Conquest wars of Napoleon in dates. Cheat Sheet: Analysis of the era of the Napoleonic wars

Event, result: Napoleon defeats Italian and Austrian troops at the Battle of Marengo. As a result of this battle, the Italian region of Lombardy retreats to France.

Event, result: Defeated Austria is forced to cede its lands to Napoleon. The border between the states now runs along the rivers Rhine and Etsch.

Event, result: The English fleet defeated Napoleon's fleet in the famous Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain.

Event, result: Napoleon defeated his opponents from the "third coalition" in the legendary battle of Austerlitz. In it, the Russian Empire and Austria-Hungary opposed Napoleon. The battle is called in history "the battle of the three emperors"

Event, result: A toy Confederation of the Rhine was created, with which Napoleon "crushed" Germany under him. He received the right to keep his troops there and from France to direct German affairs.

Event, result: Entered with troops in Warsaw (Poland)

Event, result: The Treaty of Tilsit was concluded, which completely secured the rule of Napoleon in Germany, and now in Poland

The date: February 1808

Event, result: Napoleon's troops occupied the "eternal city" of Rome and annexed it to the possessions of their commander

Event, result: He defeated the troops of the Austrian emperor, who, after so many years, did not want to surrender, at the battle of Wagram

The date: July 1810

Event, result: Napoleon annexed Holland to France

Event, result: Napoleon attacked Russia. His troops crossed the border river Neman without any declaration of war.

Event, result: Battle for Smolensk. The beginning of a nationwide war against the invader. Smolensk was taken by Napoleon only with great efforts.

Event, result: Battle on the Borodino field near Moscow. Huge loss of both armies. Actual draw.

Event, result: Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Kutuzov decided to surrender Moscow to Napoleon. Bonaparte enters the city with an army. But there is no food in the city and it is set on fire by the retreating.

Event, result: Bonaparte and the French leave the burnt empty Moscow, which has become useless to them. The retreat of the French through half of Russia back to Europe begins. Bonaparte's army suffers severely from malnutrition, sudden attacks by Kutuzov's army, partisans and bad weather.

Event, result: Battle of the Berezina. Napoleon throws into the will of the enemy 21 thousand (more than half of the army) of his soldiers at the crossing over the Berezina River, ordering the bridges to be burned. And goes to the border.

Event, result: Bonaparte returns to Europe with nothing. Less than 10 percent of his soldiers are with him. Almost all of the French army abandoned by him perished in the Russian snows from frost and hunger. France seethes with indignation. Napoleon's authority is destroyed.

Event, result: The battle of Waterloo with the seventh coalition of European powers, where Russia did not participate. Complete defeat of Bonaparte.

Event, result: The Paris Peace Treaty was signed in Europe. In France, following its results, the royal throne was returned to the previously reigning Bourbon dynasty. Bonaparte is forced to go into exile on the remote island of St. Helena. where he later died.

Napoleon said: "Victory will give me the opportunity, as a master, to accomplish whatever I want"

Napoleonic Wars 1799-1815- fought by France and its allies during the years of the Consulate (1799-1804) and the Empire of Napoleon I (1804-1815) against coalitions of European states.

The nature of wars:

1) aggressive

2) revolutionary (undermining the feudal order, the development of capitalist relations in Europe, the spread of revolutionary ideas)

3) bourgeois (were conducted in the interests of the French bourgeoisie, which sought to consolidate its military-political and commercial and industrial dominance on the continent, pushing the British bourgeoisie into the background)

Main opponents: England, Russia, Austria

Wars:

1) fight with 2 anti-French coalition

2 anti-French coalition was formed in 1798-99 .members: England, Russia, Austria, Turkey and the Kingdom of Naples

Brumaire 18 (November 9), 1799 - the establishment of the military dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte, who became the first consul - the conditional date for the start of the Napoleonic wars

May 1800 - Napoleon at the head of an army moved across the Alps to Italy and defeated the Austrian troops at the Battle of Marengo (June 14, 1800).

Outcome: 1) France received Belgium, the left bank of the Rhine and control over all of Northern Italy, where the Italian Republic was created (Treaty of Luneville)

2) the 2nd anti-French coalition actually ceased to exist,

Russia withdrew from it because of disagreements; Only Great Britain continued the war.

After the resignation of W. Pitt the Younger (1801), the new English government entered into negotiations with France

Outcome of negotiations:

1802 - signing Treaty of Amiens. France withdrew its troops from Rome, Naples and Egypt, and England - from the island of Malta.

BUT 1803 - the resumption of war between France and Great Britain.

1805 - Battle of Trafalgar. The English fleet under the command of Admiral G. Nelson defeated and destroyed the combined Franco-Spanish fleet. This defeat thwarted the strategic plan of Napoleon I to organize the landing of the French expeditionary army in Great Britain, concentrated in the Boulogne camp.

1805 - creation 3 anti-French coalition(Great Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden).

Military operations - along the Danube. Within three weeks, Napoleon defeated the 100,000-strong Austrian army in Bavaria, forcing the surrender of the main Austrian forces on October 20 at Ulm.

December 2, 1805 - the battle of Austerlitz, in which Napoleon inflicted a crushing defeat on the Russian and Austrian troops.

December 26, 1805 - Peace of Pressburg. Austria pays an indemnity, she has lost a huge part of the land. From the South German states, Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine and appointed himself its head. In turn, the Russian Emperor Alexander I did not accept defeat and did not sign peace with Napoleon.

