This video tutorial is aboutMetallurgical Complex: Composition, Significance, Placement Factors”. At the beginning of this lesson, we will define what structural materials are, what they are. Then we will discuss the composition of the metallurgical complex, its significance for the industry of our country, and also consider the location factors.

Topic: General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson:Metallurgical complex: composition, significance, placement factors

One of the main structural materials are metals. Metals are produced by the Metallurgical Complex.

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of metals.

The composition of the metallurgical complex.

The metallurgical complex includes two large branches - ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is the production of metals based on iron (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys), as well as manganese and chromium.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - production of more than 70 metals with valuable properties (copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.)

The enterprises of the metallurgical complex are engaged in the extraction and enrichment of metal ores, the smelting of various metals, the production of rolled products, the processing of metals in various ways to obtain the desired properties, the processing of secondary raw materials, and the production of auxiliary materials.

1. The products of the metallurgical complex serve as the foundation for mechanical engineering.

2. The products are widely used in construction, transportation, electrical, nuclear and chemical industries.

3. The share of metallurgy accounts for 16% of the total industrial production in Russia, 10% of the population employed in industry.

4. The complex consumes 25% of coal mined in the country, 25% of electricity produced, 30% of rail freight.

5. Metallurgy products are one of the main export items of Russia.

6. In terms of steel export, Russia ranks 1st in the world, in steel production 4th after China, Japan, the USA

7. Metallurgy is a major polluter of nature. Its enterprises emit tens of millions of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Large metallurgical centers are cities with an unfavorable ecological situation. Open pit mining causes great harm to nature

1. Material consumption - the cost of materials for the release of a unit of production.

A large consumption of initial ore raw materials, therefore, metallurgy enterprises are located near sources of raw materials. For example, it takes 5 tons of ore to produce 1 ton of steel, and more than 300 tons of ore is needed to produce 1 ton of tin.

2. Energy intensity - energy costs per unit of output.

Many enterprises of the complex are located near sources of cheap electrical energy, because. production requires a lot of energy. For example, for the production of 1 ton of aluminum, 17 thousand kWh of electricity is needed, and for the production of 1 ton of titanium, 30-60 thousand kWh of electricity.

1. Labor intensity - labor costs per unit of output.

On average, a metallurgical plant employs from 20 to 40 thousand people, and this is the population of a small city.

2. Concentration - the concentration of large volumes of production in one enterprise.

More than 50% of ferrous metals and 49% of non-ferrous metals are smelted by 5% of industrial enterprises. Such a high concentration helps to reduce the cost of products, but complicates the response to market changes.

3. Combination - association at one enterprise, in addition to the main production, productions related to the main technologically and economically.

In the composition of the metallurgical plant, in addition to metallurgical production, there is the production of cement and building materials, the production of nitrogen fertilizers.

4. Environmental factor - a negative impact on the environment.

About 20% of air emissions and wastewater. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for 15% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere and 22% for non-ferrous metallurgy

5. The transport factor - a modern iron and steel plant receives and sends as much cargo as a large city, so it cannot work without a railway.

It is advantageous to create metallurgical enterprises in areas where ore is mined (Ural, Norilsk), in areas where fuel is extracted (Kuzbass) or where cheap electricity is produced (Southern Siberia), at the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets), in areas where finished products are consumed (St. Moscow).

Main

1. Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9 textbook for students of educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
2. Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
3. Atlas of economic geography Grade 9 from Drofa 2012
4. Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127p.)
5. Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
6. Crib on economic geography. (To schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)

Additional

1. Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 pp.: ill.
2. Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189p. :
3. Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
4. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998.- 800s.: ill., maps.
2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398s.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

1. GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI-school)
3. GIA-2013 Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M.: Astrel, 2012. Excellent student of the Unified State Examination. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

1. Geo.september.ru (). N. Mazein Metallurgical world records
2. Geo.september.ru (). Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Part three. aluminum industry
3. Geo.september.ru (). Manganese Kuzbass
4. Youtube.com(). metallurgy steel part 1
5. Youtube.com(). Science 2.0 is NOT easy. Clip
6. Youtube.com(). Science 2.0 is NOT easy. Rims

1. Read § "Metallurgy" answer the questions:

1) What is a metallurgical complex?

2) What is the importance of the metallurgical complex in the economy of the country?

3) What factors influence the location of metallurgical enterprises?

