Sounds noise and musical methodical development on music on the topic. Cheerful satchel - What are the sounds? Melody sounds and their organization

What are the sounds?

This development is proposed for conducting music lessons on the topic "elements of musical speech" both in a correctional school and in a secondary school, as well as for extracurricular activities. You can use the elements of this presentation to conduct game warm-ups in the classroom, like a physical education session. The topic is very extensive, so it can be used in speech therapy classes for the correct pronunciation of syllables and sounds.

What are the sounds?

Sounds are everything we hear around us.

There are many of them and they are all different.

Even when it is very quiet, they are still present around us, you just need to listen well. We can recognize familiar sounds by closing our eyes, or we can remember and imagine them without even hearing them. This is due to the fact that we have auditory memory.

Sounds are speech, non-speech and musical.

Speech sounds are the sounds of human speech, what we are talking about.

(say your name, then sing it on one note, down the triad from sol mi to example: Misha, Mi-shen-ka)

Non-speech or noise - this is the sound of rain outside the window, clapping, coughing, buzzing of a bumblebee, squeaking of a mosquito, rustling of leaves and other sounds of nature, human labor. buzz like a bee, etc.)

Vanya, you are in the forest now. We call you "ay"!

Well, close your eyes, don't be shy

Who called you find out as soon as possible!

Noise sounds are used in music to create sound effects.

In order to depict how a stream flows, or thunder rumbles, noise tools are used:

Ratchets, drums, cymbals, spoons.

The rustle of trees can depict maracas (give an example of playing these musical noise instruments)

Musical sounds.

Musical sounds differ from noise sounds in that they can be played or sung.

They have a tune.

Musical sounds differ in timbre - the color of the sound.

volume

Duration

Height

In terms of pitch, sounds are:

High and low

By volume:

Loud and quiet

By duration:

Long and short

By timbre:

Sharp and soft, melodious and hoarse and others. (Play examples on the button accordion).

Unlike musical sounds, in noise it is impossible to determine

their height.

Without melody, music is unthinkable.

Musical instruments are able to convey a lot of different shades in music.

He can sing high and low sounds. Children have thin high voices. In men they are booming and low, while in women they are gentle and melodic. (examples listen to a high female soprano voice, a male low voice - bass)

The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet.

In any music, except for the melody, rhythm is important. Everything in the world has a rhythm.

Our heart is a heart rhythm, there is a brain rhythm, there is a daily rhythm - morning, afternoon, evening and night.

Rhythm in Greek means "measurement" - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.

Play examples of different rhythms (lullaby, march, waltz)

Smooth rhythm gives music lyricism.

Intermittent rhythm - creates a feeling of anxiety, excitement

The metronome is the source of rhythm in music.

Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds and not a melody.

A metronome is such a device with which you can set the rhythm, and it will beat it out like a “loud clock”.

It helps the musician to keep a certain rhythm for a long time.

If the musician does not get into the rhythm, then the listener has a feeling of discomfort. (listening to the metronome)

Means of musical expression in music.

In addition to melody and rhythm, timbre, mode, dynamics, tempo and size are important in music.

Timbre is the color of sound.

Dynamics is the power of the sound of music.

A piece of music can be played loudly "forte", or softly "piano"

The children stand in a circle and choose the leader. He stands in a circle, everyone walks in a circle holding hands with the words

Vanya, you are in the forest now,

we call you ay

Well, close your eyes, don't be shy,

who called you find out soon!

the teacher points to one of the children, he says "Vanya!"

Fret, Major, Minor

The pace is fast. slowly

In music, there are two contrasting modes - major and minor.

Major music is perceived by listeners as light, clear, joyful.

Minor - both sad and dreamy. Sing the Sun a major triad, show a picture of the sun,

Sing a cloud - show a picture of rain or clouds.

Sing the song “Chizhik-Pyzhik” (distribute, among the number of children, cards where a cloud is drawn, meaning minor, and a card with the sun that draws major)

Chizhik - fawn, where have you been?

I lived in a cage all winter

Where did you soak the beak?

I drank some water in the cage.

What have you lost weight?

I've been sick all winter

Why is a cell bad?

After all, bondage is so bitter.

Chizhik, do you want to join us here?

