Set expressions of the Russian language. Phraseological units with the word "TOOTH"

phraseological units they call stable combinations of words, turns of speech such as: “beat the buckets”, “hang your nose”, “ask a brainwasher” ... The turn of speech, which is called a phraseological unit, is indivisible in meaning, that is, its meaning does not add up from the meanings of its constituent words. It works only as a whole, a lexical unit.

Phraseologisms- these are popular expressions that do not have an author.

The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to the expression, to strengthen its meaning.

When phraseological units are formed, some components acquire the status of optional (optional): “The components of a phraseological unit that can be omitted in some cases of its use are called optional components of a phraseological unit, and the phenomenon itself, as a feature of the phraseological unit form, is called optional components of a phraseological unit.

The first component of the turnover may be optional, facultative, i.e. expression will sound without it.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their permutations, for which they are also called set phrases.

No matter what can't pronounce no matter what happens to me or no matter what, a take care of the pupil of the eye instead of cherish like the apple of an eye.

There are of course exceptions: to be puzzled or break your head, surprise and take someone by surprise but such cases are rare.

Many phraseological units are easily replaced by one word:

headlong- fast,

at hand- close.

The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.

Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.

Bursting at the seams- from the speech of the tailor acquired a wider meaning - to decline.

Confound- from the speech of railway workers it passed into common use in the sense of confusing.

Examples of phraseological units and their meanings

Buckwheat beat- mess around
henbane overeat- get mad (applied to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday- never
Anika warrior- braggart, brave only in words, away from danger
Ask a brainwash (bath)- lather the neck, head - strongly scold
White crow- a person who stands out sharply from the environment in one way or another
Biryuk live- to be sullen, not to communicate with anyone
Throw down the gauntlet- challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws gloves)
Wolf in sheep's clothing- evil people pretending to be kind, who hide under the guise of meekness
Soar in the clouds- blissfully dream, fantasize about what
The soul has gone to the heels- a person who is afraid, frightened
Don't feel sorry for your belly- sacrifice life
Nick down- remember firmly
Make an elephant out of a fly- turn a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter- get what you want with honor, without much effort
At the edge of the earth- somewhere very far away
On the seventh sky- to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss
Nothing is visible- so dark that you can not see the paths, paths
Throw headlong- act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a pood of salt- get to know each other well
Good riddance- go away, we can do without you
Build castles in the air- to dream about the unrealizable, to indulge in fantasies. Think, think about what cannot be realized in reality, get carried away by illusory assumptions, hopes
Roll up your sleeves- work hard, with diligence.

See “PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PICTURES. The meanings of phraseological units "

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Phraseological units about school

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness.
Live and learn.
A scientist without work is like a cloud without rain.
Learn from a young age - you will not die of starvation in old age.
What I learned, that's what came in handy.
Hard in teaching - easy in battle.
Teach the mind.
Go through the school of life.
Hit in the head.
Bang your head on the ice.
To teach a fool that the dead can be cured.

Phraseological units from ancient Greek mythology

There are native Russian phraseological units, but there are also borrowed ones, including phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient Greek mythology.

Tantalum flour- unbearable torment from the consciousness of the proximity of the desired goal and the impossibility of achieving it. (An analogue of the Russian proverb: “The elbow is close, but you won’t bite”). Tantalus is a hero, the son of Zeus and Pluto, who reigned in the region of Mount Sipila in southern Phrygia (Asia Minor) and was famous for his wealth. According to Homer, for his crimes, Tantalus was punished in the underworld with eternal torment: standing up to his neck in water, he cannot get drunk, as the water immediately recedes from his lips; branches weighed down with fruits hang from the trees around it, which rise up as soon as Tantalus stretches out his hand to them.

Augean stables- a heavily littered, polluted place, usually a room where everything is lying in disarray. Phraseologism comes from the name of the huge stables of the king of Elis Avgeas, not cleaned for many years. Cleaning them was only possible for the mighty Hercules - the son of Zeus. The hero cleared the Augean stables in one day, directing the waters of two turbulent rivers through them.

Sisyphean labor- useless, endless hard work, fruitless work. The expression came from the ancient Greek legend of Sisyphus, the famous cunning, able to deceive even the gods and constantly came into conflict with them. It was he who managed to chain Thanatos, the god of death, sent to him, and keep him imprisoned for several years, as a result of which people did not die. For his actions, Sisyphus was severely punished in Hades: he had to roll a heavy stone up the mountain, which, reaching the top, inevitably fell down, so that all work had to be started anew.

sing praises- to praise someone or something with great enthusiasm; to praise someone or something. It arose from the name of dithyrambs - laudatory songs in honor of the god of wine and the vine of Dionysus, which were sung during processions dedicated to this deity.

