Turgenev biography years of life. Writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died near Paris

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born on October 28, 1818 in the Oryol province. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a retired hussar officer, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. Mother - Varvara Petrovna (nee Lutovinskaya) - came from a wealthy landowner's family, so many said that Sergei Nikolaevich married her solely because of the money.
Until the age of 9, Turgenev lived in the family estate of his mother, Spasskoe-Lutavinovo, Oryol province. Varvara Petrovna had a tough (sometimes cruel) character, disdain for everything Russian, so little Vanya was taught three languages ​​from childhood - French, German and English. The boy received his primary education from tutors and home teachers.

Turgenev's education

In 1827, Turgenev's parents, wanting to give their children a decent education, moved to Moscow, where they sent Ivan Sergeevich to study at the Weidenhammer boarding school, and then under the guidance of private teachers.
At the age of fifteen, in 1833, Turgenev entered the verbal department of Moscow University. A year later, the Turgenevs moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Sergeevich transferred to St. Petersburg University. He graduated from this educational institution in 1836 with the degree of a valid student.
Turgenev was passionately passionate about science and dreamed of devoting his life to it, so in 1837 he passed the exam for the degree of candidate of science.
He received further education abroad. In 1838 Turgenev left for Germany. Having settled in Berlin, he attended lectures on classical philology and philosophy, studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. In addition to his studies, Ivan Sergeevich traveled a lot in Europe: he traveled almost all of Germany, visited Holland, France, and Italy. In addition, during this period he met and became friends with T.N. Granovsky, N.V. Stankevich and M.A. Bakunin, who had a significant impact on Turgenev's worldview.
A year after returning to Russia, in 1842, Ivan Sergeevich applied for an exam at Moscow University for a master's degree in philosophy. He successfully passed the exam and hoped to get a professorship at Moscow University, but soon philosophy as a science fell out of favor with the emperor and the department of philosophy was closed - Turgenev failed to become a professor.

Literary activity of Turgenev

After returning from abroad, Turgenev settled in Moscow and, at the insistence of his mother, entered the official service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. But the service did not bring him satisfaction, much more he was passionate about literature.
Turgenev began to try himself as a writer back in the mid-1830s, and his first publication took place in Sovremennik in 1838 (these were the poems “Evening” and “To Venus Mediceus”). Turgenev continued to collaborate with this publication as an author and critic for a long time.
During this period, he actively began to visit various literary salons and circles, communicated with many writers - V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Nekrasov, N.V. Gogol and others. By the way, communication with V.G. Belinsky significantly influenced Turgenev's literary views: from romanticism and poetry, he moved on to descriptive and morally oriented prose.
In the 1840s, such novels by Turgenev as Breter, Three Little Pigs, Freeloader and others were published. And in 1852 the first book of the writer was published - "Notes of a Hunter".
In the same year, he wrote an obituary for N.V. Gogol, which was the reason for the arrest of Turgenev and his exile to the family estate of Spassko-Lutavinovo.
The rise of the social movement that took place in Russia before the abolition of serfdom, Turgenev took it with enthusiasm. He took part in the development of plans for the upcoming reorganization of peasant life. He even became an unspoken employee of Kolokol. However, while the need for social and political reforms was obvious to everyone, the intelligentsia's opinions differed on the details of the reform process. So, Turgenev had disagreements with Dobrolyubov, who wrote a critical article on the novel "On the Eve", and Nekrasov, who published this article. Also, the writer did not support Herzen that the peasantry was capable of making a revolution.
Later, already living in Baden-Baden, Turgenev collaborated with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik-Europe. In the last years of his life, he acted as an "intermediary" between Western and Russian writers.

Turgenev's personal life

In 1843 (according to some sources, in 1845), I.S. Turgenev met the French singer Pauline Viardot-Garcia, who was touring in Russia. The writer fell passionately in love, but he understood that it was hardly possible to build a relationship with this woman: firstly, she was married, and secondly, she was a foreigner.
Nevertheless, in 1847, Turgenev, together with Viardot and her husband, went abroad (first to Germany, then to France). Ivan Sergeevich's mother was categorically against the "damned gypsy" and deprived him of material support for her son's connection with Polina Viardot.
After returning to their homeland in 1850, relations between Turgenev and Viardot cooled. Ivan Sergeevich even started a new romance with a distant relative O.A. Turgeneva.
In 1863, Turgenev again became close to Pauline Viardot and finally moved to Europe. With Viardot, he lived first in Baden-Baden, and from 1871 in Paris.
Turgenev's popularity at that time, both in Russia and in the West, was truly colossal. Each of his visits to his homeland was accompanied by a triumph. However, the trips were becoming more and more difficult for the writer himself - in 1882 a serious illness began to appear - cancer of the spine.

I.S. Turgenev felt and realized the approaching death, but endured it, as befits a master of philosophy, without fear and panic. The writer died in Bougival (near Paris) on September 3, 1883. According to his will, Turgenev's body was brought to Russia and buried at the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talents of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), the stories Asya (1858), Spring Waters (1872) ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). Master of Language and Psychological Analysis. Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Biography

Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."

With the family moving to Moscow in 1827, the future writer was sent to a boarding school and spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.

In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the philosophical faculty.

In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom were of much greater importance than the lectures of Berlin professors. He spent more than two academic years abroad, combining studies with long trips: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, and lived in Italy for several months.

Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for the master's exams and attended literary circles and salons: he met Gogol, Aksakov, Khomyakov. On one of the trips to St. Petersburg with Herzen.

