All consonants are voiced solid. Soft consonants

Phonetics is a capricious lady, albeit an interesting one. It's no secret that all sounds in Russian are divided into consonants and vowels. The first, in turn, are divided into voiced and deaf, soft and hard. This classification is based on the way of pronouncing sounds and the features of the work of our articulatory apparatus. So how can you tell them all apart?

And what, exactly, is the point?

Soft and hard consonant sounds Grade 1 begins to study at the very beginning of the Russian language course. But in order to distinguish one phoneme from another, you must first understand what is the difference between them and vowels.

Vowel sounds are pronounced only with the help of the voice. They can be sung, extended - this is how teachers explain to kids at school. When the air at the exit from the lungs passes through the trachea, larynx, oral cavity, it does not encounter any obstacles. When we talk about consonants, then to pronounce them, you need to use lips, teeth and tongue - they all participate in the process, so to speak.

Comparing consonants and vowels according to their sound, we notice the following tendency: when vowels, as mentioned above, sound only with one voice, then there is still noise in the consonants created by the interference that the air has to meet when pronouncing them. This is their main difference. Deaf sounds are pronounced only with this very noise, while in voiced sounds, a voice is also added to it. Compare, for example, the pronunciation of the words "grotto" and "mole" or "house" and "tom". In both cases, the first letters are solid consonants, voiced and voiceless, respectively.

"Let's get back to our sheep!"

Now that we already know a little about the differences in consonants, let's move on to our main topic.

The best way to learn is by example, right? And again, let's turn to the comparison: let's say the following pairs of words:

Racket-rake, bun-buro, mother - ball, vine - ice, tower - view.

There is some difference in how we pronounce consonants. Is not it? It is caused by vowel sounds that come after consonants. The words are specially chosen so that the sounds we need are in the same position in all examples. In this case, they show all their diversity. Say it again, slowly. Do you feel how the language, in those words where the consonants sound softer, does not rest against the palate, but seems to relax, becomes flat? This can be considered the main feature that our hard consonants have during articulation.

Theory

Well, now let's move on to a specific theory. Solid consonants - a table that will consist of two parts. First of all, you need to remember that the hardness or softness of a sound is due to its neighboring vowel. When after the letter is a, o, u, s , then the sound that it denotes will definitely be solid (mittens, trampling, lips, played), and if there are e, yo, yu, i, and , the consonant will sound softer (blizzard, doggie, mint, Kyiv). Thus, we can say that there is no point in memorizing all hard consonants. Almost all of them are paired. This property was shown in the first row of words, where we learned to distinguish between hard and soft sounds. Therefore, everything depends on this very vowel.

Unpaired consonants

Another question is how to deal with unpaired consonants. There are very few of them in Russian: w, w, c . No matter how hard you try, you won't be able to pronounce them softly. Even if they are followed by those vowels that are usually used with soft consonants: ramrod - rustle - chic, creepy - liquid - tin, price - circus - king. Opposed to these consonants are unpaired h, w, y , which in all cases will sound soft: chock - thicket - cleaning, cheeks - squint - crushed stone, iot - yogurt.

Break the system!

In this situation, you need to understand that the rule of the subsequent vowel with them does not apply to unpaired solid consonants. The table that can be compiled for better assimilation of the material, in any case, will consist of two parts - paired, the equivalent of which can always be found by changing the vowel, and unpaired, living by their own rules.

We remember

Now let's move on to the methods of learning and memorization. Solid consonants grade 1 remembers reluctantly - too boring. But after all, there is always a way to increase efficiency by making the student interested in an unusual form of work, even with such theoretical and unnecessary, at first glance, material. Various pictures, diagrams, drawings and games with the choice of words will come to our aid.

Let's make some cards. You will need two sheets of colored paper or colored cardboard. The main thing is that they are contrasting. We cut out the same clouds, balls, figures - everything that comes to your mind. Then we connect the two figures with glue so that these very contrasting sides are outside. And then, with the participation of your little helper, on one side we write vowels that are friends with soft ones, and on the other - with hard consonants. In order not to forget anything at all, you can also place unpaired and paired ones side by side, respectively. When everything is at hand, it is much easier.

