Plan
Introduction
In the story, M. Gorky describes the lifestyle of two heroes: Danko and Larra.
Main part
Danko is a strong man who died for the people.
Danko believes in his own strength.
Danko is ready to sacrifice himself.
The main character traits of Larra are individualism, selfishness, pride.
Larra seeks to rise above people.
Conclusion
The opposition of Danko and Larra helps the author to reveal the image of the narrator - the Old Woman Izergil.
In M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil", the author, using two legends told by Izergil, describes the lifestyle of two heroes: Danko and Larra.
Danko is a strong man who died for the people. A distinctive feature of his character is pride. Danko had a strong character: he was ready to lead people through an impenetrable forest at the cost of his own life. The strength of the spirit, inner perfection in biblical legends was embodied in outwardly beautiful people. In ancient times, it was believed that a person is beautiful on the outside, good on the inside: “Danko is one of those people, a young handsome man. The beautiful are always bold. Danko believes in his own strength, and does not spend "strength on thought and longing." The hero is ready to help people get out of the darkness, to find true freedom. Possessing a strong character, Danko takes on the role of a leader, and people "all together followed him - they believed in him." The hero is not afraid, he is not afraid of difficulties along the way. At first, people willingly follow him, but they do not have the strength of mind to endure all the hardships of the path. They begin to grumble: “You are an insignificant and harmful person for us! You led us and tired us, and for this you will perish! Danko is ready to sacrifice himself to the end: "he tore his chest with his hands and tore out his heart from it and raised it high above his head." Lighting the dark path with his heart, Danko led people out of the impenetrable thicket of the forest, to where "the sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass shone in the diamonds of the rain and the river sparkled with gold." At the end of the story, Danko dies. The question arises before the reader: did people understand what Danko did for them. One cautious man stepped "on a proud heart with his foot." Danko had such character traits that did not allow him to do otherwise. He tore his heart out of his chest and lit the way for them, as he considered this the only right decision for himself.
In the story "Old Woman Izergil" Danko is opposed to Larr. Larra also has a strong character. The main features of his personality are individualism, selfishness, pride. Above all else, Larra puts his emotions, feelings, experiences, desires, not caring about what the people around him want. He seeks to rise above people. The author dooms Larra to eternal loneliness. Pride is a mortal sin, it was she who destroyed the human in Larra's heart.
The opposition of Danko and Larra helps the author to reveal the image of the narrator - the Old Woman Izergil, who, talking about her ideal and anti-ideal, is sure that her life is dedicated to love. Izergil thinks that she is closer to Danko's self-sacrifice and boundless love, but in fact, Larra's individualism and selfishness are inherent in her. So the author reveals his own position, his attitude to life.

Being in Bessarabia, Gorky thinks about writing the story "Old Woman Izergil". For several years, the writer comprehended the essence of human nature, in which good and bad fight, and it is not entirely known what will win.

The result of the work pleased Gorky. The work fully reflected his views on social relations. Later, Gorky wrote to Chekhov that he would never again be able to write in such a collaborative language, with which the story "Old Woman Izergil" was written. Gorky also strove in his works to show all the best, something that every reader could strive for.

In the story "Old Woman Izergil" the composition plays an important role, which puts one story into the content of another. An elderly woman tells several stories in which absolutely opposite views on the world are presented: egoism, as a form of one's own good, and altruism, a form of work for society. And in the middle, the story is full of reality.

In the story, the theme of freedom is at the forefront. All heroes are not dependent on society. Danko, confident in his innocence, commands the uncomprehending crowd to go forward, despite the indignation from the outside. Izergil demonstrated complete freedom with her behavior. And Larra, with her behavior, even violates the freedom of others.

The universal love of Danko opens the theme of love in the story, which for Larra manifested itself exclusively towards herself. And Izergil, in pursuit of pleasure, comes to the realization that she has lost true love.

The main themes concern the role of man in society. According to the writer, each person should carry their talents for the public good. He opposes Larra's individualism and Izergil's emptiness.

The writer also calls for the useful use of his time, which inexorably runs forward. The image of Izergil makes it clear that such thoughtless behavior is not capable of ultimately bringing a complete sense of happiness from the life lived.

The fundamental idea of ​​this story is the search for the meaning of life. And the writer found it in altruism. But every person has the right to find his own.

The story also touches upon problems of a different nature: moral, ethical, philosophical, which everyone should think about.

The author, solving the problems of his characters, presents to the public their different views on life. It was important for Danko to live for the sake of others. Larra lived exclusively for himself, and Izergil in love pleasures. As a result, only Danko could get full pleasure.

The work "Old Woman Izergil" is presented in the form of three different life stories. By reading and tracing which everyone will be able to choose the right path for themselves. The writer tries to convey that a person is a social being. And those who try to act for their own selfishness will eventually realize that they are left with nothing.

Some interesting essays

• Folk thought in the epic novel War and Peace of Tolstoy

  The catastrophic war of 1812 brought a lot of adversity, torment and suffering, L.N. Tolstoy could not but react to an important period for his people and displayed it in the love work "War and Peace"

• The history of the creation of the novel Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky

  For six years, F. M. Dostoevsky developed the concept of the novel "Crime and Punishment", just during his penal servitude. That is why the first thought was to write about the ordeals of Raskolnikov.

• The history of the creation of the story One day by Ivan Denisovich Solzhenitsyn

  The first printed work of Alexander Solzhenitsyn was the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". It was published in the 11th issue of the Novy Mir magazine in 1962 in more than 100,000 copies.

• Why did they often quarrel in the Kashirin family in Gorky's Childhood

  In the large Kashirin family, Alyosha encounters a whole gallery of bright characters, but among the large tribe of relatives he does not feel at home. The everyday life of the family is poisoned by endless hostility, in which even children are involved.

• The image and characteristics of Dunyasha in the play Chekhov's Cherry Orchard composition

  The play "The Cherry Orchard" is the last play written by A.P. Chekhov. His "swan song", although the author himself did not consider it as such. Moreover, he then considered it a rather funny parody-style comedy.