In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.

In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, novels. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.

In 1847, Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour in St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life were published in the same magazine for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.

In 1850, the writer returned to Russia, as an author and critic he collaborated in Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.

Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.

In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the novel "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.

In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 "On the Eve", in 1862 "Fathers and Sons".

The situation in Russia was changing rapidly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for the reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming reorganization. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became Herzen's unspoken collaborator, sending accusatory material to the Kolokol magazine, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around itself the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. Writers from different directions at first acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon appeared. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, the cause of which was Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come?” Dedicated to Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve”, in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approach of the day of the revolution. Turgenev did not accept such an interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to publish this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left Sovremennik. By 1862 1863 he had a polemic with Herzen on the question of the further paths of development of Russia, which led to a divergence between them. Pinning hopes on reforms "from above", Turgenev considered Herzen's faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published, including his last novel, Nov (1876).

Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.

The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, associated with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided material assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. His long-standing interest in the folk theme was awakened again, he returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the stories "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc.

A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. Turgenev's popularity, once shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and is growing rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored at literary evenings and ceremonial dinners, strenuously inviting him to stay in his homeland. Turgenev was even inclined to stop his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).

On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883)

Great Russian writer. Born in the city of Orel, in a middle-class noble family. He studied at a private boarding school in Moscow, then at universities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Berlin. Turgenev began his literary career as a poet. In 1838-1847. he writes and publishes lyrical poems and poems in magazines (“Parasha”, “Landowner”, “Andrey”, etc.).

At first, Turgenev's poetic work developed under the sign of romanticism, later realistic features prevail in it.

Turning to prose in 1847 (“Khor and Kalinich” from the future “Notes of a Hunter”), Turgenev left poetry, but at the end of his life he created a wonderful cycle of “Poems in Prose”.

He had a great influence on Russian and world literature. An outstanding master of psychological analysis, descriptions of pictures of nature. He created a number of socio-psychological novels - "Rudin" (1856), "On the Eve" (1860), "The Nest of Nobles" (1859), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Leya", "Spring Waters", in which brought out both representatives of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats. His images of selfless Russian women enriched literary criticism with a special term - "Turgenev's girls".

In his later novels Smoke (1867) and Nov (1877) he portrayed the life of Russians abroad.

At the end of his life, Turgenev turns to memoirs (“Literary and everyday memories”, 1869-80) and “Poems in prose” (1877-82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and summing up takes place as if in the presence of approaching death.

The writer died on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival, near Paris; buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (cancer of the spinal cord).

The classic of Russian literature, a genius and a quiet revolutionary - Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - significantly influenced the development of culture and thought in our country. It was taught by more than one generation of the youth of our country. Although few today know what influenced the formation of the writer's worldview, how he lived, worked, and also where Turgenev was born.

Early childhood

It is customary to begin the study of the work of any writer with a study of his childhood, first impressions, as well as the environment that in one way or another influenced him. Ignorant people, especially schoolchildren, confuse where Turgenev was born, in which city, calling his mother's estate his homeland. In fact, the Russian classic, although he spent most of his childhood there, was still born in the city of Orel.

Researchers of the work of the famous writer of the 19th century note that all the childhood impressions of the Russian classic were subsequently reflected in his works. The time and place where Turgenev was born became the determining factors in his attitude to the existing government.

Reflection of childhood memories in literature

Ivan Sergeevich came from an ancient noble family, his father - refined, noble, a favorite of women and society - contrasted sharply with the imperious and despotic mother Varvara Petrovna, nee Lutovinova. Later, all the memories of where Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born, grew up and brought up will be included in some of the plots of his works. And the images of the mother and grandmother will become the prototypes of imperious and heartless landowners from the series "Notes of a Hunter".

The area where Turgenev was born was rich in true Russian traditions and ancient customs. Ivan Sergeevich listened with pleasure to the stories of his mother's serfs, imbued with their dreams and suffering. It was here, in the family estate, that the writer understood what slavery was, and fiercely hated this phenomenon. Childhood impressions formed the uncompromising position of the writer, all his life he stood for the freedom of every person, regardless of his origin.

The most striking image of Turgenev's creativity is a fading old estate, which personified the decline of the nobility, the grinding of the souls and deeds of the intelligentsia. All these thoughts were inspired by the atmosphere of the family nest.

Manor Spasskoe-Lutovinovo

When the question arises of where Turgenev was born, everyone immediately recalls a picture from a school textbook. the rays of the setting sun penetrating the foliage and an old house with white columns. Not everyone will remember the name of the estate where Turgenev was born, but meanwhile the local environment greatly influenced the writer's work, we can say that Russian literary classics were born here.

Here, in forced exile, the novels "The Inn" and the unpublished work "Two Generations", the essay "On Nightingales", as well as the famous novel about the failed revolutionary "Rudin" were written. Silence and natural splendor reigned here, all this disposed to creativity and self-criticism. It is not surprising that the classic always returned here after long travels around Europe.

Turgenev was not only in words an opponent of slavery, after he gave freedom to his serfs (many of whom remained in the service already as free people), the writer organized a school for children and a kind of nursing home on the estate. Until the end of his life, Ivan Sergeevich adhered to European traditions of respect for the freedoms of every person.

Link

After the death of his mother, the writer ceded most of his inheritance to his brother Nikolai, but left himself the only place where he was happy - the family estate of Spasskoye-Lutovinovo. It was here that Nicholas I exiled him in the hope of bringing the obstinate writer to reason. But the punishment failed, Ivan Sergeevich released all his serfs and continued to write books objectionable to the court.