September 1806 - between Russia and Prussia was concluded new anti-French alliance joined by England and Sweden

October 14, 1806 in two battles at Jena and Auerstadt, the French defeated the Prussian army, thirteen days later Napoleon's army entered Berlin.

Outcome:

capitulation of Prussia, all possessions west of the Elbe - with Napoleon, where he formed the kingdom of Westphalia

The Duchy of Warsaw was created on the territory of Poland

A 100 million indemnity was imposed on Prussia, until the payment of which she was occupied by French troops.

2 battles with the Russian army:

French troops pushed back the Russian army and approached the Neman. Both Napoleon, who by this time had conquered all of Europe, and Alexander I, who had lost all allies, considered the further continuation of the war pointless.

July 7, 1807 - Peace of Tilsit. On a specially set raft in the middle of the Neman River, a meeting of two emperors took place. Outcome:

Russia recognized all the conquests of the French Empire

Russia received freedom of action against Sweden and Turkey.

Under the secret clause of the agreement, Alexander promised to stop trading with England, that is, to join the continental blockade, announced shortly before by Napoleon.

May 1808 - popular uprisings in Madrid, Cartagena, Zaragoza, Murcia, Asturias, Grenada, Balajos, Valencia.

A series of heavy defeats of the French. Portugal revolted, on whose territory the British troops landed. The defeat of the Napoleonic troops in Spain undermined the international position of France.

Napoleon sought support in Russia.

Napoleon succeeded in obtaining an extension Franco-Russian Union, but only at the cost of recognizing Russia's rights to Moldavia, Wallachia and Finland, which then still belonged to Sweden. However, in the most important issue for Napoleon about Russia's attitude to Austria, Alexander I showed stubbornness. He was well aware of Napoleon's predicaments and was not at all disposed to help him pacify Austria. The discussion on the Austrian problem proceeded in a tense atmosphere. Unable to achieve concessions, Napoleon screamed, threw his cocked hat on the floor, and began to trample it with his feet. Alexander I, keeping calm, told him: "You are a hot person, but I'm stubborn: anger does not work on me. Let's talk, reason, otherwise I'll leave" - ​​and headed for the exit. Napoleon had to hold him back and calm down. The discussion resumed in a more moderate, even friendly tone.

Outcome: October 12, 1808 signing union convention, but no real strengthening of the Franco-Russian alliance occurred.

The conclusion of a new convention with Russia allowed Napoleon to throw his forces against Spain and take control of Madrid again.

April 1809 - Austria began hostilities on the Upper Danube with the support of England, which formed the 5th coalition against France.

heavy defeat of the Austrians, after which Franz I was forced to start peace negotiations.1

Napoleon annexed almost all of Western Galicia to the Duchy of Warsaw

Russia left the Tarnopol district.

Austria was deprived of Western Galicia, the provinces of Salzburg, parts of Upper Austria and Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, as well as lands on the Adriatic coast (Trieste, Fiume, etc., which became the Illyrian departments of the French Empire). The Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809 is the biggest success of Napoleon's diplomacy.

Russian-French relations began to deteriorate rapidly due to:

the conclusion of the Treaty of Schonbrunn and a significant expansion of the Duchy of Warsaw at the expense of Western Galicia

Napoleon's unwillingness to delimit spheres of influence in the Middle East. He tried with all his might to subjugate the Balkan Peninsula to his influence.

July 1810 - The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to France

December 1810 - Swiss territory of Vallis off France

February 1811 - the Duchy of Oldenburg, parts of the Duchy of Berg and the Kingdom of Hanover were ceded to France.

Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck also belong to France, which was becoming a Baltic power

Napoleon's unsuccessful attempt to marry Alexander 1's sister Anna Pavlovna (of course, this is not the main thing)

Napoleon's support for the Poles' desire for independence, which did not suit Russia

Napoleon's failure to fulfill his promise to support Russia against Turkey

Russia's violations of the Continental Blockade Agreement.

This was the cause of the War of 1812.

Both countries violated the terms of the Peace of Tilsit. War was being prepared. Napoleon sought, above all, to tie Prussia and Austria more firmly to France.

February 24, 1812 - Friedrich Wilhelm III concluded a secret convention with France, according to which Prussia undertook to field a 20,000-strong corps to participate in the war against Russia.

March 14, 1812 - Austria also pledged to take part in the war against Russia, putting up a 30,000-strong corps for operations in Ukraine. But both of these agreements were signed under brute pressure from French diplomats.

Napoleon demanded that Russia comply with the conditions of the Tilsit peace.

On April 27, Kurakin, on behalf of the tsar, informed Napoleon that the precondition for this could be:

withdrawal of French troops from Prussia across the Elbe

liberation of Swedish Pomerania and Danzig

consent to Russian trade with neutral countries.

Napoleon refused. He deployed armed forces in Prussia and in the Duchy of Warsaw, right at the very borders of Russia.

representative of Alexander 1, Balashov, tried to convince Napoleon to stop the invasion. The latter answered the royal envoy with a rude and arrogant refusal. After Balashov's departure from Vilna, diplomatic relations between the Russian and French governments ceased.

The first failures of Napoleon, who failed to defeat the troops of General Barclay de Tolly in border battles, forced him to seek an honorable peace.

August 4-5 - Battle of Smolensk. Retreat of Russian troops. After Smolensk, Bonaparte for the first time tried to start negotiations with the Russian government, but the negotiations did not take place.

