Further into the forest, the saying goes. Further into the forest more firewood meaning

The further into the forest, the more firewood (the further into the forest - more firewood) - everything that exists is infinite and interconnected. Knowledge gives rise to new questions, from the answer to which the following arise. On the way to a difficult goal, the obstacles multiply and multiply. How more money, the more difficult it is to part with them, to preserve, increase, even attach

Every solution breeds new problems (Murphy's Law)

Analogues of the expression "further into the forest, more firewood"

• The further into the dispute, the more words
• Life to live is not a field to go
• If you don't know grief, you won't know joy either.
• God gave a day, he will give food
• If you don't catch a crucian, you'll catch a pike
• How many days God has ahead, so many misfortunes
• Live a century, hope a century
• What will be, will be, it will not pass
• Further out to sea - more grief
• Where there is fire, there is smoke

Applications of the proverb in literature

— « When you finally go upstairs,” continued Apollo, “it turns out that a duel with a giant spider awaits you — and the further into the forest, the thicker the spiders"(Viktor Pelevin "Batman Apollo")
— « While there was still talk of tobacco, a bottle of vodka, until then, one way or another, they could help him, but the farther into the forest, the more firewood, and Kornev and Kartashev were lost, seeing that, in fact, there was no end to Konon's demands. will be"(N. G. Garin-Mikhailovsky "Gymnasium students")
— « The farther into the forest, the more firewood: all Arkovtsy owe, their debt grows with each new crop, with each extra head of livestock, and for some it already stretches to an unpaid figure - two or even three hundred rubles per capita."(A.P. Chekhov" Sakhalin Island ")
— « Anninka was convinced that the farther into the forest, the more firewood, and began to finally say goodbye"(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin" Gentlemen Golovlevs ")

Since ancient times, people have learned to notice some relationships between various phenomena and analyze them. And although then they still did not mean much, they found their expression in various proverbs, sayings and sayings.

What is the role of folk wisdom in people's lives

Wise thoughts and advice for all occasions, which are contained in proverbs, accompany us throughout our lives. And despite the fact that some proverbs are more than one hundred years old, they will always be relevant, because the basic laws of life will never change. There are a lot of wise sayings, for example: “The farther into the forest, the more firewood”, “It looks smooth, but it’s not sweet on the tooth”, “Praise is ruin for the young man”, “Live - you will see, wait - you will hear”, etc. All of them briefly and clearly characterize certain actions, relationships, phenomena, give important life advice.

"The farther into the forest, the more firewood." The meaning of the proverb

Even in ancient times, not even knowing how to count, people noticed certain patterns. The more game they get on the hunt - the longer the tribe will not suffer from hunger, the brighter and longer the fire burns - the hotter it will be in the cave, etc. The further into the forest, the more firewood - this is also a fact. At the edge, as a rule, everything has already been collected, and in the deep thicket, where no human foot has yet set foot, firewood is apparently invisible.

However, this proverb has a much deeper meaning. Forest and firewood should not be taken literally, just by the relationship of these concepts, the people expressed certain patterns that occur in our lives.

In the proverb “the farther into the forest, the more firewood”, the meaning is as follows: the more you delve into any business or undertaking, the more “pitfalls” float to the surface. This expression can be applied to many concepts and situations. For example, the deeper you begin to study any issue, the more details you learn about it. Or the longer you communicate with a person, the better you understand the features of his character.

In what situations is the proverb most often used "The farther into the forest, the more firewood"

Despite the fact that the meaning of the proverb allows it to be used in many situations, most often it is used when it comes to the occurrence of unforeseen difficulties and complications in any business begun. No wonder the proverb refers specifically to firewood. Everyone knows that the expression "to break firewood" means "to make a mistake by acting hastily", that is, it is interpreted in a disapproving manner.

This proverb can be applied not only in relation to a particular business started. “The farther into the forest, the more firewood” - this can be said about a person who, for example, constantly deceives others, and a lie drags him into a vicious circle, giving rise to more and more lies. Or, for example, someone wants to climb career ladder and for this he is ready for anything. If, in order to achieve his goal, he is playing a dishonest game, then the higher he climbs the “steps”, the more unseemly acts he has to commit.

