pronounced as one syllable, on the other hand. Similar groups are collectively referred to as polyphthongs; their most common variants are groups of two and three vowels (diphthongs and triphthongs, respectively). In the case of polyphthongization, one of the vowels included in their composition is considered as the top of the syllable, and the others - as the periphery; accordingly, it is customary to distinguish ascending, descending and combined polythongs. In some languages, however, there are specific diphthongs in which both sounds form the core; such groups of sounds are usually called equilibrium. Phonologically, polyphthongs can be interpreted either as separate special phonemes or as combinations of phonemes; these two points of view are known as monophonemic and polyphonemic. The preference for any of them depends on the specifics of the particular language with which the researcher is dealing.

Sound modifications due to syllable division

1. epenthesis(appearance of inorganic sounds within a word), and
2. prosthesis(the appearance of extraneous sounds at the initial boundary of the word).

In particular, interstitial consonants can occur at the junction of two syllables if there is a gaping - a joint arrangement of vowels belonging to different syllables. In such cases, the native speaker feels an intuitive need to introduce some transitional sound, as a rule, a consonant like [j] that requires minimal vocal apparatus tension. The appearance of prosthetic consonants is also associated with gaping, found in the flow of speech (usually at the junction of two words).

At the same time, it should be noted that language system has some other methods of overcoming gaping. These include:

1. contraction(the combination of several vowels into one long or diphthong, as a result of which the syllables are also “pulled together” into one),
2. elision(loss of one of the conflicting vowels, with similar consequences).

As for extraneous vowels, their appearance is caused by the need to divide into several syllables a continuous, difficult-to-pronounce set of consonants. The most suitable environment for the emergence of such sounds are combinations of sonants with noisy consonants that separate them from the top of the syllable. Sometimes the solution to the problem is achieved by reducing the group of consonants, mainly due to the same sonants.

Theories about the nature of the syllable

Linguists have put forward several theories regarding the nature of the syllable: expiratory, sonorous (acoustic), tense (articulatory), dynamic.

expiratory theory of the syllable

By expiratory (expiratory) theory the syllable is formed as a result of muscular tension of the vocal cords, when the exhaled air stream forms peculiar syllable shocks. The theory has been known since ancient times. An experimental test can be the simplest experiment with pronouncing a word in front of a candle flame: how many times the flame sways in the process of pronunciation - so many syllables are contained in the word. However, this theory is recognized as incorrect, since there are words in which the number of syllables does not match the number of exhalations. For example, in the word "ay" - two syllables, but one exhalation, in the word "alloy" - on the contrary: one syllable, but two exhalations.

Sonorant theory of the syllable

By sonor theory, which is also called acoustic theory or loudness / sonority theory, a syllable is a combination of sounds with a greater or lesser degree volume. A syllabic vowel, like a loud sound, attaches non-syllabic consonants to itself. Each syllable has two loudness minima, which are its limits. The acoustic theory was proposed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. For the Russian language, it was developed by the Soviet linguist Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov (1902-1982). According to this theory, the highest level(the fourth level in the sonority level scale) belongs to vowels in sonority ([a], [e], [o] and others). Between the third and fourth levels is the sound [th], which has a weakened sonority in comparison with vowels. At the third level are sonorant consonants ([l], [m]). The second level is occupied by noisy voiced ones ([b], [e] and others). Noisy deaf people ([n], [t] and others) are placed on the first level. At zero level, the sound is completely absent, this is a pause. The sonority level scale is built from the bottom up, like a musical ruler. For example, the word “ay” on the sonority level scale will graphically look like a graph with two sharp peaks resting on the top line of the ruler, with a hollow between them, descending downward to the line indicating the zero level (pause). If the word is conditionally depicted in numbers representing this acoustic pattern, then the word "ay" ( a-y) can be represented as a sequence of numbers of sonority levels: 0-4-0-4-0. According to this scheme, the acoustic graph of the word "alloy" ( splaf) will look like broken line with a sequence according to the numbers of sonority levels: 0-1-1-3-4-1-0. Since in the latter case there is only one vertex, it is believed that the word "alloy" has one syllable. Thus, how many vertices there are on the scale of the level of sonority of a word, so many syllables will be in it. However, according to this theory, the number of syllables does not always coincide with the number of vowels, since sonorous consonants sometimes occur, forming "tops". For example, in the word "meaning" ( meaning) the scheme will be as follows: 0-1-3-4-1-3-0. Here the word with one vowel has two syllables with the syllabic sounds "ы" and "л". At the same time, this word has a pronunciation in one syllable: at the same time, the sonorant “l” is deafened by a noisy deaf “s” according to the scheme: 0-1-3-4-1-1-0. This feature of some words to have several variants of pronunciation by syllables is used in versification. So, the word "December" in Boris Pasternak's poem can be pronounced in two or three syllables, if necessary, to maintain the overall rhythm of the verse:

It was winter in Ostankino, December ( December), number thirtieth (...)