November 14-16 - Battle of the Berezina. The retreat towards the Berezina and Vilna led Napoleon's army to almost complete destruction. The already catastrophic situation of the French troops was further aggravated by the transition of the Prussian troops to the side of Russia. Thus, a new, 6th coalition against France was created. In addition to England and Russia, Napoleon was now opposed by Prussia, and then Sweden.

On August 10, Austria joined the 6th coalition at a time when a huge army consisting of Russian, Prussian, Swedish and English contingents was concentrating in Germany against Napoleon.

October 16-19, 1813 - "Battle of the Nations" near Leipzig. The defeated armies of Napoleon were forced to retreat beyond the Rhine, and soon hostilities were transferred to the territory of France itself.

March 31 - Alexander I and Friedrich Wilhelm III, at the head of their troops, solemnly entered the streets of the French capital. Located in Fontainebleau, 90 kilometers from Paris, Napoleon was forced to abandon the continuation of the struggle

April 6 - Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son. later he dutifully proceeded to the south of France, in order to proceed further by sea to the island of Elba, granted to him by the allies for life possession.

May 30, 1814 - Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition (Russia, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia), which was later joined by Spain, Portugal and Sweden.:

the restoration of the independence of Holland, Switzerland, the German principalities (which were united in a union) and the Italian states (except for the lands that were ceded to Austria).

Freedom of navigation on the Rhine and Scheldt was declared.

France returned most of the colonial possessions lost during the Napoleonic Wars

September 1814 - June 1815 - Congress of Vienna. Convened under the terms of the Paris Treaty. Representatives of all European states participated (except Turkey)

Tasks:

elimination of political changes and transformations that took place in Europe as a result of the French bourgeois revolution and the Napoleonic wars.

the principle of "legitimism", i.e., the restoration of the "legitimate" rights of former monarchs who have lost their possessions. In reality, the principle of "legitimism" was only a cover for the arbitrariness of the reaction

creation of guarantees against the return to power of Napoleon and the resumption of French wars of conquest

repartition of Europe in the interests of the victorious powers

Solutions:

France is deprived of all conquests, its borders remain the same as in 1792.

Transfer of Malta and the Ionian Islands to England

Austrian authority over northern Italy and some Balkan provinces

Division of the Duchy of Warsaw between Austria, Russia and Prussia. The lands that became part of the Russian Empire were called the Kingdom of Poland, and the Russian Emperor Alexander I became the Polish king.

incorporation of the territory of the Austrian Netherlands into the new Kingdom of the Netherlands

Prussia got part of Saxony, a significant territory of Westphalia and the Rhineland

Formation of the German Confederation

Significance of Congress:

determined the new balance of power in Europe, which had developed by the end of the Napoleonic Wars, for a long time denoting the leading role of the victorious countries - Russia, Austria and Great Britain - in international relations.

the Vienna system of international relations

the creation of the Holy Alliance of European States, which had the goal of ensuring the inviolability of European monarchies.

« 100 days» Napoleon - March-June 1815

Return of Napoleon to power

June 18, 1815 - Battle of Waterloo. Defeat of the French army. Napoleon's exile to Saint Helena.

Five columns: 1. Years; 2. Anti-French coalitions; 3. major events; 4. Results;5. Meaning.

Thank you.

Answers and solutions.

In the early years of the Directory, France won a number of victories in the war with the coalition. The war, begun as a liberation war, turned into a war of conquest. Clear signs of this appeared during the military campaign in 1796-1797.
The French army led by General Bonaparte in 1796 invaded Italy. In 1797-1799. The French formed the Ligurian, Cisalpine, Roman, and Neapolitan republics in Italy.
The Napoleonic Wars had a strong influence on the fate of the German people. In Germany, the hegemony of Napoleon was established. In 1795, France signed the Basel Agreement with Prussia.
In 1798, in connection with French expansion in Europe and the Middle East, a new coalition was formed against France.
After the failure of the Egyptian campaign, French rule in Northern Italy was temporarily replaced by Austrian. In 1800, in the city of Marengo, the French army again defeated the Austrian army and captured Northern Italy. For ten years, Italy was subject to Napoleon's empire. Part of its northern territories was directly incorporated into France.
The map of Germany was constantly redrawn. In 1803, a decree was signed, according to which 112 states with a population of 3 million were decided to be abolished. Their lands were attached to large states. The lands of the spiritual principalities were secularized.
Napoleonic rule was accompanied by robberies, violence and at the same time contributed to bourgeois transformations. The number of churches and monasteries was reduced, and many feudal privileges were abolished. At the same time, the French government introduced new indemnity taxes and a recruitment system. In 1806, Prussia, opposed to the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine, launched a war against France, but lost it. The greatest humiliation for her was the Peace of Tilsit in 1807, which made her dependent on France.
The wars of the Austrian Empire against France ended in defeat for the empire. In 1806, under the pressure of Napoleon, the Habsburg dynasty forever lost its status as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. The monarchy became known as the Austrian Empire.
Immediately after coming to power, Napoleon forced Spain to participate in the wars of the anti-English coalition. This war ended with the defeat of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Trafalgar. In the context of the economic crisis, financial confusion and decline in the army in 1807, Napoleon forced Spain to enter a new war with Portugal. However, after its completion, the French troops did not leave the territory of Spain.
The Spanish people, in protest on May 2, 1808, first in Madrid and then in other cities, raised an uprising. The declaration of a foreigner as king, military intervention, the violation of popular traditions - all this raised the population of Spain to fight for their independence. The Spanish provinces one by one declared war on the French. Rebel and armed detachments were formed, vested with great powers. Napoleon sent a 200,000-strong army to Spain, which with great difficulty managed to restore order in large cities. Napoleon, who managed to subjugate all of Europe, met with fierce resistance from the Spanish army. The defenders of the city of Zaragoza fought for their city to the last drop of blood. The heroic struggle of the Spaniards for their independence ended in the fall of 1813. Spain was defeated, and the French troops won another victory.