Conclusion

Embedded in proverbs and sayings, briefly and succinctly characterizes all aspects of life - the relationship between people, attitude to nature, human weaknesses and other aspects. All proverbs and wise sayings- this is a real treasure that the people have been collecting grain by grain for more than one century and passing it on to future generations. By proverbs and sayings one can judge the values ​​that are inherent different cultures. It is in such statements that the vision of the world as a whole and in various particulars is contained. life situations. It is difficult to overestimate the importance and role of proverbs and sayings in the life of society. They are the spiritual heritage of our ancestors, which we must honor and protect.

Since ancient times, people have learned to notice some relationships between various phenomena and analyze them. And although then they still did not mean much, they found their expression in various proverbs, sayings and sayings.

What is the role of folk wisdom in people's lives

Wise thoughts and advice for all occasions, which are contained in proverbs, accompany us throughout our lives. And despite the fact that some proverbs are more than one hundred years old, they will always be relevant, because the basic laws of life will never change. There are a lot of wise sayings, for example: “The farther into the forest, the more firewood”, “It looks smooth, but it’s not sweet on the tooth”, “Praise is the good fellow’s ruin”, “Live - you will see, wait - you will hear”, etc. All of them briefly and clearly characterize certain actions, relationships, phenomena, give important life advice.

"The farther into the forest, the more firewood." The meaning of the proverb

Even in ancient times, not even knowing how to count, people noticed certain patterns. The more game they get on the hunt, the longer the tribe will not suffer from hunger, the brighter and longer the fire burns, the hotter it will be in the cave, etc. The further into the forest, the more firewood - this is also a fact. At the edge, as a rule, everything is already collected, and in the deep thicket, where no human foot has yet set foot, firewood is visibly invisible. However, this proverb has a much deeper meaning. Forest and firewood should not be taken literally, just by the relationship of these concepts, the people expressed certain patterns that occur in our lives.

In the proverb “the farther into the forest, the more firewood”, the meaning is as follows: the more you delve into any business or undertaking, the more “pitfalls” float to the surface. This expression can be applied to many concepts and situations. For example, the deeper you begin to study any issue, the more details you learn about it. Or the longer you communicate with a person, the better you understand the features of his character.

In what situations is the proverb most often used "The farther into the forest, the more firewood"

Despite the fact that the meaning of the proverb allows it to be used in many situations, most often it is used when it comes to the occurrence of unforeseen difficulties and complications in any business begun. No wonder the proverb refers specifically to firewood. Everyone knows that the expression "to break firewood" means "to make a mistake by acting hastily", that is, it is interpreted in a disapproving manner.

This proverb can be applied not only in relation to a particular business started. “The farther into the forest, the more firewood” - this can be said about a person who, for example, constantly deceives others, and a lie drags him into a vicious circle, giving rise to more and more lies. Or, for example, someone wants to climb the career ladder and is ready for anything for this. If, in order to achieve his goal, he is playing a dishonest game, then the higher he climbs the “steps”, the more unseemly acts he has to commit.

Conclusion

Folk wisdom, embedded in proverbs and sayings, briefly and succinctly characterizes all aspects of life - relationships between people, attitudes towards nature, human weaknesses and other aspects. All proverbs and wise sayings are a real treasure that people have been collecting grain by grain for more than one century and passing it on to future generations. According to proverbs and sayings, one can judge the values ​​that are inherent in different cultures. It is in such statements that the vision of the world as a whole and in various particular life situations is contained. It is difficult to overestimate the importance and role of proverbs and sayings in the life of society. They are the spiritual heritage of our ancestors, which we must honor and protect.

