Topic number 3. The concept of a language norm. The main types of norms.

Causes of mass speech errors

The causes of negative phenomena in speech practice include:

· people's trust in the printed word (the habit of considering everything printed and said on television as an example of the norm);

· reduction of editorial exactingness to journalists regarding observance of language norms;

Decrease in the quality of proofreading work;

· the gap between the complicated requirements of the new school curriculum in the Russian language and the real possibilities of today's Russian school;

Decreased interest of schoolchildren in classical literature;

· problems in replenishment of the library fund;

· the transformation of the "Rules of Spelling and Punctuation" of 1956 into a bibliographic rarity and the absence of their new edition;

disrespect for the humanities;

disrespect for addressees of speech;

disregard for one's native language.

In this regard, in the modern school, in the lessons of the humanitarian cycle, it is necessary to pay great attention to the problems of the modern language, not to ignore the existing linguistic facts, but to interpret them and form the attitude of schoolchildren to the development of their native language.

Topic number 3. The concept of a language norm. The main types of norms.

1. What is the norm of the language and what are its features?

Language norm (literary norm)- these are the rules for the use of language means, a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of elements of the literary language in a certain period of its development.

Features of the language norm:

Stability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time;

General prevalence and obligatory observance of normative rules;

Cultural and aesthetic perception (assessment) of the language and its facts; in the norm, all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of mankind is fixed;

Dynamic character (variability), due to the development of the entire language system, which is realized in live speech;

The possibility of linguistic "pluralism" (the coexistence of several options that are recognized as normative).

Codification is a linguistically reliable description of the fixation of the norms of the literary language in specially designed sources (grammar books, dictionaries, reference books, manuals).

2. What is the inconsistency of the norm?

The linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposite features.

1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system for a long time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained by the social nature of the language, which is constantly developing along with the creator and native speaker - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, change. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources 100 years old, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: closet (instead of a closet), zhyra (instead of heat), strict (instead of strict), quiet (instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky Theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), vernivshis (instead of returning); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly (instead of mandatory), necessary (instead of necessary), etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized ubiquity and ubiquity compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to "manage" the elements of speech. On the other hand, one can also talk about "linguistic pluralism"- the existence of several options (doublets) at the same time, which are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (the author of the speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works of classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, generally accepted, widespread modern usage, as well as scientific research. However, recognizing the importance of literary tradition and the authority of sources, should also be kept in mind author's individuality capable of violating norms, which, of course, is justified in certain situations of communication.
The change in language norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants (doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of the norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the Orthoepic Dictionary, the Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language, the Dictionary of Word Combination, etc.
At present, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that the language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, a deviation from the norm is possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of the norms that exist in the literary language.

3. What are the trends in the development of language norms?

In the development of language norms, certain trends are observed:

1) the trend towards savings. This tendency is manifested at all levels of the language (from nomination to syntax) and is expressed in the contraction of words and elements, for example scientific (scientific library), you brought me (out of balance); loss of suffixes, endings: rails - rail, grams - grams, wet - wet.

2) a tendency towards unification - trimming private grammatical knowledge under a general form: director, professor

3) the expansion of colloquiality into book speech and the neutralization of colloquial elements in literary speech.

4. What are the differences in the degree of normativity?

According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:

1. Strict(mandatory) norm (norm of the 1st degree) - in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Ex: document.

2. Neutral norm (norm of the 2nd degree) - there are two equal options. Pr: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.

3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.

The norm of 1 degree is called imperative, norms of 2 and 3 degrees - dispositive norms.

5.What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools?

In accordance with the main levels of the language and the areas of use of language tools, the following are distinguished types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms(Greek correct speech) - the norms of stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors interfere with the perception of the speaker's speech. The social role of correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the process of communication.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Russian Stress, Orthoepic Dictionary, Dictionary of Oral Speech Difficulties, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive marks: “ no rivers."(Not recommended), "wrong."(not properly), "rude."(rough), "bran."(swear words), etc.

