To help the student: a separate circumstance. Separation of gerunds and gerunds

Isolation is the semantic and intonational allocation of secondary members of the sentence to give them greater independence in comparison with the rest of the members. Separate sentence members contain an additional message element. The additional nature of the message is formed through semi-predicative relations, that is, the relationship of a separate component with the entire grammatical basis. A detached component expresses an independent event. This is a polypropitive proposal in general.

Separations are different. Separate definitions, circumstances and additions differ. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.

Special circumstance: Sasha sat on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and dangling his legs.

Separate addition: I heard nothing but the ticking of an alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Separate members of the sentence are distinguished in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation.

Separate definitions are divided into:

Agreed

inconsistent

The child who fell asleep in my arms suddenly woke up.

(agreed isolated definition, expressed by participial turnover)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed stand-alone definition is expressed as:

participial turnover: The child, who was sleeping in my arms, woke up.

two or more adjectives or participles: The child, full and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by nominal phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples: How did you, with your mind, not understand her intention?

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined. If the inconsistent definition refers to the word being defined, expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition Structure

The structure of the definition can be different. Differ:

single definition: excited girl;

two or three single definitions: a girl excited and happy;

common definition, expressed by the phrase: girl, excited by the news received, ...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun: She was agitated and could not sleep.(single isolated definition after the defined word expressed by the pronoun) Excited, she could not sleep.(single isolated definition before the defined word, expressed by the pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they come after the word being defined, expressed by the noun: The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member: Excited and happy, she could not sleep for a long time.(separation of several single definitions before the defined word - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by a noun, and stands after it: The girl, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.(a separate definition, expressed by participle turnover, is after the defined word, expressed by a noun). If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position both after and before the word being defined: Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time. She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with an additional adverbial value

The definitions that precede the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings. These can be both common and single definitions, standing directly before the noun being defined, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.). In such cases, the attributive turnover is easily replaced by the subordinate clause of the reason with the union because, a subordinate clause of a condition with a union if, subordinate assignment with union although. To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is isolated. For example: Seriously ill, her mother could not go to work.(additional reason value) Even when she was ill, her mother went to work.(additional concession value).

Thus, various factors are important for isolation:

1) by what part of speech the defined word is expressed, 2) what is the structure of the definition, 3) how the definition is expressed, 4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

Standalone Applications

Application is a special kind of attribute expressed by a noun in the same case as the noun or pronoun it defines: dragonfly jumper, beautiful girl. The application can be:

1) single: Bear, fidget, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

The application, both single and common, is isolated if it refers to the word being defined, expressed by the pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the word being defined:

He is a great doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it comes after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.

A single non-spread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words: He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application stands apart if it stands after its own name: Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is separated if it serves to clarify or clarify: And the neighbor's son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, set a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in a position before the word being defined - a proper name, if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed at the same time. An architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union how is isolated if the connotation of the cause is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Note:

Single applications after the word being defined, which are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation, are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka-neighbor.

Note:

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized in the voice and is highlighted with a pause.

New Year is coming soon - the favorite holiday of the children.

Lesson Objectives:

• development of skills to distinguish derivative prepositions from synonymous parts of speech;
• correctly punctuate when separating circumstances expressed by gerunds, participles and nouns with prepositions;
• use adverbial phrases correctly in speech.

I. Presentation of the topic of the lesson

The topic of our today's lesson is isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and nouns with prepositions.

II. Repetition of the spelling of prepositions

1. Work with the table.

But first look at the blackboard and say what parts of speech are written on the blackboard?

Can you answer this question out of context? (Not)

Board:

Table #1

Of course, you cannot answer this question out of context. Then choose the words so that it is clear that these are prepositions.

Write these words in table number 1.

What are these suggestions called? (Derivatives)

Why? (Because they are derived from independent parts of speech).

Write in your table from which parts of speech these derived prepositions are formed.

What is the peculiarity of writing prepositions in the first column? (at the end is written e , in contrast to synonymous nouns, in which in the form of gen., dat., preposition. cases are written at the end and )

What is the peculiarity of writing prepositions in the second column? (Written together, as well as prepositions in spite of and regardless of )

How to distinguish derivative prepositions from independent parts of speech? (Derived prepositions can be replaced by another preposition, an adjective can be inserted between the preposition and a noun or a question can be posed, for example:

Out to meet guests
go out to a (friendly) meeting with friends
Go out (towards whom?) towards the guests
go out (where?) towards
Go out to meet (long-awaited) guests
Go out to meet (to) guests

II. Analysis of proposals using table No. 2

Carefully study table number 2

Find the circumstances in the sentences and explain the punctuation with them using the table. Highlight the grammatical foundations of sentences, make sentence schemes

1. One of the monks left the boy in the monastery and, having cured, began to prepare for monasticism.
Comment: a single gerund is isolated, because. has the meaning of an additional action and comes before the verb.

