"Card Players"

Author

Paul Cezanne

Country France
Years of life 1839–1906
Style post-impressionism

The artist was born in the south of France in the small town of Aix-en-Provence, but began painting in Paris. Real success came to him after a solo exhibition organized by the collector Ambroise Vollard. In 1886, 20 years before his departure, he moved to the outskirts of his native city. Young artists called trips to him "a pilgrimage to Aix".

130x97 cm
1895
price
$250 million
sold in 2012
at private auction

Cezanne's work is easy to understand. The only rule of the artist was the direct transfer of the subject or plot to the canvas, so his paintings do not cause bewilderment of the viewer. Cezanne combined in his art two main French traditions: classicism and romanticism. With the help of colorful texture, he gave the form of objects an amazing plasticity.

A series of five paintings "Card Players" was written in 1890-1895. Their plot is the same - several people are enthusiastically playing poker. The works differ only in the number of players and the size of the canvas.

Four paintings are kept in museums in Europe and America (the Musée d'Orsay, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Barnes Foundation and the Courtauld Institute of Art), and the fifth, until recently, was an adornment of the private collection of the Greek billionaire shipowner George Embirikos. Shortly before his death, in the winter of 2011, he decided to put it up for sale. Potential buyers of Cezanne's "free" work were art dealer William Aquavella and world-famous gallery owner Larry Gagosian, who offered about $220 million for it. As a result, the painting went to the royal family of the Arab state of Qatar for 250 million. The largest art deal in the history of painting was closed in February 2012. This was reported to Vanity Fair by journalist Alexandra Pierce. She found out the cost of the painting and the name of the new owner, and then the information penetrated the media around the world.

In 2010, the Arab Museum of Modern Art and the Qatar National Museum opened in Qatar. Now their collections are growing. Perhaps the fifth version of The Card Players was acquired by the sheik for this purpose.

The mostexpensive picturein the world

Owner
Sheikh Hamad
bin Khalifa al-Thani

The al-Thani dynasty has ruled Qatar for over 130 years. About half a century ago, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered here, which instantly made Qatar one of the richest regions in the world. Thanks to the export of hydrocarbons, this small country recorded the largest GDP per capita. Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani seized power in 1995, while his father was in Switzerland, with the support of family members. The merit of the current ruler, according to experts, is in a clear strategy for the development of the country, creating a successful image of the state. Qatar now has a constitution and a prime minister, and women have gained the right to vote in parliamentary elections. By the way, it was the Emir of Qatar who founded the Al Jazeera news channel. The authorities of the Arab state pay great attention to culture.

2

"Number 5"

Author

Jackson Pollock

Country USA
Years of life 1912–1956
Style abstract expressionism

Jack the Sprinkler - such a nickname was given to Pollock by the American public for his special painting technique. The artist abandoned the brush and easel, and poured the paint on the surface of the canvas or fiberboard during continuous movement around and inside them. From an early age, he was fond of the philosophy of Jiddu Krishnamurti, the main message of which is that the truth is revealed during a free "outpouring".

122x244 cm
1948
price
$140 million
sold in 2006 year
on the auction Sotheby's

The value of Pollock's work is not in the result, but in the process. The author did not accidentally call his art "action painting". With his light hand, it became the main asset of America. Jackson Pollock mixed paint with sand, broken glass, and wrote with a piece of cardboard, a palette knife, a knife, a shovel. The artist was so popular that in the 1950s there were even imitators in the USSR. The painting "Number 5" is recognized as one of the strangest and most expensive in the world. One of the founders of DreamWorks, David Geffen, bought it for a private collection, and in 2006 sold it at Sotheby`s auction for $140 million to Mexican collector David Martinez. However, the law firm soon issued a press release on behalf of its client stating that David Martinez was not the owner of the painting. Only one thing is known for certain: the Mexican financier has indeed recently collected works of contemporary art. It is unlikely that he would have missed such a "big fish" as Pollock's "Number 5".

3

"Woman III"

Author

Willem de Kooning

Country USA
Years of life 1904–1997
Style abstract expressionism

A native of the Netherlands, he emigrated to the United States in 1926. In 1948, a personal exhibition of the artist took place. Art critics appreciated the complex, nervous black-and-white compositions, recognizing in their author a great modernist artist. For most of his life he suffered from alcoholism, but the joy of creating new art is felt in every work. De Kooning is distinguished by the impulsiveness of painting, broad strokes, which is why sometimes the image does not fit within the boundaries of the canvas.

121x171 cm
1953
price
$137 million
sold in 2006 year
at private auction

In the 1950s, women with empty eyes, massive breasts, and ugly features appear in de Kooning's paintings. "Woman III" was the last work from this series participating in the auction.

Since the 1970s, the painting has been kept in the Tehran Museum of Modern Art, but after the introduction of strict moral rules in the country, they tried to get rid of it. In 1994, the work was taken out of Iran, and 12 years later, its owner David Geffen (the same producer who sold Jackson Pollock's "Number 5") sold the painting to millionaire Stephen Cohen for $137.5 million. It is interesting that in one year Geffen began to sell his collection of paintings. This gave rise to a lot of rumors: for example, that the producer decided to buy the Los Angeles Times.

At one of the art forums, an opinion was expressed about the similarity of "Woman III" with the painting by Leonardo da Vinci "Lady with an Ermine". Behind the toothy smile and shapeless figure of the heroine, the connoisseur of painting discerned the grace of a person of royal blood. This is also evidenced by the poorly traced crown crowning the head of a woman.

4

"Portrait of AdeleBloch-Bauer I"

Author

Gustav Klimt

Country Austria
Years of life 1862–1918
Style modern

Gustav Klimt was born into the family of an engraver and was the second of seven children. Three sons of Ernest Klimt became artists, and only Gustav became famous all over the world. He spent most of his childhood in poverty. After the death of his father, he was responsible for the entire family. It was at this time that Klimt developed his style. Before his paintings, any viewer freezes: under the thin strokes of gold, frank eroticism is clearly visible.

138x136 cm
1907
price
$135 million
sold in 2006 year
on the auction Sotheby's

The fate of the painting, which is called the "Austrian Mona Lisa", could easily become the basis for a bestseller. The work of the artist became the cause of the conflict of the whole state and one elderly lady.

So, the “Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I” depicts an aristocrat, the wife of Ferdinand Bloch. Her last will was to transfer the painting to the Austrian State Gallery. However, Bloch canceled the donation in his will, and the Nazis expropriated the painting. Later, the gallery hardly bought out the Golden Adele, but then the heiress appeared - Maria Altman, Ferdinand Bloch's niece.

In 2005, the high-profile trial "Maria Altman against the Republic of Austria" began, as a result of which the picture "left" with her to Los Angeles. Austria took unprecedented measures: loans were negotiated, the population donated money to buy the portrait. Good never conquered evil: Altman raised the price to $300 million. At the time of the trial, she was 79 years old, and she went down in history as the person who changed the will of Bloch-Bauer in favor of personal interests. The painting was purchased by Ronald Lauder, owner of the New Gallery in New York, where it remains to this day. Not for Austria, for him Altman reduced the price to $135 million.

5

"Scream"

Author

Edvard Munch

Country Norway
Years of life 1863–1944
Style expressionism

Munch's first painting, which became famous all over the world, "The Sick Girl" (exists in five copies) is dedicated to the artist's sister, who died of tuberculosis at the age of 15. Munch has always been interested in the theme of death and loneliness. In Germany, his heavy, manic painting even provoked a scandal. However, despite the depressing plots, his paintings have a special magnetism. Take at least "Scream".