2. lexical rules, or norms of word usage are: a) the use of the word in the meanings that it has in the modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymic series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of the word. Note that the morphological norms primarily include: the norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, the norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, the norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When building a phrase, it is necessary first of all to remember about management; when building a sentence, one should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using adverbial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under the general name - grammar rules.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) and punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (writing a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (punctuation marks).

6. Where is the language norm fixed? Give examples.

The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. A significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms belongs to fiction, theater, school education and the media.

Some names and denominations (for example, names of geographical objects) may exist in the language in various forms (variants), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals. For example: St. Petersburg (Peter).

And accent rules. Lexical and phraseological norms

Plan

1. The concept of a language norm, its features.

2. Variants of norms.

3. Degrees of normativity of language units.

4. Types of norms.

5. Norms of oral speech.

5.1. orthoepic norms.

5.2. Accent rules.

6. Norms of oral and written speech.

6.1. Lexical norms.

6.2. Phraseological norms.

The culture of speech, as mentioned earlier, is a multidimensional concept. It is based on the idea that exists in the mind of a person about the “speech ideal”, a model in accordance with which correct, literate speech should be built.

The norm is the dominant concept of the culture of speech. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova word meaning norm is defined as follows: "legalized establishment, ordinary obligatory order, state." Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs, traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of a socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.

Language norms- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language (rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of morphological forms of different parts of speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of the language, recorded in grammars and normative dictionaries.

Language norms are characterized by a number of features:

1) relative stability;

2) general usage;

3) general obligatoriness;

4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Norms reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language and are supported by language practice.

The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative mass media.

Norm functions:

1) ensures the correct understanding of each other by speakers of a given language;

2) hinders the penetration of dialect, colloquial, vernacular, slang elements into the literary language;

3) educates language taste.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language tools. Sources for changing norms are:

Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial variants such as calls- along with Lit. calls; cottage cheese- along with Lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit. [d'e]kan);

Vernacular (for example, in some dictionaries they are fixed as valid colloquial stress options agreement, phenomenon, until recently, vernacular, non-normative options);

Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);

Professional jargons (cf. stress options actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, accepted in the speech of health workers).

The change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants that exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language Options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical form, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of the language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete, go out of use, others appear.

However, the options may be equal - normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery and bulo [shn] th; barge and barge; Mordvin and Mordvin ov ).

More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, while others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. chauffeurA; Catholic and wrong. catalog).

Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm are specialized in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral - high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a] no, n[a] floor, m[a] turf and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o]no, p[o]et, m[o]turf; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like shake up [g’i] wag, wave [x’i] wat, jump up [k’i] wat and bookish, characteristic of the old Moscow noma, the firm pronunciation of these sounds: shudder [gy] walt, wave [hy] walt, jump [ky] walt. Wed also lit. contract, locksmith and and unfold contract, locksmith I.

Often options are specialized in terms of degree of their modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated. plum [shn] th.

In addition, options may have differences in meaning ( semantic variants ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, induce, force to act).

According to the ratio between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of language units are distinguished.

Norm I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, variants in dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive marks: choice s – wrong. choice a; shi [n'e] l - wrong. shi[ne]l; petition - wrong. petition; pampered - not rivers. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.

Norm II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: the loop and the loop; swimming pool and ba[sse]in; stack and stack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the union and.

Norm III degree. A mobile norm that allows the use of colloquial, obsolete forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(permissible), add. obsolete(allowable deprecation). For example: August - add. August; budo[h]ik and additional mouth budo[shn]ik.

Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are presented very widely. In order to choose the correct option, you need to refer to special dictionaries: orthoepic, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.

Language norms are obligatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.

In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means, the following types of norms are distinguished.

Norm types

Norms of oral speech	Norms of written speech	Norms of oral and written speech
- accentological(norms of stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation norms)	- spelling(correct spelling); - punctuation(norms for punctuation marks)	- lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - derivational(norms of word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of word forms of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions)

Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system of phonetic means of expression, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.

Specific for oral speech are the norms of pronunciation (orthoepic) and the norms of stress (accentological).