2. He began to bring books and tried to read them unnoticed, and after reading, he hid them somewhere.
Comment: the adverbial construction cannot be torn off from the union, removed from the sentence, or rearranged from another place without destroying the structure of the sentence.

3. One gets the impression that in describing the genre of the short epic in the article, Gogol largely analyzed the main work of his life.
Comment: the adverbial phrase after the subordinating conjunction is separated from it by a comma.

4. The hero, without hesitation, decides to get a job not building a dam, because of which the island will be flooded.
Comment: a single gerund participle closely merges in meaning with the verb, we can replace it with the adverb “quickly”

5. The soldiers listened to Vasily Terkin with bated breath. [-=]
Comment: the adverbial turnover has turned into a stable phrase.

6. Oblomov, due to his upbringing with mothers and nannies, turned into a weak-willed, incapable of work person.

Separation of circumstances expressed by nouns

1. Circumstances of concession expressed by nouns with a preposition in spite of, are isolated: 1) Despite the difference in characters and the apparent severity of Artyom The brothers loved each other deeply. (BUT.); 2) The next morning, despite the begging of the owners, Darya Alexandrovna got ready to go. (L. T.); 3) The day was hot, bright, radiant day, despite the falling rain. (T.)

2. Separation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is not mandatory. Separation depends on the intentions and goals of the author, as well as the prevalence or non-proliferation of circumstances and their place in the sentence. More common circumstances are isolated more often than less common ones; circumstances at the beginning or middle of a sentence (before the predicate) are isolated more often than those at the end of a sentence: For lack of a room for visitors at the station, we were given an overnight stay in a smoky hut. (L.) But: He did not go to the cinema for lack of time. Circumstances isolated in this way are close in meaning to subordinate clauses.

Most often, the following circumstances are isolated: 1) circumstances of the cause with prepositions thanks to, according to, in view of, due to or with prepositional combinations due to, on occasion, for lack of, due to and others: I went to the post office, and he, due to heavy load could not follow me. (L.); 2) circumstances of the condition with prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, under the condition, etc.: Racing on yachts, if the weather is favorable, will take place next Sunday; 3) the circumstances of the concession with a pretext contrary to: Our parking lot in Kamrang Bay, contrary to the expectations of many, dragged on. (New-Rev.)

A separate circumstance, expressed by a participle, is always distinguished by commas in speech and answers certain questions given in this article. Here are also exceptions when separating adverbial phrases in a sentence with examples.

What is a separate circumstance expressed by a participial turnover?

In russian language isolated circumstance expressed by adverbial turnover, is a minor member of the sentence, represented by a gerund with dependent words. It denotes a sign of action, depends on the verb-predicate and is always distinguished in writing by commas. Answers the questions - When? How? How? For what purpose? and etc.

Examples of sentences with isolated circumstances with adverbial turnover:
Moving furniture, we freed up space (we freed up - how? - moving furniture). Guys, hiding from the rain in a hut, discussed what they saw (discussed - when? - sheltered from the rain). Mom went to sleep kissing my son goodnight(went to sleep - when? - kissing son).

Exceptions when separating adverbial phrases in a sentence

A separate circumstance can be represented by two homogeneous gerunds or a gerund with a single gerund, which are used through the union and. In this case, the whole circumstance is separated by commas, and not each adverbial turnover separately.

Examples: Girl, winding up a song and dancing walking through the park. Greeting an opponent and shaking hands to each other, the athletes got ready for the match.

In addition, the circumstances expressed by the adverbial turnover, do not separate:

• If the adverbial turnover is part of the phraseological expression.

  Examples: They labored tirelessly all day. Worried about her brother, she spent the night without closing your eyes.

• If there is an allied word in the adverbial turnover which the.

  Examples: Masha made an essay plan, following which she will write an interesting story. Serezha had many friends, with whom he learned a lot.

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In Russian, there is such a thing as isolation, which is a way of clarifying and highlighting certain words in a statement. Only the secondary members of the sentence have the ability to isolate themselves, and thanks to this feature, they are endowed with greater independence, in contrast to non-isolated ones. Such words are used in order to present information in more detail and highlight a certain part of the statement. Separate may be definitions, additions and circumstances. In this article, we will focus on the circumstance and its features.

