Ways to print Latin characters: on the keyboard and not only. How to type uppercase and lowercase letters on the keyboard

Let's say the user needs to create an Apple ID account. This process is simple, but sometimes there is a misunderstanding. For example, for a password, you need to enter a lowercase or uppercase letter, as required by the system. What does this mean?

In fact, everything is simple. Lowercase letters are those letters that are written in lower case. In other words, these are small letters: a, b, c, d, e, etc.

Capital letters are those letters that are written in upper case, that is, capital letters: A, B, C, D, E, etc.

If everything is clear with lowercase letters, then what about uppercase ones? Let's show an example on the iPhone keyboard. If you need one uppercase letter, press the arrow key once and select the desired letter, it will be written in uppercase, further letters in lowercase.

If you need to write several capital letters, click on the arrow twice, then all letters will be capital. To disable the function, click on the arrow again.

But what about the computer keyboard? To write a capital letter, press the Shift key. There she is:

To write multiple capital letters, you can either press the Caps Lock key to make all letters capitalized, or hold down the Shift key.

Some tips for creating a password. They are simple, but it is worth sticking to them so that no one can find out your data.

• The length of the password should not be less than 8 characters, and preferably at least 12 characters.

• The password must contain numbers.

• The password must contain both lowercase and uppercase letters.

• Use different characters like #$%^ etc.

• Try to use different letters and numbers, not the same ones.

• Do not use dates that are relevant to you in your password. For example, you should not use the year of your birth.

• Do not, under any circumstances, tell your password to anyone.

• Change your password periodically—at least once every few months.

Enter text in Russian letters:

Translate Clear

How will it be in Latin letters:

Why translate Russian letters into Latin?

Since Russia is not yet a very rich country in our country and most companies cannot afford to organize the distribution of free samples to advertise their product, at the moment most of the freebie offers come from abroad.

Since the most common language is English, the order forms for free samples are often in English.

Address information and full name of the recipient in such forms must be filled in Latin. Since both our postmen and those companies that distribute freebies will understand the Latin alphabet.

If you write in Russian, then there is a risk that the organizers of the action simply do not want to spend time translating and understanding what is written there.

If you write in English, then our postmen will not understand to whom and where to deliver.

The best option is to write the freebie delivery address and the full name of the freebie recipient in Latin.

Now the Internet is full of different translators, but most of them are either not convenient, or they need to be searched for a long time.

We offer to constantly use our free translator of Russian text into Latin.

When you order a freebie through forms written in English, then write the delivery address and full name in Latin.

Translate Russian text into Latin will allow our free, simple and convenient service. When we order samples from foreign sites, we always do this and it's a freebie, not always of course :-), but it comes. So the way is correct.

Any person who uses the Internet has probably come across the need to invent and set passwords more than once: for entering mail, for a forum account, for online banking. And in almost every registration form, you are advised to come up with a strong password. After all, the confidentiality of your correspondence, the safety of your money, and the security of your computer as a whole depend on how complex your secret word or phrase will be. The question arises: how to come up with a complex password?

How to come up with a strong password

Length. The recommended minimum length for a strong password is 8 characters. It is believed that cracking passwords with a length of 8 or more characters by selection is too long a process and the chances of an attacker to pick up such a combination are too small.

Register. A good password should contain both lower and upper case letters.

Special characters. A super-strong password, along with letters and numbers, also contains special characters. For example #, ~,+, _

In total, the ideal option would be a combination of upper and lower case Latin letters, numbers and special characters with a total length of at least 8 characters. For example:

uE_xm932
9203Jb#1
29Rtaq!2

What should never be used as a password

Never use as a password or secret word:

• dates of birth
  The biggest stupidity is to set your own date of birth in the format 12071992 as a password to your Vkontakte page, where the same date is indicated in the information 🙂
• phone numbers
  A password consisting of your phone number will not be cracked only by the lazy. And it doesn't matter how many digits there will be 🙂
• names, surnames, nicknames of animals
  It's funny when people consider the mother's maiden name as a magically reliable protection. ... which the whole yard has known for 50 years 🙂
• and of course, all sorts of nonsense like “qwerty123”, “password”, “password”, “********”, “123”, “12345678”, “fiva”, “asdf”, etc. By the way, the leader among the passwords of secretaries is “one”, i.e. one single digit "1" 🙂

Conclusion

In conclusion, I want to say - do not neglect your safety. Do not use the same secret words for authorization on different sites and services, no matter how complex and reliable they may be. If you have one password for everything and everywhere, then by hacking one site, attackers can gain access to all your accounts on the network, which means they can see the information on yours, use the saved credentials in the browser and other information. And remember: there is nothing more permanent than temporary. Therefore, do not be lazy to come up with strong combinations and set complex passwords straightaway Don't put this off until later. Let your information be available only to you! Good luck!