Where he was born and where he was imprisoned by decree of the emperor, other geniuses of Russian literature often came. To support a comrade, Nikolai Nekrasov, Afanasy Fet and Leo Tolstoy visited Spasskoe-Lutovinovo at different times. After each trip abroad, Turgenev returns exactly here, to the family estate. Here he writes The Nest of Nobles, Fathers and Sons and On the Eve, and no serious philological study of these works is possible without correlating the events of the novels with the history of the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate.

Turgenev Museum

Today in Russia there are many abandoned and destroyed noble estates. Many of them were destroyed during the Civil War, some were nationalized or demolished, and some simply collapsed due to time and lack of repair.

The history of the estate where Ivan Turgenev was born is also quite tragic. The house burned several times, property was confiscated, and the famous alleys were overgrown with dense grass. But thanks to connoisseurs of Russian classical literature, back in Soviet times, the estate was restored according to the remaining drawings and drawings. Gradually, the backyard plot was also put in order, and today a museum named after Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, the world classic and famous genius of Russian literature, has been opened here.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (October 28 (November 9), 1818, Orel, Russian Empire - August 22 (September 3), 1883, Bougival, France) - Russian realist writer, poet, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature, who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the 19th century. Corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of Russian language and literature (1860), honorary doctor of Oxford University (1879).

The artistic system he created influenced the poetics of not only Russian, but also Western European novels in the second half of the 19th century. Ivan Turgenev was the first in Russian literature to begin to study the personality of the "new man" - the sixties man, his moral qualities and psychological characteristics, thanks to him the term "nihilist" began to be widely used in Russian. He was a propagandist of Russian literature and dramaturgy in the West.

The study of the works of I. S. Turgenev is an obligatory part of the general education school programs in Russia. The most famous works are the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", the story "Mumu", the story "Asya", the novels "The Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons".

I.S. Turgenev at the age of 20 years.

Artist K. Gorbunov. 1838-1839 Watercolor

Origin and early years

The family of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev came from an ancient family of Tula nobles, the Turgenevs. In a memorial book, the mother of the future writer wrote: “On October 28, 1818, on Monday, the son Ivan was born, 12 inches tall, in Orel, in his house, at 12 o’clock in the morning. Baptized on the 4th of November, Feodor Semenovich Uvarov with his sister Fedosya Nikolaevna Teplovoy.

Ivan's father Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834) served at that time in the cavalry regiment. The careless lifestyle of the handsome cavalry guard upset his finances, and in order to improve his position, he entered into a marriage of convenience in 1816 with an elderly, unattractive, but very wealthy Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova (1787-1850). In 1821, with the rank of colonel of the cuirassier regiment, my father retired. Ivan was the second son in the family. The mother of the future writer, Varvara Petrovna, came from a wealthy noble family. Her marriage to Sergei Nikolaevich was not happy. The father died in 1834, leaving three sons - Nikolai, Ivan and Sergei, who died early from epilepsy. Mother was a domineering and despotic woman. She herself lost her father early, suffered from the cruel attitude of her mother (whom the grandson later portrayed as an old woman in the essay "Death"), and from a violent, drinking stepfather, who often beat her. Due to constant beatings and humiliation, she later moved in with her uncle, after whose death she became the owner of a magnificent estate and 5,000 souls.

Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, writer's father

Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, mother of the writer

Varvara Petrovna was a difficult woman. Serfdom habits coexisted in her with erudition and education, she combined care for the upbringing of children with family despotism. Ivan was also subjected to maternal beatings, despite the fact that he was considered her beloved son. The boy was taught literacy by frequently changing French and German tutors. In the family of Varvara Petrovna, everyone spoke exclusively in French among themselves, even prayers in the house were pronounced in French. She traveled a lot and was an enlightened woman, she read a lot, but also mostly in French. But her native language and literature were not alien to her either: she herself had an excellent figurative Russian speech, and Sergei Nikolayevich demanded that the children write letters to him in Russian during their father's absences. The Turgenev family maintained ties with V. A. Zhukovsky and M. N. Zagoskin. Varvara Petrovna followed the novelties of literature, was well aware of the work of N. M. Karamzin, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov and N. V. Gogol, whom she willingly quoted in letters to her son.

I.S. Turgenev at the age of 7 years.

Unknown artist. 1825 Watercolor

I.S. Turgenev at the age of 12.

Artist I. Pirks. 1830 Watercolor

Love for Russian literature was also instilled in young Turgenev by one of the serf valets (who later became the prototype of Punin in the story "Punin and Baburin"). Until the age of nine, Ivan Turgenev lived in his mother's hereditary estate Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1822, the Turgenev family made a trip to Europe, during which four-year-old Ivan almost died in Bern, falling off the railing of a moat with bears (Berengraben); his father saved him by catching him by the leg. In 1827, the Turgenevs, in order to educate their children, settled in Moscow, buying a house on Samotyok. The future writer studied first at the Weidenhammer boarding school, then became a boarder with the director of the Lazarev Institute, I.F. Krause

Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, Artist Nikolai Bodarevsky

Spasskoye-Lutovinovo

Spasskoye Lutovinovo - Sorokina Olga Alexandrovna

Education. The beginning of literary activity

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

In 1833, at the age of 15, Turgenev entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. At the same time, A. I. Herzen and V. G. Belinsky studied here. A year later, after Ivan's older brother entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Ivan Turgenev moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. At the university, T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian of the Western school, became his friend.