Oh yes yes yes yes yes yes!

Well, fly away, chizhik!

Ai yay yay yay yay yay!

Tempo is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is slow, moderate and fast.

To indicate the tempo, Italian words are used that are understood by all musicians in the world.

Fast pace - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow adagio.

Play the game "Carousel" (fixing the concept of pace)

Barely, barely, barely, barely,

merry-go-rounds

and then, then, then.

Everybody run run run run

Hush hush, don't rush

Stop the carousel.

One, two, one two.

Here the game is over.

Municipal state (correctional) general educational institution for students with disabilities - Gorkovskaya special (correctional) general education boarding school.

MUSICAL SOUNDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Each art form deals with its own specific material: painting with colors, sculpture and architecture with various building materials, music with sounds. The artist-creator who creates a work of art is by no means indifferent to the properties of the material that he uses. It depends on the artistic conception whether the sculptor chooses bronze or marble, gypsum or wood. Gouache, watercolor, oil - different types of paints - have different properties, and these properties are taken into account by the painter and used for certain artistic purposes.

Musicians also need to know what the physical properties of musical sounds are, how individual sounds and their combinations affect a person. The study of the properties of musical sounds and the peculiarities of their perception are, in addition to music theory, musical acoustics and partly musical psychology; a significant place is also given to these issues in the courses of instrumentation and orchestration.

The concept of sound

Sound- this is a physical phenomenon objectively existing in nature, caused by mechanical vibrations of some elastic body (a tightly stretched string or membrane, vocal cords, a metal or wooden plate, an air column filling the body of wind instruments, etc.), as a result of which sound waves received by the ear and converted into nerve impulses.

sound waves are called periodically alternating thickenings and resolutions in the surrounding elastic - for example, air (that is, gas) - medium (liquids and solids are also sound-conducting media), outside of which, as, say, in vacuum, sound cannot arise at all. Sound waves propagating in the atmosphere from a sound source evenly in all directions (like radio waves) are perceived by our hearing organs and, with the help of certain parts of the nervous system, are transmitted to the brain, where they are perceived as specific sounds.

In the nature around us, there is a huge number of the most diverse sounds that fall into two groups: sounds with a certain height (the so-called musical sounds) and with an indefinite height (noises). Musical sounds that have a certain height, unlike noise ones, have a number of distinctive properties and form the basis (that is, the sound fund) of music, while the use of noise sounds is limited only to the occasional use of some of them in individual musical works to achieve certain effects*. [For these purposes, for example, such instruments belonging to the percussion family as cymbals, tambourines, tom-toms, bass and snare drums, and others, which are usually part of both a large symphony orchestra and orchestras of other profiles, serve.]

Properties of musical sounds

Any musical sound has four main properties that we perceive as manifestations of certain qualities sound:

1) height,

2) duration,

3) volume,

4) timbre.

These properties are due to various physical preconditions*. [In addition to these properties, when perceiving sound, its spatial localization is essential, that is, the position of the sound source relative to the listener (in front or behind, far or close, indoors or outdoors, etc.]. Sometimes this is recorded in musical notation by various remarks, such as, for example, “The Song of the Singer Behind the Scenes” (see the opera “Raphael” by A. Arensky), etc.) Let's analyze the properties of sound in order.

Height The sound is determined by the frequency of oscillations of the sounding body and is directly dependent on it: the more oscillations per unit time (for which a second is taken) the sound source makes, the higher the sound will be, and vice versa, with a decrease in the number of oscillations, the sound decreases.

In turn, the number of vibrations per second depends on the size (length and thickness) and elasticity of the sounding body. Let's take a string as an example. The longer it is (ceteris paribus), the less often its vibrations and, accordingly, the lower the sound it makes. Conversely, the shorter the string, the more frequent the vibrations and the higher the sound. The same dependence is usually observed in relation to the cross section: the larger (thicker) it is, the less often vibrations will be produced and the sound, respectively, will decrease, and the smaller (thinner) the cross section, the more often vibrations occur and the sound becomes higher. As can be seen, in both these cases, an inverse relationship is found.

As for the influence of elasticity (in this case, the degree of string tension) on the pitch, there is a direct relationship: the stronger the string is stretched, the higher the sound, and vice versa, the weaker the tension, the lower the sound.

