Theatrical scenery: types and features of creation. Types and features of theatrical scenery Hard and soft scenery

Decoration

Since ancient times, it has been important decorative painting, constituting a special branch of art, in the history of which its development followed the movement of easel painting, painting paintings. It sometimes includes the same works that this latter delivers, if only they are executed on the walls and plafonds of a building mainly for an ornamental purpose (wall and plafond painting, frescoes); but its main element is ornaments in the strict sense of the word, that is, beautiful combinations of geometric lines and figures, as well as forms of the plant and animal kingdom, fantasized or unchanged (for example, wall painting in the houses of Pompeii, Moorish arabesques of the Alhambra, grotesques of the Raphael lodges in the Vatican etc.). The motives of decorative painting changed depending on the historical course of culture and art among different peoples, on the taste and architectural style that prevailed at that time. The French came into use in the 19th century with the name decorative arts(fr. l'art decoratif) for various branches of handicraft industries that need the help of art, such as the manufacture of elegant furniture, carpets, lace, glass and pottery, jewelry, bronze, wallpaper and other luxury and comfort items - in a word, for everything that is customary among the Germans call Kleinkünste or Kunstgewerbe and in Russia applied art or art industry.

theatrical scenery

The word "decoration" is most often used to refer to the accessories of the theater, which have as their purpose to produce the illusion of a place in which the action takes place, played out on the stage. Therefore, theatrical scenery is for the most part either landscapes or perspective views of streets, squares and the interior of buildings. They are painted on canvas. The main components of each theatrical scenery - veil and backstage. The first is hung in the depths of the stage, stretching across its entire width, and depicts everything that is in the background in the reproduced landscape or perspective; the wings are pieces of linen, narrower in comparison with the curtain, stretched over a wooden binding and cut out at one end in a proper way; they are placed on the sides of the stage in two, three or several rows, one after the other, and represent closer objects, for example. trees, rocks, houses, pilasters and other parts of the scene. Decorations are complementary subarcs- pieces of canvas stretched at the top across the entire stage and depicting pieces of the sky, the upper branches of trees, ceiling vaults, etc., as well as praticable- various wooden scaffolds and scaffolds disguised with a painted canvas, placed on the stage and representing, for example, stones, bridges, spurs of rocks, hanging galleries, stairs, etc.

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See what "Decoration" is in other dictionaries:

decoration- and, well. decoration f. 1. archit. Architectural, sculptural, pictorial, etc. decoration of a building. Sl. 18. The master will also be observed the drawing, or profile, given by the architect, so as not to lose even a small proportion, because in that there is the best building ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

DECORATION, scenery, wives. (French decoration, lit. decoration). 1. A picturesque or architectural depiction of the place and setting of a theatrical action, set on the stage (theatre). 2. trans., only units. Something ostentatious, outwardly ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

DECORATION, and, wives. A picturesque, three-dimensional or architectural image of the place and atmosphere of the stage action, installed on the stage, film set. | adj. decorative, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

female, lat. decorations, embellishments, furnishings; at the theatre: view, area of ​​performance Decorative, relating to the scenery. Decorator male. an artist who paints scenery, views from afar, decorations, decorations, furnishings. Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dal… Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

In the broad sense of the word, any artistic decoration of an object or room. Hence the verb: decorate to produce artistic decoration, and the adjective decorative, applied in the language of architecture, as opposed to the term ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Showcase. Jarg. business Deliberate increase in the amount of profits in the balance sheet to hide the poor financial condition of the enterprise. BS, 44 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

DECORATION(a term derived from the Latin word decorare - to decorate, the French analogue of decor, Spanish - decorado, German - Buhnenbild, English - set), one of the ways to design performances in a modern theater. The main function of the scenery in the play is to create an image of the scene.