Timofei Granovsky (1813-1855), Russian historian

Pyotr Zakharov is a Chechen

At first, Turgenev wanted to become a poet. In 1834, as a third-year student, he wrote the dramatic poem "Steno" in iambic pentameter. The young author showed these tests of the pen to his teacher, professor of Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. During one of the lectures, Pletnev analyzed this poem quite strictly, without disclosing its authorship, but at the same time he also admitted that “there is something” in the writer. These words prompted the young poet to write a number of more poems, two of which Pletnev published in 1838 in the Sovremennik magazine, of which he was the editor. They were published under the signature "....v". The debut poems were "Evening" and "To Venus Mediciy".

Portrait of Pyotr Pletnev (1836). Pushkin Museum in St. Petersburg.

Alexey Tyranov

Turgenev's first publication appeared in 1836 - in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Education, he published a detailed review of A. N. Muravyov's "On a Journey to Holy Places". By 1837, he had already written about a hundred small poems and several poems (the unfinished "The Old Man's Tale", "Calm at Sea", "Phantasmagoria on a Moonlit Night", "Dream")

Andrey Nikolaevich Muravyov, Chamberlain of the Russian Imperial Court; Orthodox spiritual writer and Church historian, pilgrim and traveler; playwright, poet. Honorary Member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences (1836).

P.Z. Zakharov-Chechen, 1838

After graduation. Abroad

In 1836 Turgenev graduated from the university with the degree of a real student. Dreaming of scientific activity, the following year he passed the final exam and received a Ph.D. In 1838 he went to Germany, where he settled in Berlin and seriously took up his studies. At the University of Berlin he attended lectures on the history of Roman and Greek literature, and at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Knowledge of ancient languages ​​allowed him to freely read the ancient classics. During his studies, he became friends with the Russian writer and thinker N.V. Stankevich, who had a noticeable influence on him. Turgenev attended the lectures of the Hegelians, became interested in German idealism with its doctrine of world development, the "absolute spirit" and the lofty vocation of the philosopher and poet. In general, the whole way of Western European life made a strong impression on Turgenev. The young student came to the conclusion that only the assimilation of the basic principles of universal culture can lead Russia out of the darkness in which it is immersed. In this sense, he became a convinced "Westernizer".

Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich (1813-1840), public figure, philosopher, writer

Humboldt University in Berlin, 19th century

In the 1830s-1850s, an extensive circle of literary acquaintances of the writer was formed. Back in 1837 there were fleeting meetings with A. S. Pushkin. At the same time, Turgenev met V. A. Zhukovsky, A. V. Nikitenko, A. V. Koltsov, and a little later - with M. Yu. Lermontov. Turgenev had only a few meetings with Lermontov, which did not lead to a close acquaintance, but Lermontov's work had a certain influence on him. He tried to master the rhythm and stanza, style and syntactic features of Lermontov's poetry. Thus, the poem "The Old Landowner" (1841) in some places is close in form to Lermontov's "Testament", in "Ballad" (1841) one feels the influence of "The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov". But the connection with Lermontov's work is most tangible in the poem "Confession" (1845), whose accusatory pathos brings him closer to Lermontov's poem "Duma".

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Orest Adamovich Kiprensky

Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov

Zabolotsky, Pyotr Efimovich

In May 1839, the old house in Spassky burned down, and Turgenev returned to his homeland, but already in 1840 he again went abroad, visiting Germany, Italy and Austria. Impressed by a meeting with a girl in Frankfurt am Main, Turgenev later wrote the story "Spring Waters". In 1841, Ivan returned to Lutovinovo.

"Spring Waters"

In early 1842, he applied to Moscow University for admission to the examination for the degree of Master of Philosophy, but at that time there was no full-time professor of philosophy at the university, and his request was rejected. Not settling in Moscow, Turgenev satisfactorily passed the exam for a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology in Latin at St. Petersburg University and wrote a dissertation for the verbal department. But by this time, the craving for scientific activity had cooled down, and literary creativity began to attract more and more. Refusing to defend his dissertation, he served until 1844 in the rank of collegiate secretary in the Ministry of the Interior.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

Eugene Louis Lamy (1800-1890)

In 1843 Turgenev wrote the poem Parasha. Not really hoping for a positive review, he nevertheless took the copy to V. G. Belinsky. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, publishing his review in Fatherland Notes two months later. Since that time, their acquaintance began, which later grew into a strong friendship; Turgenev was even godfather to Belinsky's son, Vladimir. The poem was published in the spring of 1843 as a separate book under the initials "T. L." (Turgenev-Lutovinov). In the 1840s, in addition to Pletnev and Belinsky, Turgenev met with A. A. Fet.

Vissarion Belinsky

In November 1843, Turgenev created the poem "Mistful Morning", set to music in different years by several composers, including A. F. Gedike and G. L. Catuar. The most famous, however, is the romance version, which was originally published under the title "Music of Abaza"; its belonging to V. V. Abaza, E. A. Abaza or Yu. F. Abaza has not been finally established. Upon publication, the poem was seen as a reflection of Turgenev's love for Pauline Viardot, whom he met during this time.

Portrait of the singer Pauline Viardot

Karl Bryullov

In 1844, the poem "Pop" was written, which the writer himself described rather as fun, devoid of any "deep and significant ideas." Nevertheless, the poem attracted public interest for its anti-clerical focus. The poem was curtailed by Russian censorship, but it was printed in its entirety abroad.