Golden Rain- large sums of money. The expression originated from the ancient Greek myth of Zeus. Captivated by the beauty of Danae, the daughter of the Argos king Acrisius, Zeus penetrated her in the form of a golden rain, and from this connection Perseus was later born. Danae, showered with a rain of golden coins, is depicted in the paintings of many artists: Titian, Correggio, Van Dyck, etc. Hence the expressions "golden rain is pouring", "golden rain is pouring". Titian. Danae.

Throw thunder and lightning- scold someone; speak angrily, irritably, reproaching, denouncing someone or threatening him. It arose from ideas about Zeus, the supreme god of Olympus, who, according to myths, dealt with his enemies and people who were objectionable to him with the help of thunderbolts, terrifying in their power, forged by Hephaestus.

Ariadne's thread, Ariadne's thread- that helps to find a way out of a predicament. Named after Ariadne, the daughter of the Cretan king Minos, who, according to ancient Greek myth, helped the Athenian king Theseus, after he killed the half-bull-half-human Minotaur, safely get out of the underground labyrinth with a ball of thread.

Achilles' heel- a weak point, a weak point of something. In Greek mythology, Achilles (Achilles) is one of the strongest and bravest heroes; He is sung in Homer's Iliad. The post-Homeric myth, transmitted by the Roman writer Hyginus, reports that the mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Thetis, in order to make her son's body invulnerable, dipped him into the sacred river Styx; dipping, she held him by the heel, which the water did not touch, so the heel remained the only vulnerable spot of Achilles, where he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Gifts of the Danaans (Trojan horse)- insidious gifts that bring death to those who receive them. Originated from Greek legends about the Trojan War. The Danaans, after a long and unsuccessful siege of Troy, resorted to a trick: they built a huge wooden horse, left it at the walls of Troy, and pretended to swim away from the coast of Troy. The priest Laocoön, who knew about the tricks of the Danaans, saw this horse and exclaimed: “Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” But the Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. At night, the Danaans, who hid inside the horse, went out, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who returned on ships, and thus captured Troy.

Between Scylla and Charybdis- to be between two hostile forces, in a position where danger threatens from both sides. According to the legends of the ancient Greeks, two monsters lived on the coastal rocks on both sides of the Strait of Messina: Scylla and Charybdis, which swallowed sailors. “Scylla, ... incessantly barking, With a piercing screech, like a young puppy’s squeal, The whole neighborhood of monsters announces ... Past her, not a single sailor could pass unscathed With an easy ship: all the toothy mouths gaping, At once she is six people from the ship kidnaps... Close up you will see another rock... Terribly the whole sea under that rock disturbs Charybdis, Three times a day absorbing and three times a day spewing Black moisture. Do not dare to approach when it absorbs: Poseidon himself will not deliver from certain death then ... "

Promethean fire sacred fire, burning in the human soul, an unquenchable desire to achieve high goals in science, art, social work. Prometheus in Greek mythology is one of the Titans; he stole fire from heaven and taught people how to use it, which undermined faith in the power of the gods. For this, the angry Zeus ordered Hephaestus (the god of fire and blacksmithing) to chain Prometheus to a rock; the daily flying eagle tormented the liver of the chained titan.

Apple of discord- the subject, the cause of the dispute, enmity, was first used by the Roman historian Justin (II century AD). It is based on a Greek myth. The goddess of discord, Eris, rolled a golden apple between the guests at the wedding feast with the inscription: "To the most beautiful." Among the guests were the goddesses Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, who argued about which of them should get the apple. Their dispute was resolved by Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, by awarding the apple to Aphrodite. In gratitude, Aphrodite helped Paris kidnap Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, which caused the Trojan War.

Sink into oblivion- to be forgotten, to disappear without a trace and forever. From the name of Leta - the river of oblivion in the underground kingdom of Hades, the souls of the dead drank water from it and forgot their entire past life.

Phraseologisms with the word "WATER"

Storm in a teacup- big commotion for a small reason
It is written with a pitchfork on the water- it is not yet known how it will be, the outcome is not clear, by analogy: “grandmother said in two”
Do not spill water- great friends, about strong friendship
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time, doing useless business Analogously: crushing water in a mortar
Got water in my mouth- silent and unwilling to answer
Carry water (on smb.)- burden with hard work, taking advantage of his complaisant nature
Bring to clean water- expose dark deeds, convict of lies
Come out dry from water- go unpunished, without bad consequences
Money is like water- refers to the ease with which they are spent
Blow on the water, getting burned in milk- be overly cautious, remembering past mistakes
How to look into the water- as if he knew in advance, foresaw, accurately predicted events
How to sink into the water- disappeared without a trace
Down in the mouth- sad, sad
Like water through your fingers- one who easily escapes persecution
The same- very similar, indistinguishable
As you do not know the ford, then do not go into the water- a warning not to take hasty action
Like a fish in water- feel confident, very well oriented, good at something,
Like water off a duck's back- nothing to man
Much water has flown under the bridge since that time- a lot of time has passed
Carry water in a sieve- wasting time
Seventh water on jelly- very distant relationship
Hide the ends in the water- hide the traces of the crime
Quieter than water, lower than grass- behave modestly, inconspicuously
Pound water in a mortar- do something useless.