It was winter in Ostankino, December ( December), thirty-first.

However, the theory of sonority in some cases fails. So, for the interjection “ks-ks-ks”, which in Russia is called to a pet cat, the sonority scheme will look like a graph with a long platform without vertices (0-1-1-1-1-1-1-0) , despite the fact that even by ear this interjection has a certain breakdown by sonority levels.

tension theory

By tension theories or the articulatory theory put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, the syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the top of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides. Tension thus acts as an analogue of sonority, and, indeed, it also decreases in the direction from vowels through sonorants to voiced and voiceless consonants. In this case, the syllable is interpreted from the point of view of the unity of the pronunciation impulse (which, accordingly, explains its - syllable - indivisibility).

Dynamic syllable theory

By dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, the less strong are non-syllabic.

Features of syllable formation

In Russian, syllables are usually built according to the principle of ascending sonority, and the syllable division in non-final syllables most often occurs after the most sonorous sound. Types of syllables in Russian: open (-ta-) and closed (-at-), covered (-ta-) and uncovered (-ata-).

In Russian, a vowel is a syllabic sound, so there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it: aria(3 syllables), lighthouse(2 syllables), flight(1 syllable).

Syllables can be covered (begin with a consonant) or open (begin with a vowel). For example, in the word watermelon the first syllable is uncovered, and the second is covered.

In order to determine how many syllables are in a word, a simple technique is used, first shown by teachers elementary school children. To do this, the back of the hand is brought close to the chin and the right word is clearly pronounced, counting how many times the chin touches the hand. This number will be the number of syllables.

Many scientists wrote in their writings that the syllable is nothing. “The syllable is fiction” (L. R. Zinder). According to the theory of L. V. Shcherba Syllabus in literary criticism

Based on the concept of a syllable, various systems of versification are distinguished and distinguished within the framework of literary criticism. The basis of versification as such is a certain division of speech into components, and the ordering of poetic lines is usually carried out according to the presence of any sound elements in them; it is the syllable that often acts in this capacity, as a pronunciation unit, allocated intuitively by native speakers. Accounting for the quality and quantity of syllables forms the foundation of the systems of versification listed below.

Syllable

Syllable- the minimum unit of pronunciation of speech sounds into which you can divide your speech with pauses. The word in speech is divided not into sounds, but into syllables. In speech, it is syllables that are recognized and pronounced. Therefore, with the development of writing among all peoples, syllabics first appeared in alphabets, and only then letters reflecting individual sounds.

The division into syllables is based on the difference in sonority between sounds. A sound more sonorous than neighboring sounds is called syllable-forming and forms a syllable.

A syllable usually has a top (core) and a periphery. As a core, i.e. the syllabic sound, as a rule, is a vowel, and the periphery consists of a non-syllabic (non-syllabic) sound or several such sounds, which are usually represented by consonants. But a syllable can consist of only one vowel without periphery, e.g. diphthong in English pronoun I"I" or two or more vowels (ital. vuoi). Peripheral vowels are non-syllable.

But syllables may not have a vowel, for example, in the patronymic Ivanovna or in the interjections “ks-ks”, “tsss”. Consonants can be syllable-forming if they are sonants or if they are between two consonants. Such syllables are very common in Czech: prst"finger" (cf. Old Russian. finger), trh"market" (cf. Rus. bargain), vlk"wolf", srdce, srbsky, Trnka(famous Czech linguist). In a sentence Vlk prchl skrz tvrz(the wolf ran through the fortress) there is not a single vowel. But in examples from the Czech language, it is clear that the syllable-forming consonant is always sonorant.

The division into syllables is explained by different theories that complement each other.

Sonor theory: in a syllable, the most sonorous sound is syllabic. Therefore, in order of decreasing sonority, syllabic sounds are most often vowels, sonorous voiced consonants, noisy voiced consonants, and sometimes voiceless consonants (shh).

Dynamic theory: syllabic sound - the strongest, most intense.

expiratory theory: a syllable is created by one moment of exhalation, by a push of exhaled air. How many syllables are in a word, so many times the candle flame will flicker when pronouncing the word. But often the flame behaves contrary to the laws of this theory (for example, with a two-syllable "ay" it flickers once).

Types of syllables

open syllable is a syllable ending in a vowel, e.g. yes, ay.

Closed syllable is a syllable ending in a consonant, e.g., hell, mind, cat.

Covered syllable starts with a consonant, e.g. happy, pop.

naked syllable starts with a vowel: ah, he, ah,.