73.5x91 cm
1895
price
$119.992 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's

The full name of the painting is Der Schrei der Natur (translated from German - “cry of nature”). The face of either a person or an alien expresses despair and panic - the viewer experiences the same emotions when looking at the picture. One of the key works of expressionism warns the themes that have become acute in the art of the 20th century. According to one version, the artist created it under the influence of a mental disorder, which he suffered all his life.

The painting was stolen twice from different museums, but it was returned. Slightly damaged after the theft, The Scream was restored and was ready to be shown again at the Munch Museum in 2008. For representatives of pop culture, the work has become a source of inspiration: Andy Warhol created a series of its prints-copies, and the mask from the movie "Scream" is made in the image and likeness of the hero of the picture.

For one plot, Munch wrote four versions of the work: the one in a private collection is made in pastel. Norwegian billionaire Petter Olsen put it up for auction on May 2, 2012. The buyer was Leon Black, who did not spare a record amount for the "Scream". Founder of Apollo Advisors, L.P. and Lion Advisors, L.P. known for his love of art. Black is a patron of Dartmouth College, the Museum of Modern Art, the Lincoln Art Center, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It has the largest collection of paintings by contemporary artists and classical masters of past centuries.

6

"Nude against the background of a bust and green leaves"

Author

Pablo Picasso

Country Spain, France
Years of life 1881–1973
Style cubism

By origin he is a Spaniard, but in spirit and place of residence he is a real Frenchman. Picasso opened his own art studio in Barcelona when he was only 16 years old. Then he went to Paris and spent most of his life there. That is why there is a double stress in his last name. The style invented by Picasso is based on the denial of the opinion that the object depicted on the canvas can be viewed from only one angle.

130x162 cm
1932
price
$106.482 million
sold in 2010 year
on the auction Christie's

During his work in Rome, the artist met the dancer Olga Khokhlova, who soon became his wife. He put an end to vagrancy, moved with her to a luxurious apartment. By that time, recognition had found a hero, but the marriage was destroyed. One of the most expensive paintings in the world was created almost by accident - out of great love, which, as always with Picasso, was short-lived. In 1927, he became interested in the young Marie-Therese Walter (she was 17 years old, he was 45). Secretly from his wife, he left with his mistress for a town near Paris, where he painted a portrait depicting Marie-Therese in the image of Daphne. The painting was purchased by New York dealer Paul Rosenberg and sold in 1951 to Sidney F. Brody. The Brodys showed the painting to the world only once, and only because the artist was 80 years old. After her husband's death, Mrs. Brody put the work up for auction at Christie's in March 2010. In six decades, the price has risen more than 5,000 times! An unknown collector bought it for $106.5 million. In 2011, a "one-painting exhibition" was held in Britain, where it saw the light for the second time, but the name of the owner is still unknown.

7

"Eight Elvises"

Author

Andy Warhole

Country USA
Years of life 1928-1987
Style
pop Art

“Sex and parties are the only places where you need to appear in person,” said the cult pop artist, director, and one of the founders of Interview magazine, designer Andy Warhol. He worked with Vogue and Harper's Bazaar, designed record covers, and designed shoes for I.Miller. In the 1960s, paintings appeared depicting the symbols of America: Campbell`s soup and Coca-Cola, Presley and Monroe - which made him a legend.

358x208 cm
1963
price
$100 million
sold in 2008
at private auction

Warhol's 60s - the so-called era of pop art in America. In 1962, he worked in Manhattan at the Factory Studio, where all the bohemia of New York gathered. Its brightest representatives: Mick Jagger, Bob Dylan, Truman Capote and other famous personalities in the world. At the same time, Warhol tried out the technique of silk-screen printing - repeated repetition of one image. He also used this method when creating "Eight Elvises": the viewer seems to see frames from a movie where the star comes to life. Everything that the artist loved so much is here: a win-win public image, silver color and a premonition of death as the main message.

There are two art dealers promoting Warhol's work on the world market today: Larry Gagosian and Alberto Mugrabi. The first in 2008 spent $200 million to purchase more than 15 Warhol works. The second buys and sells his paintings as Christmas cards, only more expensive. But not them, but a modest French art consultant, Philippe Segalo, helped the Roman art connoisseur Annibale Berlinghieri sell the Eight Elvises to an unknown buyer for a record amount for Warhol - $ 100 million.

8

"Orange,Red Yellow"

Author

Mark Rothko

Country USA
Years of life 1903–1970
Style abstract expressionism

One of the creators of color field painting was born in Dvinsk, Russia (now Daugavpils, Latvia), in a large family of a Jewish pharmacist. In 1911 they emigrated to the USA. Rothko studied at the art department of Yale University, achieved a scholarship, but anti-Semitic sentiments forced him to leave his studies. Despite everything, art critics idolized the artist, and museums pursued him all his life.

206x236 cm
1961
price
$86.882 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Christie's

Rothko's first artistic experiments were of a surrealist orientation, but over time he simplified the plot to color spots, depriving them of any objectivity. At first they had bright hues, and in the 1960s they were filled with brown, purple, thickening to black by the time of the artist's death. Mark Rothko warned against looking for any meaning in his paintings. The author wanted to say exactly what he said: only the color that dissolves in the air, and nothing more. He recommended looking at the works from a distance of 45 cm, so that the viewer is "dragged" into the color, like into a funnel. Caution: watching according to all the rules can lead to the effect of meditation, that is, gradually come the realization of infinity, complete immersion in oneself, relaxation, purification. The color in his paintings lives, breathes and has a strong emotional impact (sometimes it is said to be healing). The artist said: "The viewer should cry looking at them" - and there really were such cases. According to Rothko's theory, at this moment people live the same spiritual experience that he had in the process of working on the picture. If you managed to understand it at such a subtle level, then do not be surprised that these works of abstractionism are often compared by critics with icons.

The work "Orange, Red, Yellow" expresses the essence of Mark Rothko's painting. Its initial cost at Christie's auction in New York is 35-45 million dollars. An unknown buyer offered a price twice the estimate. The name of the happy owner of the painting, as is often the case, was not disclosed.

9

"Triptych"

Author

Francis Bacon

Country
Great Britain
Years of life 1909–1992
Style expressionism

The adventures of Francis Bacon, a full namesake and, moreover, a distant descendant of the great philosopher, began when his father disowned him, unable to accept his son's homosexual inclinations. Bacon went first to Berlin, then to Paris, and then his traces are confused all over Europe. Even during his lifetime, his works were exhibited in the leading cultural centers of the world, including the Guggenheim Museum and the Tretyakov Gallery.

147.5x198 cm (each)
1976
price
$86.2 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

Prestigious museums strove to possess paintings by Bacon, but the prim English public was in no hurry to fork out for such art. The legendary British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said of him: "The man who paints these horrific pictures."

The starting period in his work, the artist himself considered the post-war period. Returning from the service, he again took up painting and created the main masterpieces. Prior to the participation of "Triptych, 1976" in the auction, Bacon's most expensive work was "Study for a Portrait of Pope Innocent X" (52.7 million dollars). In the "Triptych, 1976" the artist depicted the mythical plot of the persecution of Orestes by the furies. Of course, Orestes is Bacon himself, and the furies are his torments. For more than 30 years, the painting was in a private collection and did not participate in exhibitions. This fact gives it a special value and, accordingly, increases the cost. But what is a few million for a connoisseur of art, and even generous in Russian? Roman Abramovich began to create his collection in the 1990s, in this he was significantly influenced by his girlfriend Dasha Zhukova, who has become a fashionable gallery owner in modern Russia. According to unofficial data, the businessman owns works by Alberto Giacometti and Pablo Picasso, bought for amounts exceeding $100 million. In 2008, he became the owner of the Triptych. By the way, in 2011, another valuable work by Bacon was acquired - "Three Sketches for a Portrait of Lucian Freud". Hidden sources say that Roman Arkadievich again became the buyer.