Phraseologisms with the word "NOS"

It is interesting that in phraseological units the word nose practically does not reveal its main meaning in any way. The nose is the organ of smell, however, in stable phrases, the nose is associated primarily with the idea of ​​something small, short. Remember the fairy tale about Kolobok? When the Fox needed Gingerbread Man to get within her reach, to get closer, she asks him to sit on her nose. However, the word nose does not always mean the organ of smell. It also has other meanings.

grumble under your breath- grumbling, grumbling, muttering indistinctly.
lead by the nose- this phrase came to us from Central Asia. Visitors are often surprised how small children manage to cope with huge camels. The animal obediently follows the child leading it by the rope. The fact is that the rope is threaded through the ring located in the camel's nose. Here you already want it, you don’t want it - but you have to obey! Rings were also put into the noses of bulls to make their temper more docile. If a person deceives someone or does not fulfill the promise, then they also say about him that he "leads by the nose."
Turn up one's nose- unjustifiably proud of something, boast.
Nick down- To chop on the nose means: to remember firmly, once and for all. It seems to many that this was said not without cruelty: it is not very pleasant if you are offered to make a notch on your own face. Useless fear. The word nose here does not mean the organ of smell at all, but just a commemorative plaque, a tag for records. In ancient times, illiterate people always carried such boards with them and made all kinds of notes on them with notches, cuts. These tags were called noses.
nod off- fall asleep.
Curious Barbara got her nose torn off at the market Don't meddle in your own business.
On the nose- so they say about something that is about to come.
Can't see beyond your own nose- ignore the surroundings.
Don't poke your nose into other people's business- in this way they want to show that a person is too, inappropriately curious, interferes in what he should not.
Nose to nose On the contrary, close.
Keep your nose to the wind- in the glorious times of the sailing fleet, movement by sea completely depended on the direction of the wind, on the weather. Calm, calm - and the sails nick, more like a rag. A contrary wind is blowing in the bow of the ship - you have to think not about sailing, but already about throwing all the anchors, that is, “anchoring” and removing all the sails so that the air current does not throw the ship ashore. In order to go to sea, a fair wind was required, which inflated the sails and directed the ship forward into the sea. The sailors' vocabulary associated with this received figurativeness and entered our literary language. Now "to keep your nose to the wind" - in a figurative sense, means to adapt to any circumstances. "Anchor", "Anchor", - stop in motion, settle down somewhere; "Sit by the sea and wait for the weather"- inactive expectation of change; "On full sail"- move towards the intended goal at full speed, as quickly as possible; wish "fair wind" to someone - means a wish for him good luck.
Nose hang or Nose hang- if suddenly a person is depressed or just sad, it happens about him, they say that he seemed to “hang his nose”, and they can also add: “a fifth”. Quinta, translated from Latin, it means: "fifth". Musicians, or more precisely, violinists, so call the violin's first string in terms of tonality (the highest). While playing, the violinist usually supports his instrument with his chin and his nose almost touches this string closest to him. The expression "hang your nose on the fifth", improved in the circle of musicians, has entered the literature.
Stay with your nose- without what he hoped for.
Right under your nose- close.
show nose- to tease someone by putting your thumb to your nose and waving the others.
With a goofy nose- very little (a bun is a dove, the dove's beak is small).
Poke your nose into other people's business- take an interest in other people's affairs.
Get away with your nose- the roots of the expression "go away with the nose" are lost in the distant past. In ancient times, bribery was very common in Russia. Neither in institutions nor in court could a positive decision be achieved without an offering, a gift. Of course, these gifts, hidden by the petitioner somewhere under the floor, were not called the word "bribe". They were politely called "bringing" or "nose". If the manager, judge or clerk took the "nose", then one could be sure that the case would be favorably resolved. In case of refusal (and this could happen if the gift seemed small to the official or if the offering from the opposite side had already been accepted), the petitioner left with his “nose” on his way. In this case, there was no hope for success. Since then, the words “go away with a nose” have come to mean “to fail, to fail, to lose, to stumble, having achieved nothing.
Wipe your nose- if you managed to surpass someone, then they say that they wiped his nose.
bury your nose- immerse yourself completely in some activity.
Full, drunk and nose in tobacco- means a satisfied and contented person.

Phraseologisms with the word "MOUTH, LIPS"

The word mouth is included in a number of phraseological units, the meanings of which are associated with the process of speaking. Food enters the human body through the mouth - a number of stable expressions in one way or another indicate this function of the mouth. There are not many phraseological units with the word lip.