In Russian, there are mostly open syllables, and in Japanese almost all are open (Fu-ji-ya-ma, i-ke-ba-na, sa-mu-rai, ha-ra-ki-ri).

There are also cases of extremely closed and covered syllables, for example, splash, Eng. and fr. strict(strict), German. sprichst(speaking), Georgian - msxverpl(victim).

There are languages ​​where roots and syllables are the same. Such languages ​​are called monosyllabic, for example. whale. lang. - typical monosyllabic.

Often in speech it is very difficult to determine the boundary of a syllable.

Rus. They led by the hand - they took their friends away. They beat the viper - they killed the vipers. Palette - half a liter.

English. an ocean - a notion; an aim - a name.

Supersegmental units of language

The sound units of a language can be segmental (linear) and supersegmental.

segment units- these are sounds (phonemes), syllables, words, etc. Longer language units are divided into shorter segments.

Supersegment units, or else prosodic(from Greek. prosodia- chorus, stress) are layered on a chain of segments - syllables, words, phrases, sentences. Typical supersegmental units are stress and intonation.

Tact- a group of words united by one stress and separated from each other by a pause.

Proclitic- unstressed syllable before stressed, e.g., I dat small.

Enclitic- an unstressed syllable after a stressed one, e.g. zna YuI .

Unstressed words often act as enclitics - articles, prepositions, particles. Sometimes they pull the stress on themselves: “p about d hand."

Thus, word and bar boundaries may not match.

stress

Stress (accent) is the selection of a sound, syllable, word, group of words.

The three main types of stress are power, quantitative and musical.

Power (dynamic) stress is related to the amplitude of the vibrations of the sound wave, the larger the amplitude, the stronger the sound is pronounced.

Quantitative (quantitative) stress is associated with the duration, longitude of the sound, the stressed syllable has a longer duration than unstressed syllables.

Musical (polytonic) stress is related to the relative pitch, with the change in this pitch.

Usually in languages ​​with stress, all three stresses are intertwined, but one of them prevails and the main type of stress in a particular language is determined from it.

In Russian, power stress, being the main one, is accompanied by the longitude of the stressed syllable.

In Swedish, musical stress is accompanied by power stress.

There are languages ​​in which there is no stress at all, for example, in the Paleo-Asiatic languages ​​(Chukotian, etc.).

The languages ​​with power stress as the main ones include Russian, Eng., French, German, Bash., Tat. and many others.

Quantitative stress as the main one is not used and is only used as a component in combination with other types of stress. In some languages, for example, Latin, versification is based on the alternation of long and short syllables (which corresponds to stressed and unstressed syllables in Russian versification). Therefore, to the ear of an Italian who is accustomed to verses based on dynamic stress, Latin verses are not rhythmic.

The languages ​​in which musical stress is widely used or plays the role of the main stress, primarily include such oriental languages ​​as Chinese (4 tones in the literary, 6 tones in the Hong Kong dialect), Thai (5 tones), Vietnamese (6 tones), etc. In these languages, each syllable has its own tone, and since in these languages, as a rule, the syllable coincides with the word, each simple word has its own constant tone, which changes only occasionally during word formation.

In whale. lang. ma(1) with a flat tone means "mother", ma(2) with rising tone means "cannabis", ma(3) with a descending-ascending tone - "horse" and "number," ma(4) with a falling tone means "to swear."

Another example from the whale. lang.: verb Mai with a falling tone means "sell", a Mai with a descending-ascending tone - “buy”.

An even more amazing example of the distribution of tones in syllables can be found in the south of China in the Cantonese (Hong Kong) dialect, where there are 6 tones (tones are indicated by numbers): Fu 55 (upper case) - man, husband; Fu 35 (ascending upper case) - suffer, suffer; Fu 33 (outgoing upper case) - wealth, rich; Fu 21 (smooth lower case) - support, lean; Fu 13 (ascending lower case) - woman; Fu 22 (outgoing lower case) - father, older relative.

There are three types of musical stress in Japanese, but they only fall on stressed syllables, similar to dynamic stress in Russian.

hana (0) pronounced low on the first syllable and medium on the second means "nose, snot"; hana (1) pronounced high on the first syllable and low on the second means "beginning, end"; hana (2) pronounced low on the first syllable and high on the second means "flower".

In ancient Greek, there were also three types of musical stress. The stressed syllable was pronounced no stronger than the unstressed one, but with a higher tone.

Acute (lat. acutus) accent with over high note, e.g., πατηρ [ pate r] - father; heavy accent (lat. gravity) with a lower note, e.g. αρχη [ arche ] - Start; light accent (lat. circumflex) with a combination of acute and heavy stresses, e.g., σωμα [ so ma] - body.