Next, draw something that can help create an association - a brick on a cardboard where hard sounds are written, and a feather with soft phonemes. Or something else like that. Having a concrete example in front of his eyes, the student will surely learn the information better. Later, to consolidate, you can ask your student to highlight hard and soft sounds in different colors in written words - red and blue, for example, so that you can easily check his homework.

improvised material

To prepare the tablets, which were mentioned just above, you still need to have some kind of material. Solid consonants - a table that you can rely on so as not to get confused. For convenience, it contains paired and unpaired sounds in terms of hardness and softness. By the way, if we want to indicate the softness of a sound, in phonetic transcription, for example, an apostrophe is placed after it.

In this table, all phonemes at the top are solid. Below are their soft counterparts. True, we have three cases where the sound does not have a pair. This means it is not soft.

We remember further

Let's keep practicing? Let's give more examples of words where the same consonant sounds in a hard or soft position. One more nuance. In addition to the very vowels that affect the consonant, it can be softened or hardened by a soft and hard sign, respectively. Let's not forget about it in our next assignment.

Beaver - white, blizzard - goalkeeper, city - helium, entrance - clerk, giraffe, winter - teeth, whale-cat, horse - lemonade, harvest-sea, Neptune-rhinoceros, steamboat - break, decision-novel, owl - family, cake - theme, film-photography, halvah - scheme, chicken, hat.

Identify the words from the presented pair that demonstrate soft or hard consonants. As you can see, the letters for their designation are still used the same. Please note that in some words, hardness and softness are affected not only by vowels, but also by consonants that are next to our sound. In addition, you can also ask the child to come up with examples for unpaired consonants, so that he himself is convinced that they are only hard. Still, own experience is much more vivid confirmation than any memorized theory.

One more game

To study the topic, soft and hard consonants can be offered to the student just such a game. She is very simple. In front of him are a number of words, from which only solid consonants need to be written out. And then, inserting vowels into them, come up with a word. For example, there are a number of words: pickle - footman - knives. Write out the consonants: s, l, n, add vowels. And the first thing that comes to mind is the short but capacious word "elephant". Shall we continue?

1. Edit - will - scrap(issued pr, v, l ).
2. Tomato - role - swamp(issued t, r, t ).
3. Bittern - dormouse - hay(issued in, s, n ).

Conclusion

In conclusion, I would like to remind you that in no case should you say “solid consonants”. These are just the sounds. And for their designations, they are absolutely the same as in the case of soft ones (this was evident from the table above). Now that you have all the material in your hands, it remains only to practice. On the net you can find a huge number of different games and exercises to determine the type of consonants. And, of course, you can re-read the material on the topic “Solid consonant sounds” several more times - the table presented in the article will help to systematize all our knowledge. It will be much easier to repeat with her.

Do not forget to give new examples for each paired and unpaired sound, so that our student himself learns to compare the different sounds of consonant phonemes. It sometimes depends not only on the subsequent vowel or soft and hard sign, but also on neighboring consonants, which, depending on their hardness or softness, can also affect the original sound. Everything is not as difficult as it seems. More games and practice - and everything will definitely work out.

“Tell me how to learn with a child hard and soft consonants voiced and deaf? - Mom asked recently, apparently, first-graders.

Answer: no way.

It is not necessary to teach the child hard and soft consonants, voiced and deaf. It is necessary to teach the child to hear them and identify them by different signs. It's just impossible to learn! It is necessary that the child first understands how voiced and deaf, hard and soft consonants are obtained, and knowledge will come after understanding.

How will we teach a child to distinguish consonant sounds?

Let's start with hard and soft consonants.

In Russian, not all consonants can be both hard and soft. Therefore, first it is necessary for the child to memorize the consonants Zh, Sh, Ts, which are always hard and Ch, Shch, Y, which are always soft.