You won't take it in your mouth- they say if the food is cooked tasteless.
Lip no fool- they say about a person who knows how to choose the best.
Shut someone's mouth It means not letting him talk.
Porridge in the mouth- the person speaks indistinctly.
There was no poppy dew in the mouth- it means that the person has not eaten for a long time and needs to be fed urgently.
Wet behind the ears- they say if they want to show that someone else is young and inexperienced.
Get water in your mouth- is to shut up.
pout lips- be offended.
open mouth- to freeze in amazement before something that struck the imagination.
Hassle full mouth- they say, if there are so many things to do that you don’t have time to cope with them.
wide open mouth is a sign of surprise.

Phraseological units with the word "HAND"

be at hand- to be available, to be in close proximity
Warm your hands- take advantage of position
Keep in hand- do not give free rein, keep in strict obedience
How it was removed by hand- disappeared quickly
Wear on your hands- to give special location, attention, appreciate, pamper
Without stopping ru k - work hard
Get under your arm- randomly appear nearby
Get a hot hand- get in a bad mood
The hand does not rise- it is not possible to perform an action due to an internal prohibition
Hand in hand- holding hands, together, together
hand washes hand- people who have common interests protect each other
Hands don't reach- there is no time or energy to do something
Itchy hands- a strong desire to do something
At hand- very close, very near
Grab with both hands- happy to accept a proposal
Rake the heat with the wrong hands- to enjoy the fruits of someone else's work
Skillful fingers- about someone who skillfully, skillfully does everything, copes with any work

Phraseologisms with the word "HEAD"

wind in my head- unreliable person.
Flew out of my head- forgot.
Head is spinning- too much to do, responsibilities, information.
Giving head to cut off- promise.
Like snow on your head- suddenly.
fool your head- to deceive, to lead away from the essence of the matter.
Don't take off your head- be responsible for your actions.
View from head to toe- of everything, carefully, attentively.
Headlong- risky.
Don't pat on the head- they scold.
From a sick head to a healthy one- to put the blame on someone else.
Turn upside down- vice versa.
Break your head over the task- think hard.
Breaking my head- very fast.

Phraseologisms with the word "EAR"

The word ear is included in phraseological units, one way or another connected with hearing. Harsh words act primarily on the ears. In many stable expressions, the word ears means rather than the organ of hearing, but only its outer part. I wonder if you can see your ears? Using a mirror in this case is not allowed!

Be careful- a person tensely waits for danger. Vostry is the old form of the word acute.
prick up your ears- listen carefully. The dog's ears are pointed and the dog's ears stick up when listening. This is where phraseology came from.
Can't see your ears- they say about a person who will never get what he wants.
Dive deep into something- they say to a person if he is completely absorbed in any occupation. You can also be deeply in debt - if there are a lot of debts.
Blushed to the ears- they say when a person is very embarrassed.
Hang out your ears- so they say about a person who listens to someone too trustingly.
Listen with all ears means to listen carefully.
Listen with half an ear or listen with the corner of your ear- listen without much attention.
Ears wither- it is disgusting to listen to something extremely.
Ears cuts- they say when something is unpleasant to listen to.

Phraseological units with the word "TOOTH"

With the word tooth in the Russian language, there are a fairly large number of set expressions. Among them, a group of phraseological units is noticeable, in which teeth act as a kind of weapon of defense or attack, a threat. The word tooth is also used in phraseological units denoting various deplorable states of a person.

be in the teeth- to impose, to bother.
Armed to the teeth- they say about a person who is dangerous to attack, because he can give a worthy rebuff.
speak teeth- divert attention.
tooth for tooth- quarreling (a tendency to swear), unyielding, "as it comes around, it will respond."
Tooth not touching- they say if someone is cold from a strong cold or from trembling, excitement, fear.
Give a tooth- to ridicule, to ridicule someone.
Tooth eat- push, push.
bare teeth- laugh.
eat teeth- gain experience.
scratching teeth- talk nonsense, nonsense.
Try it on the tooth- learn, try directly.
Something too tough for anyone- it is difficult to bite off, beyond the power, beyond the abilities.
Nothing to put on the tooth- they say when there is nothing to eat.
Not in the tooth with a foot- absolutely nothing (not to know, not to understand, etc.).
look someone in the mouth- learn everything about the person.
Raise by the teeth- laugh.
Show teeth- means to demonstrate one's evil nature, the desire to be at enmity, to threaten someone.
Put your teeth on the shelf- to starve when there is no food left in the house.
speak through teeth- barely open his mouth, reluctantly.
Grit your teeth- do not lose heart, do not despair, start the fight.
Sharpen or have a grudge against someone- To be mean, to do harm.

Phraseologisms with the word "CHEST, BACK"

The words chest and back are included in oppositely colored phraseological units. However, there are positively colored phraseological units with the word back.