Of modern European languages, musical stress (2-3 types) is found in Serbian, Croatian, Latvian, Swedish, but always in combination with the main power stress.

Musical stress can be on a syllable or a word.

Syllable stress: Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Siamese (Thai), Vietnamese, Latvian, Serbian.

Accent: Japanese, Ainu, Tagalog, Malay, Swedish, Norwegian.

The word is stressed main(or minor(\), for example, yellowe zobetabout n.

Stress in languages ​​can be permanent (fixed), i.e. stressed syllables have a permanent place in a word, or free, i.e. not associated with a specific place in the word (tv about horn, creative about G).

One of the calculations showed that in the 444 studied languages, 25% of languages ​​have stress on the initial syllable, 18% on the penultimate syllable, 20% on the final syllable, and 33% of the languages ​​have free stress.

Constant stress on the first syllable is characteristic of the Czech, Hungarian, and Latvian languages. Wed Czech so bota"Saturday about ta", vo jak"soldier a t"; hung. a lma « I blocko", ba lta"axe".

Constant stress on the penultimate syllable (the second syllable from the end) is inherent in the Polish language, for example. matmaty ka, ko ziol"goat".

Most Spanish words also have stress on the penultimate syllable, especially those with a final vowel ( si esta).

Constant stress on the last syllable is typical for fr. lang., Turkic languages(Bash., Tat., etc.), Persian (Farsi): fr. revolutio n, Bash., Tat. alma (apple), balta (axe), Tehran.

The most typical free-accent language is Russian.

Sometimes stress helps to distinguish the meanings of homographs - words with the same spelling, for example, kr at zhki - mug and, P about lki - regiment and.

In addition to the traditional stress, logical stress can be made in speech in order to emphasize the significance of one or another part of the sentence or to express an additional meaning to the main meaning of the phrase. For example, in the book A. M. Artaud “The Word Sounds”, the following example of logical stress is given:

“Let's take the standard phrase Give me a glass of tea and decompose it into its component meanings. If we focus onfirst word , open the following: “Enough chit-chat! I came tired, thirsty, give me a glass of tea, and then I will tell you all the news. Emphasis onsecond word : “They gave the neighbor on the right, they gave the neighbor on the left, they poured everyone, they asked everyone, they forgot about me - why is that? Give to me, if you give to everyone ... ". On thethird word : “You know perfectly well that I do not drink from a cup, give me a glass. You can at least a little reckon with my habits! And finally onfourth : "Tea! You see - no wine, no coffee! Nothing quenches thirst like good, fragrant tea!”

Intonation

Intonation refers to all prosodic phenomena in syntactic units- phrases and words.

Intonation consists of the following 5 elements, the first two of which are the main components of intonation:

stress;

1. speech rate;

   Syllable

   Syllable- this is the minimum phonetic-phonological unit, characterized by the greatest acoustic-articulatory fusion of its components, that is, the sounds included in it. The syllable has no connection with the formation and expression of semantic relationships. This is a purely pronunciation unit. In a syllable, sounds of varying degrees of sonority are grouped, the most sonorous are syllable-forming, the rest are non-syllabic.

   Features of syllable formation

   In Russian, syllables are usually built according to the principle of ascending sonority, and the syllable division in non-final syllables most often occurs after the most sonorous sound. Types of syllables in Russian: open (-ta-) and closed (-at-), covered (-ta-) and uncovered (-ata-).

   In Russian, a vowel is a syllabic sound, so there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it: aria(3 syllables), lighthouse(2 syllables), flight(1 syllable).

   Syllables are either open (ending in a vowel) or closed (ending in a consonant). For example, in the word ko-ro-na all syllables are open, and in the word ar-buz both syllables are closed.

   All languages ​​have open syllables, but some, such as Hawaiian, do not have closed syllables.

   Syllables can be covered (begin with a consonant) or open (begin with a vowel). For example, in the word watermelon the first syllable is uncovered, and the second is covered.

   In order to determine how many syllables are in a word, a simple technique is used, first shown by elementary school teachers to children. To do this, the back of the hand is brought close to the chin and the right word is clearly pronounced, counting how many times the chin touches the hand. This number will be the number of syllables.

   Syllable it can be a significant sound unit (for example, in Vietnamese) and a phonetic unit, a formal concept.

   Essen wrote that the syllable has no meaning and does not have any special acoustic characteristics.

   Syllables exist because:

   1. The syllable is an important and clearly distinguishable unit in speech intuition.
   2. The syllable is the basic unit in versification.