10

"Pond with water lilies"

Author

Claude Monet

Country France
Years of life 1840–1926
Style impressionism

The artist is recognized as the founder of impressionism, who "patented" this method in his canvases. The first significant work was the painting "Breakfast on the Grass" (the original version of the work of Edouard Manet). In his youth, he drew caricatures, and took up real painting during his travels along the coast and in the open air. In Paris, he led a bohemian lifestyle and did not leave it even after serving in the army.

210x100 cm
1919
price
$80.5 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Christie's

Besides the fact that Monet was a great artist, he was also enthusiastically engaged in gardening, adored wildlife and flowers. In his landscapes, the state of nature is momentary, objects seem to be blurred by the movement of air. The impression is enhanced by large strokes, from a certain distance they become invisible and merge into a textured, three-dimensional image. In the painting of the late Monet, a special place is occupied by the theme of water and life in it. In the town of Giverny, the artist had his own pond, where he grew water lilies from seeds specially brought by him from Japan. When their flowers bloomed, he began to paint. The Water Lilies series consists of 60 works that the artist painted over almost 30 years, until his death. His vision deteriorated with age, but he did not stop. Depending on the wind, season and weather, the view of the pond was constantly changing, and Monet wanted to capture these changes. Through careful work, an understanding of the essence of nature came to him. Some of the paintings of the series are kept in the leading galleries of the world: National Museum of Western Art (Tokyo), Orangerie (Paris). The version of the next "Pond with water lilies" went into the hands of an unknown buyer for a record amount.

11

False Star t

Author

Jasper Johns

Country USA
Year of birth 1930
Style pop Art

In 1949, Jones entered the design school in New York. Along with Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning and others, he is recognized as one of the main artists of the 20th century. In 2012, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States.

137.2x170.8 cm
1959
price
$80 million
sold in 2006 year
at private auction

Like Marcel Duchamp, Jones worked with real objects, depicting them on canvas and in sculpture in full accordance with the original. For his works, he used simple and understandable objects for everyone: a beer bottle, a flag or maps. There is no clear composition in the False Start picture. The artist seems to be playing with the viewer, often "incorrectly" signing the colors in the picture, turning the very concept of color upside down: "I wanted to find a way to depict the color so that it could be determined by some other method." His most explosive and "insecure", according to critics, painting was acquired by an unknown buyer.

12

"Seatednudeon the sofa"

Author

Amedeo Modigliani

Country Italy, France
Years of life 1884–1920
Style expressionism

Modigliani was often ill from childhood, during a feverish delirium, he recognized his destiny as an artist. He studied drawing in Livorno, Florence, Venice, and in 1906 he left for Paris, where his art flourished.

65x100 cm
1917
price
$68.962 million
sold in 2010 year
on the auction Sotheby's

In 1917, Modigliani met 19-year-old Jeanne Hebuterne, who became his model and later his wife. In 2004, one of her portraits sold for $31.3 million, the last record before the sale of Seated Nude on a Sofa in 2010. The painting was purchased by an unknown buyer for the maximum price for Modigliani at the moment. Active sales of works began only after the death of the artist. He died in poverty, suffering from tuberculosis, and the next day, Jeanne Hebuterne, who was nine months pregnant, also committed suicide.

13

"Eagle on a Pine"

Author

Qi Baishi

Country China
Years of life 1864–1957
Style guohua

Interest in calligraphy led Qi Baishi to paint. At the age of 28, he became a student of the artist Hu Qingyuan. The Ministry of Culture of China awarded him the title of "Great Artist of the Chinese People", in 1956 he received the International Peace Prize.

10x26 cm
1946
price
$65.4 million
sold in 2011
on the auction China Guardian

Qi Baishi was interested in those manifestations of the surrounding world, which many do not attach importance to, and this is his greatness. A man without education became a professor and an outstanding creator in history. Pablo Picasso said about him: "I'm afraid to go to your country, because there is Qi Baishi in China." The composition "Eagle on a Pine Tree" is recognized as the largest work of the artist. In addition to the canvas, it includes two hieroglyphic scrolls. For China, the amount for which the product was bought is a record - 425.5 million yuan. Only the scroll of the ancient calligrapher Huang Tingjian was sold for 436.8 million dollars.

14

"1949-A-#1"

Author

Clifford Still

Country USA
Years of life 1904–1980
Style abstract expressionism

At the age of 20, he visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and was disappointed. Later, he signed up for a student arts league course, but left 45 minutes after the start of the class - it turned out to be “not his”. The first personal exhibition caused a resonance, the artist found himself, and with it recognition

79x93 cm
1949
price
$61.7 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's

All his works, which are more than 800 canvases and 1600 works on paper, Still bequeathed to the American city, where a museum named after him will be opened. Denver became such a city, but only the construction was expensive for the authorities, and four works were put up for auction to complete it. Still's works are unlikely to be auctioned ever again, which raised their price in advance. Painting "1949-A-No.1" sold for a record amount for the artist, although experts predicted the sale of a maximum of 25-35 million dollars.

15

"Suprematist composition"

Author

Kazimir Malevich

Country Russia
Years of life 1878–1935
Style Suprematism

Malevich studied painting at the Kyiv Art School, then at the Moscow Academy of Arts. In 1913, he began to paint abstract geometric paintings in a style that he called Suprematism (from Latin “dominance”).

71x 88.5 cm
1916
price
$60 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

The painting was kept in the city museum of Amsterdam for about 50 years, but after a 17-year dispute with Malevich's relatives, the museum gave it away. The artist painted this work in the same year as The Manifesto of Suprematism, so Sotheby`s even before the auction announced that it would not go into a private collection for less than $60 million. And so it happened. It is better to look at it from above: the figures on the canvas resemble an aerial view of the earth. By the way, a few years earlier, the same relatives expropriated another “Suprematist Composition” from the MoMA Museum in order to sell it at Phillips for $17 million.

16

"Bathers"

Author

Paul Gauguin

Country France
Years of life 1848–1903
Style post-impressionism

Until the age of seven, the artist lived in Peru, then returned to France with his family, but childhood memories constantly pushed him to travel. In France, he began to paint, was friends with Van Gogh. He even spent several months with him in Arles, until Van Gogh cut off his ear during a quarrel.

93.4x60.4 cm
1902
price
$55 million
sold in 2005
on the auction Sotheby's

In 1891, Gauguin arranged a sale of his paintings in order to use the proceeds to go deep into the island of Tahiti. There he created works in which one can feel the subtle connection between nature and man. Gauguin lived in a thatched hut, and a tropical paradise blossomed on his canvases. His wife was a 13-year-old Tahitian Tehura, which did not prevent the artist from engaging in promiscuity. Having contracted syphilis, he left for France. However, Gauguin was cramped there, and he returned to Tahiti. This period is called the "second Tahitian" - it was then that the painting "Bathers" was painted, one of the most luxurious in his work.

17

"Daffodils and a tablecloth in blue and pink"

Author

Henri Matisse

Country France
Years of life 1869–1954
Style Fauvism

In 1889, Henri Matisse had an attack of appendicitis. When he recovered from the operation, his mother bought him paints. First, out of boredom, Matisse copied colored postcards, then - the works of great painters that he saw in the Louvre, and at the beginning of the 20th century he came up with a style - fauvism.