The human hearing aid is able to perceive sounds in the frequency range of approximately 16 to 20,000 hertz* [Hertz (abbreviated Hz) is a unit of frequency (in this case, oscillations per second), named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz.)], but people hear the upper sounds of this range only in very early childhood. With age, the upper limit of high-frequency sounds audible to a person decreases to about 14,000 vibrations per second. However, the most accurate and clear human ear is able to perceive the pitch of a musical sound within narrower limits - from about 16 to 4200 hertz, and it is this frequency range that is used in music *. (If we talk about vocal art, then the total volume of the ranges of human singing voices is even smaller - approximately from 60 to 1500 hertz.]

In the extreme registers (that is, outside the specified range), the musical pitch is perceived less accurately. For example, if sounds have a frequency exceeding 4200 hertz, then it is still possible to distinguish by ear in this register which sound is higher and which is lower, but it is difficult to establish interval relationships. In such a high register, it is almost impossible to recognize even a well-known melody. It is these features of the perception of the height of sounds in the extreme registers that determine the limitation of the musical range by the sounds of the frequencies indicated above. The ability of human hearing to most accurately perceive sounds in the middle register is apparently associated with the practice of human speech and singing.

The relationship between the frequency of vibrations and the pitch of the sound does not appear in arithmetic, but in a geometric progression. So, if you increase the frequency by the same amount, for example, by 110 Hz (which practically corresponds to a twofold shortening of the string length), starting from the sound la of a large octave, which has exactly this number of vibrations per second, then in this sequence of sounds (counting from the previous tone), the interval of a pure octave will be formed first, the interval of a pure fifth will be the second, the interval of a pure fourth will be the third, then a major third, a minor third, another a small third, and then - a few large seconds and a few small ones. With a further increase in the oscillation frequency by the same value, that is, with a further shortening of the string, even narrower intervals will form. This series of sounds corresponds to the natural series of numbers: one, two, three, four, five, six, and so on. It is this many times that the oscillation frequency is increased (the string is shortened) compared to the original one, therefore such a scale is called the natural scale. It can be obtained by dividing, for example, a string into two, three, four, five, six or more parts. So, violinists and cellists, balalaika and domrist players, in short - all those who play stringed musical instruments use this when playing harmonics. (Partial tones of the natural scale are called harmonics, extracted on stringed musical instruments by lightly touching the string with a finger in those places where it is divided into two, three, four (etc.) parts. With the help of harmonics, you can take very high sounds. )

Duration sound is the time expressed in rhythmic units during which the oscillatory movements of the sounding body are performed: the longer the oscillations last, the longer the sound will be, and vice versa.

Volume sound is directly dependent primarily on the amplitude * [The amplitude (that is, the span) of the oscillation is the greatest distance between the extreme points of the deviation of an oscillating elastic body from its initial calm position.] oscillations of the sound source: the larger it is, the louder the sound, and vice versa, the smaller the amplitude, the quieter the sound will be. In addition, the perception of loudness is affected by the distance from the sound source and partly by the frequency of vibrations. So, with the same amplitude and distance from the source, the sounds of the middle register seem louder.

Note to scheme No. 1.The dotted line indicates the initial position of the string at rest, the curved lines show the position of the string during vibrations during sounding.

The transverse double-sided arrow indicates the oscillation amplitude.

Fluctuations are of two types: fading(that is, with an amplitude gradually decreasing due to air resistance and internal braking, as, for example, in stringed instruments - a piano, harp, balalaika, domra, etc.) and undamped(with a constant or arbitrarily changing amplitude, as, for example, with an organ or a violin when playing with a bow).

With damped oscillations, the volume of the sound gradually decreases (although its pitch remains practically unchanged) and finally, naturally, fades away completely. With undamped vibrations, the volume of sound on a number of instruments and when singing can be varied: decrease, remain unchanged and increase - depending on artistic goals and objectives.