   Theories about the nature of the syllable

   Linguists have put forward several theories regarding the nature of the syllable: expiratory, sonorous (acoustic), tense (articulatory), dynamic.

   expiratory theory of the syllable

   By expiratory (expiratory) theory the syllable is formed as a result of muscular tension of the vocal cords, when the exhaled air stream forms peculiar syllable shocks. The theory has been known since ancient times. An experimental test can be the simplest experiment with pronouncing a word in front of a candle flame: how many times the flame sways in the process of pronunciation - so many syllables are contained in the word. However, this theory is recognized as incorrect, since there are words in which the number of syllables does not match the number of exhalations. For example, in the word "ay" - two syllables, but one exhalation, in the word "alloy" - on the contrary: one syllable, but two exhalations.

   Sonorant theory of the syllable

   By sonor theory, which is also called acoustic theory or loudness / sonority theory, a syllable is a combination of sounds with a greater or lesser degree of loudness. A syllabic vowel, like a loud sound, attaches non-syllabic consonants to itself. Each syllable has two loudness minima, which are its limits. The acoustic theory was proposed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen. For the Russian language, it was developed by the Soviet linguist Ruben Ivanovich Avanesov (1902-1982). According to this theory, the highest level (fourth level in the sonority level scale) belongs to vowels in sonority ([a], [e], [o] and others). Between the third and fourth levels is the sound [th], which has a weakened sonority in comparison with vowels. At the third level are sonorant consonants ([l], [m]). The second level is occupied by noisy voiced ones ([b], [e] and others). Noisy deaf people ([n], [t] and others) are placed on the first level. At zero level, the sound is completely absent, this is a pause. The sonority level scale is built from the bottom up, like a musical ruler. For example, the word “ay” on the sonority level scale will graphically look like a graph with two sharp peaks resting on the top line of the ruler, with a hollow between them, descending downward to the line indicating the zero level (pause). If the word is conditionally depicted in numbers representing this acoustic pattern, then the word "ay" ( a-y) can be represented as a sequence of numbers of sonority levels: 0-4-0-4-0. According to this scheme, the acoustic graph of the word "alloy" ( splaf) will look like a broken line with a sequence according to the numbers of sonority levels: 0-1-1-3-4-1-0. Since in the latter case there is only one vertex, it is believed that the word "alloy" has one syllable. Thus, how many vertices there are on the scale of the level of sonority of a word, so many syllables will be in it. However, according to this theory, the number of syllables does not always coincide with the number of vowels, since sonorous consonants sometimes occur, forming "tops". For example, in the word "meaning" ( meaning) the scheme will be as follows: 0-1-3-4-1-3-0. Here the word with one vowel has two syllables with the syllabic sounds "ы" and "л". At the same time, this word has a pronunciation in one syllable: at the same time, the sonorant “l” is deafened by a noisy deaf “s” according to the scheme: 0-1-3-4-1-1-0. This feature of some words to have several variants of pronunciation by syllables is used in versification. So, the word "December" in Boris Pasternak's poem can be pronounced in two or three syllables, if necessary, to maintain the overall rhythm of the verse:

   It was winter in Ostankino

   December ( December), number thirtieth (...)

   It was winter in Ostankino, December ( December), thirty-first.

   However, the theory of sonority in some cases fails. So, for the interjection “ks-ks-ks”, which in Russia is called to a pet cat, the sonority scheme will look like a graph with a long platform without vertices (0-1-1-1-1-1-1-0) , despite the fact that even by ear this interjection has a certain breakdown by sonority levels.

   tension theory

   By tension theories or the articulatory theory put forward by the Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba, the syllable is formed due to articulatory muscle tension, which grows towards the top of the syllable (that is, the vowel and sonorant sound), and then subsides.

   Dynamic syllable theory

   By dynamic theory, the syllable is considered as a complex phenomenon, which is determined by the action of a number of factors: acoustic, articulatory, prosodic and phonological. According to the dynamic theory, the syllable is a wave of intensity, force. The loudest, strongest sounds in a word are syllabic, the less strong are non-syllabic.

   Literature

   • Actual problems of culture of speech. - M., 1970.
   • Verbitskaya L. A. Russian orthoepy. - L., 1976.
   • Zinder L. R. General phonetics. - M., 1979.
   • Kochergina V. A. Introduction to linguistics. - L., 1991.
   • Maslov Yu. S. Introduction to linguistics. - M., 1987.
   • Trubetskoy N.S. Fundamentals of phonology. - M., 1960.