4) Is there a metallurgical enterprise in your area. What factors do you think influenced its placement?

1. Complete the task: Designate large metallurgical centers on the contour map.

1) Ferrous metallurgy centers: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

2) Centers of conversion metallurgy: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Izhevsk, Zlatoust, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

3) Non-ferrous metallurgy centers: Monchegorsk, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Mednogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Orsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk

Practical work "Determination of factors for the location of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises"

Fill in the table using the textbook paragraph, lesson materials, atlas maps "Metallurgy" or "Ferrous metallurgy" and "Non-ferrous metallurgy"

Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation

SURGUT STATE UNIVERSITY

Department of Economic Theory

Test

By discipline“ Economical geography”

On the topic “ Ferrous metallurgy ”

Completed by: student of economics

faculty gr. 382 ( I)

Tsvetkov Sergey Sergeevich

Checked by: Brailovskaya T.Yu.

Surgut, 1998

PLAN

1. Introduction

2. Ferrous metallurgy

3. Metallurgical bases of Russia

3.1. Ural Metallurgical Base

3.2. Central metallurgical base

3.3. Metallurgical base of Siberia

4. Conclusion

Introduction.

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.) ;

Metallurgical processing is the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc. ;

- alloy production;

- recycling of waste from the main production and obtaining various types of products from them.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished.

Full cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by plants in which all the above-mentioned stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

Partial cycle production- these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in the ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of cast iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes electrothermal ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc. Partial cycle enterprises, or “small metallurgy” are called conversion enterprises, are presented as separate units for the production of cast iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the country's national economy. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. The share of ferrous and non-ferrous metals accounts for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian engineering. In the total volume of transportation in the Russian Federation, metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. For the needs of metallurgy, 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity are consumed, i.e. 25% of these resources are expended in industry.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by concentration and combination of production.

The specifics of the metallurgical complex are the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle that are incomparable with other industries. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 redistributions are necessary, starting with the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, conversion enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also across the Commonwealth countries. So, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, a stable interstate cooperation of enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and district-forming significance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of internal technological relations, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. In addition to the main production, as part of the metallurgical enterprises, production is created based on the utilization of various kinds of secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.). The most common satellites of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power industry, metal-intensive engineering (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tool building), production of metal structures, hardware.

Ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of the raw material base:

The raw material is characterized by a relatively high content of the useful component - 17% in siderite ores up to 53-55% in magnetite iron ore. Rich ores account for almost a fifth of industrial reserves, which are used, as a rule, without enrichment. Approximately 2/3 of the ores require enrichment by a simple and 18% by a complex enrichment method;

Variety of raw materials in terms of species (magnetite, sulfide, oxidized, etc.), which makes it possible to use a variety of technologies and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;

Various mining conditions (both mine and open pit, which accounts for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in the ferrous metallurgy) ;

The use of ores that are complex in composition (phosphorous, vanadium, titanomagnetite, chromium, etc.). At the same time, more than 2/3 are magnetite, which facilitates the possibility of enrichment.

The most important problem of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy is its remoteness from the consumer. Thus, in the eastern regions of Russia, most of the fuel and energy resources and raw materials for the metallurgical complex are concentrated, and their main consumption is carried out in the European part of Russia, which creates problems associated with high transport costs for the transportation of fuel and raw materials.

The location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends on raw materials and fuel, which account for most of the costs of iron smelting, of which about half are for coke production and 35-40% for iron ore.

Currently, due to the use of poorer iron ores that require enrichment, construction sites are located in areas where iron ore is mined. However, it is not uncommon to have to transport enriched iron ore and coking coal many hundreds and even thousands of kilometers from their mining sites to metallurgical enterprises located far from raw material and fuel bases.

Thus, there are three options for the location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of the area and construction site, the availability of water supply sources and auxiliary materials.

Pitch metallurgy is characterized by large volumes of production, which includes steelmaking, steel-rolling and pipe plants specializing in the smelting of steel from pig iron, scrap metal, metallized pellets, the production of rolled steel and pipes. Converting metallurgy plants are being set up in major engineering centers where the demand for certain types of metal is quite large. The conversion metallurgy also includes steel-smelting plants, which produce especially high-quality steel for various branches of engineering (tool, ball-bearing, stainless, structural, etc.).

A new direction in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the creation of electrometallurgical plants for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron (Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant), where high technical and economic indicators are achieved compared to traditional methods of producing metal.