In 1846, the novels Breter and Three Portraits were published. In Breter, which became Turgenev's second story, the writer tried to present the struggle between Lermontov's influence and the desire to discredit posturing. The plot for his third story, Three Portraits, was drawn from the Lutovinov family chronicle.

The heyday of creativity

Since 1847, Ivan Turgenev participated in the reformed Sovremennik, where he became close to N. A. Nekrasov and P. V. Annenkov.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov

Pavel Vasilievich Annenkov

His first feuilleton "Modern Notes" was published in the journal, and the first chapters of "Notes of a Hunter" began to be published. In the very first issue of Sovremennik, the story "Khor and Kalinich" was published, which opened countless editions of the famous book. The subtitle "From the notes of a hunter" was added by the editor I. I. Panaev in order to draw the attention of readers to the story. The success of the story turned out to be enormous, and this led Turgenev to the idea of ​​writing a number of others of the same kind. According to Turgenev, "Notes of a Hunter" was the fulfillment of his Annibal oath to fight to the end with the enemy, whom he had hated since childhood. “This enemy had a certain image, bore a well-known name: this enemy was serfdom.” To carry out his intention, Turgenev decided to leave Russia. “I could not,” Turgenev wrote, “breathe the same air, stay close to what I hated<…>It was necessary for me to move away from my enemy in order to be given a stronger attack on him from my own.”

"Khor and Kalinich". Illustration by Elisabeth Böhm. 1883

Illustration for the story by I.S. Turgenev "Lgov" (from the cycle "Notes of a hunter").

Petr Petrovich Sokolov

Illustration for the story by I.S. Turgenev "Swan" (from the series "Notes of a hunter").

Petr Petrovich Sokolov

Illustration for the story by I.S. Turgenev "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev" (from the cycle "Notes of a hunter").

Petr Petrovich Sokolov

Illustration for the story by I.S. Turgenev "Office" (from the series "Notes of a hunter").

Petr Petrovich Sokolov

In 1847, Turgenev went abroad with Belinsky and in 1848 lived in Paris, where he witnessed revolutionary events. As an eyewitness to the killing of hostages, the many attacks, the construction and the fall of the barricades of the February French Revolution, he forever endured a deep disgust for revolutions in general. A little later, he became close to A. I. Herzen, fell in love with Ogaryov's wife N. A. Tuchkova.

Alexander Ivanovich Herzen

Dramaturgy

The end of the 1840s - the beginning of the 1850s became the time of Turgenev's most intensive activity in the field of dramaturgy and the time of reflection on issues of history and theory of drama. In 1848, he wrote such plays as "Where it is thin, there it breaks" and "The Freeloader", in 1849 - "Breakfast at the Leader" and "The Bachelor", in 1850 - "A Month in the Country", in 1851 -m - "Provincial". Of these, "The Freeloader", "The Bachelor", "The Provincial Girl" and "A Month in the Country" were successful due to their excellent productions on stage. The success of The Bachelor was especially dear to him, which became possible largely thanks to the performing skills of A. E. Martynov, who played in four of his plays. Turgenev formulated his views on the position of the Russian theater and the tasks of dramaturgy as early as 1846. He believed that the crisis in the theatrical repertoire that was observed at that time could be overcome by the efforts of writers committed to Gogol's dramaturgy. Turgenev counted himself among the followers of Gogol the playwright.

"In the box. 1909", Kustodiev

To master the literary techniques of dramaturgy, the writer also worked on translations of Byron and Shakespeare. At the same time, he did not try to copy Shakespeare's dramatic techniques, he only interpreted his images, and all attempts by his contemporary playwrights to use Shakespeare's work as a role model, to borrow his theatrical techniques only caused Turgenev's irritation. In 1847 he wrote: “The shadow of Shakespeare hangs over all dramatic writers, they cannot get rid of memories; these unfortunates read too much and lived too little.

1850s

In 1850, Turgenev returned to Russia, but he never saw his mother, who died that same year. Together with his brother Nikolai, he shared a large fortune of his mother and, if possible, tried to alleviate the hardships of the peasants he inherited.

Nikolai Sergeevich Turgenev, brother of the writer

In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad, and saw N.V. Gogol. After Gogol's death, Turgenev wrote an obituary, which the St. Petersburg censors did not let through. The reason for her dissatisfaction was that, as the chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee M. N. Musin-Pushkin put it, “it is criminal to speak so enthusiastically about such a writer.” Then Ivan Sergeevich sent the article to Moscow, V.P. Botkin, who published it in Moskovskie Vedomosti. The authorities saw a rebellion in the text, and the author was placed on the exit, where he spent a month. On May 18, Turgenev was sent to his native village, and only thanks to the efforts of Count A.K. Tolstoy, two years later, the writer again received the right to live in the capitals.