Homework for the lesson

1. Write out the definition of the term romanticism from the dictionary of literary terms.
2. Read the story of Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"
3. Answer the questions:
1) How many legends did the Old Woman Izergil tell?
2) What happened to the girl from the “big river country”?
3) What was the name of the son of the eagle by the elders?
4) Why, having come close to people, did Larra not defend himself?
5) What feeling gripped people lost in the forest, why?
6) What did Danko do for people?
7) Compare the characters of Danko and Larra.
8) Was Danko's sacrifice justified?

The purpose of the lesson

To acquaint students with Maxim Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil" as a romantic work; improve the skills and abilities of prose text analysis; give an idea of ​​the romantic aesthetics of early Gorky.

teacher's word

M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil" was written in 1894 and first published in 1895 in Samara Newspaper. This work, like the story "Makar Chudra", belongs to the early period of the writer's work. From that moment on, Gorky declared himself as the spokesman for a special way of understanding the world and the bearer of a very specific aesthetics - romantic. Since by the time the story was written, romanticism in art had already experienced its heyday, Gorky's early work in literary criticism is usually called neo-romantic.

At home, you had to write out the definition of romanticism from the dictionary of literary terms.

Romanticism- “in the broadest sense of the word, an artistic method in which the subjective position of the writer in relation to the depicted phenomena of life is dominant, his inclination is not so much to reproduce, but to re-create reality, which leads to the development of especially conditional forms of creativity (fantasy, grotesque, symbolism, etc.), to highlighting exceptional characters and plots, to strengthening the subjective-evaluative elements in the author's speech, to the arbitrariness of compositional connections, etc.

teacher's word

Traditionally, a romantic work is characterized by the cult of an extraordinary personality. The moral qualities of the hero are not of decisive importance. Villains, robbers, generals, kings, beautiful ladies, noble knights, murderers - anyone, as long as their life is exciting, special and full of adventures are at the center of the story. The romantic hero is always recognizable. He despises the miserable life of the townsfolk, challenges the world, often foreseeing that he will not be the winner in this battle. A romantic work is characterized by a romantic dual world, a clear division of the world into real and ideal. In some works, the ideal world is realized as the other world, in others - as a world untouched by civilization. Throughout the work, the plot development of which is concentrated on the brightest milestones in the life of the hero, the character of an exceptional personality remains unchanged. The storytelling style is bright and emotional.

Writing in a notebook

Features of a romantic piece:
1. The cult of an extraordinary personality.
2. Romantic portrait.
3. Romantic duality.
4. Static romantic nature.
5. Romantic plot.
6. Romantic landscape.
7. Romantic style.

Question

Which of the books you have read before can you call romantic? Why?

Answer

Romantic works of Pushkin, Lermontov.

teacher's word

Distinctive features of Gorky's romantic images are proud disobedience to fate and impudent love of freedom, integrity of nature and heroism of character. The romantic hero strives for unrestricted freedom, without which there is no true happiness for him and which is often dearer to him than life itself. Romantic stories embody the writer's observations of the contradictions of the human soul and the dream of beauty. Makar Chudra says: “They are funny, those your people. They huddled together and crush each other, and there are so many places on earth ... " The old woman Izergil almost echoes him: “And I see that people do not live, but everyone tries on”.

Analytical conversation

Question

What is the composition of the story "Old Woman Izergil"?

Answer

The story is in 3 parts:
1) the legend of Larra;
2) a story about the life of Izergil;
3) the legend of Danko.

Question

What is the basis for the construction of the story?

Answer

The story is based on the opposition of two characters who are carriers of opposite life values. Danko's selfless love for people and Larra's unrestrained egoism are manifestations of the same feeling - love.

Question

Prove (according to the plan in your notebook) that the story is romantic. Compare the portraits of Larra and Danko.

Answer

Larra is a young man “handsome and strong”, “his eyes were cold and proud, like those of the king of birds”. The story does not contain a detailed portrait of Larra, the author pays attention only to the eyes and the proud, arrogant speech of the “son of the eagle”.

Danko is also very difficult to visualize. Izergil says that he was a "handsome young man", one of those who always dared because he was handsome. Again, the reader's special attention is drawn to the eyes of the hero, which are called eyes: "... a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes".

Question

Are they extraordinary individuals?

Answer

Undoubtedly, Danko and Larra are exceptional personalities. Larra does not obey the clan and does not honor the elders, goes where he pleases, does what he wants, not recognizing the right of choice for others. Talking about Larr, Izergil uses epithets that are more suitable for describing the animal: dexterous, strong, predatory, cruel.

Question

Answer

In the story "Old Woman Izergil", the ideal world is realized as the distant past of the earth, a time that has now become a myth, and the memory of which remains only in the legends of the youth of mankind. Only a young earth could, according to the author, give birth to the heroic characters of people possessed by strong passions. Izergil emphasizes several times that modern " miserable" such a power of feeling and greed for life are not available to people.

Question

Do the characters of Larra, Danko and Izergil develop over the course of the story, or are they initially set and unchanged?

Answer

The characters of Larra, Danko and Izergil do not change throughout the story and are interpreted unambiguously: the main and only trait of Larra's character is selfishness, the denial of any law other than will. Danko is a manifestation of love for people, while Izergil subordinated her entire existence to her own thirst for pleasure.

Question

Which of the events described by the old woman can be considered unusual?

Answer

Both stories told by Izergil contain a description of extraordinary events. The genre of the legend determined their original fantastic plot basis (the birth of a child from an eagle, the inevitability of a completed curse, the light of sparks from Danko's burning heart, etc.).

Work with text

Match the heroes (Danko and Larra) according to the following parameters:
1) portrait;
2) the impression made on others;
3) understanding of pride;
4) attitude towards people;
5) conduct at the time of the trial;
6) the fate of the heroes.