Small metallurgy enterprises are located where there are machine-building plants. Smelting on them is made from imported metal, scrap metal, engineering waste.

In modern conditions, the location of the branches of the metallurgical complex is increasingly influenced by scientific and technical progress. Its impact as a factor in the location of production is most fully manifested in the choice of areas for new construction of metallurgical enterprises. With the development of scientific and technological progress, the raw material base of metallurgy is expanding as a result of the improvement of methods for prospecting and developing ore deposits, the use of new, most efficient technological schemes of production for the complex processing of raw materials. Ultimately, the number of options for locating enterprises is increasing, and the places for their construction are being determined in a new way. Scientific and technological progress is an important factor not only in the rational distribution of production, but also in the intensification of the branches of the metallurgical complex.

A significant role in the location of metallurgical enterprises is played by transport factor. This is primarily due to cost savings in the process of transporting raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products and finished products. The transport factor largely determines the location of enterprises for the production of concentrates, for servicing the main production with fuel. Their placement is influenced by the availability of the territory (region), primarily by automobile, pipeline (fuel supply) and electronic transport (electricity supply). Equally important is the presence of railways in the region, since the products of the metallurgical complex are very large-tonnage.

The location of the metallurgical industry is influenced by the development infrastructure, namely, the provision of the district with industrial and social infrastructure facilities, the level of their development. As a rule, regions with a higher level of infrastructure development are the most attractive when locating metallurgical enterprises, since there is no need to build new, additional facilities for power supply, water supply, transport communications, and social institutions.

At the current stage of the development of the national economy, the ecological situation has sharply aggravated in many regions of Russia, which cannot be ignored in the process of locating metallurgical enterprises that have a strong impact on the environment and nature management, being major pollutants of the atmosphere, water bodies, forests, and lands. With modern production volumes, this impact is very noticeable. It is known that the higher the level of environmental pollution, the greater the cost of pollution prevention. A further increase in these costs can eventually lead to unprofitability of any production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises account for 20-25% of dust emissions, 25-30% of carbon monoxide, more than half of sulfur oxides of their total volume in the country. These emissions contain hydrogen sulfide, fluorides, hydrocarbons, manganese, vanadium, chromium compounds, etc. (more than 60 ingredients). Ferrous metallurgy enterprises, in addition, take up to 20-25% of water of its total consumption in industry and heavily pollute surface waters.

Taking into account the environmental factor when locating metallurgical production is an objective necessity in the development of society.

In the process of justifying the location of metallurgical enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the whole range of factors that contribute to the organization of more efficient production in a particular territory, i.e. their cumulative interaction on production processes and the life of the population in the regions.

Metallurgical bases of Russia.

There are three metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia - Central, Ural and Siberian. These metallurgical bases have significant differences in terms of raw materials and fuel resources, the structure and specialization of production, its capacity and organization, the nature of intra- and inter-industry, as well as territorial ties, the level of formation and development, their role in the all-Russian territorial division of labor, in economic relations with near and far abroad. These bases differ in the scale of production, technical and economic indicators of metal production and a number of other features.

Ural Metallurgical Base is the largest in Russia and is inferior in terms of production of ferrous metals only to the Southern Metallurgical Base of Ukraine within the CIS. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of the Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of pig iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. It is the oldest in Russia. The Urals uses imported Kuznetsk coal. Own iron ore base is depleted, a significant part of raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoye deposit), from the Kursk magnetic anomaly and Karelia. The development of our own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanarskoye titanomagnetite deposit (Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakalskoye siderite deposit, which account for more than half of the region's iron ore reserves. The largest enterprises for their extraction are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakal Mining Administration.

The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy have been formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. At present, 2/3 of the smelting of iron and steel falls on the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. With a significant development of pig metallurgy (steel smelting exceeds pig iron production), enterprises with a full cycle play the main role. They are located along the Eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. On the Western slopes, the conversion metallurgy is located to a greater extent. Metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of production concentration. A special place is occupied by the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. It is the largest iron and steel smelter not only in Russia, but also in Europe.

The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines. Its largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk and Kamensk-Uralsk. At present, the metallurgy of the Urals is being reconstructed.

Central metallurgical base- an area of ​​early development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy in this area is based on the use of the largest iron ore deposits of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), as well as metallurgical scrap and on imported coking coal - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.