A thin crescent of the moon shone faintly over the forest. Centuries-old trees, as if talking among themselves, softly rustled their leaves. Somewhere in the distance there was a mournful howl. And now, under the silver-black cover of the night...
Oops, sorry, that's not the story at all!..
And in our history it was early evening in the yard, making noise, living its own hectic life, the glorious city of Tokyo, and Detective L ransacked Light Yagami's room.
Or rather, there was no need to search - the Notebook, which once again escaped from the hiding place, had fun with a porn magazine right on the table. L leaned over the table, stuffing into his mouth thumb and watching with great interest what is happening. The pages were intertwined and unweaved, compressed and rubbed against each other... And at times it even seemed that quiet moans were heard in the air, sounding somewhere on the verge of hearing...
When this paper disgrace was over, L tore the Notebook from the indignantly slammed cover of a porno magazine and began to look at it. I got acquainted with the rules, looked through the names written in the Notebook ... in a word, I found everything that confirmed the hypothesis: Light Yagami - Kira.
- So, you're still Kira, Light ... - sighing, the detective said in a low voice. - It's a pity. You are damn smart, you could achieve a lot ... But you chose this path in vain.
And the next second, dropping the Notebook back on the table, where she began the second, or maybe twenty-second round with a porn magazine, he dived behind the curtain, because footsteps and Light's voice were heard in the corridor:
"Ryuk, damn it, stop touching me!" Oh, Ryuk... Well, at least let's go into the room!
- Stop it? - unfamiliar voice. Yes, I haven't started yet. But I'll start right now! Don't forget to lock the door...
The door opened, then closed, the latch on the door turned... Light's footsteps were heard and his uneven breathing, which soon turned into soft moans... Curiosity tormented the detective with terrible force. Who is Ryuk? Probably the god of death, who, according to the rules, should follow the owner of the Notebook... And what the hell are they doing there with Light?!
There was not a single hole in the thick curtain, much to Ryuzaki's deepest disappointment. In the end, he could not stand it and looked out from behind the curtain. The sight before his eyes made L's jaw drop, and his pants became perceptibly tight. Light, wearing only trousers and with his hands tied behind his back, writhed, moaning softly, in the arms of a tall black monster and the former, apparently, Ryuk. Ryuk's clawed hands slithered over the youth's body, leaving pink scratches on the soft skin here and there. And then the god of death squeezed Light's buttocks and lifted him off the floor, pressing hard into his groin, making it clear how much he wanted a guy. This made Light moan, muffled and low.
Not only are you Kira, you are also a pervert! the detective couldn't resist.
-Op-pa! Yes, we have a guest! Ryuk was delighted, anticipating that now it will become even more fun.
He and Light simultaneously turned their heads towards the detective.
“L, what the hell…” Light started, but Ryuk cut him off.
"You'd think you're perfectly normal and your pants aren't bursting right now...!" he snorted to Ryuzaki. In short, do you want to join?
L froze for a moment, deciding whether to accept such an obscene offer, and the resulting pause was successfully filled by Light.
- Are you two going to fuck me? Rolling his eyes, he asked.
Such a prospect frightened Kira a little, but at the same time excited her.
-More like two! – licking his lips, answered L and threw off his oversized sweater, and then took up his pants.
While the detective was undressing, Ryuk managed to drag Light onto the bed and fumbled for a jar of lube in the nightstand. The jar opened with a light pop, and the next second, a naked Ryuzaki joined Light and Ryuk on the bed.
Light let out a strangled groan as four hands caressed him. Ryuk squeezed almost to the point of pain, sometimes scratching, and L was gentle, his palms fluttered over his body like warm moths. From this contrast of caresses, the head was spinning, and the member acquired a diamond hardness.
- How sensitive you are... Kirochka... – the detective whispered into Light's ear, and then gently licked his pinking ear. - A little more - and you will cum right in your pants, right? ..
-Fuck him! Ryuk grinned. “Cumming in your pants is bad form, do you hear, Light? - The God of Death winked at L and said: - I've got something in store ...
He dug into his pockets and pulled out a large black vibrator, a ball gag and an erection ring.
-Wow! Ryuzaki whistled. - I thought you would also get a whip ...
"Don't... If there is a desire to sadistic, I'll get by with claws..." Ryuk showed his impressive claws, and L nodded respectfully.
- Sadists! .. - Light exhaled. - Preoccupied maniacs... I'm afraid of you! Am I even alive after your entertainment?
- Shhh... don't be afraid... – L whispered affectionately into his ear. You will be alive and well. And you'll also enjoy...
-Yeah, he's afraid! .. - the God of Death snorted, pulling Light's pants along with his underpants. “Maybe you are afraid, but your penis is not the least bit. How worth it! - With these words, he put a ring on Light's penis. - All is ready! Ryuk slapped the guy on the butt. “Now you won’t come until we let you.”
Another portion of sweet caresses, from which Light writhed and moaned, and Ryuk reached for a jar of lube. The God of Death froze in thought, holding a jar in one hand, and scratching his head with the other hand. Usually, Light lubricated himself, because, given the by no means small size of Ryuukov's love unit, it would be simply stupid to do without lubrication and preparation. But now Light's hands are tied. And Ryuk will definitely tear his ass with his claws ...