Sometimes loudness is called the power of sound, but this is inaccurate, because although in meaning these concepts are close to each other and even dependent on each other, they are by no means adequate in their meaning. For example, with an increase in the objective strength of sound by 100 times, its loudness, that is, the perception of the strength of sound by our hearing, will increase only two times, and a thousand-fold increase in sound strength will give only a threefold increase in volume, etc. Sound intensity is measured in decibels (db)* [A decibel is a tenth of a bela, which is a logarithmic unit of sound intensity; named after the inventor of the telephone A. G. Bell.) and the volume - in the backgrounds (Fon (Greek - phone) - literally means "sound". In musical acoustics - a unit of measurement, the volume of sound.).]

In musical practice, the loudness of sound is denoted by various terms: loud sound - forte (it. - loudly), fortissimo(superlative from forte) and forte fortissimo(even louder than fortissimo); this corresponds to the signs f, ffffff. In more rare cases, very loud sonority is indicated by four characters. forte (ffff), and sometimes five (ffff). Quiet sounds are also denoted similarly - p, pp, prr(the initial letters of the Italian word piano- quiet). Number of signs R it can also occasionally reach four, even five. (The designation prrrr can be found, for example, in the score of P. Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony before the development of the first movement.)

In addition to the main designations, you can also find derivatives: mf, mp (mezzo forte, mezzo piano), signifiers, respectively, - not very loud, not very quiet; sf, sp (subito forte, subito piano), corresponding to: suddenly loud, suddenly quiet.

To denote a gradual increase or decrease in sound, the terms are used. crescendo and diminuendo, often replaced by "forks": and . Sometimes to words crescendo and diminuendo the designation is added dew a dew, which means little by little. If the term crescendo(similarly diminuendo) must act for several measures, the designation is written in syllables separated by dashed lines: cre-scene-do, or by the word crescendo the word is added sempre (sempre crescendo- increasing all the time, up to the next notation).

Timbre. Timbre is the nature of the sound, or the color of the sound. The timbre depends on many reasons, both objective and subjective properties: the design of the instrument, the material from which it is made, and its quality (for example, the type of wood, the composition of the metal alloy, etc.), the method of sound extraction and the skill of the performer, the environment , in which the sound propagates, and the distance from its source. But of particular importance for the formation of the timbre of musical sounds is natural scale.

It is known that each sound is complex, that is, it consists of several simultaneously sounding tones*. [In this sense, sound can be compared to a beam of light, which, refracted when passing through a transparent prism, is decomposed into various color bands, forming a spectrum consisting of the seven visible colors of the rainbow: red-orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. ] A sounding string, for example, is divided simultaneously into its halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, sixths, and so on, which will vibrate independently. The following are diagrams of string vibrations:

a) the scheme of vibrations of the string as a whole and its individual parts (halves, thirds, quarters, etc.);

b) the general scheme of oscillations in simultaneity (complex form)*. [The complex shape of the vibrations of a string (as well as of any other sounding body) is quite difficult to accurately depict graphically, and any drawing, abstractly showing the phenomenon itself, will be just a more or less successful approximation to the real picture. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the oscillations noted in the diagram occur during the entire sounding time with any deviation of the oscillating body (in this case, the string) from its initial calm state.]

Graphic representation of string vibrations:

A person hears one sound, which has a certain pitch, corresponding to the vibrational frequency of the whole string. The frequencies of the vibrations of the parts of the string that emit the so-called partial tones, are not perceived by the ear as separate independent sounds. The tones corresponding to these frequencies merge with the main one, giving the sound a certain flavor.

The tones that make up a complex sound are called harmonic components tones or just harmonics. The first of these, arising from the vibrations of the entire string, is called main tone(corresponding to the first partial tone), the following are further called overtones that is, tones lying above the main one. For example, the natural overtone scale from the sound before has the following structure:

Note:The seventh, eleventh, thirteenth and fourteenth sounds of this series do not exactly correspond to the pitch indicated by the temperament scale, therefore, in the example, their notes are shaded, and vertical arrows are placed on top indicating the direction of this discrepancy: - slightly lower, - somewhat higher than the indicated sound.