Historically, decorative art developed in the Renaissance, in the Italian court theater (), but its elements were present in the ancient tragedies of ancient Greece. The Renaissance was preceded by the scenery of areal mystery performances, which recreated the canonical scenes of the main plot of Christian mythology (paradise, Nazareth, temple, Jerusalem, palace, dungeon, sea, purgatory, hell), located along one line (horizontally or in a circle) and shown viewers all at once. In Italian palace performances of the 16th century. “decorative perspectives” were used to depict typical scenes of tragedy, comedy and pastoral. They were located in the depths of the stage and served as a picturesque backdrop for the actors. These scenery were static. When it became necessary to show the change of scenes, they first began to use telaria (trihedral, and sometimes pentahedral, prisms. These designs were known in the ancient theater), which, turning, could show three, five or more different scenery pictures. Then rocker mechanisms were invented ( cm. STAGES), which made it possible to multiply the number of changing scenes. The next step was the appearance of the stile-arched scenery. It made it possible to create in the space of the stage-box the impression of the depth of the natural landscape, architectural landscape or interior depicted by the artist. From the end of the 18th century to recreate the interior environment, the so-called. pavilion decoration (three walls painted on canvas frames, cut through with door and window openings and supplemented by a ceiling), and in the romantic theater of the 19th century. - a picturesque and three-dimensional scenery, consisting of painted and three-dimensional design elements and in this way conveying a greater impression of the reality of the picture of the scene created on the stage. Finally, in the 20th century, thanks to new technology, it became possible to depict scenery virtually - using projection, and then a laser. On the other hand, stage designers are increasingly using authentic things (pieces of furniture, tools, various household accessories, etc.) and natural textures (wood, earth, sand, water, iron, etc.) to create the feeling of the maximum reality of the stage environment. ).

No matter how the decoration is created, it always remains an illusory image. Any attempts to overcome this illusory nature led to the rejection of scenery in general and to the staging of performances either in the surrounding real environment, or in the space of an empty stage, designed for theatrical performance. And although such scenes are known much earlier than the scenery, they are of great interest to modern masters. Nevertheless, the scenery continues to be necessary for the theater even today, it gives the artist the opportunity to solve complex creative problems and please the audience, because it opens up an image of the real life environment of the heroes of the play or immerses them in the world of fantasy, imagination, beauty.

Viktor Berezkin

In theatrical productions, the viewer appreciates not only the skill of the director or acting, but also the design of the stage. As a result, the scenery becomes an important part of almost any performance, and many theater artists are recognized as independent creators. There are many varieties of scenery, from screens and backstage made of fabric and plywood, to the most complex virtual images, which are used to create computers and HP storage systems.

The history of development

The forerunners of modern scenery appeared in ancient Greece. Painted boards were put forward from an extension called skena. The classical theater, consisting of a stage, wings and an auditorium, appeared only in the 16th century in Italy. It was here that the picturesque scenery, made on canvas, first appeared. A little later, such canvases were made interchangeable.

Modern scenography uses the centuries-old experience of theaters from different countries. The artist's arsenal has many techniques that are used separately or in combination. Decorations can be classified as follows:

• rocker-arch;
• rocker-movable;
• pavilion;
• voluminous;
• projection.

As a result, the illusion is created that the action takes place exactly where indicated in the play. At the same time, the peculiarity of theatrical art is such that precise drawing of details is not required.

Virtual production design

Modern trends and trends are widely used in decoration. The most popular combination of active and passive stage design. Computer-generated images and real video are used as active decorations. In addition to external effects, the use of this method saves significant funds.

To create virtual scenery, you need to purchase projection equipment. Professional systems are no longer separate computers, but server solutions (for example, the HP server). With their help, you can not only display selected images, but also create, process and store them.

Keywords: Stage design, what are the scenery, Virtual production design, stile-arched, stile-movable, pavilion, three-dimensional, projection, Modern scenography, HP server, HP storage systems, History of development

The word "decoration" is most often used to refer to the accessories of the theater, whose purpose is to create the illusion of a place in which the action played out on the stage takes place. Therefore, theatrical scenery is for the most part either landscapes or perspective views of streets, squares and the interior of buildings. They are painted on canvas.

The main components of each theatrical scenery are the curtain and backstage. The first is hung in the depths of the stage, stretching across its entire width, and depicts everything that is in the background in the reproduced landscape or perspective; the wings are pieces of linen, narrower in comparison with the curtain, stretched over a wooden binding and cut out at one end in a proper way; they are placed on the sides of the stage in two, three or several rows, one after the other, and represent closer objects, for example. trees, rocks, houses, pilasters and other parts of the scene. The scenery is supplemented by subarcs - pieces of canvas stretched at the top across the entire stage and depicting pieces of the sky, upper branches of trees, ceiling vaults, etc. e.g. stones, bridges, cliffs, hanging galleries, stairs, etc.

An artist who is engaged in the execution of theatrical scenery and is called a decorator must possess, in addition to the training necessary for a painter in general, some special knowledge: he needs to perfectly know the rules of linear and aerial perspective, to master a very wide method of writing, to be able to adapt his coloring to fiery lighting, in which stage performances usually take place, and in general to count on the fact that as a result of his work a picturesque setting for the play being played is obtained, not only not harming it with its excessive simplicity or pretentiousness, but contributing to the strength and efficiency of the impression it makes on the viewer.