Stats/Heroes	Danko	Larra
Portrait	Young handsome man. The beautiful are always bold; in his eyes shone a lot of power and living fire	A young man, handsome and strong; his eyes were cold and proud, like those of the king of birds
The impression made on others	We looked at him and saw that he was the best of all	Everyone looked with surprise at the son of an eagle; It offended them; Then they got really angry.
Understanding Pride	I have the courage to lead, that's why I led you!	He answered that there were no others like him; He stood alone against all; We talked with him for a long time and finally saw that he considers himself the first on earth and sees nothing but himself.
Attitude towards people	Danko looked at those for whom he endured labor, and saw that they were like animals; Then indignation boiled up in his heart, but from pity for people it went out; He loved people thought that maybe without him they would die	She pushed him away and walked away, and he hit her and, when she fell, stood with his foot on her chest; He had no tribe, no mother, no livestock, no wife, and he did not want any of this; I killed her because, it seems to me, she pushed me away ... And I needed her; And he replied that he wanted to keep himself whole
Behavior at the time of judgment	What have you done to help yourself? You just walked and did not know how to save strength for a longer path! You just walked, walked like a flock of sheep!	- Untie me! I won't say bound!
The fate of the heroes	He rushed forward to his place, holding high his burning heart and lighting the way for people with it; But Danko was still ahead, and his heart was burning, burning!	He cannot die! - people said with joy; - He was left alone, free, waiting for death; He has no life and death does not smile at him

Analytical conversation

Question

What is the source of Larra's tragedy?

Answer

Larra could not and did not want to compromise between his desires and the laws of society. Egoism is understood by him as a manifestation of personal freedom, and his right is the right of the strong from birth.

Question

How was Larra punished?

Answer

As punishment, the elders doomed Larra to immortality and the inability to decide for himself whether he should live or die, they limited his freedom. People deprived Larra of what, in his opinion, it was worth living for - the right to live by his own law.

Question

What is the main feeling in Larra's attitude towards people? Support your answer with an example from the text.

Answer

In relation to people, Larra does not have any feelings. He wants "keep yourself whole" that is, to get a lot out of life without giving anything in return.

Question

What feeling is experienced by Danko, looking into the crowd of people judging him? Support your answer with an example from the text.

Answer

Looking at those for whom he, risking his life, went to the swamps, Danko is indignant, “But out of pity for the people, it went out. Danko's heart flared with the desire to save people and lead them "to the easy path".

Question

What is the function of the "cautious man" episode?

Answer

The mention of the "cautious man" is introduced into the legend of Danko in order to emphasize the exclusivity of the hero. A “cautious person” is perceived as one of many, thus, the author will define the essence of ordinary people, “not heroes”, who are not capable of sacrificial impulses and are always afraid of something.

Question

What do the characters of Larra and Danko have in common and what is the difference between them?

Answer

This question can lead to ambiguous answers. Students can perceive Larra and Danko as opposite characters (egoist and altruist), or interpret them as romantic characters who oppose themselves to people (for various reasons).

Question

What place does society occupy in the inner thoughts of both characters? Is it possible to say that heroes exist in isolation from society?

Answer

Heroes think of themselves outside of society: Larra - without people, Danko - at the head of people. Larra “He came to the tribe, he stole cattle, girls - everything he wanted”, he "hovering around people". Danko was walking "ahead of them and was cheerful and clear".

Question

What moral law determines the actions of both characters?

Answer

The actions of the characters are determined by their own value system. Larra and Danko are their own law, they make decisions without asking the elders for advice. Proud, triumphant laughter is their answer to the world of ordinary people.

Question

What is the function of the image of the old woman Izergil in the story? How do the images of Larra and Danko relate to each other with the help of the image of the old woman Izergil?

Answer

Despite the brightness, completeness and artistic integrity of both legends, they are only illustrations necessary for the author to understand the image of the old woman Izergil. It "cements" the composition of the story both at the substantive and at the formal level. In the general narrative system, Izergil acts as a narrator, it is from her mouth that the I-character learns the story of the "son of the eagle" and the burning heart of Danko. At the level of content in the portrait of the old woman, one can find features of both Larra and Danko; in how insatiably she loved, Danko's character was reflected, and in how thoughtlessly she threw her loved ones - the seal of the image of Larra. The figure of Izergil links both legends together and makes the reader think about the problem of human freedom and his right to dispose of his life force at his own discretion.

Question

Do you agree with the saying that “in life there is always a place for a feat”? How do you understand it?

Question

Is achievement possible in every life? Does every person use this right of achievement in life?

Question

Did the old woman Izergil accomplish the feat she is talking about?

These questions do not require an unambiguous answer and are designed for independent answers.

conclusions write them down in their own notebooks.

Some of Nietzsche's philosophical and aesthetic ideas were reflected in Gorky's early romantic works. The central image of the early Gorky is a proud and strong personality, embodying the idea of ​​freedom. "Strength is virtue", Nietzsche argued, and for Gorky, the beauty of a person lies in strength and achievement, even aimless: “A strong person has the right to be “on the other side of good and evil”, to be outside of ethical principles, and a feat, from this point of view, is resistance to the general flow of life.