The nature of the timbre is also affected by the number of overtones heard, and one or another distribution of loudness between the individual harmonics of a complex musical sound. If, for example, the second harmonic is louder than the fundamental tone, the third harmonic is louder than the second, and then the volume decreases, then a timbre close to that of the oboe will appear. On some electric musical instruments, you can pick up any intensity of various overtones and, thus composing a complex sound from individual simple tones, imitate the timbres of various musical instruments. So, for example, if you select odd harmonic tones - the first, third and fifth - then as a result the timbre of the clarinet is synthesized (The timbre side of music (and everything related to it) is specially and in detail studied at the later stages of training - in instrumentation and orchestration courses.)

soundsis all that we hear around us. There are many of them and they are all different.
Even when it is very quiet, they are still present around us, you just need to listen well. We can recognize familiar sounds by closing our eyes, or we can remember and imagine them without even hearing them. This is due to the fact that we have auditory memory.

Sounds happen speech, non-speech and musical.

speech sounds- these are the sounds of human speech, what we are talking to you.
(say your name, then sing it on one note, down the triad from sol mi to example: Misha, Mi-shen-ka)

Non-speech or noise - this is the sound of rain outside the window, clapping, coughing, buzzing of a bumblebee, squeaking of a mosquito, rustling of leaves and other sounds of nature, human labor. buzz like a bee, etc.)

Vanya, you are in the forest now.
We call you: "ay"!
Well, close your eyes, don't be shy

Noise sounds are used in music to create sound effects.
In order to depict how a stream flows, or thunder rumbles, noise tools are used:
Ratchets, drums, cymbals, spoons.
The rustle of trees can depict maracas (give an example of playing these musical noise instruments)

musical sounds

Musical sounds differ from noise sounds in that they can be played or sung.
They have a tune.
Musical sounds differ in timbre - the color of the sound.
volume
Duration
Height
The human voice is also a musical instrument.
By altitude sounds are:
High and low
By volume :
Loud and quiet
By duration :
Long and short
By timbre :
Sharp and soft, melodious and hoarse and others. (Play examples on the button accordion).
Unlike musical sounds, in noise it is impossible to determine
their height.

Without melody, music is unthinkable.
Musical instruments are able to convey a lot of different shades in music.

He can sing high and low sounds. Children have thin high voices. In men they are booming and low, while in women they are gentle and melodic. (examples listen to a high female voice - soprano, a male low voice - bass)

The change of seasons is the rhythm of the planet

In any music, except for the melody, rhythm is important. Everything in the world has a rhythm.
Our heart is a heart rhythm, there is a brain rhythm, there is a daily rhythm - morning, afternoon, evening and night.
Rhythm translated from Greek means "dimension" - this is a uniform alternation, repetition of short and long sounds.
Play examples of different rhythms (lullaby, march, waltz)
Smooth rhythm gives music lyricism.
Intermittent rhythm - creates a feeling of anxiety, excitement

Metronome - the source of rhythm in music

Music without rhythm is perceived as a set of sounds and not a melody.
Metronome- this is such a device with which you can set the rhythm, and he will knock it out like a "loud clock".
It helps the musician to keep a certain rhythm for a long time.
If the musician does not get into the rhythm, then the listener has a feeling of discomfort. (Listening to the metronome)

Means of musical expression in music

In addition to melody and rhythm in music, it is important timbre, fret, dynamics, pace and the size.
Timbre is the color of the sound.
Each human voice has its own timbre of voice. Thanks to the timbre, we can distinguish the voice of a person or a musical instrument without seeing it, but only hearing it.
Dynamics is the power of the sound of music.
A piece of music can be played loudly "forte", or softly "piano"

Children stand in a circle and choose the leader. He stands in a circle, everyone walks in a circle holding hands with the words:

Vanya, you are in the forest now,
We call you: Ay,
Come on, close your eyes, don't be shy,
Who called you find out as soon as possible!

The teacher points to one of the children, he says "Vanya!"

Mode: major, minor

Tempo: fast, slow

In music, there are two contrasting modes - major and minor.
Major music is perceived by listeners as light, clear, joyful.
Minor - both sad and dreamy. Sing the Sun a major triad, show a picture of the sun,
Sing a cloud - show a picture of rain or clouds.
Sing the song "Chizhik-Pyzhik" (distribute, among the number of children, cards where a cloud is drawn - meaning minor, and a card with the sun that draws major)

Chizhik-pyzhik, where have you been?
I lived in a cage all winter
Where did you soak the beak?
I drank some water in the cage.
What have you lost weight?
I've been sick all winter
Why is a cell bad?
After all, bondage is so bitter.
Chizhik, do you want to join us here?
Oh yes yes yes yes yes yes!
Come on, chizhik, fly out!
Ai-yay-yay-yay-yay-yay-yay!

