Views Monumental Easel Monumentally decorative Icon Painting Miniature Painting Genres Styles Mythological Battle Historical Landscape Portrait Still Life Animalistic Household Nude

Look around how beautiful it is! People have always been looking for ways to save and remember what they see. You can take a picture of the world around you, but there were no cameras before, and drawing is much more fun!

A painter can work miracles - show the events of the distant past, bring epic heroes and fairy tale heroes to us, travel to the future and present us with non-existent characters.

The main expressive means of painting is color. The artist usually composes the color on the palette and then transfers the paint to the canvas of the picture, creating a color order - coloring.

Color can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark. Color creates the mood of a painting.

To create a picture, in addition to color, you need a composition, that is, the location of the details of the picture. The artist begins work on the canvas with sketches - sketches.

Painting is divided into easel and monumental. The artist paints pictures on an easel, which is also called an easel. Hence the name "easel painting".

And the word "monumental" speaks of something big and significant. Monumental painting - these are large paintings on the walls of buildings in the subway, airports, churches. Themes for monumental paintings are also chosen significant: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales.

Monumental painting includes mosaics and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art. Mosaic is a pattern made up of small pieces or various materials.

A stained-glass window is a picture on glass or from pieces of multi-colored glass. Stained-glass windows are inserted instead of windows or in the door.

Fresco is a technique of painting with water-based paints on damp plaster on walls, which requires very fast work before the plaster is dry.

Why didn’t they paint pictures! Paints were made using egg white, glue or fig tree sap. Then oil paints appeared, based on vegetable oil.

Painting based on egg yolk or white is called tempera. Using the tempera technique, the artist should not mix paints, they should be applied in a very thin layer, one next to the other, without transitions. Mixed tones can only be obtained by applying one layer to another.

Wax painting Painting based on glue is called gouache. Gouache paints are dense, matte. They draw on paper, cardboard, canvas, silk, bone.

Pastel is a technique of painting and drawing on a rough surface of paper or cardboard with special pencils. At the same time, they start with harsh pencils and end with soft ones, and the colorful powder is rubbed with fingers.

Watercolor is a technique of painting with watercolors. Usually watercolor is done on paper by dissolving paints in water. The watercolor painting is transparent and soft.

Palette knife - a tool in the form of a knife or spatula with a curved handle. A palette knife is used by artists to remove wet paint from a painting. Sometimes a palette knife is used instead of a brush to apply paint in an even layer or relief stroke.

Genres of painting appeared when artists began to display different themes in their paintings. The main task of the landscape painter is to show nature in all its beauty.

Translated from French, the word "still life" means "dead nature". Still life is called the image of things that surround a person - dishes, fabrics, flowers, vegetables and fruits, seafood and game.

A portrait is an image of a person or a group of people. In the portrait, the artist not only conveys the resemblance, but also tries to tell about the life and activities of a person.

In ancient times, man sought to depict the world in pictures as he himself saw it. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings and tombs.

In the Renaissance, genres of painting appeared, which we have already examined - landscape, still life, portrait, animalistic, everyday, mythological, historical, battle.

Classicism is an artistic style focused on the forms of ancient, primarily Greek classics. The artists paid special attention to chiaroscuro. Pay attention to how accurately the author depicted the folds on the fabrics with the help of shadows. And the artists of classicism in their paintings used only three colors - red, blue and yellow - and mixed them to obtain other colors.

The word "baroque" means "strange", "bizarre". Paintings in the Baroque style are whimsical, lush. They often combine very large and - on the contrary - very small details, and light and shadows do not smoothly transition into each other, but are sharply outlined.

The painting of romanticism often reflected the events of history and the present, used the contrast of light and shadow, rich color.

The revolution in painting was the emergence of impressionism, which sought to convey a fleeting impression, avoiding any details in the drawing. Such paintings were painted in the fresh air, and it is better to look at them, moving a few steps away.

If the Impressionist artists were interested in everything fleeting, random, then the representatives of the post-impressionism direction were looking for a permanent, stable one. The paintings were painted not on an instant impression, but taking into account the course of light rays, the calculation of shadows.

Modernism sought to establish its foundations of art. Modernism united many artistic movements: expressionism, cubism, constructivism, surrealism, abstractionism, pop art. Expressionism is a direction in art, which is characterized by catchiness, grotesqueness.