65.2x81 cm
1911
price
$46.4 million
sold in 2009
on the auction Christie's

The painting "Daffodils and a Tablecloth in Blue and Pink" belonged to Yves Saint Laurent for a long time. After the death of the couturier, his entire collection of art passed into the hands of his friend and lover Pierre Berger, who decided to auction it at Christie's. The pearl of the sold collection was the painting "Daffodils and a tablecloth in blue and pink", painted on an ordinary tablecloth instead of canvas. As an example of Fauvism, it is filled with the energy of color, the colors seem to explode and scream. Of the well-known series of tablecloth paintings, today this work is the only one that is in a private collection.

18

"Sleeping Girl"

Author

RoyLee

chtenstein

Country USA
Years of life 1923–1997
Style pop Art

The artist was born in New York, and after graduating from school, he went to Ohio, where he went to art courses. In 1949, Liechtenstein received his Master of Fine Arts degree. Interest in comics and the ability to be ironic made him a cult artist of the last century.

91x91 cm
1964
price
$44.882 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's

Once, chewing gum fell into Liechtenstein's hands. He redrawn the picture from the insert on the canvas and became famous. This plot from his biography contains the whole message of pop art: consumption is the new god, and there is no less beauty in a gum wrapper than in Mona Lisa. His paintings are reminiscent of comics and cartoons: Lichtenstein simply enlarged the finished image, drew rasters, used screen printing and silkscreen printing. The painting "Sleeping Girl" belonged to collectors Beatrice and Philip Gersh for almost 50 years, whose heirs sold it at auction.

19

"Victory. Boogie Woogie"

Author

Piet Mondrian

Country Netherlands
Years of life 1872–1944
Style neoplasticism

His real name - Cornelis - the artist changed to Mondrian when he moved to Paris in 1912. Together with the artist Theo van Doesburg, he founded the neoplastic movement. The Piet programming language is named after Mondrian.

27x127 cm
1944
price
$40 million
sold in 1998
on the auction Sotheby's

The most "musical" of the artists of the 20th century made a living with watercolor still lifes, although he became famous as a neoplastic artist. He moved to the USA in the 1940s and spent the rest of his life there. Jazz and New York - that's what inspired him the most! The painting "Victory. Boogie Woogie is the best example of this. "Branded" neat squares were obtained through the use of adhesive tape - Mondrian's favorite material. In America, he was called "the most famous immigrant." In the sixties, Yves Saint Laurent produced the world-famous "Mondrian" dresses with a large colored check print.

20

"Composition No. 5"

Author

BasilKandinsky

Country Russia
Years of life 1866–1944
Style avant-garde

The artist was born in Moscow, and his father was from Siberia. After the revolution, he tried to cooperate with the Soviet authorities, but soon realized that the laws of the proletariat were not created for him, and emigrated to Germany not without difficulties.

275x190 cm
1911
price
$40 million
sold in 2007
on the auction Sotheby's

Kandinsky was one of the first to completely abandon object painting, for which he received the title of genius. During Nazism in Germany, his paintings were classified as "degenerate art" and were not exhibited anywhere. In 1939, Kandinsky took French citizenship, in Paris he freely participated in the artistic process. His paintings “sound” like fugues, which is why many are called “compositions” (the first was written in 1910, the last in 1939). “Composition No. 5” is one of the key works in this genre: “The word “composition” sounded like a prayer to me,” the artist said. Unlike many followers, he planned what he would depict on a huge canvas, as if writing notes.

21

"Study of a Woman in Blue"

Author

Fernand Léger

Country France
Years of life 1881–1955
Style cubism-post-impressionism

Leger received an architectural education, and then was a student at the School of Fine Arts in Paris. The artist considered himself a follower of Cezanne, was an apologist for cubism, and in the 20th century he also had success as a sculptor.

96.5x129.5 cm
1912–1913
price
$39.2 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

David Normann, president of Sotheby's International Impressionism and Modernism, believes the huge sum paid for The Lady in Blue is entirely justified. The painting belongs to the famous Leger collection (the artist painted three paintings on one plot, the last of them is in private hands today. - Ed.), and the surface of the canvas has been preserved in its original form. The author himself gave this work to the Der Sturm gallery, then it ended up in the collection of Hermann Lang, a German collector of modernism, and now belongs to an unknown buyer.

22

"Street scene. Berlin"

Author

Ernst LudwigKirchner

Country Germany
Years of life 1880–1938
Style expressionism

For German expressionism, Kirchner became a landmark person. However, local authorities accused him of adherence to "degenerate art", which tragically affected the fate of his paintings and the life of the artist, who committed suicide in 1938.

95x121 cm
1913
price
$38.096 million
sold in 2006 year
on the auction Christie's

After moving to Berlin, Kirchner created 11 sketches of street scenes. He was inspired by the bustle and nervousness of the big city. In the painting, sold in 2006 in New York, the artist's anxiety is especially acute: people on a Berlin street resemble birds - graceful and dangerous. She was the last work from the famous series, sold at auction, the rest are kept in museums. In 1937, the Nazis brutally treated Kirchner: 639 of his works were seized from German galleries, destroyed or sold abroad. The artist could not survive this.

23

"Restingdancer"

Author

Edgar Degas

Country France
Years of life 1834–1917
Style impressionism

The history of Degas as an artist began with the fact that he worked as a copyist in the Louvre. He dreamed of becoming "famous and unknown", and in the end he succeeded. At the end of his life, deaf and blind, 80-year-old Degas continued to attend exhibitions and auctions.

64x59 cm
1879
price
$37.043 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Sotheby's

“Ballerinas have always been for me just an excuse to depict fabrics and capture movement,” said Degas. The scenes from the life of the dancers seem to be peeped: the girls do not pose for the artist, but simply become part of the atmosphere caught by Degas's gaze. "Resting Dancer" sold for $28 million in 1999, and less than 10 years later it was bought for $37 million - today it is the artist's most expensive work ever put up for auction. Degas paid much attention to frames, he designed them himself and forbade changing them. I wonder what frame is installed on the sold painting?

24

"Painting"

Author

Juan Miro

Country Spain
Years of life 1893–1983
Style abstract art

During the Spanish Civil War, the artist was on the side of the Republicans. In 1937, he fled from fascist power to Paris, where he lived in poverty with his family. During this period, Miro paints the painting "Help Spain!", Drawing the attention of the whole world to the dominance of fascism.

89x115 cm
1927
price
$36.824 million
sold in 2012
on the auction Sotheby's

The second name of the painting is "Blue Star". The artist wrote it in the same year when he announced: “I want to kill painting” and mercilessly mocked the canvases, scratching the paint with nails, gluing feathers to the canvas, covering the work with garbage. His goal was to debunk the myths about the mystery of painting, but, having coped with this, Miro created his own myth - a surreal abstraction. His "Painting" refers to the cycle of "pictures-dreams". Four buyers fought for it at the auction, but one incognito phone call settled the dispute, and "Painting" became the artist's most expensive painting.

25

"Blue Rose"

Author

Yves Klein

Country France
Years of life 1928–1962
Style monochrome painting

The artist was born into a family of painters, but studied oriental languages, navigation, the craft of a gilder of frames, Zen Buddhism and much more. His personality and impudent antics were many times more interesting than monochrome paintings.

153x199x16 cm
1960
price
$36.779 million
sold in 2012
at Christie's auction

The first exhibition of solid yellow, orange, pink works did not arouse public interest. Klein was offended and the next time he presented 11 identical canvases, painted with ultramarine mixed with a special synthetic resin. He even patented this method. The color went down in history as the "International Klein Blue". The artist also sold emptiness, created paintings by exposing paper to rain, setting fire to cardboard, making prints of a human body on canvas. In a word, I experimented as best I could. To create the Blue Rose, I used dry pigments, resins, pebbles and a natural sponge.