Having composed a sketch drawing of the scenery, the decorator makes a model for it, that is, a miniature likeness of the stage with a cardboard curtain, backstage and other accessories, so that this model can be used to judge in advance the effect of the future work. After that, proceeding to the execution of the scenery itself, he stretches the canvas of the curtain in a horizontal position on the floor of his workshop, transfers the drawing of the sketch to it in an enlarged form by breaking it into squares, and, finally, starts writing with paints. He does exactly the same when performing backstage and other parts of the scenery. The palette is replaced by a box with cans of various paints diluted with glue; for writing, more or less large brushes made of bristles with long handles are used. During work, he interrupts it every now and then in order to climb the gallery, arranged in the workshop at a certain height from the floor, and look from there at what was written. He usually does not work alone, but together with his students and assistants, to whom he entrusts preparation and secondary parts of the work.

scenery performance sketch dramaturgy

Stage performances were furnished with decorations by the ancient Greeks. As one of the oldest decorators known in history, one can point to Agafarch, who lived approximately in 460-420 years. BC In recent times, decorative painting has developed primarily in Italy, which brought the best masters in this area to other countries.

Of the Italian decorators in the 18th century, Giovanni Servandoni, who worked for the Royal Opera in Paris, became especially famous. Then the championship in the area under consideration passed to the French. Among them, the theatrical painter Boke showed a remarkable talent; the famous Watteau and Boucher did not hesitate to break away from the performance of their paintings in order to write for the stage. Then, among the French decorators, Degotti, Ciceri, the students of the last Sechan, Desplechin, Fescher and Cambon, Chaperon, Thierry, Rube and Cheret enjoyed loud fame. Outstanding decorators in Germany were Schinkel, Karl Gropius, the Italians Quaglio and I. Hoffmann. In Russia, the needs of the imperial theaters were satisfied at the beginning by visiting Italian decorators - Perezinotti, Quarenghi, Canopy, Gonzaga, and then, in the reign of Nicholas I, German artists Andreas Roller, K. Wagner and others; Only in the second half of the 19th century did decorative painting take the path of independence in Russia thanks to such gifted masters as M. I. Bocharov and M. A. Shishkov, and the establishment of a special class at the Academy of Arts for the study of this branch of art.

Theatrical and decorative art (often also called scenography) is a type of fine art associated with the artistic design of a theatrical performance, that is, the creation of a living environment on the theatrical stage in which the characters of a dramatic or musical-dramatic work act, as well as the appearance of themselves these heroes. The main elements of theatrical and decorative art - scenery, lighting, props and props, costumes and make-up of actors - constitute a single artistic whole, expressing the meaning and nature of the stage action, subordinate to the idea of ​​the performance. Theatrical and decorative art is closely connected with the development of the theatre. Stage performances without elements of artistic and visual design are an exception.

The basis of the artistic design of the performance is the scenery depicting the place and time of the action. The specific form of scenery (composition, color scheme, etc.) is determined not only by the content of the action, but also by its external conditions (more or less rapid changes in the scene, the peculiarities of the perception of the scenery from the auditorium, its combination with certain lighting, etc.) "The image embodied on the stage is initially created by the artist in a sketch or layout. The path from a sketch to a layout and stage design is associated with the search for the greatest expressiveness of the scenery and its artistic completeness. In the work of the best theater artists, the sketch is important not only for the working plan of stage design, but and relatively independent work of art.

Theatrical scenery includes the framing of the stage, a special curtain (or curtains), a pictorial solution of the stage space of the stage, backstage, background, etc. The ways of depicting the living environment on the stage are diverse. In the traditions of Russian realistic art, pictorial solutions prevail. At the same time, written planar elements are usually combined with built ones (volumetric or semi-volumetric) into an integral image that creates the illusion of a single spatial environment of action. But the basis of the scenery can also be figurative and expressive constructions, projections, draperies, screens, etc., as well as a combination of various image methods. The development of stage technique and the expansion of representational methods do not, however, cancel the significance of painting as the basis of theatrical and decorative art in general. The choice of image method in each individual case is determined by the specific content, genre and style of the work embodied on the stage.

The costumes of the actors, created by the artist in unity with the scenery, characterize the social, national, and individual characteristics of the heroes of the performance. They correlate in color with the scenery (“fit” into the overall picture), and in a ballet performance they also have a special “dance” specificity (they must be comfortable and light and emphasize dance movements). With the help of lighting, not only a clear visibility is achieved (visibility, “ readability”) of scenery, but also depicts various seasons and days, illusions of natural phenomena (snow, rain, etc.). Color lighting effects are able to create a feeling of a certain emotional atmosphere of a stage action.