Literature

D.N. Murin, E.D. Kononova, E.V. Minenko. Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11 program. Thematic lesson planning. St. Petersburg: SMIO Press, 2001

E.S. Rogover. Russian literature of the XX century / St. Petersburg: Paritet, 2002

N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in Russian literature of the twentieth century. Grade 11. I semester. M.: VAKO, 2005

Omukchanova Raisa Petrovna
Job title: deputy director for death
Educational institution: MBOU KHSOSH
Locality: Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), village of Krest-Khaldzhay
Material name: report
Topic: Danko and Moses, Larra and Cain (biblical origins of A.M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil"
Publication date: 16.03.2018
Chapter: complete education

Danko and Moses, Larra and Cain

(biblical origins of A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

Introduction ________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 1. Gorky and Religion ____________________________________________________

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4. Larra and Cain

Conclusion ______________________________________________________________________

References ____________________________________________________

Application _________________________________________________________________

Introduction

This work is devoted to the study of the moral origins of the creation of images

Danko and Larra, heroes of the story by A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

Relevance research topic is that there is now a reassessment of creativity

Gorky,

whom

Soviet

"proletarian

writer

"petrel of the revolution" and from this angle all his works were considered. FROM

reeled:

started

discoveries

revelations,

attempts were made to "throw Gorky off the ship of modernity", but to do this

turned out to be impossible, especially since, in parallel with a noticeable drop in interest in

this writer in Russia, attention to him in the West only increased. How to explain

Gorky's "unsinkability"? Time has shown that his works are always modern and

are always of great interest to readers. This can be proven by the example of the story

"Old Isergil"

The heroes of Gorky's early works are people who are proud, strong, courageous,

who single-handedly enter the fight against the dark forces. One of these works is

story "Old Woman Izergil". The plot is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her

life and the legends she told about Larra and Danko. The legend tells of a brave

young Danko, who loves people more than himself - wholeheartedly, with all his heart. Danko -

a real hero, courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - help

his people - he is capable of a feat.

positive

sublime

opposes

"negative"

elected,

he looks at the people around him as if they were miserable slaves, and kills one girl.

Arrogant, selfish Larra and brave, sacrificing himself for the sake of life

inspired

Gorky

creation

literary critics explain this by the revolutionary mood of the writer, but we, having studied

life and work of the writer, came to a completely different solution to this problem.

Object of study: Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil"

Subject of study: creating images of Danko and Larra

Purpose of the study:

prove that the reason for creating the legend of Larra and Danko

bible stories served.

Research hypothesis: images of Larra and Danko are created on the basis of Christian morality.

The purpose and hypothesis of the study determined the following tasks:

1. To study the facts of the life of A.M. Gorky associated with Christianity;

2. Study in detail the pages from the Bible dedicated to Moses and Cain;

3. Make a comparative analysis of the legend of Danko and the biblical story of Moses;

4. Compare the images of Larra and the biblical sinner Cain;

5. Summarize what has been studied and researched, draw a conclusion.

Chapter 1. Gorky and religion.

“Maxim Gorky” - a pseudonym that Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov took for himself,

Says a lot about the writer. The name “Maxim”, taken by the writer in memory of his father, at the same

time expresses his declared maximalism. "Bitter" - because it tells

the bitter truth about a bitter life. Does this mean that the writer sees his task in

to tell the bitter truth to the reader with uncompromising maximalism? Opinions

in this regard may be different. The truth is always bitter for Gorky. Usually this look

explained

biographically:

Indeed, from childhood, life did not indulge him. But

Gorky's "bitterness" is explained not only by the external circumstances of life, but also

natural character, perhaps even heredity.

Contemporaries were struck by the life experience acquired by Gorky already in the early

years of his life. In the early 1900s - the time of mass worship

before him, even the book “Maxim Gorky in cartoons and anecdotes” was published.

The material presented in it, although it presents the writer in a caricatured form,

sharpens the features that caused bewilderment of some and delight of others. Book opens

a short "track record" of a popular writer:

1878 year. Entered the "boy" in a shoe store.

1879 - Was a draftsman's apprentice.

1880s -Served as a cook on a steamboat.

1883 - Worked in a pretzel establishment.

1884 - He was a woodcutter.

1884 - Moved to the lessons of a loader.

1885 - Worked as a baker in a bakery.

1886 - Was a chorister in a small opera troupe.

1887 - Traded in apples.

1888 - Attempted suicide.

1889 - He took the position of a railway watchman.

1890 - Acted as the head of the brooms and tarpaulins of the railway

1890 - Entered as a clerk to a sworn attorney.

1891 - He began to wander around Russia and worked in the salt mines.

1892 - Served as workers in railway workshops.

1892 - Wrote the first story.

1903 - World famous writer, whose name and works have become

popular among intelligent readers of all countries.

“In general, the fate of this man is fabulous,” Bunin wrote many years later.

repeats: "Tramp, rose from the bottom of the sea of ​​the people ... "

And in the Brockhaus dictionary is different:

Gorky - Peshkov, Alexei Maksimovich. Born in the sixty-ninth year on Wednesday

quite bourgeois: the father is the manager of a large shipping office, the mother is the daughter

rich merchant - dyer ... "All this is so - and not so.

Savvateevich,

demoted

officers

cabinetmaker,

manager

steamboat

office

Astrakhan, lived away from his family and in 1871 died of cholera. Gorky did not know his father, but that's all

everything connected with him was surrounded by a special halo for him, in honor of him he and his son

named Maxim. Perhaps, on the paternal line - from his grandfather - a certain

dissatisfaction,

protest.

Interesting:

Gorky,

showed

capabilities

drawing,

professional

painter.

The talent of this cheerful and witty young man was of a satirical nature, but,

by definition

acquaintances, he painted "in the style of Bosch" - and this is not just satire, it is

a kind of pathology. Unlike his father, Maxim grew up in an atmosphere of love and understanding, -

but a certain heredity of "bitterness" manifested itself in him.

Gorky's mother, Varvara Vasilievna, remarried soon after her husband's death.

In 1897 she died of fulminant consumption. Thus, at the age of 11, the future writer

remained an orphan. He inherited weak lungs from his mother. So

Over time, he developed tuberculosis, from which he never completely recovered.

This disease also leaves an imprint on the character of a person: difficulty breathing,

fever and weakness all contribute to a gloomy, pessimistic

outlook on life.

Gorky considered himself an atheist. But that means he grew up outside of the religious

education

autobiographical

trilogy

Childhood"

universities” is replete with details of church piety, and at the same time it

guide for the educator: how not to teach faith.