Tempo is the speed at which a piece of music is played. The pace is slow, moderate and fast.
To indicate the tempo, Italian words are used that are understood by all musicians in the world.
Fast pace - allegro, presto; moderate pace - andante; slow adagio.

Play a carousel game (fixing the concept of pace)

Barely, barely, barely, barely,
merry-go-rounds
and then, then, then.
Everybody run run run run
Hush hush, don't rush
Stop the carousel.
One, two, one two.
Here the game is over.

Sound is a physical phenomenon caused by vibrations of an elastic body. Such a body can be a stretched string, the plasticity of a drum, a column of air in a wind instrument. When you pull a string or hit a drum, they vibrate and create a sound wave in the air. The wave reaches our ears and causes irritation of the auditory nerve - this is how we hear sounds.

Sounds are divided into musical and noise. Musical sounds are distinguished by the fact that you can accurately determine their pitch and repeat them with your voice or on a musical instrument. Noise sounds do not have an exact height, but have their own expressive meaning: roar, impact, rumble, buzz. In classical music, musical sounds play the main role, and noise emphasizes them. In modern academic and pop music, in folk music, noise sounds are of greater importance, the entire work can only be performed on percussion instruments.

The main characteristics of musical sound: pitch, volume, duration and timbre.

Pitch depends on the frequency of air vibrations. Frequency is measured in hertz, which is the number of vibrations per second. A person can perceive sounds with a frequency of 16 to 20,000 hertz. If the sound has a frequency of less than 16 hertz, it is called infrasound, if more than 20,000, then ultrasound. Perceived sounds can be divided into 3 registers: low, medium and high. Low sounds have a frequency of 16 to 200 hertz, they make the sound heavy, gloomy, dark. High sounds, on the contrary, give the melody lightness and transparency. Their frequency is above 800 hertz. The range from 200 to 800 hertz sets the middle register. It is closest to the human voice, so melodies in this register are perceived more warmly.

Loudness or strength of sound depends on the amplitude of oscillations. The more the string vibrates, the louder the sound is. Gradually, the string vibrates less and less, and the volume of the sound decreases and fades completely. The strength of the sound affects the character of the musical image. Heroic, resolute images require high volume, the sonority of lyrical images should be soft and gentle.

Sound duration depends on the duration of the oscillations. Vibrations can be damped out on their own or muffled by the performer, or, on the contrary, they can be supported by the movement of the bow or breathing. The change of duration forms the rhythm of the work.

Timbre- this is the color of the sound, which depends on the emerging overtones or overtones. The more of them, the brighter and richer the sound. By timbre, we distinguish instruments from each other, the same note sounds differently on the piano, violin or flute. Overtones appear at a frequency that is a multiple of the frequency of the main sound. Lower sounds have more audible overtones, so low-pitched instruments differ more.

The first, brightest overtone appears at a frequency twice the fundamental frequency. This is how an octave is formed - the most merging sounds. In European music, it is customary to divide an octave into 12 equal parts, called semitones. This is called equal temperament.

About temperament.

The second overtone sounds three times higher than the main sound and forms a natural fifth. The tempered fifth consists of 7 semitones and differs from natural. For example, the frequency of the sound "la" is 220 Hz. A sound an octave higher sounds at a frequency of 440 Hz, an octave and a natural fifth higher - at a frequency of 660 Hz, two octaves - at a frequency of 880 Hz. To find the frequency of a tempered fifth, you need to divide the octave interval into 12 parts and take 7. We get 440 + (880-440) * 7/12 = 696.67 Hz. A natural fifth would sound cleaner, but this would severely limit the number of sounds that fit the main. In music, only a few keys that are close to each other could be used. Equal temperament allows you to use more sounds, but with a small margin of error. Tempered instruments appeared in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote the Well-Tempered Clavier cycle of pieces in all 24 keys, major and minor from each of the 12 notes. Overtones and temperament are described in slightly more detail in