   Links

   • Maria Kalenchuk"Syllable and stress" // Encyclopedia for children. T. 10. Linguistics. Russian language (3rd edition) / Chief Editor M. D. Aksyonova. - M.: Avanta +, 2004. - S. 88-89, 92. ISBN 5-8483-0051-8

   Phonetics and phonology
   Basic concepts	Phonetics Speech sound Speech flow Segmentation Articulatory apparatus Phonation Articulation Place of formation of consonants Formant Vowels Consonants Stress Tone Intonation Syllable Mora IPA RLA Phonetic transcription Universal phonetic classifications Phonology Phoneme Opposition Position Neutralization Differential feature Minimal pair Phonologisation Allophone Phoneme variant Phoneme variation Archiphoneme Hyperphoneme Alternation Phonemic transcription
   Personalities	I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay N. S. Trubetskoy L. V. Shcherba L. R. Zinder M. I. Matusevich L. V. Bondarko V. B. Kasevich R. I. Avanesov V. N. Sidorov A. A Reformatsky M. V. Panov R. O. Jacobson N. Chomsky M. Halle G. Fant
   Phonological concepts	Kazan Linguistic School Phonological concept of N. S. Trubetskoy Petersburg Phonological School Moscow Phonological School Phonological concept of R. I. Avanesov Phonological concept of M. V. Panov Generative phonology
   Sections and disciplines	Articulatory phonetics Acoustic phonetics Perceptual phonetics Prosody Accentology Orthoepy Extranormal phonetics
   Morphology Morphology Syntax Portal:Linguistics

   
   

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   See what "Syllable" is in other dictionaries:

   syllable- syllable, a, pl. h. and, ov ... Russian spelling dictionary

   One of the simplest, but scientifically the most difficult to define phonetic concepts. Strange as it may seem at first glance, but there is no doubt that the conscious selection of S. preceded in the history of mankind the conscious selection of a separate sound. ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

   1. syllable, a; pl. syllables, ov; m. A sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced with one push of exhaled air. Divide words into syllables. The stress is on the last syllable. Closed with. (ending in a consonant). Open with. (ending in… … encyclopedic Dictionary

   See speech, style, language brisk syllable, caustic syllable, sharp syllable... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. syllable manner, language, style; speech; ikt, warehouse, syllabema, pen, euphuism Dictionary ... ... Synonym dictionary

   syllable, syllable, pl. syllables, syllables, husband. 1. A sound or a combination of sounds in a word, pronounced in one breath (ling.). Open syllable (ending in a vowel). Closed syllable (ending in a consonant). Divide words into syllables. 2 units only Style,… … Dictionary Ushakov

   A syllable is the smallest pronunciation unit in Russian. It may consist of one or more sounds.

   School pupils and students of philological areas often face tasks from the category: "Divide words into syllables." It would seem that to cope with such a task is very easy. However, people often have a question: “How to properly divide words into syllables?”.

   In the article you will find the answer to this question. Get acquainted with the basic rules and learn how to teach your child to divide words into syllables.

   Usually there are no problems with breaking into syllables simple words. Any of us will be able to cope with the syllable division of the noun "water". But how to divide a word into syllables if it is complex in its composition?

   Take, for example, the participle "considered." How to correctly draw a syllable section: “ras-smo-tri-ny”, “ra-smo-tri-ny”, “ra-smo-tri-ny”? The correct answer is the third option, but why? In order to understand, let's get acquainted with the basic rules for dividing a word into syllables.

   
   

   The first thing to remember is that the number of syllables in a word is equal to the sum of the vowels that make up it. The boundaries of a syllable section often do not coincide with morpheme division, therefore, when parsing, it is necessary to rely on the following rules:

   • vowel sounds are syllable-forming in Russian;
   • a syllable cannot contain more than one vowel;
   • a syllable may consist of a single vowel sound (o-vod) or a combination of vowels and consonants. A syllable consisting of two or more sounds always begins with a consonant;
   • all syllables in Russian strive for openness.

   In order to determine how to divide a word into syllables correctly, it is necessary to be able to distinguish them by type. All syllables in modern Russian are divided into two types: open and closed.

   An open syllable always ends with a vowel sound (pro-vo-yes, go-lo-va, pe-le-na). It can occur at the beginning, middle, or end of a word.

   A closed syllable ends in a consonant. Most often it appears at the end of a word (bow, smog, famine). Also, a closed syllable can be formed if there is a sonorant consonant in the middle of the word (sil-ki, vol-ki, tank-ki).

   If a group of several consonants occurs in the middle of a word, they usually go to the beginning of the syllable, leaving the previous one open (di-who-background, on-call-ni-e, re-da-kti-ro-va-ni-e).