26

"Looking for Moses"

Author

Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema

Country Great Britain
Years of life 1836–1912
Style neoclassicism

Sir Lawrence himself added the prefix "alma" to his surname in order to appear first in art catalogs. In Victorian England, his paintings were so in demand that the artist was awarded a knighthood.

213.4x136.7 cm
1902
price
$35.922 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's

The main theme of Alma-Tadema's work was antiquity. In the paintings, he tried to depict the era of the Roman Empire in the smallest detail, for this he even engaged in archaeological excavations on the Apennine Peninsula, and in his London house he reproduced the historical interior of those years. Mythological stories became another source of inspiration for him. The artist was in great demand during his lifetime, but after his death he was quickly forgotten. Now interest is reviving, as evidenced by the cost of the painting "In Search of Moses", seven times higher than the pre-sale estimate.

27

"Portrait of a sleeping naked official"

Author

Lucian Freud

Country Germany,
Great Britain
Years of life 1922–2011
Style figurative painting

The artist is the grandson of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. After the establishment of fascism in Germany, his family emigrated to the UK. Freud's works are in the Wallace Collection in London, where no contemporary artist has previously exhibited.

219.1x151.4 cm
1995
price
$33.6 million
sold in 2008
on the auction Christie's

While the fashionable artists of the 20th century created positive "color spots on the wall" and sold them for millions, Freud painted extremely naturalistic paintings and sold them for even more. “I capture the cries of the soul and the suffering of withering flesh,” he said. Critics believe that all this is the "legacy" of Sigmund Freud. The paintings were so actively exhibited and successfully sold that the experts had a doubt: do they have hypnotic properties? Sold at auction, "Portrait of a sleeping naked official", according to the Sun, was acquired by connoisseur of beauty and billionaire Roman Abramovich.

28

"Violin and Guitar"

Author

Xone gris

Country Spain
Years of life 1887–1927
Style cubism

Born in Madrid, where he graduated from the School of Arts and Crafts. In 1906 he moved to Paris and entered the circle of the most influential artists of the era: Picasso, Modigliani, Braque, Matisse, Leger, also worked with Sergei Diaghilev and his troupe.

5x100 cm
1913
price
$28.642 million
sold in 2010 year
on the auction Christie's

Gris, in his own words, was engaged in "planar, colored architecture." His paintings are precisely thought out: he did not leave a single accidental stroke, which makes creativity related to geometry. The artist created his own version of cubism, although he had great respect for Pablo Picasso, the founding father of the movement. The successor even dedicated his first Cubist work, Tribute to Picasso, to him. The painting "Violin and Guitar" is recognized as outstanding in the artist's work. During his lifetime, Gris was known, favored by critics and art critics. His works are exhibited in the world's largest museums and are kept in private collections.

29

"PortraitFields of Eluard»

Author

Salvador Dali

Country Spain
Years of life 1904–1989
Style surrealism

“Surrealism is me,” Dali said when he was expelled from the Surrealist group. Over time, he became the most famous surrealist artist. Dali's work is everywhere, not just in galleries. For example, it was he who came up with the packaging for Chupa-Chups.

25x33 cm
1929
price
$20.6 million
sold in 2011
on the auction Sotheby's

In 1929, the poet Paul Eluard and his Russian wife Gala came to visit the great provocateur and brawler Dali. The meeting was the beginning of a love story that lasted more than half a century. The painting "Portrait of Paul Eluard" was painted just during this historic visit. “I felt that I was entrusted with the duty to capture the face of the poet, from whose Olympus I stole one of the muses,” the artist said. Before meeting Gala, he was a virgin and was disgusted at the thought of having sex with a woman. The love triangle existed until the death of Eluard, after which it became the Dali-Gala duet.

30

"Anniversary"

Author

Marc Chagall

Country Russia, France
Years of life 1887–1985
Style avant-garde

Moishe Segal was born in Vitebsk, but in 1910 he emigrated to Paris, changed his name, and became close to the leading avant-garde artists of the era. In the 1930s, when the Nazis seized power, he left for the United States with the help of an American consul. He returned to France only in 1948.

80x103 cm
1923
price
$14.85 million
sold in 1990
at Sotheby's auction

The painting "Jubilee" is recognized as one of the best works of the artist. It has all the features of his work: the physical laws of the world are erased, the feeling of a fairy tale is preserved in the scenery of petty-bourgeois life, and love is in the center of the plot. Chagall did not draw people from nature, but only from memory or fantasizing. The painting "Jubilee" depicts the artist himself with his wife Bela. The painting was sold in 1990 and has not been bid since. Interestingly, the New York Museum of Modern Art MoMA keeps exactly the same, only under the name "Birthday". By the way, it was written earlier - in 1915.

draft prepared
Tatyana Palasova
rating compiled
according to the list www.art-spb.ru
tmn magazine №13 (May-June 2013)

Introduction p.3
1. Artists and art associations of the 1920s p.5
2. Artists and art associations of the 30s p.11
References p.20

Introduction

October 1917 opened a new era not only in social life, but also in the life of art. Any revolution destroys something, and then the creation of a new one begins. What is taking place is not a simple development, but a decisive re-equipment of the foundations of the former social, political, ideological and other kinds of structures, including art.
The revolution raised at least two problems. The first problem is the class nature of art. An attempt to link it closely with the class struggle led to a distortion of its multifunctional nature. A particularly sharply simplified understanding of the class nature of art manifested itself in the activities of the notorious Proletcult. The element of struggle led to the destruction of cultural monuments, caused not only by military operations during the civil war and foreign intervention, but also by a policy aimed at crushing bourgeois culture. Thus, many sculptural monuments, works of ancient architecture associated with religious worship were demolished or destroyed.
The second problem is the problem of class politics in art. All forces were involved in its solution: "bourgeois" and "proletarian", destructive and constructive, Soviet and non-Soviet, "left" and "right", cultural and ignorant, professional and amateurish.
The principles of social development proclaimed by the state largely determined the gradual movement of art. A kind of stratification of forces took place, from the addition of which a vector of the real state of art was formed. On the one hand, this is the power of self-development of art, which affected the patterns of movement of forms contained in the nature of artistic creativity; on the other hand, the influence of social forces, public institutions, interested in this and not another movement of art, in its certain forms. On the third - the dictates of state policy, which, relying on social forces or not relying on them, had an unconditional impact on the structure of art, on its essence, on its evolutionary and revolutionary potential. From the end of the 1920s, politics clearly began to distort the normal development of art, to exert a certain pressure on it by banning or condemning certain “non-proletarian” manifestations.