Stand up or stand with your chest for someone- rise to the defense, steadfastly defend.
Riding on someone's back- achieve your goals by using someone in your interests.
Bend your back- work, or bow.
Hunch your back- work.
Ride on whose back- to use someone for any of their purposes.
Behind someone (to do something)- so that he did not see, did not know, secretly from someone.
Put your hands behind your back- cross them at the back.
On one's own back (experience, learn something)- from my own bitter experience, as a result of troubles, difficulties, hardships that I myself had to endure.
Knife in the back or stab in the back- traitorous, treacherous act, blow.
turn your back- leave, leave to the mercy of fate, stop communicating with someone.
Pave the way with your chest- to achieve a good position in life, achieves everything by hard work, overcomes all the difficulties that have fallen to him.
Skulk- shift your duties or responsibilities to someone else.
Work without bending your back- diligently, diligently, a lot and hard. They can praise an approximately working person.
Straighten your back- gain self-confidence, cheer up.
Show back- leave, run away.
Stand behind someone- secretly, covertly lead someone.

Phraseologisms with the word "LANGUAGE"

Language is another word often found in phraseological units, since language is extremely important for a person, it is with him that the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ability to speak and communicate is associated. The idea of ​​speaking (or, conversely, silence) can be traced in one way or another in many phraseological units with the word language.

run with tongue out- very fast.
Keep your mouth shut- be silent, do not say too much; be careful in your statements.
Long tongue- they say, if a person is a talker and likes to tell other people's secrets.
How a cow licked her tongue- about something that quickly and without a trace disappeared.
Find a common language- reach mutual understanding.
step on the tongue- make them fall silent.
Hang your tongue on your shoulder- very tired.
Get on the tongue- to become the subject of gossip.
bite your tongue- shut up, refrain from speaking.
untie tongue- encourage someone to talk; give someone the opportunity to speak.
Dissolve language- without restraining oneself, losing control over oneself, blurting out, saying too much.
Pip on your tongue- an angry wish to an evil talker.
pull tongue- to say something not entirely appropriate to the situation.
shorten tongue- to make someone shut up, not to let them speak insolence, superfluous.
Scratch your tongue (scratch your tongue)- talk in vain, engage in chatter, idle talk.
scratch tongues- to gossip, to slander.
The devil pulled the tongue- an unnecessary word breaks off the tongue.
Tongue without bones- they say if a person is talkative.
tongue twisted- you can't say anything clearly.
Tongue stuck to throat- suddenly shut up, stop talking.
Tongue swallow- shut up, stop talking (about the unwillingness of someone to speak).
The tongue is well suspended- they say about a person who speaks freely, fluently.

Phraseologisms with the word "LITTLE"

Almost- about, almost
Small spool but precious- value is not determined by size
Small small less- one is smaller than the other (about children)
Small bird, but the nail is sharp- insignificant in position, but inspires fear or admiration for his qualities
small dog to old age puppy- a person of small stature always seems younger than his age, does not make a solid impression
You never know what– 1. anything, anything 2. not essential, not important 3. excitement, what if…
little by little- slowly, little by little
low speed- slowly
From small to large– all ages
Little by little (drink)- a little, a small portion
play little by little- make a small bet (in games)
From an early age- since childhood
The smallest- a small part of something.

The correct and appropriate use of phraseological units gives speech a special expressiveness, accuracy and imagery.

PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN PICTURES

See if phraseological units are illustrated correctly, and tell me how do you understand their meaning?

Guess a few poetic riddles about phraseological turns:

You will not find friendlier than these two guys in the world.
They are usually referred to as water...

We walked the town literally along and …
And we were so tired on the road that we barely ...

Your friend asks furtively
Copy the answers from your notebook.
No need! After all, you will give this to a friend ...

They are out of tune, they confuse words, someone sings in the forest, ...
The kids won't listen to them.
From this song, ears ...

Phraseologism, or a stable, winged saying is a figurative, well-aimed phrase; an expression that had previously come into general use. These expressions are called winged expressions for the reason that they spread quickly.

The history of the appearance of phraseological turns

Among the many different set expressions, some have their own author, some were created by the people, many denote some specific moments in history or the use of specific professional skills.

By what words they include, set expressions can be figuratively divided into two groups - direct and figurative. Often, by expression, you can understand what its essence is. For example, the expression "keep your mouth shut" explains itself. We immediately understand that we are talking about silence.

But the expression "spinning like a squirrel in a wheel" means hard work, a constant load.

If we take the phrase “pulling chestnuts out of the fire” as an example, then it is not entirely clear what the person is talking about using this expression. It came to us from the work of La Fontaine and means that a person performs dangerous and difficult work, and another uses its results; a person does the work instead of someone else.

Many phraseological units came into our speech from some specific moments in history. For example, from the 18th century, the turn “it was near Poltava” came to us, because at that time the battle between the Russians and the Swedes near Poltava actually took place.

Professional phraseological units include the medical expressions “rubbed into powder” or “an hour later, a teaspoon”.

Groups of phraseological units

All phraseological units known to us are divided into several large groups according to their genesis.

The first group includes set expressions that fell into the structure of the Russian language from Old Slavonic - common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), various tracing papers, as well as phrases borrowed from other languages.

The second group should include phraseological units that are most often used by us today. This is a group of primordially Russian phraseological units. These are various phrases from the professional vocabulary of many people, as well as from works of art.