The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).

5.1. Orthoepic norms These are the norms of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy (from the Greek. orphos - straight, correct and epic - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms that have historically developed in the literary language.

The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:

Vowel pronunciation: forest - in l[i]su; horn - r [a] ha;

Pronunciation of consonants: teeth - zu [p], o [t] take - o [d] give;

Pronunciation of individual combinations of consonants: in [zh’zh ’] and, [sh’sh’] astya; kone[shn]o;

Pronunciation of consonants in separate grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic [gy] th - elastic [g'y]; in verb forms: took [sa] - took [s'a], I remain [s] - I remain [s'];

Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pu[re], [t’e]rror, b[o]a.

Let us dwell on individual, difficult, cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.

The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] explosive. The pronunciation of [γ] fricative is dialectal, non-normative. However, in a number of words, the norm requires the pronunciation of exactly the sound [γ], which, when stunned, turns into [x]: [ γ ]God, Bo[γ]a - Bo[x].

In Russian literary pronunciation, there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which, in place of letter combinations CHN was pronounced SHN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, the pronunciation SHN preserved as obligatory in the words kone[shn] o, naro[shn] o and in patronymics: Ilini[shn]a, Savvi[shn]na, Nikiti[shn]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).

A number of words allow for variants of pronunciation CHN and SHN: decent and orderly [w] ny, bool [h] th and bulo [shn] th, milk [n] and young lady. In some words, the pronunciation SHN is perceived as obsolete: lavo [shn] ik, sin [shn] evy, apple [shn] y.

In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced SHN. Wed: flowing, cardiac (attack), milky (way), celibate.

consonant cluster Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PCS: [pcs] about, [pcs] oby, none [pcs] about. In other cases, as Thu: not [th] about, after [th] and, after [th] a, [th] y, [read] ing.

For pronunciation foreign words The following tendencies are typical in the modern Russian literary language.

Foreign words are subject to phonetic patterns in the language, so most foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain the peculiarities of pronunciation. It concerns

1) unstressed pronunciation O;

2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.

1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, an unstressed sound is (unstablely) preserved O. These include:

Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;

A small part of special terms that do not penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.

Pronunciation O in a pre-stressed position, it is characteristic in these words for a bookish, high style; sound is pronounced in neutral speech BUT: V[a]lter, n[a]kturne.

The absence of reduction in stressed position is typical for words cocoa, radio, credo.

2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, there is a preservation of a solid consonant in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from the typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the unstressed pronunciation. O.

Pronunciation of the solid consonant before E observed:

In expressions that are often reproduced by means of other alphabets: d e facto, d e-ju r e, c r edo;

In proper names: Flo [be] r, S [te] rn, Lafon [te] n, Sho [bae] n;

In specific terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadans, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;

In some common words that are in wide use: pu [re], [te] mp, e [ne] rgia.

Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words. D, T; then - FROM, W, H, R; occasionally - B, M, AT; sounds are always softened G, To and L.

Some words of foreign origin in the modern literary language are characterized by a variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e] kan - [de] kan, [s'e] ssia - [se] ssia, [t'e] rror.

In a number of words, the solid pronunciation of the consonant before E perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.

5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.

Stress norms regulate the choice of options for placement and movement of the stressed syllable among the unstressed ones.

In Russian, the stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity, and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or different places, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. stress in French attached to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate one). In addition, the stress in a number of words can be mobile- changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, right - right).

The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. There are different types of accents:

Semantic variants (diversity of stress performs a meaningful function in them): clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) - immersed(into water; in solving a problem);

Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common) - silk(poetic) compass(common) - compass(prof.);

Chronological (differ in activity or passivity of use in modern speech): thinking(modern) - thinking(outdated), angle(modern) - cancerurs(outdated).

Stress in Russian is an individual sign of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when setting stress, you should refer to dictionaries. Taking into account certain patterns will also help to correctly place stresses in words and word forms.

Among nouns there is a significant group of words with fixed stress: dish(cf. plural named after P .: DISHES), bulletin (Bulletin of Enya, Bulletin of Enya), keychain (keychain, keychains), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).