Botkin Vasily Petrovich

Portrait of the writer Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy

Ilya Repin

There is an opinion that the real reason for the exile was not an obituary to Gogol, but the excessive radicalism of Turgenev's views, manifested in sympathy for Belinsky, suspiciously frequent trips abroad, sympathetic stories about serfs, a laudatory review of an emigrant Herzen about Turgenev. In addition, it is necessary to take into account V.P. Botkin’s warning to Turgenev in a letter on March 10, so that he should be careful in his letters, referring to third-party transmitters of advice, to be more circumspect (the said letter from Turgenev is completely unknown, but its excerpt is from a copy in the case of the III Branch - contains a sharp review of M. N. Musin-Pushkin). The enthusiastic tone of the article about Gogol only overwhelmed the gendarmerie's patience, becoming an external reason for punishment, the meaning of which was thought out by the authorities in advance. Turgenev feared that his arrest and exile would interfere with the publication of the first edition of the Hunter's Notes, but his fears were not justified - in August 1852 the book was censored and published.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

However, the censor V.V. Lvov, who let the “Notes of a Hunter” go to print, was dismissed from service by personal order of Nicholas I with deprivation of his pension (“Highest Forgiveness” followed on December 6, 1853). Russian censorship also imposed a ban on the re-edition of the Hunter's Notes, explaining this step by the fact that Turgenev, on the one hand, poeticized the serfs, and on the other hand, depicted “that these peasants are oppressed, that the landowners behave indecently and illegal ... finally, that it is more free for a peasant to live in freedom ”

Franz Kruger

During his exile in Spasskoye, Turgenev went hunting, read books, wrote stories, played chess, listened to Beethoven's Coriolanus performed by A.P. Tyutcheva and his sister, who lived at that time in Spasskoye, and from time to time was subjected to raids by the bailiff .

In 1852, while still in exile in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, he wrote the textbook story "Mumu". Most of the "Notes of a Hunter" was created by the writer in Germany. "Notes of a Hunter" in 1854 was published in Paris as a separate edition, although at the beginning of the Crimean War this publication was in the nature of anti-Russian propaganda, and Turgenev was forced to publicly protest against the poor-quality French translation by Ernest Charrière. After the death of Nicholas I, four of the most significant works of the writer were published one after another: Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860) and Fathers and Sons (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik, the other two were published in M. N. Katkov's Russkiy Vestnik.

Illustrations for I.S. Turgenev's story "Mumu"

Rudakov Konstantin Ivanovich - illustrations for I.S. Turgenev "Noble Nest"

Illustrations for the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Employees of Sovremennik I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, I. I. Panaev, M. N. Longinov, V. P. Gaevsky, D. V. Grigorovich sometimes gathered in a circle of “warlocks” organized by A. V. Druzhinin. The humorous improvisations of the “warlocks” sometimes went beyond the scope of censorship, so they had to be published abroad. Later, Turgenev took part in the activities of the Society for Assistance to Needy Writers and Scientists (Literary Fund), founded on the initiative of the same A. V. Druzhinin. From the end of 1856, the writer collaborated with the journal Library for Reading, published under the editorship of A. V. Druzhinin. But his editing did not bring the expected success to the publication, and Turgenev, who hoped for a close magazine success in 1856, in 1861 called the "Library", edited by that time by A.F. Pisemsky, "a dead hole."

In the autumn of 1855, Leo Tolstoy was added to Turgenev's circle of friends. In September of the same year, Tolstoy's story "The Cutting of the Forest" was published in Sovremennik with a dedication to I. S. Turgenev.

Employees of the Sovremennik magazine. Top row: L. N. Tolstoy, D. V. Grigorovich; bottom row: I. A. Goncharov, I. S. Turgenev, A. V. Druzhinin, A. N. Ostrovsky. Photo by S. L. Levitsky, February 15, 1856

Turgenev took an ardent part in the discussion of the upcoming Peasant Reform, participated in the development of various collective letters, draft addresses addressed to Tsar Alexander II, protests, and so on. From the first months of publication of Herzen's "The Bell" Turgenev was his active collaborator. He himself did not write in The Bell, but he helped in collecting materials and preparing them for publication. An equally important role of Turgenev was to mediate between A. I. Herzen and those correspondents from Russia who, for various reasons, did not want to be in direct relations with the disgraced London emigrant. In addition, Turgenev sent detailed review letters to Herzen, information from which, without the author's signature, was also published in Kolokol. At the same time, Turgenev always spoke out against the harsh tone of Herzen’s materials and excessive criticism of government decisions: “Please don’t scold Alexander Nikolayevich, otherwise all the reactionaries in St. - so he, perhaps, will lose his spirit.

Portrait of Emperor Alexander II. 1874. GIM

Alexey Kharlamov

In 1860, Sovremennik published an article by N. A. Dobrolyubov “When will the real day come?” In which the critic spoke very flatteringly about the new novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general. Nevertheless, Turgenev was not satisfied with the far-reaching conclusions of Dobrolyubov, made by him after reading the novel. Dobrolyubov connected the idea of ​​Turgenev's work with the events of the approaching revolutionary transformation of Russia, with which the liberal Turgenev could not come to terms. Dobrolyubov wrote: “Then the full, sharply and vividly outlined image of the Russian Insarov will appear in literature. And we do not have to wait long for him: this is vouched for by the feverish, tormenting impatience with which we await his appearance in life.<…>He will come, finally, this day! And, in any case, the eve is not far from the day following it: just some kind of night separates them! ... ”The writer delivered an ultimatum to N. A. Nekrasov: either he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. Nekrasov preferred Dobrolyubov. After that, Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov, and subsequently Dobrolyubov became one of the prototypes for the image of Bazarov in the novel Fathers and Sons.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

Turgenev gravitated toward the circle of Western writers who professed the principles of "pure art", opposed to the tendentious creativity of raznochintsev revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time, Leo Tolstoy also joined this circle. For some time Tolstoy lived in Turgenev's apartment. After Tolstoy's marriage to S. A. Bers, Turgenev found a close relative in Tolstoy, but even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A. A. Fet at the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between them, almost ended in a duel and ruined relations between writers for a long 17 years. For some time, the writer developed complex relationships with Fet himself, as well as with some other contemporaries - F. M. Dostoevsky, I. A. Goncharov

Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

Dmitry Vasilievich Grigorovich

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy

"Portrait of the poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet."