1. 1791 - 1797 First coalition. Composition: England, Prussia, the Kingdom of Naples, the Duchy of Tuscany, Austria, Spain, Holland, since 1795 Russia. Revolutionary wars and the Italian campaign. France expelled foreign troops from its territory and invaded Northern Italy.
2. 1799 - 1802 Second coalition. Composition: England, Russia, Turkey, Austria, Kingdom of Naples. Second Italian campaign. Peace of Luneville, Peace of Amiens. The beginning of domination in Italy and a peace treaty with Great Britain (the War of the Second Coalition ended).
3. 1805 Third coalition. Composition: Austria, Russia, Great Britain, Sweden, Kingdom of Naples and Portugal. War of the Third Coalition, Ulm, Austerlitz. Peace of Pressburg. The defeat of the Third Coalition, the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.
4. 1806 - 1807 Fourth Coalition. Composition: England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony, Sweden. Jena, Auerstedt, Friedland. Tilsit world. The defeat of Prussia, the defeat of Russia.
5. 1809 Fifth Coalition. Composition: Austria, England and Spain. Regensburg, capture of Vienna. Schönbrunn world. Austria was deprived of access to the Adriatic Sea and lost Illyria, Salzburg, Western Galicia.
6. 1812 - 1814 Sixth Coalition. Composition: Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, Austria and Prussia. Smolensk, Borodino, Leipzig, the capture of Paris. Parisian world. The return of France to the borders of 1792 and the restoration of the monarchy.

At the time of the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which led to the establishment of the Consulate regime, France was at war with the Second Coalition (Russia, Great Britain, Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). In 1799, she suffered a series of setbacks, and her position was quite difficult, although Russia actually dropped out of her opponents. Napoleon, proclaimed First Consul of the Republic, was faced with the task of achieving a radical change in the war. He decided to deliver the main blow to Austria on the Italian and German fronts.

Spring-summer campaign 1800.

In Germany, the French army of General J.-V. Moreau crossed the Rhine on April 25, 1800 and on May 3 defeated the Swabian army of the Austrians under the command of Baron P. Kray at Stockach and Engen and threw it back to Ulm. Having lost the battles of Gochshtedt, Neuburg and Oberhausen, P. Kray concluded the Parsdorf truce with the French on July 15, in whose hands all of Bavaria west of the Isar river was in their hands.

In Italy, Genoa, the last fortress held by the French (General A. Massena), was blocked on April 25 by the Austrian army of Field Marshal M.-F. Melas and the English fleet of Admiral K. J. Keith and capitulated on June 4. At the same time, Napoleon, secretly concentrating a 40,000-strong Reserve Army near Geneva, crossed the Alps on May 15–23 through the Great St. Bernard and St. Gotthard passes and invaded Lombardy; On June 2, the French occupied Milan and cut off the Austrians' escape route to the south and east. On June 14, near the village of Marengo near Alessandria, Napoleon defeated the twice superior forces of M.-F. Melas. On June 15, a five-month truce was signed, as a result of which the Austrians cleared Northern Italy to the river. Mincho; the French restored the vassal Cisalpine and Ligurian republics.

Winter campaign 1800/1801.

In November 1800, the French resumed hostilities in Bavaria. December 3 J.-V. Moreau won a brilliant victory over the army of Archduke Johann near the village of Hohenlinden east of Munich and moved on to Vienna. The Austrian emperor Franz II had to conclude the Steyer truce on December 25 and transfer Tyrol, part of Styria and Upper Austria to the Enns river to the French. At the same time, in Italy, the French General G.-M. Brun crossed the Mincio and the Adige, captured Verona and, joining the corps of E.-J. MacDonald, who broke through from Switzerland, drove the Austrian army of Field Marshal G.-J. Brent. According to the Treaty of Treviso signed on January 16, 1801, the Austrians surrendered to the French the fortresses of Manua, Peschiera and Legnano on the Lombard-Venetian border and left the territory of Italy. The Neapolitan army, which was going to the aid of the Austrians, was defeated by the French general F. de Miollis near Siena, after which the detachment of I. Murat made a throw to Naples and forced the King of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand IV to agree to a truce in Foligno. As a result, all of Italy fell under the control of the French.

Luneville world.

On February 9, 1801, the Treaty of Luneville was concluded between France and Austria, which on the whole repeated the terms of the Peace of Campoformia of 1797: it secured the left bank of the Rhine for France, and Venice, Istria, Dalmatia and Salzburg for Austria; the legitimacy of the Cisalpine (Lombardy), Ligurian (Genoa region), Batavian (Holland) and Helvetic (Switzerland) republics dependent on France was recognized; on the other hand, France abandoned its attempt to restore the Roman and Parthenopian (Neapolitan) republics; Rome was returned to the pope, but Romagna remained part of the Cisalpine Republic; the French maintained a military presence in Piedmont.