   
   

   The syllable division in Russian obeys not only the law of an open syllable, but also the law of ascending sonority. The bottom line is that the syllables in the word are arranged in ascending order: from less sonorous to more. Several rules follow from this. They will tell you how to properly divide words into syllables:

   1. If a consonant is found in a word that stands between two vowels, it goes to the next syllable (that-pot, pu-le-met, you-water, and-ko-na, ka-li-na);
   2. The combination of several noisy ones (all consonants except sonorants) is referred to the next syllable (e-zda, ru-chka, mo-li-tva, ka-li-tka);
   3. A group of noisy and sonorous consonants is ranked as the second syllable in turn (important, so-pro-ti-vle-ni-e, o-smy-follow-ni-e);
   4. Several sonorant consonants that stand between vowels in one word are assigned to the next syllable (a-lmaz, a-rmi-ya, in my opinion);
   5. In combinations of sonorous and noisy between vowels, the first sound goes to the syllable in front of it (impossible, half-ka, mink, mer-tsa-ni-e, thief-si-nka);
   6. Repeating consonants go to the syllable following them (in-burn, Rossi-ya, ko-lo-nna, a-lle-ya);
   7. If a word contains "y" before a sonorant or noisy one, it is assigned to the previous syllable (my-va, lei-ka, ka-na-rei-ka, te-lo-grey-ka).

   Remembering these rules is not difficult, but they will help you easily determine how to divide a word into syllables correctly.

   
   

   We have analyzed a theory that will help us divide words into syllables. Now let's move on to the practical part. To successfully determine how many syllables are in a word, a simple plan will help us:

   1. Write the word given in the task on a separate sheet.
   2. Determine how many vowels are included in its composition.
   3. Draw an initial syllable section after each vowel.
   4. See if there are difficult places in the word: groups of consonants, sonorants or doubled sounds.
   5. If there is, change the syllable boundary according to the rules.

   It should be remembered that syllable hyphenation and syllable division are not equal to each other. Word transfer is carried out on the basis of morphemic composition the words. We cannot separate a letter from a prefix or suffix.

   Dividing a word into syllables allows you to split whole morphemes into parts in accordance with the rules of the syllable section. For example, consider the verb "raise". For transfer, it will be divided as follows: “under-no-mother”. The division into syllables will be different: “by-days-mother”.

   
   

   Now many mothers are trying to teach their child to read as early as possible. One of the most effective ways in this case is reading by syllables. You can’t explain to a kid how to divide a word into syllables using complex rules. Therefore, game methods are used.

   You can start working with your child from the age of one. Exercises aimed at developing reading skills help improve memory and develop abstract thinking. They teach the child to think logically, to compare. In addition, classes can be turned into a fun game.

   
   

   First, learn the alphabet with your child. This will help books with bright pictures, cubes. Boards on which you can fix multi-colored letters.

   Then explain that there are vowels and consonants. The vowels are pronounced long and loud. Consonants are short and dull. Tell your baby that the stressed syllable lasts the longest.

   Say a few simple words out loud and ask your child to identify which sound is stressed. Choose nouns that your child is familiar with. Words suitable for training: "soap", "water", "hand", "leg", "face", "body".

   Explain that the number of vowels corresponds to the number of syllables. If the child already knows how to count, try with him to find out how many vowels are in these words: "carrot", "onion", "plate", "cabbage", "toy", "TV".

   Having introduced the child to the basics, proceed to the game exercises.

   Make cards with syllables for each consonant of the alphabet. In order to systematize the technique, place the combinations of consonants and vowels in the same order on each card. For example: "ma, me, we, mi, mo, me, mu, mu."

   Give the child a card, have him look at the syllables while you read them out loud, and repeat. This exercise will help develop visual memory. Over time, the child will be able to recognize the syllables and pronounce them without your help.

   Make signs on which combinations of letters will be written. Ask the child to make a word out of them and read it. To begin with, offer him cards with the syllables "ma", "pa". Let the kid make up the words he knows well: “mom” and “dad”.

   Try to come up with different games for the baby to stir up interest. For example, invite him to send one letter to visit another and see what happens.

   
   

   When the child has mastered the basics, begin to complicate the tasks. At the same time, continue to conduct classes in a playful way.

   Give your child a few words that differ in only one letter. Let him determine what is the difference between them. For example, the words: "soap" and "cute", "house" and "smoke".

   Choose a dozen words that have two syllables. Each syllable will require one card. Shuffle the papers and ask the child to make words out of them. Suitable nouns "frame", "mother", "dad", "cottage", "hand", "leg", "face", "soap", "body", "meat".

   Teach your child to hyphenate. To do this, write down a few two-syllable words on a piece of paper in a column. Have the child draw a line after each vowel and then say it out loud, pausing briefly at the syllable section.

   Take two sheets with the same text. Let it be a fairy tale or a small nursery rhyme. Ask your child to follow the words as you read. After a while, pause and ask the child where you left off.

   Read with baby little fairy tales by roles.

   For activities of any kind, choose funny children's texts that arouse the interest of the child. It can be poems, fairy tales, small articles about animals. Ask them to retell what they have read. This will help develop the memory and speech of the baby.

   Before starting classes, make sure that your child is ready to learn. He has formed speech, he can compose short stories. No pronunciation defects.