At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priests (ksendzA), front (fronts), pennies (penny), coat of arms (coats of arms), klok (klokI), hit (hit), wave (waves) etc.

When placing an emphasis on adjectives the following pattern applies: if in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in the forms of the masculine, neuter and in the plural the stress will be the stem: right - right, right, right; and in the form of a comparative degree - a suffix: light - lighter, but beautiful - more beautiful.

Verbs in the past tense, they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she said, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the stress moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - took, take - took A, remove - removed A, start - started, call - called.

When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: calling - calling, calling; turn on - turn on, turn on.

Errors in setting stress can be caused by a number of reasons.

1. The absence of a letter in printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous stress in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(moving stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel O sound E), as well as in the words ward, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead of E pronounced O.

2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek. genesis -"origin, occurrence").

3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, a noun toast- masculine, therefore in the plural form it has an accent on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).

4. Incorrect partial reference of the word. So, if we compare the words busy and busy, developed and developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives with a stressed ending, and the second are participles that are pronounced with stress on the basis.

The norms of oral and written speech are the norms inherent in both forms of the literary language. These norms regulate the use of units of different language levels in speech: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.

6.1. Lexical norms represent the rules for the use of the words of the language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic reference and emotionally expressive coloring.

The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.

1. Words should be used in accordance with their meaning.

2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.

3. When using polysemantic words, sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear which meaning is realized by the word in this context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in the literary language: 1) the joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment as part of smth., which is a connection of such segments; 4) the bending of something, going in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate one that stands out with something. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure that is distinguished by its spectacularity; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the genus, generation in the pedigree.

4. Words of foreign origin should be used justifiably, clogging of speech with foreign words is unacceptable.

Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these mistakes.

1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - means "thorough" and does not match the names of persons).

2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rascal space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para- near, next to + onyma- name) – similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning, cognate words. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: human - human; economical - economical - economic.

Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – pertaining to a person, to humanity; characteristic of a person. Human society. human aspirations.

Economical – frugal spending something, respecting the economy. Economical hostess. Economical – enabling sth. save, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical way of loading. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.

3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The scope of work is significantly increased (should say increased).

4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos- excess) - expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- extra word).

5. Tautology (from the Greek. tautologia from tauto- the same + logos- word) - repetition of single-root words: united together, the following features should be attributed, the narrator told.

6. Speech deficiency - the absence in the statement of the components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed corrected version: The medicine is made on the basis of recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.

7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, diverts attention from the main thing.

In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words of the Russian language.

6.2. Phraseological norms - norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; beat the buckets; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).

The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.

1. Phraseologism should be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or reduce the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. So, erroneous use of phraseological units turn the bank(instead of roll); play a role(instead of play the role or matter); main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of to work hard); return to circles(instead of back to square one);eat dog(instead of eat the dog).

2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general language meanings. Violation of this rule results in errors like: The buildings are so close to each other that they don't spill water (turnover water will not spill anyone used in relation to close friends); At the solemn line dedicated to the holiday of the last bell, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out the last journey their older comrades(to spend on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).

3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit should correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial phrases should not be used in the texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session, which opened the work of the conference, gathered a large number of participants, the hall was packed - can't get through with a gun ). With caution, you need to use book phraseological units in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in the phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).

Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the individual style of the writer. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of fixed phrases, referring in cases of difficulty to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language.

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. Define the language norm, list the signs of the norm.

2. What is a variant of the norm? What kinds of options do you know?

3. Describe the degree of normativity of language units.

4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of language means?

5. What do orthoepic norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.

7. Define the concept of accentological norm.

8. What are the features of Russian verbal stress?

9. Give the definition of an accent variant. List the types of accents.

10. What do lexical norms regulate?

11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.

12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.