The intensive development of the center's metallurgy is associated with the extraction of iron ores. Almost all ore is mined by open pit mining. The main iron ore reserves of KMA in category A + B + C are about 32 billion tons. The general geological reserves of ores, mainly ferruginous quartzites with an iron content of 32-37%, reach one million tons. Large explored and exploited KMA deposits are located on the territory of the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). Ores occur at a depth of 50 to 700 m. The cost per 1 ton of iron in marketable ore is half that in Krivoy Rog ore and lower than in Karelian and Kazakh ores. KMA is the largest open pit iron ore mining area. In general, the extraction of raw ore is about 39% of Russian production (in 1992).

The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the full metallurgical cycle: the Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (Lipetsk), and the Novotulsky Plant (Tula), the Svobodny Sokol metallurgical plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (refining high-quality metallurgy) . Small-scale metallurgy is developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the direct reduction of iron (Belgorod Region) was put into operation. The construction of this plant is the world's largest experience in the introduction of a blast-furnace metallurgical process. The advantages of this process are: a high concentration of interrelated industries - from the pelletization of raw materials to the release of the final product; high quality of metal products; continuity of the technological process, which contributes to the connection of all technological sections of metallurgical production into one highly mechanized line; significantly greater capacity of the enterprise, which does not require coke for steel smelting.

The zone of influence and territorial relations of the Center also includes the metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ore in the Russian Federation and more than 21% of the extraction of raw ore. Quite large enterprises operate here - the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, the Olenegorsk and Kostomuksha Mining and Processing Plants (Karelia). The ores of the North with a low iron content (28-32%) are well enriched, have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.

Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia, the Far East, accounts for approximately one-fifth of the iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. This metallurgical base is characterized by relatively large balance reserves (in category A + B + C) of iron ores. As of 1992, they were estimated at 12 billion tons. This is approximately 21% of the total Russian reserves, including about 13% in Siberia and 8% in the Far East.

The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ores of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilimsk iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production here is represented by two large enterprises: the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (with full-cycle production) and the West Siberian Plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Converting metallurgy has also been developed, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Guryevsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur). The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located on the territory of Kuzbass, in Gornaya Shoria and Khakassia (Western Siberia) and Korshunovsky GOK in Eastern Siberia.

The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, on the basis of efficient raw materials and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers.

Conclusion.

One of the most acute problems at the present stage of development of the Russian metallurgical complex is the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

In terms of the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water bodies, the formation of solid waste, metallurgy surpasses all raw materials industries, creating a high environmental hazard in its production and increased social tension in the areas of operation of metallurgical enterprises.

Protecting the environment in the industries of the metallurgical complex requires huge costs. Their difference significantly affects the choice of the main technological process. Sometimes it is more appropriate to use a process that is less polluting than to control (at a huge cost) the level of pollution and organize the fight against these pollution using traditional technologies.

Huge reserves and opportunities for solving environmental problems lie in the complexity of processing raw materials, in the full use of useful components in its composition and deposits.

1. Regional economy

/ Ed. Professor T.G. Morozova - M.1995 /

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1. How would you define the importance of metallurgy in the economy of our country? In the world as a whole?

The metallurgical complex is the basis of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the country's national economy.

Metallurgy is one of the main and oldest industries in Russia. Historically established three metallurgical centers: Ural, Central and Siberia provide the production base of our country with ferrous and non-ferrous metals, primarily for the domestic engineering and defense industries.

2. What are the features of ferrous metallurgy?

Metallurgical production has a number of specific features.

1. The technological process requires large volumes of not only ore raw materials, but also water, fuel (coking coal, natural gas), and energy.

2. The interdependence of the raw materials and fuel and energy base, as well as a large volume of finished products, are associated with mass transportation.

3. Production waste, emissions of harmful substances create serious environmental problems.

4. Of particular importance is secondary metallurgy (the use of scrap metal) in order to reduce costs and environmental risk.

3. What are the features of the location of ferrous metallurgy in Russia?

In Russia, large areas of metallurgical production in the Urals, the Center and Siberia have developed in accordance with the availability of a raw material and fuel base.

4. Choose the correct answer. The northernmost full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprise in Russia is located on the territory of: a) the Leningrad Region; b) Arkhangelsk region; c) the Vologda region; d) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.

Correct answer: c) Vologda Oblast.