Let me remind you that the Latin language belongs to the Latin-Falian subgroup of the Italic languages ​​(the languages ​​of the tribes that lived on the territory of the Apennine Peninsula from the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, except for the Etruscans, Ligurians, Celts and Greeks). The Italic languages ​​are part of the Indo-European family of languages. Initially, Latin was the language of a small tribe - the Latins, living in the center of the Apennine Peninsula. This information may be of interest on closer examination of the Latin alphabet.

Origins of the Latin alphabet

Influence of the Etruscan alphabet

The culture of the Etruscans was well known to the Latins. In the 9th-8th centuries BC, the relatively small territory of Latsia bordered on the north with a significant territory of the Etruscan tribe at that time (they are also Tusks or Tosks, now the Italian province of Tuscany). At a time when the culture of the Latins was just emerging, the culture of the Etruscans was already experiencing its heyday.

Latins borrowed quite a lot from the Etruscans. The Etruscan writing had a right-to-left direction, therefore, for convenience, the reverse (compared to the Latin we are used to) spelling of letters was used (naturally, it was this spelling that was original, we use the reverse version).

Influence of the Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet also made a significant contribution to the formation of modern Latin. It is worth mentioning that the Etruscan alphabet was also partially borrowed from Western Greek. But direct borrowing from Greek into Latin began later, when the Romans, in their own style, began to carefully familiarize themselves with Greek culture. Greek names and names contained sounds that were not characteristic of Roman phonetics; there were no letters in Latin to write them, so the Greek letters were also transferred to the Latin alphabet. This is the origin of the letters "x", "y", "z".

Ancient Greek inscriptions were also made not only from left to right, but also from right to left and boustrophedon (the Greeks gave the name to this type of writing), therefore, in the ancient Greek language, both direct and reverse spellings of letters existed at the same time.

Influence of Phoenician consonant writing

The Phoenicians are considered the creators of the first phonetic writing. The Phoenician alphabet was a syllabic alphabet, in which one character denoted a combination of one consonant sound with any vowel (It is often said that the Phoenicians wrote down only consonants, formally this assumption is incorrect). The Phoenicians traveled a lot, settled in more and more places ... and their writing traveled and took root with them. Gradually, spreading in different directions, the symbols of the Phoenician alphabet were transformed, on the one hand, into the letters of the Greek, and then the Latin alphabet, and on the other, into the letters of Hebrew (and other northern Semitic dialects).

Comparative table of symbols of related languages ​​(Comment see below in the text)

Conclusions from the results of the comparison of all these languages ​​are drawn differently. The question of continuity has not been fully resolved, however, the similarity of independent ancient languages ​​suggests that there may have been one progenitor language. Many researchers tend to look for it in Canaan, the semi-mythical state that the Phoenicians considered their homeland.

History of the Latin alphabet

The first inscriptions in Latin available to modern researchers date back to the 7th century BC. Since that time, it is customary to talk about archaic Latin. The archaic alphabet consists of 21 letters. The Greek letters theta, phi and psi were used to write the numbers 100, 1000, 50.

Appius Claudius Caecus, who became a censor in 312 BC, introduced differences in the notation of the letters "r" and "s" and canceled the letter "z", and the sound denoted by this letter was replaced by [p]. One of the basic laws of Latin phonetics, the law of rotacism, is closely connected with this event.

After the abolition of the letter "z", the Latin alphabet of the classical period contains 20 letters.

In the 1st century BC, the letter "z" was again borrowed, and with it the letter "y". In addition, the letter "g" was finally recognized (before that, both sounds: voiced - [g] and deaf - [k] were denoted by one letter - "c"). Of course, it was not without controversy, but it is generally accepted that Spurius Carvilius Ruga was the first to use it in 235 BC, however, at that time it was not included in the alphabet.

The alphabet began to consist of 23 letters.

Another important event in the history of the Latin alphabet falls on the 1st century AD. Using the practice of replacing the most frequent combinations of letters with one character, which was widespread in Greece, the future emperor Claudius (since 41 AD being a censor) introduces three new letters, later called "Claudian": reverse digamma, antisigma and half ha.

The reverse digamma should have been used to denote the sound [in:].

Antisigma - to denote combinations of bs and ps, similar to the Greek letter psi.

Half ha - to indicate the sound of the middle between [and] and [y].

They never entered the alphabet.