L, quickly realizing what the difficulty was, took away the lubricant from Ryuk, and his thin fingers slid along Light's ass, climbed into the hollow between the buttocks and found a neat hole.
Kira moaned sweetly, burying his forehead in the detective's shoulder as the detective stretched it with his deft fingers. And L gently licked and bit Light's ear. The detective always had a soft spot for those pretty pink ears...
But soon Ryuuk got tired of waiting, he pushed Ryuzaki away, pulled his cock out of his pants, lubricated it and thrust it into Light - sharply, with one powerful push, as he always did, except for the first few times, when he was still cautious ... Light stifled sigh. Ryuzaki put his arm around his shoulders, whispering some gentle nonsense in his ear, and glared at Ryuk angrily. He snorted derisively, but decided that maybe it really should be a little more gentle with Light...
And then strong hand made Light lean forward. Ryuk, holding Light's thigh with one hand and his bound hands with the other, began to move in him, not too fast yet. Right in front of the face was a member of L, and the detective gently but persistently pressed Kira on the back of the head, showing what he wanted. An affectionate voice sounded from above, a little hoarse with desire:
-Just don't open your teeth, okay?
And Light opened his mouth, letting the head in, licking and sucking, slowly swallowing his cock deeper... Hearing Ryuzaki groan in pleasure...
"They have me like a whore! .." - the only coherent thought that the mind clouded with passion could generate.
What was happening was humiliating for Light, but at the same time damn exciting. Two cocks burst into his writhing body, and he either leaned back, trying to let Ryuk deeper into himself, then forward, swallowing the L member to the very foundation, and his mind had long since turned off. He probably would have finished by now, but the ring on the penis did not allow this, and the excitement was already becoming painful.
No one could say exactly how long it lasted - everyone lost the sense of time. Here, with a muffled groan, he reached the peak of L, splashing into Light's mouth... Almost at the same time, Ryuk finished with him... Light, who was still in an excited and dissatisfied state due to the ring on his penis, let out a plaintive groan, more like whining . They fucked him in the most impudent way and left him unsatisfied, twisted on the bed with the letter "zu" and buried his nose in the pillow ...
Then someone's hand parted his buttocks, and something finely vibrating began to push into Light's ass. Deeper and deeper ... Then the ring was removed from the penis. Light groaned desperately - according to the law of meanness, he just lacked a little to finish. He unclipped his nose from the pillow and knelt on the bed, arching his back with all his might and twisting his bound hands, reached for the vibrator. He grabbed it with his fingers, pulled it out about halfway, again pushed it into the depths of his body ... Another ... And another ... And finished, exhaustedly falling onto the bed and plunging into semi-consciousness ...
He vaguely felt how the vibrator was pulled out of him, how his hands were untied... Ryuzaki sat down beside him and began rubbing Light's wrists, kissing his fluttering eyelids. Kira purred softly, he didn’t even care that gentle caresses were given to him by none other than L, who swore before the whole world that he would put him in the electric chair. And it is unlikely that today will prevent the detective from doing this. But despite this, Light liked L more than Ryuk. God of Death recent times, seems to have begun to consider Kira his personal whore, which you can have as you like. And you can’t run away from him anywhere and you can’t hide anywhere ...
And now... Ryuk pushed Ryuzaki aside and tied Light's arms to the bed. The protest of the latter was immediately muffled by a ball gag. A portion of caresses on the verge of rudeness, a few more scratches on the delicate skin... Light almost hated himself for being aroused by this. Ryuk chuckled as he ran his hand over Light's cock and turned the boy from his favorite position, onto all fours. A little lubrication on the penis - and the God of Death entered Light: abruptly, without ceremony, without trying to be careful ... A moan muffled by the gag was heard in the air. Light arched, involuntarily leaning back. Everything disappeared: the thought that it was wrong and immoral, the feeling of self-hatred for the fact that he, accustomed to being the main one in everything, is substituted so obediently, and even enjoys it ... Only pleasure remains. Painful - from a member, with powerful shocks plunging into his body, stretching to the limit, so that it seemed that the tender flesh was about to tear; sharp, with a touch of slight fear because Ryuk, caressing his cock with his hand, could touch him with his claws... Pleasure twisted inside a tight spiral, forcing him to wriggle and moan, leaning towards the movements... With another, especially loud moan, Light finished.
Ryuk made several more powerful movements, breaking into the body relaxed after an orgasm, squeezing Light's hips so hard that the claws dug into the skin until the blood, and also peaked. The God of Death released the guy, and he collapsed exhaustedly on the bed.
As soon as Light had time to recover a little, he was turned over on his back, and now L took care of him. The detective acted more affectionately, kissed gently, stroked, even when he nibbled a little, it was only sweet and nothing else. Light purred softly in pleasure. Hot lips covered his neck with kisses, explored the collarbones, descended lower, licking and sucking on the nipples... And lower - the tongue slightly teased the hollow of the navel... And even lower - Light's cock is dipped into the moist silky warmth...