5. Choose the correct answer. Which ferrous metallurgy center is characterized by the least air pollution: a) Magnitogorsk; b) Stary Oskol; c) Cherepovets; d) Nizhny Tagil?

Correct answer: b) Stary Oskol.

6. How can one explain the placement of a full-cycle metallurgical plant in Lipetsk? Give at least two reasons.

1. The presence of the KMA deposit nearby (in the Kursk and Belgorod regions), which produces more than half of all iron ore in Russia.

2. The presence of a large coal basin nearby - Donbass, a source of coking coal for the plant.

7. Match the cards on p. 250-251 and 252-253 of the Appendix, the map in Figure 89 and explain what factors influence the location of metallurgical bases in Russia. Using figure 89, write out the largest centers of full cycle metallurgy; indicate the volumes of steel production (in million tons).

For ferrous metallurgy enterprises, the main placement factors are:

1. The raw material factor is decisive for the majority of full-cycle metallurgical plants that consume a huge amount of raw materials and process fuel - coke, so most metallurgical plants were built either near iron ore deposits (Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novotroitsk, Stary Oskol), or near deposits coking coal (Novokuznetsk).

2. Energy factor. Large metallurgical plants are large consumers of electricity generated by nearby power plants, usually thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants, located in a cascade on large rivers of Russia.

3. The consumer factor is typical for pig metallurgy, which uses scrap metal as a raw material (Moscow, Elektrostal, Vyksa, Kulebaki, Kolpino, Volgograd, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), as well as for the production of pipes (Moscow, Volzhsky, Almetyevsk) .

4. Only the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant has a transport location factor, which uses iron ores from the Kola-Karelsky region and KMA, coking coal from the Pechora and Donetsk basins, and sends finished products - steel and rolled products - to St. Petersburg, Moscow, other machine-building centers and export.

5. The environmental factor in our country in the construction of ferrous metallurgy enterprises was practically not taken into account earlier, which adversely affects the environment and human health.

The largest centers of metallurgy of the full cycle:

Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works (steel output 2.6 million tons per year)

Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (steel output 12.2 million tons per year)

Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works (steel output 4.6 million tons per year)

Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (steel output 4.2 million tons per year)

Ural Steel (before 1992 Orsk-Khalilovsky Metallurgical Plant) (steel output 2.8 million tons per year)

Cherepovets Iron and Steel Works (steel output is 11.6 million tons per year)

Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works (steel output 15.4 million tons per year)

Try to find out: a) which of the plants depend on imports of iron ore; b) which plants have the most favorable economic and geographical position for the export of metal, and which ones are less favorable.

9. Explain why ferrous metallurgy is called the "backbone" of the Russian economy. Give at least 3-4 arguments to support this.

1. Ferrous metallurgy serves as the basis for the development of the industry of the Russian Federation, incl. mechanical engineering (1/3 of the cast metal from the blast furnace goes into mechanical engineering) and construction (1/4 of the metal goes into construction). The main raw materials for the production of ferrous metals are iron ore, manganese, coking coal and ores of alloying metals (mining industry), as well as energy (power industry).

2. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of iron ore reserves and is one of the top five countries in terms of iron ore mining, as well as steel smelting.

3. Russia ranks second in the world in terms of coal reserves and is one of the six leading countries in its production.

The history of mankind has more than one thousand years. Throughout the entire period of the existence of our race, there has been a steady technological progress, an important role in which was played by the ability of a person to handle metal, create and mine it. Therefore, it is quite logical that metallurgy is something without which it is impossible to imagine our life, the normal performance of work duties, and much more.

Definition

First of all, it is worth understanding how scientifically, from a technical point of view, they call the modern sphere of production.

So, metallurgy is a branch of science, technology, which covers the process of obtaining various metals from ore or other materials, as well as all processes related to the transformation of the chemical composition, properties and structure of alloys.

Structure

Today, metallurgy is the most powerful industry. In addition, it is a broad concept that includes:

• Direct production of metals.
• Processing of metal products both hot and cold.
• Welding.
• Application of various metal coatings.
• Section of science - materials science. This direction in the theoretical study of physical and chemical processes focuses on the knowledge of the behavior of metals, alloys and intermetallic compounds.

Varieties

All over the world there are two main branches of metallurgy - ferrous and non-ferrous. Such a gradation has developed historically.