Vasilyevich

Kashirina,

owner

dye establishment. Grandfather's character was difficult, like many people in his environment, he

was churchly pious, every day before going to bed he read the Psalter and the Book of Hours, but

his piety was formal, outward.

“Grandfather’s house was filled with a hot fog of mutual enmity,” Gorky recalled in

story "Childhood" - it poisoned adults and even children took part in it. God,

whom the grandfather bowed to, the grandson seemed cruel, punishing.

Psalter,

he mastered the Church Slavonic literacy earlier than the Russian one, knew the Holy Scripture well and,

already being a conscious atheist, he often flaunted quotations from the Bible and the ability to

stylize

biblical

education

remembered

quiet, timid aunt Natalya.

Well, please say: "Our Father, who art..."

And if I asked: “What is it like,” she, looking around fearfully, advised:

Don't ask, it's worse! Just say after me: "Our Father ..." Well?

I was worried: why is it worse to ask? The word "like" took on a hidden meaning

and I deliberately distorted it: “Jakov is in the same”, “I am in the skin.” The unlearned prayers were followed by

indispensable order of the grandfather: "carve". Naturally, this technique

rooted in Orthodoxy.

However, Gorky never denied the moral preaching of Christ, but His

he perceived himself more according to Renan than according to the Gospel - as a historical figure,

whose true story subsequently acquired legends and fictions. He believed that

God - God is a man-made embodiment of all the best that is in man.

“There is no God, Leonidushka,” he wrote in a letter to Leonid Andreev. - There is a dream about him ...

God is a convenient explanation for everything that happens around and nothing more.” But to his son

presented the New Testament with the inscription: “I give you, my dear, one of the best books in the world”,

And in one of the letters he wrote to him: “You read the Gospel, a good book, and you need it

know". In a letter to Ekaterina Pavlovna in December 1910. remarks: "Good book,

agree, you need to know it ”; and Maxim: “You read the Gospel, a good book, and

need to know." Gorky also knew well the prayers, the lives of the saints, the church service,

but he did not recognize the holiness of the Church - in this, obviously, a significant role was played by the fact that he

I had to see too soon without embellishment "salt that has ceased to be salty", and

there was no positive antithesis - or Gorky could not see it. concepts of kindness

mercy, compassion, he learned from his grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna. Grandma like this

shown

"Childhood"

Gorky

recalls

the righteous

Nikiforova

exclaims

steamer

showing

opening

panorama

Novgorod, - Here it is, father, Nizhny - that! Here he is, Gods! "long prayers

always complete the days of grief, quarrels and fights; it is very interesting to listen to them; grandmother

tells God in detail about everything that happened in the house.

You, dear, know everything, everything is known to You, Father.

I really liked my grandmother's god, so close to her, and I often asked her: Tell me

About God!

The Lord sits on a hill, in the middle of a paradise meadow, on the throne of a blue yacht, under

silver lindens, and those lindens bloom all year round, there is neither winter nor autumn in paradise, and

flowers do not wither at all, and bloom tirelessly, to the joy of the saints of God ... ".

“I realized very early that my grandfather had one god, and my grandmother had another,” he recalled.

writer. But cruelty and indifference lived

and in grandmother's paradise:

"Here is your angel

Brings to the Lord: "Lexey stuck out his tongue to grandfather." And the Lord will order: “Well,

let the old man flog him!” And so everything, about everyone, and he rewards everyone according to their deeds, to whom we are grief,

who is happy." The boy did not accept such a paradise and such a judgment.

Watching his grandmother, Alyosha Peshkov came to the conclusion that religiosity in Russian

the people has grown together with prejudices, passivity, inertia, its active nature is such

outlook was different.

In 1877, Alexei Peshkov entered the school, studied very well, after two years

commendable

formal

education ended: by this time the Kashirins had gone bankrupt and soon the future

the writer was "in the people." “Well, Lexey, you are not a medal, on my neck there is no place for you,

but go and go to people, ”the“ pious ”grandfather told him, and the short grandmother didn’t say anything

objected.

Indeed, as mentioned in Gorky's humorous track record,

he happened to be both a “boy” at a fashion shoe store and a student (and

simultaneously

servant)

draftsman,

crockery

steamships

"Kind"

"Perm".Some

student

iconographic

workshop,

I didn’t like the icon-painting skill: “I didn’t like the ugly painted icons;

sell

stories

represented

Mother of God

beautiful,

pictures

magazines,

portrayed her old, strict, with a long, crooked nose and wooden handles<…>

Iconography does not captivate anyone: some evil sage divided the work into a long row

actions devoid of beauty, incapable of arousing love for the cause, interest in it.

The cross-eyed carpenter Panfil, wicked and caustic, brings his planed and glued

cypress and linden boards of various sizes; the consumptive fellow Davidov primes them;

"levkas",

pencil

the original, they paint the landscape and the attire of the icon, then she, without a face and pens, stands against the wall,

waiting for personal work. It is very unpleasant to see large icons for iconostases and

altar doors, when they stand against the wall without a face, arms, legs - only robes or armor

and short shirts of archangels. From these colorfully painted boards breathes the dead,

what should revive from is not there, but it seems that it already was and miraculously disappeared,

leaving only their heavy vestments…”.

Facts from the life of A.M. Gorky

autobiographical

trilogy

"Childhood"

universities"

replete with details of church piety.

Psalter,

Church Slavonic

earlier than Russian, he knew the Holy Scripture well;

3. While working on a steamer, I read the lives of the saints with the cook Smury;

4. He learned the concepts of kindness, mercy, compassion from his grandmother Akulina Ivanovna:

"I really liked my grandmother's god, so close to her, and I often asked her:" Tell me about

5. For some time he was a student in an icon-painting workshop.

6. Gorky knew prayers, the lives of saints, and church services well.

7. He gave his son a New Testament with the inscription: I give you, my dear, one of

the best books in the world!"

Conclusion: Gorky considered himself an atheist, but the moral preaching of Christ never

denied, he believed that God is a man-made embodiment of all the best that

is in man.