Very soon, Kira was ready for the next round. He himself spread his legs, inviting. L did not skimp on the lubricant and entered gently and smoothly. Not the slightest discomfort, only pleasure. The head is thrown back, the lover's tongue flutters along the exposed neck, the member rubs sweetly inside, constantly touching the prostate, and his own flaming organ is held captive by gentle fingers...
I wanted to run my hands through my tousled black hair, but my hands were tied. I wanted to moan out loud - but the gag drowns out the moans. But it's still good. Too, too good... With another gagged moan, Light comes and feels Ryuzaki come with him.
Then L still untied Light's hands. And he pulled out the gag - to fall to his lips with a slow soft kiss. Light answered lazily, relaxing into a warm embrace. And he tried not to think that Ryuuk would definitely not have enough and he, without ceremony, would fuck Light again. Kira wasn't sure he had the strength for another round. Although, from L's unhurried caresses, his cock began to rise again...
But Ryuku was not up to Light and Ryuzaki right now - in one of his pockets, the God of Death found ... an apple! And now he stood with this apple in the middle of the room, wondering how it was not immediately gobbled up, but ended up in his pocket and lay there for who knows how long.
And L, meanwhile, pressed Kira to the bed again, pushing his legs apart with his knee. He did not resist - the detective brought him to the desired condition. And again, Light was gently and sweetly taken, only now his arousal was not so strong, and his overworked hole began to hurt ... But thanks to the kisses and caresses that L generously gave him, the arousal was stronger than discomfort.
But Ryuzaki finished before Light. The detective began to lay down a path of kisses, about to take his lover in the mouth, but Ryuk prevented. The sight of Light under L turned on the God of Death, and now, seeing that Light was still standing, he pushed the detective away and sat on the edge of the bed, easily lifting Light and impaling him on his cock. Ryuzaki, who was watching this scene, widened his eyes in shock - he did not think that Ryuk was so strong physically. Light, already almost completely fucked up, only moaned softly, leaning his head on Ryuku's shoulder, when he lifted him up and again planted on his cock. The detective reached out to him, caressing his aroused flesh with one hand, lightly pinching his nipples with the other. A little more - and Light finished with Ryuk.
"I think me and him are too cool…" Ryuzaki said as he and the God of Death settled the tired and sleepy Light on the bed.
"Perhaps..." Ryuk snorted. - Light, of course, is a sweet candy, and he loves this business, no matter what he says ... But I can call him alone, right, Light? – In response, the God of Death received only unintelligible grumbling. “And even more so with two. But to be honest, I wouldn't say no again...
Light sat up on the bed and looked at Ryuk with a hazy look, muttered:
-Better kill right away... I can't do it anymore today. Or get him out, - a weak nod towards the detective. - Convince...
In general, Light was arranged on the bed and even carefully covered with a blanket. And then this preoccupied God of Death persuaded L to “one more time”. Light sleepily watched from the bed as the two acted as 69. standing. And Ryuk was floating upside down in the air. The sight was exciting and very entertaining, at any other time Light would have got up, but now the member only twitched sluggishly.
"Maniacs are preoccupied ..." - Kira thought lazily. “They really fucked me up today... Especially Ryuk, always fucking trying hard, lover of hard sex, yep! How many times have I already told him: be careful, people are fragile creatures, you can’t do this with them. It's all useless... Hmm, I didn't think that L would be able to take such a big cock like Ryuk's into his mouth. Apparently, he practiced well on lollipops ... "
He was about to pass out when Ryuzaki lay down next to him.
-I would like to go to the shower ... - he will stretch out.
“Laziness,” Light answered him. “Yes, and suddenly someone sees us ...
Ryuk looked at the guys and decided to do a good deed. First, he flew into the corridor and made sure that there was no one there, then he returned and, throwing Kira and L on his shoulders, dragged them to the bathroom. Once there, the God of Death looked into the mirror and chuckled: the mirror didn't reflect him, just two guys hanging in the air, butt up.
"Enjoy." He unloaded his load into the tub and opened it. warm water. - And I went.
L made the water a little hotter, then the guys didn't move for a while. The detective sat with his back against the edge of the bathtub, and Light rested his head on his chest. thin fingers The ryuzaki brushed through his red hair with ease.
- Stroking me... – Light said softly. - Caress ... And then just as affectionately seated on the electric chair, right?
“Maybe yes, maybe not...” L replied calmly.
Light tossed his head and stared at him in bewilderment, even all drowsiness flew off.
“You see, Light…” the detective began. “Your brains are too valuable to be thrown around like that.” So either you agree to give me the Death Note and work with me, or... I really put you in the electric chair.
"Hmm... Well, given that I still want to live, I guess I'll agree," Light decided that it was better to accept L's offer to work together now, and then see what happens. Of course, the detective would not trust him 100% and would follow him, but Light was sure that if he wanted to, he would sooner or later find a loophole.
Having somehow rinsed themselves, the guys crept into the room, lay down on the bed and fell asleep almost instantly.