Paintings in the style of cubism depict real objects in the form of many intersecting, semi-translucent planes (quadrangles, triangles, semicircles).

Abstract painting, sometimes called avant-garde, abstractionism or underground, uses bold, unusual colors, correct, like outlined figures on a ruler.

Look at the work of the author, working in the style of Fauvism. He uses some colors, just like in your paint box. He also uses clear contours, as if he first drew with a pencil, and then only with paints. The figures in the figure are without shadows, without volume.

Primitivism is a direction in the visual arts, the paintings of which resemble the works of primitive, medieval, folk and children's art.

How many "-isms"! It’s even scary to take on a brush or pencil! But do not be afraid, each of the artists whose paintings you have just seen once took up paint and paper for the first time. And he, too, did not succeed all at once. Be bolder - fantasize, create, draw!

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

easel painting- one of the genres of painting, whose works have an independent meaning and are perceived regardless of the environment. Literally - painting, created on an easel.

The work of easel painting - a picture - is created on a non-stationary (unlike monumental painting) and non-utilitarian (unlike decorative painting) basis (canvas, cardboard, board, paper, silk) and involves an independent and not conditioned by the environment perception.

The main materials of easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mostly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, has become predominantly widespread.

Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and in Moscow.

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An excerpt characterizing easel painting

And in response that there were more than two hundred churches, he said:
Why such an abyss of churches?
“The Russians are very pious,” Balashev replied.
“However, a large number of monasteries and churches is always a sign of the backwardness of a people,” said Napoleon, looking back at Caulaincourt to evaluate this judgment.
Balashev respectfully allowed himself to disagree with the opinion of the French emperor.
“Every country has its own customs,” he said.
“But nowhere else in Europe is there anything like it,” said Napoleon.
“I apologize to Your Majesty,” said Balashev, “besides Russia, there is also Spain, where there are also many churches and monasteries.
This answer by Balashev, hinting at the recent defeat of the French in Spain, was later highly appreciated, according to Balashev's stories, at the court of Emperor Alexander and very little appreciated now, at Napoleon's dinner, and passed unnoticed.
It was clear from the indifferent and perplexed faces of the gentlemen of the marshals that they were perplexed, what was the witticism, which was hinted at by Balashev's intonation. “If she was, then we did not understand her or she is not witty at all,” said the facial expressions of the marshals. This answer was so little appreciated that Napoleon did not even notice it resolutely and naively asked Balashev about which cities there was a direct road to Moscow from here. Balashev, who was on his guard all the time of dinner, answered that comme tout chemin mene a Rome, tout chemin mene a Moscou, [as every road, according to the proverb, leads to Rome, so all roads lead to Moscow,] that there are many roads, and that among these different paths is the road to Poltava, which was chosen by Charles XII, said Balashev, involuntarily flushing with pleasure at the success of this answer. Before Balashev had time to say the last words: “Poltawa,” Caulaincourt was already talking about the inconvenience of the road from Petersburg to Moscow and about his Petersburg memories.
After dinner we went to drink coffee in Napoleon's study, which four days earlier had been the study of Emperor Alexander. Napoleon sat down, touching the coffee in a Sevres cup, and pointed to a chair meanly to Balashev.

- this is one of the main types of fine art; is an artistic representation of the objective world with colored paints on the surface. Painting is divided into: easel, monumental and decorative.

- mainly represented by works made with oil paints on canvas (cardboard, wooden boards or bare). It is the most popular form of painting. It is this form that is usually applied to the term " painting".

is a technique of drawing on walls in the design of buildings and architectural elements in buildings. Especially common in Europe fresco - monumental painting on wet plaster with water-soluble paints. This drawing technique has been well known since antiquity. Later, this technique was used in the design of many Christian religious temples and their vaults.

decorative painting - (from the Latin word from decoro - to decorate) is a way of drawing and applying images to objects and interior details, walls, furniture and other decorative items. Refers to arts and crafts.

The possibilities of pictorial art are especially clearly revealed by easel painting from the 15th century, from the moment of the mass use of oil paints. It is in it that a special variety of content and deep elaboration of form is available. At the heart of pictorial artistic means are colors (the possibilities of colors), in inseparable unity with chiaroscuro, and line; color and chiaroscuro are developed and developed by painting techniques with a fullness and brightness inaccessible to other art forms. This is the reason for the perfection of volumetric and spatial modeling inherent in realistic painting, the lively and accurate transmission of reality, the possibility of realizing the plots conceived by the artist (and methods of constructing compositions), and other pictorial virtues.