Ilya Efimovich Repin

Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky

Vasily Perov.

Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov

In 1862, good relations with former friends of Turgenev's youth, A. I. Herzen and M. A. Bakunin, began to deteriorate. From July 1, 1862 to February 15, 1863, Herzen's Bell published a series of articles, Ends and Beginnings, consisting of eight letters. Without naming the addressee of Turgenev's letters, Herzen defended his understanding of the historical development of Russia, which, in his opinion, should move along the path of peasant socialism. Herzen contrasted peasant Russia with bourgeois Western Europe, whose revolutionary potential he considered already exhausted. Turgenev objected to Herzen in private letters, insisting on the commonality of historical development for different states and peoples.

Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin

At the end of 1862, Turgenev was involved in the process of the 32nd in the case of "persons accused of having relations with London propagandists." After the authorities ordered him to immediately appear in the Senate, Turgenev decided to write a letter to the sovereign, trying to convince him of the loyalty of his convictions, "quite independent, but conscientious." He asked interrogation points to be sent to him in Paris. In the end, he was forced to leave for Russia in 1864 for a Senate interrogation, where he managed to avert all suspicions from himself. The Senate found him not guilty. Turgenev's appeal to Emperor Alexander II personally caused Herzen's bilious reaction in Kolokol. Much later, this moment in the relationship between the two writers was used by V.I. Lenin to illustrate the difference between the liberal hesitations of Turgenev and Herzen: “When the liberal Turgenev wrote a private letter to Alexander II with assurance of his loyal feelings and donated two gold pieces to the soldiers wounded during the pacification of the Polish uprising , “The Bell” wrote about “the gray-haired Magdalene (male), who wrote to the sovereign that she did not know sleep, tormented that the sovereign did not know about the repentance that had befallen her.” And Turgenev immediately recognized himself. But Turgenev's vacillation between tsarism and revolutionary democracy manifested itself in another way.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

In 1863 Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer actively participated in the cultural life of Western Europe, establishing acquaintances with the leading writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and acquainting Russian readers with the best works of contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents were Friedrich Bodenstedt, William Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Henry James, Georges Sand, Victor Hugo, Charles Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Théophile Gautier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France , Guy de Maupassant, Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert.

I. S. Turgenev at the dacha of the Milyutin brothers in Baden-Baden, 1867

Despite living abroad, all Turgenev's thoughts were still connected with Russia. He wrote the novel "Smoke" (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author, everyone scolded the novel: “both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side.

In 1868, Turgenev became a permanent contributor to the liberal journal Vestnik Evropy and severed ties with M. N. Katkov. The gap did not go easily - the writer began to be persecuted in the Russky Vestnik and Moskovskie Vedomosti. The attacks were especially toughened at the end of the 1870s, when, regarding the applause that fell to the lot of Turgenev, the Katkov newspaper assured that the writer was “tumbling” in front of progressive youth.

Since 1874, the famous bachelor's "dinners of five" - ​​Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev - took place in the Parisian restaurants of Rich or Pellet. The idea belonged to Flaubert, but Turgenev played the main role in them. Lunches were held once a month. They raised various topics - about the features of literature, about the structure of the French language, told stories and simply enjoyed delicious food. Lunches were held not only at the Parisian restaurateurs, but also at the writers' houses.

Feast of the classics. A. Daudet, G. Flaubert, E. Zola, I. S. Turgenev

I. S. Turgenev acted as a consultant and editor of foreign translators of Russian writers, wrote prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works by famous European writers. He translated Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German. This is how translations of Flaubert's works Herodias and The Tale of St. Julian the Merciful" for Russian readers and Pushkin's works for French readers. For a while, Turgenev became the most famous and most widely read Russian author in Europe, where critics ranked him among the first writers of the century. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president. On June 18, 1879, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University, despite the fact that the university had not given such an honor to any novelist before him.

Photo by I.S. Turgenev (from the collection of A.F. Onegin in Paris). Taken in Baden-Baden, 1871. The picture was first published in print on August 25, 1913.

The fruit of the writer's reflections in the 1870s was the largest of his novels, Nov (1877), which was also criticized. So, for example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin regarded this novel as a service to the autocracy.

Turgenev was friends with the Minister of Education A.V. Golovnin, with the Milyutin brothers (comrade of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of War), N.I. Turgenev, and was closely acquainted with the Minister of Finance M.Kh. Reitern. In the late 1870s, Turgenev became closer to the leaders of the revolutionary emigration from Russia, his circle of acquaintances included P. L. Lavrov, P. A. Kropotkin, G. A. Lopatin and many others. Among other revolutionaries, he placed German Lopatin above all, bowing before his mind, courage and moral strength.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, 1872

Vasily Perov

In April 1878, Leo Tolstoy invited Turgenev to forget all the misunderstandings between them, to which Turgenev happily agreed. Friendship and correspondence resumed. Turgenev explained the meaning of modern Russian literature, including Tolstoy's work, to the Western reader. In general, Ivan Turgenev played a big role in promoting Russian literature abroad.