13. What rules should be followed when using phraseological units in speech?

Lectures No. 4, 5

GRAMMAR STANDARDS

Types of language norms

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Types of language norms
Rubric (thematic category)	culture

Language norm- ϶ᴛᴏ rules for the use of speech means in a certain period of development of the literary language, ᴛ.ᴇ. rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic means. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

Norm - ϶ᴛᴏ is a relatively stable way of expression, historically accepted in the language community (the norm is implemented in the language on the basis of choosing one of the options that is mandatory for the educated part of society).

Types of language norms:

agreement rules,

Norms related to the laws of language.

The rules include:

Lexical norms;

Grammar norms;

orthoepic

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation norms) cover the actual pronunciation and the norms of word stress. These norms are associated with the phonetic level of the language. Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listener about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries.

Lexical norms (norms of word usage) associated with understanding the correctness, accuracy, relevance of the word in the context and text. Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness. (leaving the house, my hat flew off - the hat leaving the house)

Grammatical norms (morphological and syntactic) regulate the choice of the necessary grammatical forms of words or grammatical constructions. These norms are associated with the morphological and syntactic levels of the language and are based on their systematics. Grammatical norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic. Word-building norms determine the order of connecting parts of the word, the formation of new words. A word-formation mistake is the use of non-existent derived words instead of existing derived words with other affixes, for example: character description, salesmanship, hopelessness, the writer's works are distinguished by depth and truthfulness. Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed. Syntactic norms prescribe the correct construction of basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word coordination and syntactic control, correlating parts of a sentence with each other using grammatical forms of words in order to make the sentence a competent and meaningful statement. There is a violation of syntactic norms in the following examples: reading it, the question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; By marrying his brother, none of the children were born alive.

LANGUAGE NORM, ITS ROLE IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE. NORM TYPES.

The concept of "culture of speech"

Our discipline is called "Russian language and culture of speech". We have been speaking Russian since childhood. What is the culture of speech?

The concept of "culture of speech" is capacious and multifaceted. In general terms, it can be defined as the ability to clearly and clearly express one's thoughts, to speak competently, the ability not only to attract attention with one's speech, but also to influence listeners. Possession of a culture of speech is a peculiar characteristic of professional suitability for people engaged in a wide variety of activities: diplomats, lawyers, politicians, school and university teachers, radio and television workers, managers, journalists, etc.

The culture of speech as a special linguistic discipline has its own scientific definition: it is the quality of speech that ensures the most effective communication while observing linguistic, communicative and ethical norms. As follows from this definition, the culture of speech includes three components: linguistic, communicative and ethical. Let's consider them.

Language component of speech culture

The linguistic component of the culture of speech provides, first of all, its normativity, i.e. observance of the norms of the literary language, which are perceived by its speakers as an "ideal" or a correct sample. The language norm is the central concept of speech culture, and the language component of speech culture is considered the main one. The question of a norm arises when there are two or more contenders for it, for example: a normative kilo é tr or non-normative keel ó meter, normative Great Danes ó R and non-normative d ó dialect etc.

The concept of a language norm

Language norm- these are traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally recognized pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.

The norm is obligatory and covers all aspects of the language. There are written and oral norms.

Written language norms First of all, these are spelling and punctuation norms. For example, writing H in the word workerNick, and HH in the word birthday boy obeys certain spelling rules. And setting a dash in a sentence Moscow is the capital of Russia explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.

oral rules subdivided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.

Grammar norms - these are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence.

The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are: railroad rail, French shampoo, big callus, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. However rail, shampoo - is a masculine noun, corn, parcel post, shoe - feminine, so you should say: railway rail, french shampoo and a large callus, a registered parcel post, a patent leather shoe.

Lexical norms These are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, the use of the verb lay down instead of put. Even though the verbs lay down and put have the same meaning put - this is a normative literary word, and lay down- spacious. The following expressions are in error: I put the book back He puts the folder on the table etc. In these sentences, you need to use the verb put: I put the books back, He puts the folder on the table.

Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepia (from the Greek. orthos- "correct" and epos- "speech").