Another difference in the differences in the types of painting is the technique of execution according to the types of paints. It is not always enough common features to determine. The boundary between painting and graphics in each individual case: for example, works made in watercolor or pastel can belong to both areas, depending on the approach of the artist and the tasks assigned to him. Although drawings on paper are related to graphics, the use of various painting techniques sometimes blurs the distinction between painting and graphics.

It should be taken into account that the semantic term "painting" itself is a word of the Russian language. It was taken for use as a term during the formation of fine arts in Russia during the Baroque era. The use of the word "painting" at that time applied only to a certain kind of realistic depiction with paints. But originally it comes from the church icon painting technique, which uses the word "write" (referring to writing) because this word is a translation of the meaning in Greek texts (here are such "translation difficulties"). The development in Russia of its own art school and the inheritance of European academic knowledge in the field of art, developed the scope of the Russian word "painting", inscribing it into educational terminology and literary language. But in the Russian language, a feature of the meaning of the verb "write" was formed in relation to writing and drawing pictures.

Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine arts, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait- This is a realistic image of a person in which the artist tries to achieve resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most of the customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait resemblance (or even embellish it) leaving a visual incarnation in history. Portraits of various styles are the most massive part of the exposition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a kind of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, written by himself.

Landscape- one of the popular pictorial genres in which the artist seeks to display nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a vivid emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creation.

- this genre is in many ways similar to the landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special direction is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of the place. Another direction of this genre is the image of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or the image of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main plot of the paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. Interestingly, this genre includes a huge number of paintings on a biblical theme. Since in the Middle Ages, biblical scenes were considered "historical" events and the church was the main customer for these paintings. "Historical" biblical scenes are present in the work of most artists. The rebirth of historical painting takes place during neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical subjects, events from antiquity, or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. A feature is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional exaltation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of a political accent and the strength of the artist's talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

- This is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, utensils. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is due to the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic heyday of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. Drawing paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - the plot of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. As well as still life, it became widespread among the artists of Holland in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre takes on a new birth, the paintings tend not so much to reflect everyday life as to romanticize it, to introduce a certain meaning or morality into the plot.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, but naval battles still belong to the marina genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

- a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for a realistic image has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, a systematic school and education. In ancient times, you can often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of painting on plaster. In antiquity, greater importance was attached to the talent of the performer, artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works (Vitruvius) were formed, which will be the basis of a new flowering of European art in the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the state of the art of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many artistic treasures are destroyed because of their dedication to ancient deities. The return to the values ​​of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (revival).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) have to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the work of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the "dark ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these paintings of 14 centuries!

The emergence and spread of the technology of making oil paints and the technique of drawing them in the 15th century gives rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artists' production - color oil paintings on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in the qualitative development in the Renaissance, largely due to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He first outlined the basics of perspective in painting (the treatise "On Painting" in 1436). To him (his work on the systematization of scientific knowledge) the European art school owes the appearance (revival) of a realistic perspective and natural proportions in the paintings of artists. The famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius's ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti's treatise "On Painting". And the work of Leonardo is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and massive development, starting from the 16-17 centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It is the system of knowledge and art education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art from the aristocracy and monarchs, that leads to the rapid flowering of fine arts in Europe (Baroque period).

The unlimited financial possibilities of European monarchies, aristocracy and entrepreneurs became excellent ground for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the church and the secular way of life (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and trends in painting (baroque and rococo).

In the course of the development of fine arts, artists have formed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist trends), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, massive competition and high demands on the skill of artists from the public (and buyers) give rise to new directions in the ways of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of performance technique, artists strive to bring special meanings, ways of "look" and philosophy into works. What often goes to the detriment of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a way of outrageous. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies are related to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.

It is common for all types of fine art to reflect reality exclusively in visual, visual images. First of all, it is painting, graphics, sculpture, as well as arts and crafts. All of them recreate visible forms in real or conditional space, but not in time. If such types of art as music, theater, cinema unfold the plot or action in time, then in fine art it is only possible to demonstrate one specific moment, but this does not make it any less powerful. If we recall that vision for a person is the main channel for obtaining information, then artistic visual images serve as special carriers that allow us to convey very, very much.