Light, get up now! - Father's voice from behind the door. – Light!!!
- Dad? .. - sleepy.
- Your mother has already tried to wake you up twice, but has achieved nothing and called me. I won't leave until I wake you up! It's time for you to go to university! Or get up, or I'll break the door! And why the hell did you lock it up?!
“Damn university…” Light mutters sleepily, tries to sit up on the bed and groans: after yesterday’s sex marathon, the butt hurts, one might even say, brutally hurts. Light falls back on the pillow and makes a thoughtful conclusion: - So, I didn’t dream ...
He squints his eyes to the side and sees L next to him: he sleeps, as they say, without hind legs, curled up in a ball, sniffing softly and sucking his thumb. Light unceremoniously pushed him aside and asked:
-What did you say yesterday about the electric chair and the two options?
L grimaced in displeasure and said:
- I said that I would not send you to execution if you agreed to work with me. But if you ever once again poke me in the ribs with your elbow like this, then I will spit on your consent and put you on a damn chair, understand?!
-Understood...
- Light! Light!!! Soichiro Yagami yelled from behind the door. “Get up, damn you!”
- The devil tore me yesterday ... - under his breath. Then, louder: - I won't get up! I have a new one now interesting job and I can spit on the university. And now I'm going to sleep!
And while Soichiro was scratching his head and trying to figure out what Light was talking about, he passed out safely...