1. Artists and art associations of the 20s.

The 1920s were a turbulent time for art. There were many different factions. Each of them put forward a platform, each spoke with its own manifesto. Art, obsessed with the idea of ​​searching, was diverse; it seethed and seethed, trying to keep pace with the era and look into the future.
The most significant groupings whose declarations and creative practice reflected the main creative processes of that time were the AHRR, OST, and the "4 Arts" (8, p. 87).
The AHRR group (Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia) arose in 1922 (in 1928 it was renamed AHRR - Association of Artists of the Revolution). The core of the AHRR was formed mainly from former members of the Association of Traveling Exhibitions. The AHRR declaration was set out in the exhibition catalog of 1922: “Our civic duty to humanity is the artistic and documentary recording of the greatest moment of history in its revolutionary impulse. We will depict today: the life of the Red Army, the life of the workers, the peasantry, the leaders of the revolution and the heroes of labor.
AHRR artists sought to make their painting accessible to the mass audience of that time. In their work, they often mechanically used the everyday writing language of the late Wanderers. AHRR organized a number of thematic art exhibitions, the very names of which are: “Life and Life of Workers” (1922), “Life and Life of the Red Army” (1923), “Revolution, Life and Labor” (1924 - 1925), “Life and Life of Peoples USSR "(1926) - they talk about the tasks of direct reflection of modern reality.
The peculiarity of the practice of the “Akhrovites” was that they went to factories and plants, to the Red Army barracks, in order to observe the life and life of their heroes there. During the preparation of the exhibition "Life and Life of the Peoples of the USSR", its participants visited the most remote corners of the Soviet country and brought back a significant number of sketches that formed the basis of their works. The AHRR artists played an important role in mastering new themes, influencing representatives of various artistic groups of that time.
Among the artists of the AHRR, the work of I. I. Brodsky (1883 - 1939) stands out, who set as his task an accurate, documentary reproduction of the events and heroes of the revolution. His canvases dedicated to the activities of V.I. Lenin gained wide popularity. The birth of the picturesque Leniniana was based on Brodsky’s painting “Lenin’s Speech at the Putilov Factory”, painted in 1929, and one of his most famous works, Lenin at Smolny (1930), depicting Lenin in his office at work. Brodsky saw Lenin many times and made sketches of him (12, p. 92).
Brodsky's works have an important quality - authenticity, which is of great historical and cognitive significance. However, the desire for documentary sometimes led to an empirical, naturalistic interpretation of the event. The artistic significance of Brodsky's paintings was also reduced by the dry naturalism and dietary coloring characteristic of a significant part of his works.
The master of portrait-painting G. G. Ryazhsky (1895 - 1952) joined the AHRR in 1923. His most famous works are “The Delegate” (1927) and “The Chairperson” (1928), in which the artist reveals the typical socio-psychological features of a woman of the new society, an active participant in the industrial and social life of the country. His "Chairwoman" is an activist worker. In her posture, gesture, self-esteem, looseness are revealed as evidence of the position of a woman in a new working society.
S. V. Malyutin (1859 - 1937) played a significant role among the portrait painters of the AHRR. The portrait gallery he started before the revolution was supplemented in Soviet times with portraits of V.K. Byalynitsky-Biruli, A.V. Lunacharsky and many others. Among them, the most interesting portrait of Dmitry Furmanov, painted in 1922, convincingly reveals the image of a warrior writer, a representative of the new, Soviet intelligentsia.
An active participant in the AHRR exhibitions was a major Russian painter of the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. A. E. Arkhipov. In the 1920s, Arkhipov created images of peasant women - “A Woman with a Jug”, “A Peasant Woman in a Green Apron”, “A Peasant Woman with a Pink Scarf in Her Hand”, etc. These paintings were painted with a wide brush, temperamentally and colorfully.
E. M. Cheptsov (1874 - 1943), who continued the Wandering traditions in the field of everyday genre, marked the work of E. M. Cheptsov with close observation and attention to new phenomena of life. Widely known is his painting "Meeting of the village cell" (1924), which depicts village activists in the first years of the revolution. The author's observation and sincerity, the simplicity of his characters' appearance, the artlessness of the surrounding accessories made Cheptsov's small, modest painting work one of the most interesting examples of AHRR art.
The same can be said about one of the works of the landscape painter B. N. Yakovlev (1880 - 1972). His "Transport is getting better" (1923) is a modest and at the same time a deep story about the difficult era of the first years of the revolution, about the daily work of people. Calmly and simply painted, this painting is one of the first examples of an industrial landscape in Soviet painting.
A special place in the painting of the AHRR is occupied by the work of M. B. Grekov (1882-1934), the founder of the battle genre in Soviet art. For a decade and a half - until the end of his life - he was busy creating a series of paintings dedicated to the First Cavalry Army, in whose campaigns and battles the artist took part. In his work, especially in the early period, the traditions of Vereshchagin clearly make themselves felt. Grekov's protagonist is the people who took upon themselves all the difficulties of the war. Grekov's works are life-affirming. In such paintings of the mid-twenties as "Tachanka" (1925), the itinerant accuracy of the image is combined with romantic elation. Later, continuing the original pictorial chronicle of the First Cavalry Army, Grekov creates epic canvases, among which the paintings "To the Kuban" and "Trumpeters of the First Cavalry Army" (both - 1934) stand out.
Along with the AHRR, which included artists of the older and middle generations, who by the time of the revolution already had extensive creative experience, an active role in the artistic life of those years was played by the OST group (Society of Easel Painters), organized in 1925. It united the artistic youth of the first Soviet art university - VHU-TEMAS. (3)
The main task of the association was the struggle for the revival and further development of easel paintings on a modern theme or with modern content, the artists of the OST, like the "Akhrovites", considered the struggle for the revival and further development of the easel painting. However, the creative aspirations and methods of the OST artists had characteristic differences. They strove to reflect in individual facts the new qualities of their contemporary epoch in relation to the previous epoch. Their main theme was the industrialization of Russia, recently still agrarian and backward, the desire to show the dynamics of the relationship between modern production and man.
One of the most talented representatives of the OST group was A. A. Deineka. The closest OST declarations are his paintings: “At the construction of new workshops” (1925), “Before descending into the mine” (1924), “Football players” (1924), “Textile workers” (1926). The figurative pathos of Deineka - Ostovets found a way out in journalistic graphics, in which the artist acted as an illustrator in magazines for general reading - such as "At the machine tool", "Godless at the machine tool", "Spotlight", "Youth", etc. The central work Deineka of the Ostovo period became the painting "Defense of Petrograd", written in 1928 for the thematic exhibition "10 Years of the Red Army". This work reveals the main pathos and meaning of the innovative traditions of the OST, the most life-giving and developed in the Soviet art of subsequent periods. Deineka embodied in this picture all the originality of his style, reduced the means of expression to a minimum, but made them very active and effective (8, p. 94).
Of the other members of the OST, the closest to Deineka in the nature of their works in terms of style are Yu. I. Pimenov, P. V. Williams, S. A. Luchishkin. The works “Heavy Industry” by Pimenov, “The Hamburg Uprising” by Williams, “The Ball Has Flew Away” and “I Love Life” by Luchishkin, created in the same period, revealed and innovatively reflected the important qualities of modern reality,
In contrast to the Ostovo, youth group in its composition, there are two other creative groups that occupied an important place in the artistic life of those years - “4 Arts” and OMX. (Society of Moscow Artists), - united the masters of the older generation, who were creatively formed back in pre-revolutionary times, who treated the problems of preserving pictorial culture with special reverence and considered its language and plastic form to be a very important part of the work. The 4 Arts Society arose in 1925. The most prominent members of this group were P. V. Kuznetsov, K. S. Petrov-Vodkin, M. S. Saryan, N. P. Ulyanov, K. N. Istomin, V. A. Favorsky.
The works of Petrov-Vodkin - such as "After the Battle" (1923), "The Girl at the Window" (1928), "Anxiety" (1934), most fully express the ethical meaning of various periods - milestones in the development of Soviet society. His painting "The Death of a Commissar" (1928), like Deineka's "Defense of Petrograd", written in connection with the exhibition "10 Years of the Red Army", in contrast to the specific publicism - the basis of Deineka's figurative decisions - gives his own philosophical solution to the task: through facts that generalize ideas about events taking place on the entire planet Earth, through revealing the ethical essence of these events. A commissar is a person who, both in life and in his death, performs a feat in the name of humanity. His image is an expression of the invincibility of bright ideas that will win in the future, regardless and despite the death of the most active carriers of these ideas. The parting glance of the dying commissar is like a parting word to a detachment of fighters before an attack - he is full of faith in victory.
Philosophical ideas of Petrov-Vodkin find adequate plastic expression. The depicted space, as it were, extends over the spherical surface of the planet. The combination of direct and reverse perspective convincingly and sharply conveys the "planetary" panorama of what is happening. Figurative problems are clearly solved in the coloristic system. In his painting, the artist adheres to the principle of tricolor, as if embodying the main colors of the earth: cold blue air, blue water; brown-red earth; greenery of the plant world.
A significant mark in the history of Soviet painting was left by the artists of the OMX group, organized in 1927. Many of them became close to each other in the pre-revolutionary years in the Jack of Diamonds association. P. P. Konchalovsky, I. I. Mashkov, A. V. Lentulov, A. V. Kuprin, R. R. Falk, V. V. Rozhdestvensky, and A. A. Osmerkin were the most active in the OMC.
In their declaration, the OMHa artists said: "We demand from the artist the greatest effectiveness and expressiveness of the formal aspects of his work, which form inseparable from the ideological side of the latter." In this program, there is an affinity for the 4 Arts group.
One of the most prominent exponents of this program in Soviet art in the early years was P. P. Konchalovsky. He strove to combine "jack of diamonds" tendencies with the legacy of Russian realistic artists, which greatly expanded his creative range and helped him more organically enter Soviet art of the 1920s. Coloristic integrity with the intensity of individual colors distinguishes such works of the master as "Self-portrait with his wife" (1922), "Portrait of O. V. Konchalovskaya" (1925), "Portrait of Natasha's daughter" (1925). In the same years, P. P. Konchalovsky made an attempt to create thematic paintings, among which the best are Novgorodians (1921) and From the Fair (1926). The artist is interested in the traditional images of "Russian peasants" - powerful, thickset, living surrounded by familiar objects, according to the laws of old customs and, together with their environment, making up something typically national.