One of the main types of fine arts is undoubtedly painting. It accurately reflects all the diversity of the surrounding world, and also the mood, the impression, and in the color of many colors and shades. Painting according to the technique of execution is divided into oil, watercolor, tempera, fresco, mosaic, wax, stained glass, pastel, gouache. Well, by genre, painting can be easel, monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature.

easel painting- these are paintings that have an absolutely independent character and meaning. The idea embedded in the work will not change its meaning depending on the place where it is located, but the artistic sound, perception will, nevertheless, depend on the place of exposure. Since easel painting got its name from the word machine - a device on which artists paint large pictures, it is clear that the proportionality of the room, its design, lighting, are important for exhibiting an easel work.

Painting "Stone Bridge"

monumental painting- these are, as a rule, works of a large scale attached to architectural structures, decorating ceilings, walls, and various fragments. Most often it is a fresco, mosaic, panel.

Monumental painting "Winter evening"

Vicenc Will Valmaran. Fresco, 1757

Empress Theodora. Fragment of a mosaic in the Church of San Vitale

decorative painting also serves to decorate architectural structures, but is also widely used to decorate various products. Acting in unity with the three-dimensional composition (with the interior, exterior or shape of the product), it accentuates the expressiveness of the entire composition or even transforms it, introducing its own scale, rhythm, color.

Decorative ceiling painting

Theatrical and decorative painting seeks through scenery, costumes, make-up, lighting to create a visual image for the performance. The basis for all this is the artists' sketches, which help to reveal the content of the performance, the characters of the characters, and help the viewer to perceive what is happening on the stage.

Theatrical and decorative composition: Roerich N.K. "Courtyard"

miniature can be called works of fine art, distinguished by their small size and, of course, the subtlety of artistic techniques. Book miniatures, for example, appeared as early as handwritten books, and with the beginning of printing, they developed and the pages of books were already unthinkable without such decorations. The portrait miniature is no less widespread. This is, as a rule, a picturesque portrait of a small format. It is believed that for the first time such portraits appeared in the Renaissance. Today, a very wide range of materials and technical means for making miniatures is known. Perhaps many have seen them in the enamel technique, but they can be made with ceramic paints on porcelain, gouache, watercolor on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, and also oil on metal. To all that has been said above, it can be added that all types of works can be combined into one or another genre and on the basis of similar themes. Everyone knows that there are genres of still life, landscape, portrait, interior, plot painting, and there are also genres: everyday, historical, battle, and each of them has its fans and admirers.

Monumental painting - these are large paintings on the internal or external walls of buildings (frescoes, panels, etc.). A work of monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (wall, support, ceiling, etc.). Significant themes for monumental paintings are also chosen: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales, etc. Mosaic and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art, are directly connected with monumental painting. Here it is important to achieve the stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture, the synthesis of arts. Monumental painting, in addition to its connection with architecture (stylistic, compositional and thematic), must have a generalization of images, stylization, a color scheme appropriate to the situation and scale with the surrounding objects.

Easel painting is a kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not associated with architecture, has an independent character, independent meaning and is perceived regardless of the environment.. Works of easel painting (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries . The term "easel painting" comes from the easel on which paintings are created.

Miniature (from lat. minium - red paints used in the design of handwritten books) - in the fine arts, paintings, sculptural and graphic works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.

Portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.

The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The image can be inscribed in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. in accordance with the compositional decision of the author (or at the request of the customer). A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

As well as a picturesque, miniature portrait can be chamber or ceremonial; one-, two- or multi-figure; have a storyline or not have one. As in a large, “adult” portrait, the depicted face can be placed against a neutral, landscape background or in an interior. And although the miniature portrait is subject to the same basic patterns of development and the same aesthetic canons as the entire portrait genre as a whole, but, nevertheless, differs from it both in terms of the essence of the artistic solution and in its area of ​​​​application - the miniature is always more intimate. .

Illumination (from Latin illumino - I illuminate, make bright, decorate) is the process of making colored miniatures (illuminations) and ornamentation in medieval handwritten books.

Illuminated manuscripts are handwritten medieval books decorated with colorful miniatures and ornaments. In the Russian tradition, in addition to the term "illuminated" for handwritten books with miniatures, the term front manuscripts is often used. With the invention of printing, handwritten books gradually fell into disuse.

To create books, paints from natural pigments were used, resulting in red, blue, green, yellow and other colors that are amazing in saturation and depth. In addition, silver and gold were used to create miniatures.