Ferrous metallurgy is the processing of iron and all alloys in which it is present. Also, this industry involves the extraction from the bowels of the earth and the subsequent enrichment of ores, steel and iron foundry production, rolling of billets, production of ferroalloys.

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes work with ore of any metal except iron. By the way, they are conditionally divided into two large groups:

Heavy (nickel, tin, lead, copper).

Lightweight (titanium, magnesium, aluminum).

Scientific Solutions

There is no doubt that metallurgy is an activity that requires the introduction of innovative technologies. In this regard, many countries of our planet are actively conducting research, the purpose of which is to study and put into practice a wide variety of microorganisms that would help to solve, for example, such a topical issue as wastewater treatment, which is a mandatory component of metallurgical production. In addition, processes such as biological oxidation, precipitation, sorption, and others have already become a reality.

Separation by technological process

Metallurgy plants can be conditionally classified into two main groups:

Pyrometallurgy, where processes take place at very high temperatures (melting, roasting);

Hydrometallurgy, which consists in the extraction of metals from ores with the help of water and other aqueous solutions using chemical reagents.

The principle of choosing a site for the construction of a metallurgical plant

In order to understand on the basis of what conclusions a decision is made to build an enterprise in a particular place, it is worth considering the main factors for the location of metallurgy.

In particular, if the question concerns the location of a non-ferrous metallurgy plant, then criteria such as:

• Availability of energy resources. The production associated with the processing of light non-ferrous metals requires an enormous amount of electrical energy. Therefore, such enterprises are being built as close as possible to hydroelectric power plants.
• Required amount of raw materials. Of course, the closer the ore deposits are, the better, respectively.
• environmental factor. Unfortunately, the countries of the post-Soviet space cannot be classified in the category where metallurgy enterprises are environmentally friendly.

Thus, the location of metallurgy is a most complicated issue, the solution of which should be given the closest attention, taking into account all kinds of requirements and nuances.

In order to form the most detailed picture in the description of metal processing, it is important to indicate the key areas of this production.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises have several so-called redistributions in their composition. Among them: sintering, steelmaking, rolling. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

Domain production

It is at this stage that iron is released directly from the ore. This happens in a blast furnace and at temperatures above 1000 degrees Celsius. This is how iron is smelted. Its properties will directly depend on the course of the melting process. By adjusting the smelting of the ore, one can ultimately obtain one of two conversion (used later for the production of steel) and foundry (iron blanks are cast from it).

Steel production

Combining iron with carbon and, if necessary, with various alloying elements, the result is steel. There are enough methods for its smelting. Let us especially note the oxygen-converter and electrosmelting, which are the most modern and highly productive.

Converter melting is characterized by its transience and the resulting steel with the required chemical composition. The process is based on blowing oxygen through the lance, as a result of which the pig iron is oxidized and transformed into steel.

The electric steelmaking method is the most efficient. It is thanks to the use of arc furnaces that the highest quality alloyed steel grades can be smelted. In such units, the heating of the metal loaded in them occurs very quickly, while it is possible to add the required amount of alloying elements. In addition, the steel obtained by this method has a low content of non-metallic inclusions, sulfur and phosphorus.

alloying

This process consists in changing the composition of steel by introducing calculated concentrations of auxiliary elements into it for subsequent imparting certain properties to it. Among the most commonly used alloying components are: manganese, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, aluminum.

rental

Many metallurgical plants have a rolling group of workshops. They produce both semi-finished products and fully finished products. The essence of the process is the passage of metal in the gap between the mill rotating in opposite directions. Moreover, the key point is that the distance between the rolls should be less than the thickness of the passed workpiece. Due to this, the metal is drawn into the lumen, moves, and eventually deforms to the specified parameters.

After each pass, the gap between the rolls is made smaller. An important point - often the metal is not ductile enough in a cold state. And therefore, for processing, it is preheated to the required temperature.

Consumption of secondary raw materials

In modern conditions, the market for the consumption of recycled materials, both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, is steadily developing. This is largely due to the fact that ore resources, unfortunately, are not renewable. Each year of their production significantly reduces reserves. Considering the fact that the demand for metal products in mechanical engineering, construction, aircraft building, shipbuilding and other sectors of the national economy is steadily growing, it seems quite reasonable to develop the processing of parts and products that have already exhausted their resource.