Compliance with the norms of pronunciation is essential for the quality of our speech. Spelling errors cat á log, sound ó nit, means á and others always interfere with perceiving the content of speech: the listener's attention is distracted and the statement in its entirety is not perceived

About stress in words should be consulted in the "Orthoepic Dictionary". The pronunciation of a word is also recorded in spelling and explanatory dictionaries. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic norms facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially at present in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, forums.

The diagram below shows the different types of standards.

The concept of a language norm

Every cultured person should be able to correctly pronounce and write words, place punctuation marks, not make mistakes in the formation of word forms, the construction of phrases and sentences.

The concept of language norm is closely connected with the concept of speech correctness.

language norm - this is the generally accepted use of language means: sounds, stress, intonation, words, syntactic constructions.

The main properties of the language norm:

objectivity - the norm is not invented by scientists, is not prescribed by them;

mandatory for all native speakers;

stability - if the norms were not stable, easily subjected to various influences, the connection between generations would be broken; the stability of norms ensures the continuity of the cultural traditions of the people, the development of national literature;

historical variability - as the language develops, language norms gradually change under the influence of colloquial speech, various social and professional groups of the population, borrowings, etc.

Changes in the language lead to the emergence of variants of some words. For example, the options are absolutely equal tunnel - tunnel, galoshes - galoshes, cottage cheese - cottage cheese

However, more often the options receive an unequal assessment: the main option is recognized, which can be used in all styles of speech, has a broader meaning; A secondary option is one whose use is limited. For example, in all styles of speech, the option is appropriate contract, while the form agreement has a conversational tone. The form phenomenon can be used in all meanings of the word, and the colloquial version phenomenon used only in the meaning of "a person with unusual abilities."

Many forms with colloquial coloring are outside the literary language: calls, understood, lie down and etc.

The admissibility of the traditional and new pronunciation gives rise to the idea of ​​two types of norms - "older" and "younger": older - recommended, more strict; the only possible one in stage and announcer speech; the younger one is permissible, freer, characteristic of everyday speech.

Society consciously cares about the preservation of linguistic norms, which is reflected in the process codification- streamlining of language norms. The most important means of codification are linguistic dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, from which we can get information about the correct use of language units.

In relation to the literary norm, several types of speech are distinguished, for example:

elite speech, which is characterized by compliance with all literary norms, mastery of all functional styles of the Russian language, the transition from one style to another depending on the sphere of communication, compliance with ethical standards of communication, respect for a partner;

literary speech of the middle level, which is owned by most of the intelligentsia;

literary and colloquial speech;

colloquial-familiar type of speech (usually speech at the level of family, relatives);

colloquial speech (speech of uneducated people);

professional speech.

Types of language norms

The most important quality of good speech - correctness - is based on the observance of various language norms. The types of language norms reflect the hierarchical structure of the language - each language level has its own set of language norms.

Orthoepic norms - it is a set of rules that establish uniform pronunciation. Orthoepy in the proper sense of the word indicates how certain sounds should be pronounced in certain phonetic positions, in certain combinations with other sounds, as well as in certain grammatical forms and groups of words, or even individual words, if these forms and words have their own pronunciation features.

Here are some examples of mandatory orthoepic norms (pronunciation of consonants).

1. The explosive sound [g] at the end of the word is deafened and [k] is pronounced in its place; fricative pronunciation [γ] is allowed in the words: God, Lord, good.

2. Voiced consonants, except for sonorants [p], [l], [m], [n], are stunned at the end of words and before voiceless consonants, and voiceless consonants before voiced ones, except for sonorants, are voiced: [teeth] - [zup] , [kas'it'] - [kaz'ba].

3. All consonants, except [g], [w], [c], before vowels [i], [e] become soft. However, in some borrowed words, the consonants before [e] remain solid: a piece of chalk[m'el], shadow[t'en'], but pace[tempo].

4. At the junction of morphemes, the consonants [h] and [g], [h] and [w], [s] and [w], [s] and [g], [h] and [h '] are pronounced as long hissing sounds: sew[shsht'], squeeze[buzz'].