   Start simple, gradually move on to complex. At each new lesson, repeat the material of the previous one.

   Stick to game play. It will help you instill in your child a love of reading and a desire to learn.

   Start learning syllables with the simplest combinations. Use words that are familiar to the child. Gradually increase the difficulty of your workouts.

   Don't expect quick results from your child. He will learn to read gradually. First, let him learn one-syllable and two-syllable words. Pick up tasks with them until the baby begins to cope with "excellent".

   When with in easy words will be over, try to practice reading whole sentences by syllables. Gradually increase your reading.

   The simple tips in this article will help you to easily and effectively teach your child to read by syllables. At the same time, the baby will spend time with pleasure, performing game tasks.

   In addition to reading skills, memory, attentiveness, logical and abstract thinking will develop, and the child's horizons will expand.

   

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   AT recent times methods are becoming more and more popular early development. In principle, there is nothing wrong with them, but each case must be approached wisely. First of all, children must be ready for what you have in mind to teach them.

   Secondly, not every technique is good, you should trust only options that have been proven over the years and generations. At the same time, we should not forget that learning is a kind of ladder, climbing one step leads to the need to overcome the next, the chain cannot be interrupted, and the acquisition of one skill must follow the acquisition of the previous one. Everyone who wants to engage in early reading with children is wondering how to teach a child to divide words into syllables.

   If it seems to you that syllables are what we feel intuitively when pronouncing any words, you are very much mistaken. Firstly, not every adult is able to distinguish syllables correctly. Secondly, we acquire this skill by studying diligently with the teacher until we bring it to automatism.

   Therefore, you should not demand outstanding results from children from the very first lesson. Will be great success if you manage to explain to them what it is about at all.

   To start learning syllables, you first need to get acquainted with the alphabet. And not just learn the names of the letters, but figure out which of them are vowels and which are consonants, what are their differences.

   
   

   Many parents make the mistake of forcing their children to memorize the names of the letters, and not how they are actually pronounced. No teacher will say "thank you" for such preschool preparation. The fact is that most often it is much more difficult for children with such knowledge to learn to read than even for those who have never met the alphabet.

   The next step is learning to combine letters into syllables. Here it is necessary to immediately demonstrate how the bundle is pronounced, and not individual sounds. Let the child feel how the air is exhaled, what effect this produces, how different syllables can be: they consist of one letter, others of several.

   How to explain to a child what a syllable is? It's quite difficult. Try to convey to him that this is one or a combination of sounds that require one push of air to pronounce, that is, a kind of exhalation through the mouth.

   
   

   The best explanation is own example. Try to use active articulation so that children can observe the movement of the lips, repeat them after you. Say the syllables together, come up with or find interesting rhymes from syllables or songs. Let learning be an exciting game.

   Independent division into syllables - very difficult task. Do not rush the child and let him realize what is required of him. Here you can't do without a game. Let's look at several ways to identify syllables in a word.

   First of all, we remind adults that there is always only one vowel in a syllable. However, it will be difficult for the child to start from this information when dividing. Therefore, we will deal with the methods used by teachers.

   The easiest way to identify syllables is to use your own palm. It must be placed under the chin parallel to the floor. The point is that when pronouncing a word, the chin will touch the hand exactly as many times as there are syllables in it.

   Don't expect too much from your child. Start with the simplest words: ma-ma, pa-pa, etc. Then you can move on to three-syllable ones, for example, so-ba-ka. If the child made a mistake, invite him to try again, let him determine where he was wrong.

   
   

   This method is suitable for home schooling, because it's hard to imagine a whole class sitting in front of lit candles.

   The meaning of the exercise is that when pronouncing a syllable, exhalation occurs. If you speak it towards the candle, then the flame will flicker exactly as many times as there will be exhalations, that is, syllables.

   Don't forget about safety! Leaning too close to the fire is prohibited!

   If your kids don't like to sit still, these exercises are just right for them. The task is to step or clap every time a syllable is pronounced. At first, do everything together with the children, then ask them to act on their own. They will surely like it very much.

   Don't limit yourself to just the above sounds. You can offer children, for example, to tap out syllables with small hammers, arm them with simple musical instruments. The main task is for them to catch the sound rhythm, learn to understand what is required of them.

   Older children can actively work not only by ear, but also with written words. To begin with, explain to them that as many vowels are in a word, there are as many sounds. Have them highlight all the vowels and count the syllables. If everything works out, you can proceed to the division of the word.

   Remember that great results are achieved here. regular classes. Children should bring the division into syllables to automatism, then it will not cause them any difficulties.

   If something doesn’t work out for a child, try not to scold him and just change the lesson or postpone development altogether. new topic for another time. Perhaps the baby is not yet ready to receive new knowledge and skills.