It is safe to say that the development of metallurgy is to some extent explained by the positive dynamics of the industry segment - the use of secondary raw materials. At the same time, both large and small companies are engaged in the processing of scrap metal.

World trends in the development of metallurgy

In recent years, there has been a clear increase in the output of rolled metal products, steel and cast iron. This is largely due to the real expansion of China, which has become one of the leading planetary players in the metallurgical production market.

At the same time, various factors of metallurgy allowed the Celestial Empire to win back almost 60% of the entire world market. The rest of the top ten manufacturers were: Japan (8%), India and the United States of America (6%), Russia and South Korea (5%), Germany (3%), Turkey, Taiwan, Brazil (2%).

If we consider 2015 separately, then there is a tendency to reduce the activity of metal product manufacturers. Moreover, the largest decline was noted in Ukraine, where the result was recorded, which is 29.8% lower than last year.

New technologies in metallurgy

Like any other industry, metallurgy is simply unthinkable without the development and implementation of innovative developments.

Thus, employees of the Nizhny Novgorod State University have developed and started to put into practice new nanostructured wear-resistant hard alloys based on tungsten carbide. The main direction of application of innovation is the production of modern metalworking tools.

In addition, a grate drum with a special ball nozzle was modernized in Russia in order to create a new technology for processing liquid slag. This event was carried out on the basis of the state order of the Ministry of Education and Science. Such a step fully justified itself, since its results ultimately exceeded all expectations.

The largest metallurgy enterprises in the world

• ArcelorMittal is a company headquartered in Luxembourg. Its share is 10% of the total world steel production. In Russia, the company owns the Berezovskaya, Pervomaiskaya, Anzherskaya mines, as well as the Severstal Group.
• Hebei Iron & Steel- a giant from China. It is wholly owned by the state. In addition to production, the company is engaged in the extraction of raw materials, its transportation and research and development. The company's factories use exclusively new developments and the most modern technological lines, which allowed the Chinese to learn how to produce ultra-thin steel plates and ultra-thin cold-rolled sheets.
• Nippon Steel- representative of Japan. The management of the company, which began its work in 1957, is seeking to merge with another enterprise called Sumitomo Metal Industries. According to experts, such a merger will allow the Japanese to quickly reach the first place in the world, overtaking all their competitors.

They are mainly due to the geography of mineral deposits necessary for the metallurgical process. From the position of economic feasibility, metallurgical plants appear in the neighborhood of iron ore deposits. This is a general rule.

However, there are exceptions to it. The absence of coal basins and powerful power plants close to iron ore deposits excludes the possibility of building a metallurgical plant in such an area. The ideal conditions are considered to be the concentration in one place of all factors: the presence of ore, coal and electricity.

The choice of the area for the construction of a metallurgical plant plays an important role, because new cities grow around the new enterprise, infrastructure develops and the economic activity of small businesses increases. Most metallurgical plants play a city-forming role in their locations.

Importance of metallurgy for economic development

Russia is one of the world leaders in steel production. The metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation makes up a significant part of the country's gross domestic product. According to this indicator, it is second only to the oil and gas sector.

The export of steel products provides stable foreign exchange earnings to the Russian economy.

The metallurgical complex consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Products manufactured by metallurgical plants are used in a huge number of sectors of the economy. Ferrous metallurgy indirectly creates jobs in related industries.

Raw material base

Domestic metallurgy is developing due to the wealth of minerals that fill the bowels of the state.

Numerous deposits of coking coal fully meet the needs of metallurgists. Most of the Ural plants operate on coal supplied from the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass).

In terms of iron ore reserves, the Russian Federation is now in first place in the world. About 19% of the world's reserves of this mineral are located on its territory. Large deposits of iron ore are called the iron ore basin. The largest examples in the post-Soviet space are:

• Krivoy Rog iron ore basin;
• iron ore basin of the southern Urals;
• Kursk magnetic anomaly.

The development of iron ore deposits is also carried out by underground (mine) methods.

The expediency of developing deposits of coal or ferruginous quartzite is determined by the depth of the deposits, the transport accessibility of the deposit, as well as technological parameters.

Having considered the factors (not only raw materials) influencing the choice of the area for the location of metallurgical plants.

Criteria for choosing the location of metallurgical enterprises

The greatest economic effect is achieved with the concentration of enterprises and related industries in one territory. This gives steel mills significant savings on transportation costs.