Chapter 2. About the story of A.M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil"

The heroes of Gorky's early works are people who are proud, strong, courageous,

who single-handedly enter the fight against the dark forces. One of these works is

story "Old Woman Izergil".

The plot is based on the memoirs of the old woman Izergil about her life and the stories told by her.

legends about Larra and Danko. The legend tells about the brave and handsome young man Danko,

who loves people more than himself - selflessly and with all his heart. Danko is real

a hero - courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - helping his people

- he is capable of a feat. When seized by fear, exhausted by a long journey through

the impenetrable forest, the tribe already wanted to go to the enemy and bring him a gift of their freedom,

Danko appeared. Energy and living fire shone in his eyes, the people believed in him and

followed him. But tired by the hard way, people again lost heart and stopped believing

Danko, and at this turning point, when the embittered crowd began to surround him more densely,

to kill, Danko tore the heart out of his chest, illuminating the path to salvation.

The image of Danko embodies a high ideal - a humanist, a personality of great spiritual

beauty, capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving other people. This hero

despite his painful death, does not evoke a feeling of pity in the reader, because

that his feat is higher than this kind of feelings. Respect, admiration, admiration - that's what

feels

reader,

representing

imagination

fiery

holding in his hand a heart sparkling with love.

positive

sublime

opposes

"negative" image of Larra - proud and selfish Larra considers himself elected and on

he looks at the people around him as if they were pitiful slaves. When asked why he killed

girl, Larra replies: “Do you only use your own? I see that everyone

man has only speech, hands and feet, and he owns animals, women, the earth ... and

many more."

His logic is simple and terrible, if everyone began to follow it, then on earth soon

time would have left a pitiful handful of people fighting for survival and hunting each other

on a friend. Understanding the depth of Larra's wrong, unable to forgive and forget

perfect

a crime,

condemns

loneliness.

society creates in Larr a feeling of inexpressible anguish. “In his eyes, - Izergil, -

there was so much anguish that it would have been possible to send all the people of the world with it.

Pride,

wonderful

character.

free, weak - strong, insignificance turns into a person. Pride can't stand

nothing philistine and "common". But hypertrophied pride breeds

absolute

society,

moral

principles, which ultimately leads to dire consequences.

It is this idea of ​​​​Gorky that is the key in the story of the old woman Isegril about Larra,

who, being just such an absolutely free individual, dies spiritually

for everyone (and above all for himself), remaining to live forever in his physical

shell. The hero has gained in immortality and be free from it. Larra was doomed to

loneliness and true happiness considered death for himself. True happiness,

According to Gorky, is to give yourself to people, as Danko did.

A distinctive feature of this story is a sharp contrast, the opposition of good

and bad, good and evil, light and dark.

The ideological meaning of the story is complemented by the depiction of the image of the narrator - the old woman

Izergil. Her memories of her life path are also a kind of legend about

Izergil

proudly declares that she has never been a slave. Izergil with

admiration

talking about

love for a feat: “When a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and finds where

it's possible".

story

"Old woman

Izergil"

exceptional

characters,

exalts proud and strong-willed people for whom freedom is above all. For

him Izergil, Danko and Larra, despite the extreme, contradictory nature of the first,

the seeming futility of the feat of the second infinite remoteness from all living things

third,

real heroes, people who bring the idea of ​​freedom to the world in its various

manifestations.

However, in order to truly live life, it is not enough to “burn”,

it is not enough to be free and proud, feeling and restless. Need to have

the main thing is the goal. An end that would justify the existence of man, because "the price

man is his business." There is always room for achievement in life. "Forward! - above! everything - go ahead!

and - above - this is the creed of the present.

Chapter 3. Danko and Moses

1. The life of the prophet Moses

The book of Exodus tells that Moses' parents belonged to

reign

Joseph." Hard labor did not reduce the number of Jews, and Pharaoh ordered to drown in

Nile of all newborn babies - male Israelites. At that time in the family

Amram's son Moses was born. Moses' mother Yohoved managed to hide the baby at home

home for three months. No longer able to hide the child, she left

him in a basket among the reeds on the banks of the Nile, where Pharaoh's daughter found him. she is,

baby,

agreed

an Israeli nurse.

Johobed, and Moses was given to his mother, who nursed him. "And the child grew up, and

she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and she had him instead of her son."

matured,

got interested

enslaved

fellow tribesmen and "went out to his brothers." Seeing once how one of the overseers

beating a Jew at construction work, Moses killed the Egyptian offender and hid him

body in the sand. After this, Moses witnessed a quarrel between two Jews,

came to a fight. One of them said: "Do you want to kill me like Moses?"

Moses was frightened, he realized that his case was already known. Escaping the wrath of the pharaoh

Moses fled to the land of the Midialists, where he married the daughter of a local priest, who

bore him sons Gershon and Enitzer. For many years Moses was tending sheep.

And one day God calls out to Moses from the burning bush - burning, but

unburned bush - and opens his Yakve to him. the Lord told him to bring

his people out of cruel oppression. He went to save the children of Israel with his brother

Aaron. Then the people believed him. He led them across the sea, gave them food, and made them

whatever they wish.

At this stage of the wandering, the first military clash with

Amalenites - the people who blocked the Israelites from the road to Mount Sinai. In battle

the Israelites are victorious because of Moses.

Having overcome all obstacles, the people come to Mount Sinai. Moses in

publicly announces the Ten Commandments, in which God declares himself to be the only God

Israel. The Sinai Revelation, the Giving of the Law, and the Making of the Covenant - Climax

Exodus and apogee of the stormy and impetuous activity of Moses. spends forty days

make

material god. Aaron makes a golden calf, which the people God brought forth

him from Egypt. Moses, outraged by the flagrant violation of the second of the ten commandments,

breaks

awarded

tablets,

commandments

written down. The Lord wanted to destroy this apostate people. Moses rejects

this offer intercedes for the Israelites, and God reverses his decision.