Anglo-French confrontation and the Peace of Amiens.

After the withdrawal of Austria from the war, Great Britain turned out to be the main enemy of France. On September 5, 1800, the English fleet took Malta from the French. The refusal of the British government to return the island to the Order of Malta displeased the Russian Emperor Paul I (he was the Grand Master of the Order). Russia officially left the Second Coalition and formed, together with Prussia, Sweden and Denmark, the anti-English League of Neutral States. However, the beginning of the Franco-Russian rapprochement was prevented by the assassination of Paul I in March 1801. On April 2, the English fleet bombarded Copenhagen and forced Denmark to withdraw from the League, which after that actually disintegrated. In the summer, French troops in Egypt were forced to capitulate. At the same time, Great Britain lost its last allies. Under pressure from France and Spain, on June 6, Portugal broke off the alliance with it (Treaty of Badajoz). On October 10, the new Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the Peace of Paris with France. Napoleon began preparations for an invasion of the British Isles; he formed in Boulogne a significant army and a huge transport flotilla (First Boulogne camp). Finding itself in diplomatic isolation and given the deep dissatisfaction with the war within the country, the British government entered into peace negotiations, which ended on March 27, 1802 with the signing of the Treaty of Amiens. According to its terms, Great Britain returned to France and its allies the colonies seized from them during the war (Haiti, the Lesser Antilles, the Mascarene Islands, French Guiana), retaining only Dutch Ceylon and Spanish Trinidad, pledged to withdraw troops from Malta, from Egypt and the former French possessions in India and not interfere in the internal affairs of Germany, Italy, Holland and Switzerland; for its part, France promised to evacuate Rome, Naples and Elba.

As a result of the wars with the Second Coalition, France managed to significantly weaken the influence of Austria in Germany and Italy and for a while to force Great Britain to recognize French hegemony on the European continent.

War with England (1803–1805).

The Peace of Amiens turned out to be only a short respite in the Anglo-French confrontation: Great Britain could not abandon its traditional interests in Europe, and France was not going to stop its foreign policy expansion. Napoleon continued to interfere in the internal affairs of Holland and Switzerland. On January 25, 1802, he achieved his election as president of the Italian Republic, created in place of the Tsezalpinskaya. On August 26, contrary to the terms of the Treaty of Amiens, France annexed the island of Elba, and on September 21, Piedmont. In response, Great Britain refused to leave the island of Malta and retained French possessions in India. The influence of France in Germany increased after the secularization of the German lands carried out under its control in February-April 1803, as a result of which most of the church principalities and free cities were liquidated; Prussia and French allies Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Württemberg and Bavaria received significant land additions. Napoleon refused to conclude a trade agreement with England and introduced restrictive measures that prevented the access of British goods to French ports. All this led to the rupture of diplomatic relations (May 12, 1803) and the resumption of hostilities.

The British began to seize French and Dutch commercial ships. In response, Napoleon ordered the arrest of all British subjects in France, banned trade with the island, occupied Hanover, which was in a personal union with Great Britain, and began to prepare for an invasion (the Second Camp of Boulogne). However, the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet by Admiral H. Nelson at Cape Trafalgar on October 21, 1805 ensured England's complete dominance at sea and made the invasion impossible.

War with the Third Coalition (1805–1806).

May 18, 1804 Napoleon was proclaimed emperor. Europe took the establishment of the Empire as evidence of the new aggressive intentions of France, and she was not mistaken. On March 17, 1805, the Italian Republic became the Kingdom of Italy; On May 26, Napoleon assumed the Italian crown; On June 4, he annexed the Ligurian Republic to France, and then transferred Lucca, which became a grand duchy, to his sister Elisa. On July 27, the importation of English goods into Italy was banned. In this situation, Austria. On August 5, 1805, Russia, Sweden, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, together with Great Britain, formed the Third Anti-Napoleonic Coalition under the slogan of protecting the rights of Holland, Italy, and Switzerland. Prussia, although proclaiming neutrality, prepared to support it. Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt remained on the side of France.

The Austrians opened hostilities: on September 9, they invaded Bavaria and occupied it; the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov moved to join them. Napoleon concentrated his main forces in Germany. He managed to block the Austrian army of General K. Mack in Ulm and on October 20 to force it to surrender. Then he entered Austria, occupied Vienna on November 13, and on December 2 near Austerlitz inflicted a crushing defeat on the united Austro-Russian army (“battle of the three emperors”). In Italy, the French drove the Austrians out of the Venetian region and threw them back to Laibach (modern Ljubljana) and the Raab river (modern Raba). The failures of the coalition prevented the entry into the war of Prussia, which on December 16 concluded an agreement with France, receiving Hanover taken from the British in exchange for some of its possessions on the Rhine and in southern Germany. On December 26, Austria was forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Pressburg: it recognized Napoleon as the king of Italy and the annexation of Piedmont and Liguria to France, ceded to the Italian kingdom the Venetian region, Istria (without Trieste) and Dalmatia, Bavaria - Tyrol, Vorarlberg and several bishoprics, Württemberg and Baden - Vstriyan Swabia; in return, she received Salzburg, the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand was allocated Würzburg, and Archduke Anton became Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.