The third group includes phraseological units that arose during the emergence of independent East Slavic languages. All set expressions of this group arose from arbitrary combinations of words and were created according to the rules of the Russian language. It should be noted that this group will be the largest in its composition.

Common Slavic phraseological units

Common Slavic phraseological units are mainly quotations from the books of Holy Scripture, which are archaic in nature and often include obsolete words (archaisms). Such expressions are called biblical expressions.

Phraseological turns of this nature include: “beating babies”, “washing your hands”, “hot place”, “regardless of faces”, “seek and you will find”, “crown of thorns”, “their name is legion”.

As already mentioned, many Bibleisms include obsolete words that are almost never used today. These will be such stable expressions as “for the coming dream”, “parable of the town”, “Babylonian pandemonium”, “cherish like the apple of an eye”, “hell fiend”, “not of this world”, “like them” and others . All these phraseological units are used by us quite widely, but, as a rule, individual archaisms are no longer used in free form.

Actually Russian set expressions

Originally Russian expressions are also divided by meaning into several groups.

The first group should include those that came from colloquial speech and are often used in everyday life: “to be born in a shirt”, “patience and work will grind everything”, “fish for lack of fish and cancer”, “talk teeth”, “miracles in a sieve” , “lose your head”, “at least a stake on your head”, “beautiful girl” and many others.

The second group of primordially Russian phraseological units includes expressions from artistic and scientific works, literature. This group, in turn, can be divided into several subgroups:

1) catchwords and expressions from journalism and literature: “I didn’t even notice the elephant” (I. A. Krylov), “the legend is fresh, but hard to believe”, “with feeling, with sense, with arrangement” (A S. Griboyedov), “a big ship - a big voyage” (N. V. Gogol), “we all learned a little, something and somehow” (A. S. Pushkin), “no matter what happened” (A.P. Chekhov), “better less is better” (V.I. Lenin and so on;

2) various phrases taken from scientific terminology: “center of gravity”, “bring to a common denominator”, “go downhill”, “bring to a white heat”.

East Slavic set expressions and calques

The group of East Slavic phraseological units includes those that came to us from other languages ​​and were translated in parts. Most of the cripples in our language can be completely invisible, that is, they do not feel foreign language.

Many turns came to us directly from the English language. Many set expressions in English have the same meaning and translation, and there are those that already have their analogues in Russian.

For example, phraseological units that will have a similar meaning should include the following: a sore subject (“sick question”), act the fool (“play the fool”), to look for a needle in a haystack (“look for a needle in a haystack”) hay"), a fine gesture ("beautiful gesture"). All these set expressions are translated literally and directly.

But there are also those that are analogues in meaning, but sound very different:

To pull the devil by the tail (from English “pull the devil by the tail”) - “fight like a fish on ice”;

A round peg in a square hole (from the English “round stake in a square hole”) - “to be out of place”;

That’s the heart of the matter (from English “in this heart of the matter”) - “this is where the dog is buried”;

It rains cats and dogs (from English “it rains with cats and dogs”) - “it pours like a bucket”;

Smell hell (from English "smell the smell of hell") - "sip grief."

Set expressions in English are as common today as in Russian. Phraseological turns are an integral part of speech that is used by everyone, even children. There are so many such phrases that sometimes we don’t even think about using them.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The Russian language is not in vain considered “great and powerful”.

It contains not only words with which you can describe the reality of what is happening, but also, the meaning of which does not correspond to the words used in them.

Such phrases (these are phraseological units) cannot be understood “on the forehead” (literally), because the words used in them sometimes create a completely ridiculous picture. For example, “make an elephant out of a fly”, “sit in a puddle”, “lead by the nose”, “like water off a duck's back”, etc. They are used only in a figurative sense and this.

What is it (with examples)

Phraseologisms are set expressions(everyday used in this form), one of the features of which is that it is almost impossible to translate them into other languages. And if you do it verbatim, you get a real abracadabra.

For example, how do you translate phrases to a foreigner:

With a goofy nose
Where do the eyes look?
Shot sparrow.

And at the same time, we, as native speakers of the Russian language, will immediately understand what is at stake.

"With a gulkin's nose" - a little, just a little bit.
"Where the eyes look" - directly, without a specific goal.
"Shot sparrow" - experienced in some matters.

This is one of the examples of phraseological units. And here is the definition given to this concept in textbooks:

“Phraseologism is an expression that is well-established in structure and composition, which used in a figurative sense and consists of two or more words.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologism is quite easy to recognize. These phrases have their own distinctive features:

1. They include two or more words;
2. Have stable compound;
3. Have portable meaning;
4. Have historical roots;
5. Are united member of the proposal.

And now let's take a closer look at each of these distinctive criteria of phraseological units.

These are several words that are one member of the sentence

There are no phraseological units in one word at all. Most often they consist of exactly two words, but there are many examples of longer phrases.