Make such a reminder to the child, pay attention to the child that the letters H, W, Y sit on the pillows, because they are always soft. If this memo is in front of the child's eyes, it will be easier for him to remember these letters. You can print and hang over the table where the child is engaged. You can write on cardboard and put it in a notebook in writing or in Russian.

But the rest of the consonants can be both hard and soft. And they will help determine the hardness and softness of the consonant adjacent letters.

An interesting option for memorizing hard and soft consonants was suggested by our reader Irina: "I figured out how to remember my children three always hard sounds, ("Ж", "Ш", "Ц"), i.e. those that never soften.

Iron, Washer and Cement - Which will be harder? What's the secret?

There are always soft three sounds: "Ch", "Sch", "Y". Here is a funny tongue twister: Bangs Tickle YYY. ("th" will play the sound of laughter)"

If after the determined consonant there is another consonant, then it is solid. For example, in the word "song" after C is H and we mark C as a hard consonant. Despite the fact that in the Russian language there is the concept of assimilation, when sounds are likened to one another, as in this case, but in elementary school we do not climb into such a jungle of phonetics.

If there is a vowel after the consonant, then it is very easy to determine hardness and softness. All vowels are commanders and they command the previous consonant whether the sound should be hard or soft. The only exceptions are 6 letters, which we talked about earlier. Make such a reminder to the child and let it help him in distinguishing between hard and soft sounds.

And, of course, it is necessary to teach the child to hear hard and soft sounds, to distinguish them by ear. To do this, there are many development exercises. And the well-known game can be modified to suit our task and give the child the task of determining hard or soft first consonant in the word.

At first, you need to select words that begin with a consonant: stump, pony, cancer, river, onion, hatch ... Then you can complicate the task and select words where the consonant is no longer the first sound. Since there are several consonants in the word, it is necessary to discuss with the child which consonant you will determine - the first or the last. The child needs to determine by ear the desired consonant in the word and hear its hardness or softness. And this is already a difficult task. For example: about d eealo and o d urvanchik. The first consonant is D, but in these words it denotes sounds of different softness.

Apply all these methods at once and the child will learn to identify without problems. About voiced and deaf next time.

If you have any questions, write in the comments.

Some of the voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs.

When consonants are formed [p], [l], [m], [n], [j],

Deaf [x], [x "], [c], [h "], [w"] do not have paired pits of voiced consonants.

Notes.

1. The sound [j] in school practice is denoted [th "].

2. The sound [w "] is indicated in writing by the letter u or some combinations of consonants. The horizontal line at the top indicates that the sound is long.

Paired voiced consonants at the end of a word and before deaf consonants, that is, in a weak position, sound like paired deaf consonants. This phenomenon is called stun.

Paired deaf consonants before paired voiced ones, that is, in a weak position, sound like paired voiced consonants. This phenomenon is called voicing.

Strong positions for deafness-voicedness for consonants are positions before vowels, before sonorants and in.

Consonants are divided into hard and soft. When pronouncing hard and soft sounds, the position of the tongue is different. Some of the consonants form pairs of hardness-softness.

When writing, the softness of consonants is indicated:

1) using a soft sign: dove, dictionary:

2) using the letters e, e, u, i, and: remote, linden.

Before soft consonants, the softness of consonants is not always indicated: a bow - ba [n "t"] ik.

More on the topic voiced and voiceless, hard and soft consonants:

1. § 3. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS (checked and unchecked, voiced, deaf and unpronounceable consonants; double consonants; combinations of consonants)

Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [d], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].

Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).

Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.

Hard and soft consonants

Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].

For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers." If a consonant letter in different words means either a soft or a hard sound, then the sound is paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.

Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.

• paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
• unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.

Sonorous, noisy and hissing consonants

Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:

1. Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
2. Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].

Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].

Paired and unpaired consonants

Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:

To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know

As you know, speech sounds can be divided into vowels (pronounced only by voice) and consonants (noise is involved in their pronunciation). Many consonants can be paired according to their characteristics, but not all.