Theatrical and decorative art changes with the development of artistic culture as a whole. It depends on the dominant artistic style, on the type of dramaturgy, on the state of the fine arts, as well as on the arrangement of theater premises and stage, on lighting techniques, and many other concrete historical conditions.

Theatrical and decorative art in Russia reached a high level of development at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, when outstanding artists came to the theater. They brought a great pictorial culture to the design of performances, achieved the artistic integrity of the stage action, the organic participation of fine art in it, the unity of scenery, lighting and costumes with dramaturgy and music. These were artists who first worked at the Mammoth Opera (V. M. Vasnetsov, V. D. Polenov, M. A. Vrubel and others), then at the Moscow Art Theater (V. A. Simov and others), in the imperial musical theaters (K. A. Korovin, A. Ya. Golovin), Diaghilev's "Russian Seasons" (A. N. Benois, L. S. Bakst, N. K. Roerich, etc.).

A powerful stimulus for the development of theatrical and decorative art was given by the creative search for advanced stage direction (K. S. Stanislavsky, V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, V. E. Meyerhold, choreographers M. M. Fokin and A. A. Gorsky).

Literature

E. Zmoiro. Scenery model for the performance of the Central Children's Theater "Skates" based on the play by S. V. Mikhalkov. 1976.

In order for the production to be successful, it is important not only to choose the right actors. The atmosphere on the stage is also created by the scenery. We can say that the scenery is as old as theatrical art, because even during the first productions, various props were used.

Hard and soft scenery

Decorations are of two types:

• tough.

Rigid structures are conditionally divided into flat and voluminous, but in fact there are much more varieties. The scenery can be played and used by the actors during the performance. For example, various stairs, fences, tables can be used during staging. Unplayed decorations simply serve as a static background and create an atmosphere, an entourage.

Rigid decorations are made mainly from wood and duralumin. For wooden structures, inexpensive but durable softwood is chosen. In some cases, it is appropriate to use light metals in the production of decorations.

Soft decorations are produced from fabrics, they can be smooth, draped, picturesque or contain applications. Velvet, canvas and tulle are the most popular materials on stage. Also today, synthetics and non-woven materials are used for the production of products. They are practical and create the desired effect.

There are many ways to create theatrical scenery, they have been developed over the centuries. Today, nothing fundamentally new is being created in scenography - everything has already been thought out in advance. However, new materials and technologies appear in the art of decoration.

The scenery on the stage, as a rule, is multi-layered. This is not only the background behind the actors, but also all the necessary equipment. The scenery even includes the curtain and backstage.

inventory requirements

Quality decorations meet several important requirements. It is important that they can be easily assembled and disassembled without losing the properties of the materials. There are products that are difficult to make, but ideally, decorations should be easy to manufacture. Then, in the event of a breakdown, the product can be quickly restored.

Decorations need to be stored, and it is desirable that they do not take up too much space. Therefore, among the important qualities of structures are portability and mobility. Also, the decorations should be light and durable. This is not always possible in the production of hard props. However, soft decorations meet these requirements by 100%. To make them even lighter, modern materials were used for decorations.

Decorations have been used on stage for many years. In addition, they can be temporarily placed in a warehouse and even transported to other cities. Therefore, such strict requirements are imposed on products.

If the design is not practical, then its operation will require regular expenses. The scenery will have to be repaired, disassembled, and transportation ordered under special conditions. It is possible that such equipment is used in theaters, but in rare cases when there is no alternative.

Practical decorations do not require extra costs and do not lose their properties for many years. In some cases, when manufacturing a product, it is worth overpaying and ordering a structure from more expensive materials if this will extend its service life. However, with the advent of synthetics and non-woven materials, theaters can no longer overpay for the production of scenery.

How the scenery is made

Decorations are created according to a preliminary sketch. Sketches are made by working through each of the scenes in detail. This takes into account all the details. The main decoration in the scenes is the background, after which there are objects for the entourage surrounding the participants in the action. The scenographer begins to work with ready-made sketches, he creates a preliminary layout. A model is not yet a decoration, it is only a model.

By creating a layout, you can determine how accurately the size of the product is determined. In some cases, adjustments have to be made. That is why the scenery is created only after the production of a trial layout. The design is applied by the artist, whose actions are monitored by the director.

After preparing the layout, the product is sent to a specialized workshop where decorations are produced. Here they create the final product - a product that will decorate the stage. The model that is sent for production is usually a smaller copy of the scenery. The masters are faced with the task of reproducing the design in an enlarged size. Soft theatrical scenery is sometimes no easier to create than hard ones - it all depends on the features of the product. Some decorations have many complex elements.