Here examples of such phrases with an explanation of their meaning:

"I ate the dog" - experienced, has been doing something more than once.
“You won’t spill it with water” - very friendly.
“Wait for the weather by the sea” - do nothing and hope that everything will be decided by itself.
"Seven Fridays in a week" - constantly change your plans or decisions.
“To fight like a fish on ice” - you do something, but it does not give a result.
“Well, you made a mess” - he did something that provoked a whole chain of events.

When parsing a sentence, phraseological units are not divided into parts. For example, the phrase “worked up a sweat” is a single predicate. Just like "counting the crows" or "wash your hands".

Phraseological units are stable phrases in a figurative sense

Such phrases cannot be distorted adding or removing individual words from them. And cannot be replaced one word to another. In this way, they resemble a "house of cards" that will fall apart if one card is pulled out of it.

By the way, "House of cards" is also an example of a phraseological unit, it is used when they want to say that "something broke very easily or is about to break".

For example:

“Between heaven and earth” means to be in limbo, not knowing what to do.

And in this phrase it is impossible to replace "sky", for example, with "clouds", or "earth" with "field". The result is a completely non-colorful expression that others people won't understand.

More examples of stable phraseological units with an explanation of their meaning:

“Turn up the waters” means to come up with something strange, it’s not good to influence others.
"Slippery" - to do something poorly.
"Roll up your sleeves" - work well and quickly.
"Count the crows" - be distracted, be inattentive.
"Stay with the nose" means to be deceived.
"Getting to grips" - change your behavior or attitude towards something.

These phrases always have a figurative meaning.

As you may have noticed, all phraseological units have a figurative meaning. That is why they simply cannot be translated into another language.

For example, try to translate into English the phrase "disservice". It will sound like “bear service”, and any foreigner will literally understand that “a particular bear provides some kind of service”, and will rather decide that it is a trained bear.

But we understand perfectly well this phraseological unit, which means “help so that it got worse”.

The same can be said about other expressions:

“Grated kalach” is a wise person who cannot be deceived.
“On the topic of the day” is something relevant that currently attracts a lot of attention.
“Sat in a galosh” - did something awkward, made a mistake.
"Losing your head" - doing unreasonable things.
"Wash the bones" - to discuss someone behind his back.

The history of the origin of phraseological units

Some philologists argue that all phraseological units have some historical roots. It's just that not everything managed to survive before us. But there are phrases about which it is known exactly where they came from.

For example, the expression "beat the buckets", which means "To do nothing". In the old days, small wooden blocks were called buckets, from which spoons were most often made. Making blanks was very easy, it was trusted to the most inept apprentices. And everyone around thought that they did not really work.

Or phraseological unit "like water off a duck's back", meaning that "everything is forgiven a person." This phrase was born by nature itself. Not only the goose, but also any bird, the water really quickly escapes, since their feathers have a thin layer of fat.

And here is the expression "Trishkin caftan" not so widely known, although it means "an unsuccessful attempt to solve some problem, which only leads to new problems." The phrase appeared thanks to Krylov's fable:

Trishka's caftan was torn on his elbows.
What's the point of thinking here? He took up the needle:
Cut off the sleeves in quarters
And he paid elbows. The caftan is ready again;
Only a quarter of the bare hands became.
What about this sadness?

And here is the phraseology "Monomakh's hat", which means "too much responsibility", gave us Pushkin in his drama Boris Godunov.

Examples of phraseological units and their meaning

And this is not the only example when common expressions appear in the Russian language thanks to literature. For example, a lot came to us from ancient myths and epics, and even from the Bible.

Brief Summary

In conclusion, I will say that phraseological units are found in any language of the world. But such a number of winged phrases, as in Russian, nowhere else.

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Idioms are set expressions (phrases), the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included in it. For example, To let the cat out of the bag. - Speak up.

Learning idioms is not only useful, but also very exciting - nothing reflects the mentality of native speakers of the target language like idioms. In addition, it will help to understand live speech and non-adapted literature.

Idioms - set expressions

You can't translate idioms verbatim, since they are indivisible lexical coalescences that can be translated either by meaning or by the corresponding equivalent in the target language. Idioms reflect the realities of the language and even history. For example, the idiom "work, carelessly" due to the fact that in ancient times Russian clothes had long sleeves, that is, it was impossible to work well in this condition. And, in turn, some English idioms will be incomprehensible to a Russian person. For example, "to pull someone's leg" does not mean “pulling someone by the leg”, but “playing a joke, fooling your head”. It also has to do with history. The origin of this expression dates back to the 18th century, when the streets of the cities were very dirty, and the British “jokingly” put a stick with a hook under the feet of the object of such unpretentious humor.

The meaning of some idioms is easy to understand, as they are similar to Russian

I can't believe my ears. - I can't believe my ears. That is, I do not believe what I hear.