The traditional role of the family of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) - small RNA molecules that do not code for proteins - is considered to be the repression of gene activity and, in particular, protein synthesis. However, a new study has shown (for the umpteenth time!) that the functions of one of the groups of these molecules - miRNAs - are much broader: in certain cases, they can stimulate translation, rather than block it.

In the last ten to fifteen years, the basic dogma of molecular biology (“DNA → RNA → protein”) has been significantly shaken and expanded due to the discovery of a great many molecular mechanisms that break out of this harmonious concept. Revolutionary discoveries have been made regarding short, non-protein-coding RNA molecules: these include the famous phenomenon of RNA interference (rewarded with a Nobel prize shortly after the discovery) and other mechanisms of RNA-dependent gene repression. One of the varieties of short RNAs - miRNA (miRNA; miRNA) is actively involved in the processes of individual development of the body, including temporal control, death, cell proliferation and differentiation, embryonic laying of organs. They fine-tune gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, thereby adding yet another layer of complexity to the sophisticated mechanism of intracellular regulation. Originally discovered in a "laboratory" nematode C.elegans, miRNAs were then found in many plants and animals, and relatively recently in single-celled organisms.

It was previously believed that short RNAs are used by cells in the process of RNA interference for the specific degradation of unnecessary or harmful RNAs - in particular, this way a cell can destroy foreign genetic material of viruses, related retrotransposons and other mobile elements, as well as RNA resulting from transcription genomic repeat sequences. Therefore, it was logical to assume that short RNAs serve as a kind of prototype of the "immune system" inside the cell. As our understanding of the participants and mechanisms of RNA-dependent gene repression has evolved, more and more new interesting features revealed a rich variety of natural ways of realizing this repression.

The mechanism of action of most miRNAs is in many respects similar to RNA interference - a short (21–25 bases) single-stranded RNA as part of a protein complex (the key component of which is a protein of the family Argonaute) bind with high specificity to the complementary region in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the target mRNA. In plants whose siRNAs are fully complementary to the target mRNA segment, binding results in the cleavage of the mRNA by the protein Argonaute right in the middle of the miRNA-mRNA duplex, a situation that is closest to "classical" RNA interference. In animals, miRNAs are not completely complementary to their target, and the result of binding is different. For a long time, it was believed that binding leads to the suppression of translation (the mechanism of which is still a mystery) and does not cause any noticeable degradation of the target mRNA. However, later it was convincingly demonstrated that this is not the case for most miRNAs - proteins that form a complex with miRNAs stimulate the degradation of the target mRNA by attracting enzymes that remove the cap at the 5'-end and shorten the poly(A)-tail by 3'- end of mRNA. (The degradation of end-of-life mRNAs usually begins with this.) Surprisingly, it is still not entirely clear whether the suppression of translation is a cause or a consequence of the onset of mRNA degradation.

Meanwhile, life again demonstrates its unwillingness to fit into any unambiguous schemes: in the laboratory of Joan Steitz ( Joan Steitz) it was found that miRNAs can effectively suppress translation by binding not only to the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA, but also to the 5'-UTR. And recently in a magazine Science another article of this successful laboratory appeared. It states that under certain conditions (reminiscent of cells falling into “hibernation”, when they are cultivated in the absence of serum in a nutrient medium), the interaction of miRNA and target mRNA leads to a strictly opposite effect - increased synthesis target protein. This was shown for mRNA of one of the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and miR369-3 siRNA, and then confirmed for let7-a and miRcxcr4 siRNA paired with artificially designed mRNA targets.

Figure 1. In an actively dividing cell, siRNA binds to a complementary sequence in the 3'-untranslated region of mRNA and inhibits protein synthesis (translation). However, in a resting cell, the same event leads to the exact opposite effect.

Interestingly, the action of the same miRNA depended on the state of the cells: in dividing cells, miRNA inhibited mRNA translation, while in resting cells (temporarily exiting the cell cycle), on the contrary, it stimulated (Fig. 1). It is also curious that miRNAs acted as part of a complex containing proteins. Argonaute 2 and FXR1(although the human genome encodes 4 related proteins of the family Argonaute, and all of them deal with miRNAs to one degree or another). It is these proteins that the main role in the mechanism of the observed phenomenon, while miRNAs act as a “replaceable adapter” through which proteins interact with various target mRNAs.

The question of the mechanism of action, as well as the avalanche of other, more specific questions raised by this publication, remain unanswered. But I remember the time when the phenomenon of RNA interference was just discovered - how then everything was clear to us and how logical it seemed! .. And now you can only shrug - the farther into the forest, the more firewood.

Literature

1. MicroRNAs are first discovered in a unicellular organism;
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