As a result of the war, Austria was completely ousted from Germany and Italy, and France established its hegemony on the European continent. March 15, 1806 Napoleon gave the Grand Duchy of Cleve and Berg into the possession of his brother-in-law I. Murat. He expelled from Naples the local Bourbon dynasty, which fled to Sicily under the protection of the English fleet, and on March 30 he placed his brother Joseph on the Neapolitan throne. On May 24, he transformed the Batavian Republic into the Kingdom of Holland, placing his other brother Louis at the head of it. In Germany, on June 12, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed from 17 states under the protectorate of Napoleon; On August 6, the Austrian emperor Franz II renounced the German crown - the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist.

War with the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807).

Napoleon's promise to return Hanover to Great Britain in the event of peace with her and his attempts to prevent the creation of an alliance of North German principalities led by Prussia led to a sharp deterioration in Franco-Prussian relations and the formation on September 15, 1806 of the Fourth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition consisting of Prussia, Russia, England, Sweden and Saxony . After Napoleon rejected an ultimatum from the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III (1797–1840) to withdraw French troops from Germany and dissolve the Confederation of the Rhine, two Prussian armies marched on Hesse. However, Napoleon quickly concentrated significant forces in Franconia (between Würzburg and Bamberg) and invaded Saxony. The victory of Marshal J. Lann over the Prussians on October 9–10, 1806 at Saalefeld allowed the French to fortify themselves on the Saale River. On October 14, the Prussian army suffered a crushing defeat at Jena and Auerstedt. October 27 Napoleon entered Berlin; Lübeck capitulated on November 7, Magdeburg on November 8. November 21, 1806 he announced a continental blockade of Great Britain, seeking to completely interrupt its trade relations with European countries. On November 28, the French occupied Warsaw; almost all of Prussia was occupied. In December, Napoleon moved against the Russian troops stationed on the Narew River (a tributary of the Bug). After a series of local successes, the French laid siege to Danzig. An attempt by the Russian commander L.L. Bennigsen at the end of January 1807 to destroy the corps of Marshal J.B. Bernadotte with a sudden blow ended in failure. On February 7, Napoleon overtook the Russian army retreating to Koenigsberg, but could not defeat it in the bloody battle of Preussisch-Eylau (February 7-8). On April 25, Russia and Prussia concluded a new alliance treaty in Bartenstein, but England and Sweden did not provide them with effective assistance. French diplomacy managed to provoke the Ottoman Empire into declaring war on Russia. On June 14, the French defeated the Russian troops at Friedland (East Prussia). Alexander I was forced to enter into negotiations with Napoleon (Tilsit meeting), which ended on July 7 with the signing of the Treaty of Tilsit and led to the creation of a Franco-Russian military-political alliance. Russia recognized all the French conquests in Europe and promised to join the continental blockade, while France pledged to support Russia's claims to Finland and the Danubian principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia). Alexander I achieved the preservation of Prussia as a state, but she lost the Polish lands that belonged to her, from which the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was formed, headed by the Saxon elector, and all her possessions west of the Elbe, which, together with Braunschweig, Hanover and Hesse-Kassel, made up the kingdom of Westphalia led by Napoleon's brother Jerome; the Bialystok district went to Russia; Danzig became a free city.

Continuation of the war with England (1807–1808).

Fearing the emergence of an anti-English league of northern neutral countries led by Russia, Great Britain launched a preemptive strike on Denmark: September 1–5, 1807, an English squadron bombarded Copenhagen and captured the Danish fleet. This caused general indignation in Europe: Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon, Austria, under pressure from France, broke off diplomatic relations with Great Britain, and on November 7 Russia declared war on her. At the end of November, the French army of Marshal A. Junot occupied Portugal, allied with England; The Portuguese Prince Regent fled to Brazil. In February 1808 Russia started a war with Sweden. Napoleon and Alexander I entered into negotiations on the division of the Ottoman Empire. In May, France annexed the kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany) and the Papal State, which maintained trade relations with Great Britain.

War with the Fifth Coalition (1809).

Spain became the next object of Napoleonic expansion. During the Portuguese expedition, French troops were quartered, with the consent of King Charles IV (1788–1808), in many Spanish cities. In May 1808, Napoleon forced Charles IV and the heir apparent Ferdinand to renounce their rights (Bayonne Treaty). On June 6, he proclaimed his brother Joseph king of Spain. The establishment of French domination caused a general uprising in the country. On July 20–23, the rebels surrounded and forced to surrender two French corps near Bailen (Bailen capitulation). The uprising also spread to Portugal; On August 6, English troops landed there under the command of A. Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington). On August 21 he defeated the French at Vimeiro; On August 30, A. Junot signed the act of surrender in Sintra; his army was evacuated to France.

The loss of Spain and Portugal led to a sharp deterioration in the foreign policy situation of the Napoleonic Empire. Patriotic anti-French sentiments intensified significantly in Germany. Austria began to actively prepare for revenge and reorganize its armed forces. September 27 - October 14, a meeting between Napoleon and Alexander I took place in Erfurt: although their military-political alliance was renewed, although Russia recognized Joseph Bonaparte as the king of Spain, and France - the accession of Finland to Russia, and although the Russian tsar undertook to take the side of France in case Austrian attacks on her, nevertheless, the Erfurt meeting marked the cooling of Franco-Russian relations.