Many idioms have a similar meaning, but are embodied in the language in different ways, other images and associations are used, related to the peculiarities of the culture of different countries. For example, A carrot and stick- literally this combination is translated "carrot and stick", that is, the method of encouragement is carrots, and punishment is a stick. In our language, this idiom sounds - "the carrot and stick method." In this case, in the first place there is a punishment - a whip, and then a reward - a carrot.

Like two peas in a pod. - Like two peas in a pod, which is very similar. Our language also has a similar idiom, but the comparison takes place between two drops of water - "similar as two drops of water" .

Such idioms are the most difficult for an inexperienced translator, since the meaning will simply be lost in a literal translation.

There are idioms whose meaning is simply hard to guess

For example:

The bee's knees - the highest grade

All thumbs - clumsy. (He spilt his coffee again, he’s all thumbs - that is, literally, all the fingers on the hand are big).

Also ran - loser. (The idiom came from horse racing - literally - also ran, but did not receive a prize).

An arm and a leg is a huge amount of money. (That car cost him an arm and a leg.)

Make a pig's ear - doing something out of hand is bad.

Let's highlight the main groups of idioms

Idioms Based on Animal Comparisons

Pigs might fly - What only does not happen in the world!

Will a duck swim! - Still would!

To flog a dead horse - Wasting energy.

Straight from the horse's mouth - Firsthand.

A big fish in a small pond - An important bump out of the blue (local scale).

There isn't enough space to swing a cat - The apple has nowhere to fall.

To make a monkey out of someone - Make a fool out of someone.

Set expressions related to food

A bad egg - Scoundrel.

To go bananas - Go crazy.

To spill the beans - Give out a secret.

To be full of beans - Be very energetic.

It's a hot potato - This is a touchy subject.

A second bite of a cherry - Second attempt.

It's as good as a chocolate teapot - from this sense, like from a goat's milk.

Idioms related to body parts

To get cold feet - Be shy, drift off, get scared.

To be up in arms - Fully armed, be ready to fight.

He's twisting my arm - He puts pressure on me.

To keep an eye on something - Keep an eye on something.

I'd give my right arm to do it! - I would give anything to do this.

To have eyes on the back of one's head - Have eyes on the back of your head.

An old head on young shoulders - Be wise beyond your years.

To have someone's head in the clouds - Soar in the clouds.

To let someone's hair down - Relax, act relaxed.

Idioms based on the principle of associations with colors

It's like a red rag for a bull - It's like a red rag for a bull.

Modern language, and are grammatical archaisms. Examples of such expressions in Russian would be: “stay with your nose”, “beat the buckets”, “give back”, “play the fool”, “point of view”, “without a king in your head”, “soul to soul”, “sewn with white threads, etc.

Classification (phraseological units)[ | ]

The concept of phraseological units (fr. unité phraséologique) as a stable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituent words, was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally in the work “ Precis de stylistique”, where he contrasted them with another type of phrases - (fr. séries phraséologiques) with a variable combination of components. Later, V. V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units:

General properties [ | ]

Phraseologism is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic fusion of phraseological units can vary within a fairly wide range: from the non-derivation of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words to with the meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination. The transformation of a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.

Different scholars interpret the concept differently. phraseologism and its properties, however, the most consistently distinguished by various scientists properties of phraseological units are:

• (separate design);
• to belong to.

Phraseological fusions (idioms)[ | ]

Phraseological fusion or idiom (from the Greek. ἴδιος - “own, peculiar”) is a semantically indivisible turnover, the meaning of which is completely inferred from the sum of the values ​​\u200b\u200bof its constituent components, their semantic independence has been completely lost. For example, " sodom and gomorrah- "turmoil, noise." With a literal translation of phraseological fusions, a foreigner usually cannot understand their general meaning: in English. to show the white feather - “accused of cowardice” (literally - “show a white feather”, in England a white feather was handed over to deviators during the war) not one of the words hints at the meaning of the whole phrase.

Phraseological units[ | ]

Phraseological unity is a stable turn, in which, nevertheless, the signs of the semantic separation of the components are clearly preserved. As a rule, its overall meaning is motivated and derived from the meaning of individual components.

Often a phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion. Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. If there is no edification in the phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then this is a saying or a catchphrase. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech. Speech cliches also fall into the category of phraseological expressions - stable formulas like “ good luck», « see you again" etc.

Melchuk's classification[ | ]

1. The language unit affected by phraseologization:
2. Participation of pragmatic factors in the process of phraseologization:
3. Component of a linguistic sign subject to phraseologization:
4. Degree of phraseology:

In general, as a result of such a calculation, Melchuk singles out 3 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 54 types of phrases.

see also [ | ]

Notes [ | ]

Literature [ | ]

• Amosova N. N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1963.
• Arsent'eva E. F. Phraseology and phraseography in a comparative aspect (on the material of Russian and English languages). - Kazan, 2006.
• Valgina N. S., Rosenthal D. E., Fomina M. I. Modern Russian language. - 6th ed. - M. : Logos, 2002.