5. Combination thu in words what to, nothing pronounced like [pcs].

Equally important for orthoepy is the issue of stress placement. As K.S. Gorbachevich, “the correct placement of stress is a necessary sign of a cultured, literate speech. There are many words, the pronunciation of which serves as a litmus test of the level of speech culture. It is often enough to hear from a stranger an incorrect stress in a word (like: youth, shop, invention, newborn, tool, document, percentage, whooping cough, beetroot, athlete, self-interest, associate professor, portfolio, condolences, translated, transported, make it easier for people, etc. .p.), in order to form a not too flattering opinion about his education, the degree of general culture, so to speak, the level of intelligence. Therefore, there is no need to prove how important it is to master the correct stress” [K.S. Gorbachevich. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1981].

Issues of pronunciation of words are discussed in detail in orthoepic dictionaries, for example: Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. M., 1995 (and other ed.)

Lexical norms- These are the rules for the use of words in accordance with their meanings and possibilities of compatibility.

Can you name an exhibition? opening day? The seagull on the curtain is mascot Art Theater or emblem? Are the words used the same? thanks to– because of, become - stand up, place - place? Can expressions be used? a cavalcade of buses, a memorial monument, a forecast for the future? Answers to these questions can be found in lectures no. 7, № 8, № 10.

Like other types of norms, lexical norms are subject to historical changes. For example, it is interesting to see how the norm of using the word enrollee. In the 1930s and 1940s, both those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. In the postwar years, the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, a enrollee has fallen into disuse in this sense. Applicants began to call those who pass the entrance exams at the university and technical school.

Dictionaries are devoted to the description of the lexical norms of the Russian language: Vakurov V.N., Rakhmanova L.I., Tolstoy I.V., Formanovskaya N.I. Difficulties of the Russian language: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1993; Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language. M., 1999; Belchikov Yu.A., Panyusheva M.S. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M., 2002, etc.

Morphological norms are the rules for the formation of words and word forms.

Morphological norms are numerous and relate to the use of forms of different parts of speech. These norms are reflected in grammars and reference books.

For example, in the nominative case of the plural of nouns, according to the traditional norms of the literary language, most words correspond to the ending -s , -and : locksmiths, bakers, turners, spotlights. However, in some words there is an ending -a . Forms with ending -a usually have a colloquial or professional coloration. Only in some words the ending -a corresponds to the literary norm, for example: addresses, shores, sides, sides, centuries, bills, director, doctor, tunic, master, passport, cook, cellar, professor, variety, watchman, paramedic, cadet, anchor, sail, cold.

Variant forms, forms corresponding to the literary norm, are described in detail in the book: T.F. Efremova, V.G. Kostomarov. Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language. M., 2000.

Syntactic norms These are the rules for constructing phrases and sentences.

For example, choosing the right form of government is perhaps the most difficult thing in modern speech and writing. How to say: dissertation review or for a dissertation, production control or for production,capable of sacrifice or to the victims,monument to Pushkin or Pushkin, decide fate or fate?

The book will help answer these questions: Rosenthal D.E. Reference book on the Russian language. Management in Russian. M., 2002.

Stylistic norms- these are the rules for choosing language means in accordance with the situation of communication.

Many words of the Russian language have a certain stylistic coloring - bookish, colloquial, colloquial, which determines the peculiarities of their use in speech.

For example, the word dwell has a bookish character, so it should not be used in combination with stylistically reduced words that cause ideas of a reduced nature. Wrong therefore: Went to the barn wherepigs lived...

Mixing vocabulary of different stylistic colors can be used for artistic purposes, for example, to create a comic effect: The forest owner likes to feast on polydrupes and angiosperms ... And when the siverko blows, how dashing bad weather makes fun - the general metabolism of Toptygin sharply slows down, the tone of the gastrointestinal tract decreases with a concomitant increase in the lipid layer. Yes, the minus range of Mikhailo Ivanovich is not terrible: at least where the hairline, and the noble epidermis ...(T. Tolstaya).

Of course, one should not forget about spelling rules, which are given the most attention in the school course of the Russian language. These include spelling norms- spelling rules punctuation norms- punctuation rules.