It also greatly simplifies the organization of production management:

• Metallurgical plants require large volumes of water resources due to the specifics of the technology. This leads to the necessity of their location near water bodies.
• The environmental factor is also important. Metallurgical plants cannot be built near nature protection zones. Their design should take into account the wind rose of each specific area.
• Electrometallurgical plants require large amounts of electricity and scrap metal to operate. Such enterprises are built, as a rule, close to powerful hydroelectric power stations.

Industrial areas with metallurgical plants should be at a reasonable distance from residential areas. Under the influence of these factors, design institutes develop new metallurgical enterprises that comply with all environmental protection standards.

Among the many factors in the placement of ferrous metallurgy, a special place is occupied by its proximity or remoteness from large river and sea ports. Export deliveries are most expedient when shipping products by sea, which is the cheapest. Proximity to the river system is one of the main requirements for the construction site of a metallurgical plant.

Ferrous metallurgy

Centers for the development of metallurgy in Russia

The majority of Russian metallurgical enterprises are located in the Urals. This region accounts for up to half of the total volume of steel produced. The main giants of the industry are deployed in Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk and Nizhny Tagil.

In the European part of Russia, large plants are located in Lipetsk, Cherepovets and Stary Oskol. In the latter, by the way, there is the only electrometallurgical plant in Russia.

In the West Siberian region, metallurgical production is represented by two large plants in Novokuznetsk. Factors in the location of metallurgy in Siberia are determined by the presence of cheap Kuzbass coal in this territory.

The geography of the location of metallurgical enterprises is quite extensive. The general rule for the three named centers of metallurgy is the attraction to sources of raw materials and fuel.

Metallurgy of non-ferrous metals has its own characteristics.

How does this industry differ from ferrous metallurgy in terms of the factors of its location?

Placement of plants for the production of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous metallurgy is very diverse. It is divided into the following subspecies:

• copper;
• lead-zinc;
• nickel-cobalt;
• aluminum;
• titanium-magnesium;
• production of precious metals.

In total, the Russian industry produces more than seventy types of non-ferrous metals. Half of the non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the Russian Federation are aluminum. They gravitate toward powerful hydroelectric power stations.

A distinctive feature of non-ferrous metal smelting plants is the high level of environmental pollution from their activities and the high energy intensity of the technological process.

Non-ferrous metals are distinguished by the diversity of their deposits. The geography of deposits of non-ferrous metals is very extensive. “Give examples,” the majority of the population will say. These are mountains, and rivers, and large ore massifs on the ground and underground. Gold and rare earth metals "live" in the sands. People can bring samples of some copper mines in the Urals, where it is mined from groundwater.

The metallurgical process for the production of non-ferrous metals is similar to the same process in ferrous metallurgy, although it has its own characteristics. The technological chain for the production of non-ferrous metals is as follows:

• ore mining and enrichment;
• melting in high-temperature furnaces;
• pressure treatment.

Criteria for choosing the location of non-ferrous metallurgy facilities

The geological factor is the main one of the criteria influencing the location of plants for the production of non-ferrous metals. Due to the low share of the useful component in non-ferrous metal ores, their transportation is not economically feasible.

This requires the location of the plants of this industry in the places of mining. Nickel production, for example, is strictly localized.

Such factors lead to the fact that production is located in adverse climatic conditions - in the Arctic Circle (Norilsk).

The development of a non-ferrous metal deposit is often associated with a number of difficulties. Access to useful minerals is often protected by a shield of waste rock and has to be blown up. Such development requires the use of a large amount of equipment: excavators, conveyors, electric locomotives.

Problems and prospects for the development of metallurgy in Russia

A common problem of the Russian metallurgical complex is the need for modernization and technical re-equipment.

Domestic metallurgical enterprises are faced with the task of reducing the energy intensity of their production. The rapid growth of metallurgy in China requires Russian producers to take effective measures to reduce costs.

Cost reduction while maintaining the quality of products is the only way to be competitive manufacturers in the global steel parts market.

Metallurgy in the Far East will be developed thanks to deposits of iron ore in the Aldan province and the discovery of coking coal deposits in Yakutia. The construction of full-cycle metallurgical enterprises in the Far East is due to the need to reduce the cost of metal for the local machine-building plants.

Rail deliveries significantly increase the cost of rolled steel. This factor plays a negative role in the competitiveness of metal-intensive enterprises in the Far East.