2. Artists and art associations of the 30s.

The 1930s in the history of Soviet art is a difficult period, reflecting the contradictions of reality itself. Having perceived the considerable shifts that took place in society, the pathos of industrialization, the masters of art, at the same time, hardly noticed major social contradictions, did not express social conflicts associated with the strengthening of Stalin's personality cult (1).
On April 23, 1932, the Central Committee of the party adopted a resolution "On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations." This decree eliminated all previously existing artistic groupings and indicated the general ways and forms of stabilization and development of all the creative forces of Soviet art. The resolution weakened the confrontation between individual associations, which became so aggravated at the turn of the 1920s and 1930s. But on the other hand, unification tendencies intensified in artistic life. Avant-garde experiments that made themselves felt in the 1920s were interrupted. A struggle unfolded against the so-called formalism, as a result of which many artists were forced to abandon their previous conquests.
The creation of a single union coincided with the establishment of the principle of socialist realism, formulated by A.M. Gorky at the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. Socialist realism assumed the inheritance of the traditions of realistic art of the 19th century. and aimed artists at depicting reality in its revolutionary development. However, as the further practice of Soviet art showed, the term "socialist realism" turned out to be insufficiently capacious and adequate to the complex and multilayered tendencies of the new culture. Its formal application to artistic practice often gave it the role of a dogmatic brake on the development of art. Under the conditions of social restructuring in the 1980s, the term "socialist realism" was subject to discussion in professional circles at various levels.
Many progressive trends that appeared in the 20s continue to develop in the 30s. This concerns, for example, the fruitful interaction of various national schools.
Artists from all the republics of the Soviet Union take part in the large art exhibitions organized in the 1930s. At the same time, republican exhibitions are organized in Moscow in connection with the decades of national art. Issues of national art are of particular concern to the artists of the fraternal republics.
In the 1930s, the practice of state orders and creative business trips for artists expanded. Major exhibitions are organized: "15 Years of the Red Army", "20 Years of the Red Army", "20 Years of the Komsomol", "Industry of Socialism", "Exhibition of the Best Works of Soviet Painting", etc. Soviet artists participate in international exhibitions in Paris and New York, perform works for the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow, in connection with the preparation of which a significant number of monumental and decorative works were created, which, in essence, meant an important stage in the revival of monumental painting as an independent art form with its own goals and patterns. In these works, the attraction of Soviet art to monumentalism found expression.
One of the most significant representatives of easel painting of this period is the artist Boris Vladimirovich Ioganson (1893 - 1973), who turned in his work to the highest traditions of Russian painting of the 19th century. He interprets the heritage of Surikov and Repin, introducing new revolutionary content into his works, consonant with the era. From this point of view, Ioganson's paintings Interrogation of the Communists (1933) and At the Old Ural Factory (1937) are especially important.
The painting "Interrogation of Communists" was exhibited for the first time at the exhibition "15 Years of the Red Army". In it, the artist showed the communists who stood up to defend the revolutionary fatherland, and their opponents - the White Guards, who tried to strangle the Soviet state during the civil war. The artist conducts his historical generalization in the tradition of Repin, through the demonstration of a specific action in a specific setting. We do not know the names of the people depicted here, the more historically the image as a whole is perceived by us as universal. The communists in Ioganson's painting are doomed to death. But the artist shows their calmness, courage, strength and stamina, which contrast with the anxiety, nervousness, psychological disunity that reigns in the group of White Guards, powerless not only in this situation, but, as it were, in the face of history.
In the painting “At the Old Ural Plant”, painted for the exhibition “Industry of Socialism”, Ioganson contrasts the images of the breeder and the worker, in which he reveals a sense of nascent class consciousness and internal superiority over the exploiter. With this painting, the artist showed the historical conflict between the old and the new, the reactionary and the progressive, and affirmed the victorious power of the revolutionary and the progressive. These are the new characteristic features of the Soviet historical-revolutionary genre on the example of Ioganson's painting.
A special place in this period is occupied by the many-sided work of Sergei Vasilyevich Gerasimov in terms of images, themes and genres. The most striking work of the historical genre in his work is the painting "The Oath of the Siberian Partisans" (1933), striking in its open expressiveness, revealed coloristic expressiveness, sharp drawing, and dynamic composition. Working in the everyday genre, S. V. Gerasimov paid the main attention to the peasant theme. To solve it, the artist went through the portrait, creating a number of convincing peasant images. During the period of construction of the collective farm village, he painted one of the most striking portraits of the Collective Farm Watchman (1933). Among the most significant works of genre painting of the 1930s was the painting Collective Farm Holiday (1937), which was exhibited at the exhibition Industry of Socialism. Academician I.E. Grabar, the largest Soviet art critic, accurately and succinctly characterizes this picture: “When the wonderful canvas “Collective Farm Holiday”, one of the best paintings of the exhibition “Industry of Socialism”, appeared, the new, extraordinary growth of the master became obvious. Hardly any of the Soviet artists, except for Sergei Gerasimov, would have coped with such a compositional, lighting and color task, and even with the help of such simple means and techniques. It was the sunniest picture in Russian art during the revolution, despite the fact that it was executed in a restrained plan” (1, p. 189).
The "singer" of the Soviet peasantry was Arkady Alexandrovich Plastov (1893 - 1983), associated with the Russian village by his origin. He was greatly influenced throughout his life by the impressions of childhood spent in close contact with nature, with the land, with the peasants living on this land.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, Plastov, carried away by work in his native village of Prislonikhe, devoting his free time to painting, accumulated sketches and impressions for his future works dedicated to peasant life. One of the first significant works of Plastov - full of air and light, the painting "Bathing the Horses" - was made by him for the exhibition "20 Years of the Red Army". For the exhibition "Industry of Socialism" Plastov painted a large canvas "Collective Farm Holiday". Another bright work of Plastov of that time is "Collective Farm Herd" (1938). All of these paintings show some common features. Plastov does not think of the genre scene outside the landscape, outside Russian nature, always interpreted in a lyrical way, revealing its beauty in the simplest manifestations. Another feature of Plastov's genre works is the absence of any conflict or special moment in the plot chosen by the artist. Sometimes in his paintings, as, for example, in the "Collective Farm Herd", there are no events at all, nothing happens. But at the same time, the artist always achieves the poetic expressiveness of the picture.