In November 1808 - January 1809, Napoleon made a trip to the Iberian Peninsula, where he won a number of victories over the Spanish and English troops. At the same time, Great Britain managed to achieve peace with the Ottoman Empire (January 5, 1809). In April 1809, the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition was formed, which included Austria, Great Britain and Spain, represented by a provisional government (Supreme Junta). On April 10, the Austrians began hostilities; they invaded Bavaria, Italy and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Tyrol revolted against Bavarian rule. Napoleon moved into southern Germany against the main Austrian army of Archduke Charles and at the end of April, during five successful battles (at Tengen, Abensberg, Landsgut, Eckmühl and Regensburg), he cut it into two parts: one had to retreat to the Czech Republic, the other - beyond the river. Inn. The French entered Austria and occupied Vienna on May 13. But after the bloody battles near Aspern and Essling on May 21-22, they were forced to stop the offensive and gain a foothold on the Danube island of Lobau; On May 29, the Tyroleans defeated the Bavarians on Mount Isel near Innsbruck. Nevertheless, Napoleon, having received reinforcements, crossed the Danube and on July 5-6 at Wagram defeated the Archduke Charles. In Italy and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, the actions of the Austrians were also unsuccessful. Although the Austrian army was not destroyed, Franz II agreed to the conclusion of the Schönbrunn Peace (October 14), according to which Austria lost access to the Adriatic Sea; she ceded to France part of Carinthia and Croatia, Krajna, Istria, Trieste and Fiume (modern Rijeka), which made up the Illyrian provinces; Bavaria received Salzburg and part of Upper Austria; the Grand Duchy of Warsaw - Western Galicia; Russia - Tarnopol district.

Franco-Russian relations (1809–1812).

Russia did not provide effective assistance to Napoleon in the war with Austria, and her relations with France deteriorated sharply. The Petersburg court thwarted the project of Napoleon's marriage with Grand Duchess Anna, sister of Alexander I. On February 8, 1910, Napoleon married Marie-Louise, daughter of Franz II, and began to support Austria in the Balkans. The election on August 21, 1810 of French Marshal J.B. Bernatotte as heir to the Swedish throne increased the fears of the Russian government for the northern flank. In December 1810, Russia, which was suffering significant losses from the continental blockade of England, raised customs duties on French goods, which aroused Napoleon's open displeasure. Regardless of Russian interests, France continued its aggressive policy in Europe: on July 9, 1810, it annexed Holland, on December 12, the Swiss canton of Wallis, on February 18, 1811, several German free cities and principalities, including the Duchy of Oldenburg, whose ruling house was connected family ties with the Romanov dynasty; the accession of Lübeck provided France with access to the Baltic Sea. Alexander I was also worried about Napoleon's plans to restore a unified Polish state.

War with the Sixth Coalition (1813–1814).

The death of Napoleon's Great Army in Russia significantly changed the military-political situation in Europe and contributed to the growth of anti-French sentiment. Already on December 30, 1812, General J. von Wartenburg, commander of the Prussian auxiliary corps, which was part of the Great Army, concluded an agreement on neutrality with the Russians in Taurogi. As a result, all of East Prussia rose up against Napoleon. In January 1813, the Austrian commander K.F. Schwarzenberg, in accordance with a secret agreement with Russia, withdrew his troops from the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. On February 28, Prussia signed the Treaty of Kalisz on an alliance with Russia, which provided for the restoration of the Prussian state within the borders of 1806 and the restoration of Germany's independence; thus the Sixth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition came into being. On March 2, Russian troops crossed the Oder, on March 11 they occupied Berlin, on March 12 - Hamburg, on March 15 - Breslavl; On March 23, the Prussians entered Dresden, the capital of Napoleon's allied Saxony. All of Germany east of the Elbe was cleared of the French. On April 22, Sweden joined the coalition.

Spring-summer campaign of 1813.

Napoleon, having managed to gather a new army, in April 1813 moved it against the allies. On May 2, he defeated the combined forces of Russians and Prussians at Lützen near Leipzig and captured Saxony. The allies retreated across the river Spree to Bautzen, where on May 20 a bloody battle took place with an unclear result. The coalition army continued its retreat, leaving Breslau and part of Silesia to Napoleon. In the north, the French took back Hamburg. On June 4, with the mediation of Austria, the opposing sides concluded the Plesvitsky truce, which gave the Allies a respite and an opportunity to gather strength. On June 14, Great Britain joined the coalition. After the failure of the Allied peace talks with Napoleon in Prague, Austria joined them on 12 August.

Autumn campaign 1813.

At the end of August hostilities resumed. The Allied forces were reorganized into three armies - Northern (J.B. Bernadotte), Silesian (G.-L. Blucher) and Bohemian (K.F. Schwarzenberg). J.B. Bernadotte on August 23 pushed back the army of N.-Sh. Oudinot advancing on Berlin, and on September 6 defeated M. Ney's corps at Dennewitz. In Silesia, G.-L. Blucher on August 26 defeated the corps of E.-J. Macdonald at the Katzbach. K.F. Schwarzenberg, who invaded Saxony, was defeated on August 27 by Napoleon near Dresden and retreated to the Czech Republic, but on August 29-30, near Kulm, the allies surrounded and forced the corps of General D. Vandamm to surrender. On September 9, Austria, Russia, and Prussia signed the Treaty of Teplitz on the restoration of the German states within the borders of 1805. On October 8, Bavaria joined the coalition. The Allies decided to lock up the French army in Saxony and destroy it. Napoleon retreated first to Dresden, and then to Leipzig, where on October 16–19 he suffered a crushing defeat in the “battle of the nations”. The allies tried to eliminate the remnants of the French army, but Napoleon managed to defeat the Austro-Bavarian corps of K. Wrede on October 30 at Hanau and escape beyond the Rhine. All of Germany revolted: on October 28, the kingdom of Westphalia ceased to exist; On November 2, Württemberg and Hesse-Darmstadt went over to the side of the coalition, on November 20 - Baden, on November 23 - Nassau, on November 24 - Saxe-Coburg; The Confederation of the Rhine broke up. By the beginning of December, the French had left German territory, retaining only a number of important fortresses (Hamburg, Dresden, Magdeburg, Küstrin, Danzig). They were also forced out of Holland. In Italy, Viceroy Eugene Beauharnais could hardly hold back the onslaught of the Austrians, the British and the Neapolitan king I. Murat, who had betrayed Napoleon; in September 1813 he retreated from the Alps to the Isonzo River, and in November - to the Adige River. In Spain, the British pushed back the French over the Pyrenees in October.