Alienation begins between Moses and the people he liberated from

slavery. "Moses pitched himself a tent... away from the camp, and called it the tabernacle of meeting."

Moses again ascends the mountain, where, at the command of God, he writes the words of the Covenant on new

tablets. After talking with God, Moses' face lights up with light. Since then, appearing

before the people after each conversation with God, Moses covers his face with a veil.

The crisis caused by the worship of the golden calf was a shock to

Moses. He leads the people in a roundabout way. But even more bitter disappointment befalls

Moses, when the spies sent to Canaan return. angry god again

decides to exterminate the people of Israel, but this time Moses manages to get God

forgiveness.

forty-year-old

stay

approaching

Canaan. Moses, despite his age (one hundred and twenty years), is still full of strength.

Moses dies in the land of Moab after God himself shows

him from Mount Nebo all the land of Israel, "no one knows the place of his burial even to this

days... And the children of Israel mourned for him... thirty days."

2. Comparative table of lines taken from the legend of Danko and from the book of Exodus in

Bible.

1. And then one day a hard time came:

other tribes came from somewhere and drove

former in the depths of the forest. there were swamps

there was such a stench that people died alone

after another.

Pharaoh set over the people of Israel

chiefs,

exhausted

r a b o t a m i.

E g and p t i n a m and

o s o b o d

cruelty

forced

Israelis

tried

unbearably cruel.

2. But then Danko appeared and saved them all alone.

suffering

hopeful

deliverer in the person of Moses.

3. His heart burned brighter to save

burning

thorn bush.

4. Danko led them. Everyone went together

him - believed in him.

Israelis

The people believed the Lord and Moses.

those weary of them lost heart. In malice and anger

collapsed

human,

walked ahead of them. And they began to accuse him of

inability to manage them.

When they came to the desert, they all became

grumble against Moses and Aaron.

6. And suddenly he tore his chest and

ripped his heart out of her.

went down

tablets,

written 10 commandments.

parted

stayed behind. All people immediately plunged into

a sea of ​​sunlight and clean air.

Moses went up from the plains and showed him

The Lord all the earth and said: Here is the earth, oh

glad

free

laughed

then he fell and died.

God said: "I let you see her through the eyes

yours, but you will not enter it." And he died

there Moses was buried in the valley.

3. What do the stories about Danko and Moses have in common?

1. Reason: the people, ardently loved by these heroes, found themselves in a difficult situation, because

for the love of their people, Danko and Moses ventured to save them.

2. The trials that fell to their lot: Danko and Moses led their people through thorns,

hard was their way. Unable to bear the difficulties, the people grumbled against them. But our heroes are not

angry, they were able to forgive them.

3. The ability to sacrifice: in order to be able to continue to lead the people,

Danko and Moses decided on an act that inspired people and gave them hope.

4. Finale: Danko and Moses saved their people, but they themselves died, and so they stepped on

promised land.

Chapter 4. Larra and Cain

The story of Cain

Cain and Abel are the children of Adam and Eve. One of them, Abel, looked after the sheep, and his brother, Cain,

was a farmer. One day Cain brought a gift to the Lord from the fruits of the earth. And Abel

He also brought of his firstborn sheep and of their fat. And the Lord looked upon Abel

and his gift, but he did not regard Cain and his gift. Cain was very upset, and drooped

his face. Then the Lord said to Cain: “Why are you upset and why your face drooped

your? If you do good, do you not raise your face? And if you do not do good,

sin lies at the door; he draws you to himself, he you rule over him.

However, Cain did not overcome sin and continued to envy his brother. One day,

when both brothers were in the field, Cain attacked Abel and killed him. Blood of the first

of a person who died on earth stained the earth.

The Lord punished Cain for sin and made him an exile and a wanderer in

earth. What a terrible sin can envy lurking in the heart lead to!

Therefore, in order to avoid sin, one must watch, pray, and overcome sin.

by the power of the Lord.

(Children's Bible, Genesis 4:2-12)

Larra and Cain

1. A mighty tribe lived there, they grazed their flocks

and on hunting for animals they spent their strength and

courage, feasted after the hunt, sang

songs and played with the girls.

1. Abel was tending the sheep, but Cain was

farmer.

2. Everyone looked with surprise at the son of an eagle

and saw that they were no better than them, only

his eyes were cold and proud, like a king

2. And the Lord looked upon Abel and upon his gift,

but he did not regard Cain and his gift. Cain

he was very upset, and his face drooped.

3. When the elders came, he

spoke to them as if they were equals.

This offended them and they told him that they

honor, they obey thousands of people like him,

and thousands twice his age.

3. Then the Lord said to Cain: “How much are you

grieved, and why did your face droop?

If you do good, do you not raise

faces? And if you do not do good,

sin lies at the door; he attracts you to himself, he

you rule over him."

4. The girl pushed him away and went

4. However, Cain did not overcome sin and

away, and he hit her and when she fell,

stood on her chest, the girl, sighing,

coiled like a snake and died.

continued to envy his brother. One day,

when both brothers were in the field, Cain attacked

Abel and killed him.

5. And the wisest one said: “There is a punishment.

This is a terrible punishment, you can't imagine

like that for a thousand years. His punishment is in him

himself. Let him go, let him be

free! Here is his punishment!

5. And the Lord said: “When will you

cultivate the land, it will no longer

to give strength to you; you'll

exile and wanderer on earth.

The punishment is more than you can bear"

6. He fell to the ground and beat his head for a long time

about her. But the earth moved away from him,

deepening from the gifts of his head. "He is not

can die,” the people said happily.

6. And the Lord said: “For this to everyone who

kill Cain, take revenge on everyone." And did

The Lord is a sign that no one,

met with him, did not kill him.

7. He has no life, and death does not smile

to him. And he has no place among people. That's how

the man was struck for pride!

7. And Cain departed from the presence of the Lord,

settled in the land of Nod, east of Eden.