Nonetheless:

1. The codes for these characters are included in Unicode: u+2132, u+214e - reverse digamma, u+2183, u+2184 - antisigma, u+2c75, u+2c76 - half ha.
2. The letters "y" and "v", which were fully defined in the alphabet a little later, became analogues of two of the three Claudian letters, which indicates the validity of the proposal of the future emperor.

Much later, the issue with the pairs of letters "i" - "j", "v" - "u" was resolved. Both pairs were used in writing before, and denoted two pairs of sounds ([i] - [th], [v] - [y]), but it was not clearly defined which of the spellings denoted which sound. The separation of the first couple occurred presumably in the 16th century AD, and the second - in the 18th century (although some researchers suggest that this happened simultaneously for both couples).

The modern variant of the Latin alphabet, consisting of 25 letters, was formalized during the Renaissance (hence the suggestion of the separation of "v" and "u" in the 16th century, since they are both contained in this variant). This event is closely connected with the name of Petrus Ramus.

The digraph "vv", especially common in Northern Europe, has become the letter "w". The sound denoted by this letter came from the Germanic languages ​​after the fall of the Roman Empire, so many experts do not include the letter "w" in the Latin alphabet or include it conditionally.

Many people ask the question: “What are the Latin letters?” In fact, everything is extremely simple. In fact, the Latin alphabet is the letters of the modern English language. The only difference is in pronunciation.

Where Latin letters and numbers are currently used

Today, more than 40% of the world's population writes in Latin. And in fact, Latin letters are generally accepted international alphabetic characters. You don't have to look far for an example, just take out your foreign passport and look into it. Under the surname written in Russian, you will definitely see its Latin version.

The numbers are also widely used in all countries. In Russia, they are used in contracts, laws, for numbering points. In order to understand how to write in Latin letters, it is enough to choose consonant letters and take into account complex combinations, the table with which is shown below. Usually tables with transliteration can be found at the information desk of any foreign consulate.

The history of the emergence of Latin writing

It is believed that the roots of Latin writing go back to the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. There is also an opinion that the Phoenician letter also had its influence. Some are inclined to think that there were some Egyptian alphabetic characters.

The first reliable studies date back to the 7th century BC. The alphabet of archaic Latin consisted of 21 letters.

In 312 BC, Appius Claudius Russ canceled the letter Z, after which there were only 20 letters left. In the 1st century, Z returned again, and with it a new symbol Y appeared, and the alphabet took on its current form. Over the following years, some letters disappeared and reappeared again, some of them eventually combined and gave rise to new symbols. Most often, disputes surround the letter W.

Influence of the Greek language

Speaking of the Latin alphabet, it is difficult not to mention the influence of the Greek language, as it made a huge contribution to the formation of the modern Latin spelling. If you are confused about the question: “What are the Latin letters?”, You can search or remember the Greek alphabet.

By the way, the letters x, y and z were borrowed from the Greeks. An interesting fact: in Greece they wrote not only from left to right, but also vice versa, which is why they had so many inscriptions that read the same way, regardless of which end to start from. In fact, this phenomenon is often given a certain mystical character. There is even a magical "Square SATOR". All the words written in it are read not only from right to left and vice versa, but, most interestingly, you can read the characters diagonally. There is a belief that by writing all these symbols, you can make a wish that will surely come true.

How to write your first or last name in Latin

Very often, when submitting documents such as visas, you are required to indicate your personal data using only the Latin alphabet, the letters of which should correspond as closely as possible to Russian. Consider the most common names and their spellings.

Pronunciation of Latin letters

If you are wondering: “What are Latin letters?”, then most likely you will also be interested in learning how to pronounce them correctly. Here, too, there are no difficulties, since, most likely, you heard this alphabet in school.

Despite the identity of the English letters, do not confuse them. There are no complex or unpronounceable sounds in Latin, so everything is extremely simple. For comparison: in English there is a whole list of sounds that are very difficult for a Russian-speaking person to pronounce.

Finally

We have covered the topic: “Latin letters - what are they?”, and now you can easily fill out a visa application form or for any other documents that you are going to send abroad. The convenience also lies in the fact that sometimes, when you need to dictate an email address or a link on the Internet by phone, you can use the Latin alphabet - and the interlocutor will definitely understand you. Therefore, you don’t have to explain anything according to the principle “es is like a dollar”, etc.

Centuries have passed, but we still use this amazing language, developed not by scientists based on sociological surveys and other studies, but by people who did not know what electricity is, where the ozone holes are located, and much more. Nevertheless, the legacy of ancient civilizations still makes itself felt, charming and striking with its amazing solutions not only in art, but also in other areas.