Separate circumstances

To begin with, it is necessary to determine how an isolated circumstance differs from an ordinary one. To do this, remember the definition of this member of the proposal. So, the circumstance is a member of the sentence, which plays a secondary role and can be expressed as a prepositional case construction, phraseological unit, gerund or turnover and infinitive. It can indicate the action that a person or object performs, the method, purpose, condition and place of action, as well as the sign of the object referred to in the sentence. Circumstance answers a huge number of questions, such as: where? where? where? why? why? contrary to what? under what condition? An isolated circumstance, as well as a simple one, can have a huge number of meanings, but in writing it is distinguished by commas, and in oral speech by intonation. For example: She stumbled, barely keeping her feet. Despite the tension, the day was beautiful.

Participle and participle turnover

A separate circumstance in a sentence can be expressed as a single gerund or have dependent words with it. In a letter, such a circumstance is always distinguished by commas on both sides. It can be used regardless of the location in the sentence of the grammatical basis. For example:

• Lying on the bed, she stared up at the ceiling.
• She sat in the garden, enjoying the freshness of the air.
• She, running around the shops, was looking for a suitable outfit.

Quite often in a sentence you can find a homogeneous isolated circumstance or, in other words, several simple participles in one sentence, and they can refer to different predicates. For example:

• Laughing and jumping, she, inspired, rushed towards the wind.

Non-isolated gerunds

It is worth noting that the circumstances expressed by gerunds or turnovers may not be isolated in such cases:

1. If the gerund has the meaning of an adverb. For example: Natasha closed the door and sat without moving.(equivalent to the adverb motionless). An exception is such introductory phrases with the meaning of an adverb, such as: frankly, in fact, noting in passing and others. For example: I actually came here to talk.
2. If the participle is part of a stable phrase or phraseological unit, it is not isolated and is not singled out in writing. For example: I rush headlong to meet.

Prepositional case form

Circumstances that are expressed by prepositional-case forms of nouns are isolated for semantic emphasis, explanation or concretization. Most often, such a separate circumstance is used to indicate the place, time or mode of action and depends only on the semantic load. When pronunciation, it is distinguished by intonation, and when written, by commas. At the same time, the syntactic connection with the predicate is weakened, but along with the meaning of time, the cause of the action or despite what it happened is indicated. For example:

• Ivan, after receiving a decisive refusal, went home and did not leave the room for a long time, locking himself away from everyone.
• With the approach of the enemy, the boy's gaze not only did not become more serious, but became more frivolous.

Along with the case forms of nouns expressed only by a semantic load, there are often isolations using prepositions or prepositional combinations, such as: on account of, in spite of, in spite of, owing to, on account of, due to and so on. For example:

• Despite wanting to go with him, she refused.
• Despite the rain, they went for a walk.

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances

Sentences with special circumstances when writing can cause some difficulties, since it is quite difficult to properly punctuate them. And most students, writing down such statements, make a lot of mistakes. However, the main thing here is to learn a few simple rules, knowing which difficulties in writing a sentence can be avoided.

Punctuation rules

1. The adverbial turnover is always, regardless of its location in the sentence, separated by commas on both sides. (For example: She, without putting on her hat, ran out into the street; shuddering from the cold. He went inside the house; the girls, laughing and talking quietly, quietly passed by.)
2. If the adverbial turnover is used next to the union, then it is separated from it by a comma. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are included in it. (For example: She smiled at her friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home.) The only exception here can be the union “a”, placed before the adverbial turnover. In this case, the union may be included in the turnover. (For example: you need to understand what the meaning of life is, and having understood this, convey it to others.)
3. If several adverbial phrases follow one another in a sentence, then punctuation marks between them are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members. (For example: He approached, staggering and holding the lady by the elbow with one hand, and slowly waving an umbrella with the other.)
4. If adverbial phrases in one sentence refer to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas separately. (For example: Pushing the door with his foot, he jumped into the street and, not paying any attention to passers-by, rushed away.)

Exercises to consolidate the material

To consolidate the acquired theoretical knowledge, special attention should be paid to practical exercises. That is why in the school course of the Russian language a huge number of hours are devoted to fixing such a complex topic. So, for starters, you should learn to isolate isolated circumstances from the context orally, relying only on intonation, and then move on to written assignments. For this, sentences are ideal in which students are invited to read expressively, and then arrange commas according to intonation and explain why this punctuation mark should be there. Thus, the child will learn to put into practice the learned punctuation rules. After the children learn to define the adverbial turnover and prepositional-case forms of nouns as separate circumstances, the task can be complicated by offering statements with conjunctions or allied words for parsing. It should be noted that, before proceeding to the definition of isolated circumstances, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Further, the task can be complicated by offering the attention of children complex compound sentences with several grammatical bases and homogeneous isolated circumstances.