The main idea of ​​these works.

Larra and Cain committed a terrible sin, they both violated the same commandments of God:

don't kill! What punishment awaits them? In the Bible, God Decided to Punish Cain

immortality, he expelled him from his native land, made him a wanderer and ordered him not to beat

his. Gorky also decided to punish Larra with loneliness, gave him freedom, but this

freedom was without people. It turns out that a person cannot live without communication. Larra

looking for death, but cannot find it. Such a terrible punishment Gorky took from

Conclusion

In the biography of Gorky, we found facts confirming that the writer did not

denied Christian morality.

The story of Moses is similar to the legend of Danko both in plot and character of the characters,

who are united by a fiery love for their people.

In the legend of Lara and in the biblical story of Cain, the red line is

the idea that rejection of one's own people is the most terrible punishment.

What has been studied and followed leads to the conclusion that A.M. Bitter at creation

story "Old Woman Izergil" used biblical stories.

References

Gorky A.M. Favorites. M, "Children's Literature", 1982.

Bible. Ed. "Light in the East", 2000.

Children's bible. Ed. Russian Bible Society, M, 1994.

Zalomov P. My meetings with Maxim Gorky. "Literary newspaper, No. 51, 1937

Zhigalov MP, Great writer of Russia. Ed. "Children's literature"

In my opinion, of all the early works of Maxim Gorky, the story “Old Woman Izergil” is the most romantic and poetic. His heroes are brave, strong-willed people. On their example, the writer talks about good and evil, about the meaning and wisdom of life. Very interesting story structure. The story of the life of the old woman Izergil is framed by two legends - about Larra and Danko. Before us are several human destinies - choose! Judge for yourself the meaning of life! What is it? In Larra's individualism or in selfless service to people, to which Danko devoted himself? Or maybe you should strive to live a free, adventurous life? The old woman Izergil experienced a lot of grief and joy, she met different people on her long life path. The images of those whom she loved remained forever in her memory. This is both an arrogant gentry, and “a worthy pan with a chopped face”, and a young man - “a pale and fragile flower of the east, poisoned by kisses”.

The years took away Izergil's former beauty, extinguished the sparkle of her eyes, hunched her slender figure, but gave her wisdom, knowledge of life and true spirituality.

It is no coincidence that Gorky puts the legends about Larra and Danko into the mouth of this particular woman. She has something in common with both characters. Izergil had to sacrifice herself for the sake of her beloved, show selflessness, and at the same time she lived a life for herself, free from any duties and obligations. The writer does not condemn her: ideal people are really found only in fairy tales, and in living, real people, both bad and good can be combined.

However, it is unlikely that the legend of Danko could have come from the lips of a spiritually wretched, cowardly and vile person.

In the legend of Larra, Gorky debunks the individualism of those who reject people and do not want to reckon with universal human laws. Someone may object that this is precisely what true freedom is - to do what you want, to go anywhere, not to reckon with anyone, that is, "keep yourself whole." However, those who choose this path will face a tragic and sad fate - loneliness. Indeed, “for everything that a person takes, he pays with himself: with his mind and strength, sometimes with his life.” In other words, one cannot only consume without giving anything in return. Larra neglected this law, and a terrible punishment awaited him. It would seem that he did not lack anything: “he stole cattle, girls - everything he wanted”, and at the same time he was free as a bird. Then why did he finally begin to dream of death and “there was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it?” Apparently, for someone who does not know how to give, to give warmth, who “sees nothing but himself”, it is difficult to be happy and worthy to go through life.

The romantic antipode of Larra is Danko - a brave handsome man, whose heart caught fire with great love for people. In his image, Gorky embodied his idea of ​​\u200b\u200btrue heroes, of those in whom he saw an ideal. It is no coincidence that even the landscape creates in the reader a feeling of something unusual, fantastic. He helps us move from real life (Izergil's story about himself) to the romantic world of legend: “And in the steppe distance, now black and scary, as if hiding, hiding something in itself, small blue lights flashed. Here and there they appeared for a moment and went out, as if several people, scattered across the steppe far from each other, were looking for something in it, lighting matches, which the wind immediately extinguished. They were very strange blue flames that hinted at something fabulous.” As blue sparks enliven the black steppe, as if fraught with something unkind, so people like Danko are able to bring goodness and light into life.

Danko is beautiful both externally and internally: “We looked at him and saw that he was the best of all, because a lot of strength and living fire shone in his eyes.”

The energy and strength of Danko is opposed to the lack of will and cowardice of the crowd. Tired and angry people, irritated by their impotence, lose their human appearance: “Danko looked at those for whom he had toiled, and saw that they were like animals. Many people stood around him, but they were not on the faces of their nobility, and it was impossible for him to expect mercy from them. But Danko managed to overcome the indignation that flared up in him, because pity and love for people turned out to be stronger in him. To save them, he performs a spiritual feat. “What will I do for the people?” Danko shouted louder than thunder. And suddenly he tore his chest with his hands and tore out his heart from it and raised it high above his head. It burned as brightly as the sun, and brighter than the sun, and the whole forest became silent, illuminated by this torch of great love for people. The flaming heart of Danko is a symbol of sacrificial service to people, and the hero himself is the embodiment of all the best in a person. And how miserable and low against his background seems a “cautious person”, who, “afraid of something, stepped on a proud heart with his foot ...”

I think that the legend of Danko's burning heart expresses the author's position on the question of the meaning of life. In other words, the whole meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in sacrificial, selfless service to people. True, at present such a position is unlikely to be popular. It seems to me that most of us are likened to a “cautious person” stepping foot on a burning heart. Isn't that why we have to go through a painful crisis, both moral and material.

Of course, one cannot demand sacrifices from people by force, and not everyone can do great feats. But if we try to become kinder, more responsive, to help those who need it, then the world will surely change for the better. And the life of a person who gives people warmth can be called beautiful and meaningful.