The Allied invasion of France and the defeat of Napoleon.

At the very end of 1813, the Allies crossed the Rhine in three columns. By January 26, 1814, they concentrated their forces between the Marne and the sources of the Seine. On January 31, Napoleon successfully attacked the Prussians at Brienne, but on February 1 he was defeated by the combined Prussian-Austrian forces at La Rotierre and retreated to Troyes. The Silesian army of G.-L. Blucher moved to Paris along the Marne valley, and the Bohemian army of K.F. Schwarzenberg - to Troyes. The slowness of K.F. Schwarzenberg made it possible for Napoleon to direct the main forces against G.-L. Blucher. After victories at Champaubert on February 10, Montmirail on February 12, and Vauchan on February 14, he drove the Silesian army back to the right bank of the Marne. The threat to Paris from the Bohemian army forced Napoleon to stop the pursuit of G.-L. Blucher and move against K.F. Schwarzenberg. At the end of February, the Bohemian army left Troyes and retreated beyond the river. About to Chalon and Langre. In early March, Napoleon managed to thwart G.-L. Blucher's new attack on Paris, but on March 9 he was defeated by him at Laon and retreated to Soissons. Then he went to the Rhine, intending to strike at the rear of the Bohemian army. On March 20-21, K.F. Schwarzenberg attacked him at Arcy-sur-Aube, but could not achieve victory. Then, on March 25, the allies moved to Paris, broke the resistance of the few detachments of O.-F. Marmont and E.-A. Mortier, and on March 30 occupied the capital of France. Napoleon led the army to Fontainebleau. On the night of April 4-5, O.-F. Marmont's corps went over to the side of the coalition. On April 6, under pressure from the marshals, Napoleon abdicated. On April 11, he was granted lifelong possession of Fr. Elbe. The empire has fallen. In France, the power of the Bourbons was restored in the person of Louis XVIII.

In Italy, Eugene Beauharnais in February 1814, under pressure from the allies, withdrew to the Mincio River. After the abdication of Napoleon, he concluded an armistice with the Austrian command on April 16. The uprising of the Milanese against French rule on April 18–20 allowed the Austrians to occupy Mantua on April 23, and Milan on April 26. The Italian kingdom has fallen.

War with the Seventh Coalition (1815).

On February 26, 1815, Napoleon left Elba and on March 1, with an escort of 1,100 guards, landed in the Bay of Juan near Cannes. The army went over to his side, and on March 20 he entered Paris. Louis XVIII fled. The empire has been restored.

On March 13, England, Austria, Prussia and Russia outlawed Napoleon, and on March 25 formed the Seventh Coalition against him. In an effort to break the allies in parts, Napoleon invaded Belgium in mid-June, where the English (Wellington) and Prussian (G.-L. Blucher) armies were located. On June 16, the French defeated the British at Quatre Bras and the Prussians at Ligny, but on June 18 they lost the pitched battle of Waterloo. The remnants of the French troops retreated to Laon. On June 22, Napoleon abdicated for the second time. At the end of June, the coalition armies approached Paris and occupied it on June 6-8. Napoleon was exiled to Fr. St. Helena. The Bourbons returned to power.

Under the terms of the Peace of Paris on November 20, 1815, France was reduced to the borders of 1790; an indemnity of 700 million francs was imposed on her; the Allies occupied a number of northeastern French fortresses for 3–5 years. The political map of post-Napoleonic Europe was determined at the Congress of Vienna 1814–1815 ().

As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, France's military power was broken and she lost her dominant position in Europe. The main political force on the continent was the Holy Union of Monarchs, led by Russia; The UK has maintained its status as the world's leading maritime power.

The aggressive wars of Napoleonic France threatened the national independence of many European peoples; at the same time, they contributed to the destruction of the feudal-monarchical order on the continent - the French army brought on its bayonets the principles of a new civil society (Civil Code) and the abolition of feudal relations; Napoleon's liquidation of many small feudal states in Germany facilitated the process of its future unification.

Ivan Krivushin

Literature:

Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. M., 1986
Easdale C.J. Napoleonic Wars. Rostov-on-Don, 1997
Egorov A.A. Marshals of Napoleon. Rostov-on-Don, 1998
Shikanov V.N. Under the Banners of the Emperor: Little-Known Pages of the Napoleonic Wars. M., 1999
Chandler D. Military campaigns of Napoleon. Triumph and tragedy of the conqueror. M., 2000
Delderfield R.F. The collapse of Napoleon's empire. 1813–1814: Military Historical Chronicle. M., 2001