However, Dostoevsky in the novel "Demons" portrayed Turgenev in the form of "the great writer Karmazinov" - a noisy, petty, scribbled and practically mediocre writer who considers himself a genius and sits out abroad. A similar attitude towards Turgenev by the ever-needy Dostoevsky was caused, among other things, by Turgenev’s well-to-do position in his noble life and by the highest literary fees at that time: “To Turgenev for his“ Noble Nest ”(I finally read it. Extremely well) I ask for 100 rubles per sheet) gave 4,000 rubles, that is, 400 rubles per sheet. My friend! I know very well that I write worse than Turgenev, but not too worse, and finally, I hope to write not worse at all. Why am I, with my needs, taking only 100 rubles, and Turgenev, who has 2,000 souls, 400 each?

Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky

His visits to Russia in 1878-1881 were real triumphs. All the more disturbing in 1882 were the reports of a severe exacerbation of his usual gouty pains. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of the disease appeared, which soon turned out to be fatal for Turgenev. With temporary relief of pain, he continued to work and, a few months before his death, he published the first part of "Poems in Prose" - a cycle of lyrical miniatures, which became his kind of farewell to life, homeland and art. The book was opened by the poem in prose "Village", and completed by "Russian language" - a lyrical hymn in which the author put his faith in the great destiny of his country:

In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, 1879

Ilya Repin

Parisian doctors Charcot and Jacquet diagnosed the writer with angina pectoris; soon she was joined by intercostal neuralgia. The last time Turgenev was in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo was in the summer of 1881. The sick writer spent the winters in Paris, and for the summer he was transported to Bougival, on the estate of Viardot.

By January 1883, the pains had intensified so much that he could not sleep without morphine. He underwent an operation to remove a neuroma in the lower part of the abdominal cavity, but the operation did not help much, since it did not alleviate the pain in the thoracic region of the spine. The disease developed, in March and April the writer was so tormented that those around him began to notice momentary clouding of reason, caused in part by morphine. The writer was fully aware of his imminent death and resigned himself to the consequences of the disease, which made it impossible for him to walk or just stand.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev

Ilya Repin

Death and funeral

The confrontation between "an unimaginably painful illness and an unimaginably strong organism" (P. V. Annenkov) ended on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival near Paris. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev died of myxosarcoma (a malignant tumor of the bones of the spine). Doctor S.P. Botkin testified that the true cause of death was clarified only after an autopsy, during which physiologists also weighed his brain. As it turned out, among those whose brains were weighed, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev had the largest brain (2012 grams, which is almost 600 grams more than the average weight).

Turgenev's death was a great shock to his admirers, expressed in a very impressive funeral. The funeral was preceded by mourning celebrations in Paris, in which over four hundred people took part. Among them were at least a hundred Frenchmen: Edmond Abu, Jules Simon, Emile Ogier, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Juliette Adam, artist Alfred Diedone (French) Russian, composer Jules Massenet. Ernest Renan addressed the mourners with a heartfelt speech. In accordance with the will of the deceased, on September 27, his body was brought to St. Petersburg

Ivan Turgenev on his deathbed. Drawing sketched in Bougival, on the day of the death of the great writer, by artist E. Lipgardt

Even from the border station Verzhbolovo, funeral services were served at stops. On the platform of the St. Petersburg Warsaw railway station, a solemn meeting of the coffin with the body of the writer took place. Senator A.F. Koni recalled the funeral at the Volkovsky cemetery:

The reception of the coffin in St. Petersburg and its passage to the Volkovo cemetery presented unusual spectacles in their beauty, majestic character and complete, voluntary and unanimous observance of order. An uninterrupted chain of 176 deputations from literature, from newspapers and magazines, scientists, educational and educational institutions, from zemstvos, Siberians, Poles and Bulgarians occupied a space of several miles, attracting the sympathetic and often touched attention of a huge audience that blocked the sidewalks - carried deputations graceful, magnificent wreaths and banners with meaningful inscriptions. So, there was a wreath “To the author of “Mumu”” from the Society for the Protection of Animals ... a wreath with the inscription “Love is stronger than death” from pedagogical women's courses ...

- A.F. Koni, "Turgenev's Funeral", Collected Works in eight volumes. T. 6. M., Legal Literature, 1968. Pp. 385-386.

There were no misunderstandings either. The day after the funeral of Turgenev's body in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral on the Rue Daru in Paris, on September 19, the well-known populist émigré P. L. Lavrov published in the Parisian newspaper "Justice" (fr.) Russian, edited by the future socialist prime minister Georges Clemenceau, published a letter in which he reported that I. S. Turgenev, on his own initiative, transferred 500 francs to Lavrov annually for three years to assist in the publication of the revolutionary émigré newspaper Vperyod.

Russian liberals were outraged by this news, considering it a provocation. The conservative press in the person of M. N. Katkov, on the contrary, took advantage of Lavrov’s message for the posthumous persecution of Turgenev in the Russky Vestnik and Moskovskie Vedomosti in order to prevent the deceased writer from being honored in Russia, whose body “without any publicity, with special care” should was to arrive in the capital from Paris for burial. The following of the ashes of Turgenev was very worried about the Minister of the Interior D. A. Tolstoy, who was afraid of spontaneous rallies. According to the editor of Vestnik Evropy, M. M. Stasyulevich, who accompanied the body of Turgenev, the precautions taken by the officials were as inappropriate as if he had accompanied the Nightingale the Robber, and not the body of the great writer

Tombstone bust of Turgenev at the Volkovskoye cemetery

Monument to I. S. Turgenev

Bust of I. S. Turgenev

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgenev,_Ivan_Sergeevich