Paired and unpaired consonants according to deafness-voicedness

We must immediately make a reservation that there are only four such sounds that are unpaired in all respects. We will talk about them at the end of the article. The majority, on one basis, is included in the pair, but on the other - not. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about the consonant "unpaired" - it is necessary to indicate on what basis.

Consonants differ in voicelessness-voicedness. This means that when pronouncing some of them, more voice is used (sonorous, sonorous), while others use more noise (deaf) or even one noise at all (hissing).

Sonorants are very voiced consonants, they have a lot of voices, but little noise.

Two sonorous consonants - [L] and [P] - can even form a syllable under some circumstances, that is, behave like vowels. Surely you have met the erroneous spelling "teator". It is explained precisely by the fact that [P] in this word is syllable-forming. Other examples are the words "Alexander", "meaning".

Unpaired voiced consonants are just sonorants. There are five of them:

Sometimes [Y] is not classified as sonorant, but it still remains voiced unpaired. Let's look at the table.

It shows that, in addition to voiced unpaired, there are also sounds that are unpaired deaf. Most of them are hissing; only the deaf unpaired consonant sound [Ts] does not belong to hissing ones.

In this article, we consider only Russian speech sounds. In other languages, the distribution in pairs may be different. For example, in Tibetan there is a voiceless pair to the voiced [L].

Pairs of hardness-softness

In addition to deafness-voicedness, Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness.

This means that some of them are perceived as softer by ear. Then we usually somehow denote it in writing: for example, we write a soft sign or one of the vowels E, Yo, Yu, Ya.

Oral speech is primary (it is clear to anyone that it appeared before written language), therefore it is wrong to say: “The sound [H ’] in the word HORSE is soft, because it is followed by b.” On the contrary, we write b because H' is soft.

By hardness-softness, consonants also make up pairs. But in this case, not all. In Russian, there are unpaired soft and unpaired hard consonants.

Unpaired solid consonants are mainly hissing ([Ж], [Ш]) and [Ц]. They always form in the distant palate.

But in the ancestor of our language, Old Slavonic, on the contrary, [Ж] and [Ш] were always soft and did not have a hard pair. Then [K], [G] and [X] were not soft. Currently, you can meet the (once the only possible) pronunciation with a soft [F '] [DROZH'ZH'I] or [DOZH '] (rain), but this is now optional.

Unpaired soft ones are [Y '] and again hissing [H '] and [Sch '].

That is, all sibilants are either always hard or always soft. The letter b after them does not indicate softness, it performs a grammatical function (for example, without even knowing what “bald” is, anyone will immediately say that this is a feminine word, because in the masculine gender, after hissing b is not put). Solid unpaired hissing consonants in a word can have b with them, but this does not mean that they should be softened. This means that we have a noun of 3 declensions, an adverb or a verb.

Unpaired soft consonants in a word make you want to put b after them, which is often not required. Therefore, it makes sense to remember that in combinations of CHK, CHN, etc. b after h is not needed.

Sounds "completely unpaired"

In Russian, the majority of consonants are either paired on both grounds, or paired on one ground and unpaired on another. For example, in the word [P'EN '] (stump) the sound [P '] is paired both in deafness-voicedness (P '- B '), and in hardness-softness (P '- P), and the sound [N '] is paired in hardness-softness (H' - H), but unpaired in deafness-voicedness.

However, there are several sounds that are unpaired in both ways. These are the sounds [Y '] (unpaired voiced, unpaired soft), [H '] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf), [Щ '] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf) and [C] (unpaired hard, unpaired deaf). Such sounds are often made in Russian language olympiads. For example,"Guess the sound according to the characteristic: unpaired solid, unpaired deaf." We already see that it is [C].

What have we learned?

From the article about paired and unpaired consonants, we learned that in Russian there are both paired and unpaired consonants. Paired consonants differ in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness.

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