In the 1930s, the talent of A. A. Deineka developed in its own way. He continued to adhere to his former themes, plots, favorite images, color and compositional system. True, his pictorial manner softens somewhat, examples of which are the best works of the 30s - "Mother" (1932), "Lunch Break in the Donbass" (1935), "Future Pilots" (1938). Sports, aviation, a naked trained body, laconicism and simplicity of the picturesque language, sonorous combinations of brown-orange and blue are softened in some cases by lyricism, a moment of contemplation. Deineka also expanded the thematic framework of his work, including scenes from the life of foreign countries, which appeared as a result of trips to the USA, France, Germany and Italy.
Another former member of the OST, Yu. I. Pimenov (1903-1977), created one of the best paintings of the 30s, New Moscow (1937). The landscape of the center of Moscow (Sverdlov Square) seems to be seen from a speeding car driven by a young woman with her back to the viewer. New erected buildings, the fast running of a car, light colors, an abundance of air, the breadth of space and the frame of the composition - everything is imbued with an optimistic worldview.
In the 1930s, the landscape art of G. G. Nissky (1903 - 1987), a follower of the Ostovites, who adopted from them laconicism, sharpness of compositional and rhythmic solutions, unfolded. These are his paintings "Autumn" (1932) and "On the Way" (1933). In the landscapes of Nyssa, the transformative activity of man is always visible.
Of the landscape painters of the older generation, the work of N. P. Krymov (1884 - 1958), who created in 1937 the famous painting “Morning in the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Rest in Moscow”, is interesting. A wide panoramic view of the park, the distances opening behind it, a flat horizon line that leads the viewer's eye beyond the canvas - everything breathes freshness and spaciousness.
A. Rylov, whose work was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, in the painting “Lenin in Razliv” (1934) combines the landscape with the historical genre, achieving a sense of the expanse of nature, thought, feeling, affirming historical optimism.
The attraction to the panoramic landscape manifested itself in the works of many painters from different republics. This gravitation was associated with that keen sense of the Motherland, native land, which in the 1930s strengthened and grew. D. N. Kakabadze (1889 - 1952) in his "Imeretian landscape" (1934) gives a wide spread of the Caucasian mountains, stretching into the distance - ridge after ridge, slope after slope. In the work of M. S. Saryan, the 1930s were also marked by an interest in the national landscape, in panoramic views of Armenia.
During this period, the portrait genre also received fruitful development, in which the artists of the older generation P. P. Konchalovsky, I. E. Grabar, M. V. Nesterov and some others reveal themselves most capaciously.
P. P. Konchalovsky, known for his works in the most diverse genres of painting, created a whole series of portraits of figures of Soviet science and art in the 1930s and 1940s. Among the best portraits of V. V. Sofronitsky at the piano (1932), S. S. Prokofiev (1934), V. E. Meyerhold (1937). In these works, Konchalovsky brings his excellent ability to express life through the plastic-color system. He combines the best traditions of the old art with the innovative sharpness of color vision, life-affirming, major emotionally powerful sound of the image.
The true pinnacle of the development of portraiture of that period were the works of M. V. Nesterov. Throughout his work, which united the 19th and 20th centuries, Nesterov retained a living connection with life. In the 1930s, he experienced a brilliant rise, rediscovering his talent as a portrait painter. The figurative meaning in Nesterov's portraits is the affirmation of the creative spirit of the time through the identification of the creative pathos of the most diverse people representing this time. The circle of Nesterov's heroes is representatives of the Soviet intelligentsia of the older generation, people of creative professions. So, among the most significant works of Nesterov are portraits of artists - the Korin brothers (1930), sculptor I. D. Shadr (1934), academician I. P. Pavlov (1935), surgeon S. S. Yudin (1935), sculptor V. I. Mukhina (1940). Nesterov acts as a successor to the portrait traditions of V. A. Serov. He emphasizes characteristics, emphasizes gestures, characteristic postures of his characters. Academician Pavlov firmly clenched his fists placed on the table, and this pose reveals strength of mind, which contrasts with obvious old age. The surgeon Yudin is also depicted in profile, sitting at the table. But the expressiveness of this image is based on the characteristic, “flying” gesture of the hand raised up. Yudin's outstretched fingers are typical surgeon's fingers, dexterous and strong, ready to fulfill his will. Mukhina is depicted at the moment of creation. She sculpts a sculpture - with concentration, not paying attention to the artist, completely obeying her impulse.
Accessories are succinctly given in these portraits. They are rightfully and actively included in the characteristics of the depicted people with their color, illumination, silhouette. The coloring of the portraits is dramatically active, saturated with sonorous, subtly harmonized additional tones. Thus, the complex color in Pavlov's portrait, built on a combination of the finest shades of cold and warm tones, characterizes the spiritual clarity and integrity of the scientist's inner world. And in the portrait of the Korin brothers, it thickens to deep blue, black, rich brown, expressing the dramatic nature of their creative state. Nesterov's portraits introduced into art a fundamentally new, life-affirming beginning, creative burning as the most typical and vivid manifestations of the state of people in an era of high labor enthusiasm.
The artist Pavel Dmitrievich Korin (1892 - 1967) is closest to Nesterov. He was brought up among Palekh painters, he began his career with the painting of icons, and in 1911, on the advice of Nesterov, he entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Severely demanding of himself and people, Korin carried this quality through all his work. A. M. Gorky, whom he met in 1931, played a significant role in his creative development, and indeed in the life of the artist in general. Gorky helped Korin make a trip abroad to study the best monuments of world art.
Perhaps that is why the portrait gallery of scientists, artists, writers of our time, which Korin has been creating for many years, began with the image of A. M. Gorky (1932). In essence, already in this work, the main features of Korin the portrait painter are revealed. The portrait of Gorky is a truly monumental work, where a clearly defined silhouette, a contrasting background, a wide color fill of large areas of the canvas, a sharp expressive drawing express the historical generalization of the writer's personality. For this, as for other portraits of Korin, a severe range is characteristic with an abundance of dark gray, dark blue, sometimes reaching black, tones. This gamut, as well as the clearly sculpted form of the head and figure of the person being portrayed, expresses the emotional qualities of the artist's nature (6).
In the 1930s, Korin created portraits of the actors L. M. Leonidov and V. I. Kachalov, the artist M. V. Nesterov, the writer A. N. Tolstoy, and the scientist N. F. Gamaleya. Obviously, for him, as well as for his spiritual teacher M.V. Nesterov, interest in a creative person is far from accidental.
The successes of painting in the 1930s do not mean that the path of its development was simple and devoid of contradictions. In many works of those years, the features generated by the cult of I.V. Stalin appeared and stabilized. This is a false pathos of a pseudo-heroic, pseudo-romantic, pseudo-optimistic attitude to life, which determines the essence and meaning of "ceremonial" art. A competition arose between artists in the struggle for unmistakable "super plots" associated with the image of I. V. Stalin, the successes of industrialization, the successes of the peasantry and collectivization. A number of artists have emerged who "specialize" in the subject. The most tendentious in this regard was Alexander Gerasimov (“Stalin and K. E. Voroshilov in the Kremlin” and his other works).

Bibliography

1. Vereshchagin A. Artist. Time. Story. Essays on the history of Russian historical painting XVIII - early. XX centuries - L .: Art, 1973.
2. Painting 20 - 30-ies / Ed. V.S.manin. - St. Petersburg: Artist of the RSFSR, 1991.
3. Zezina M. R., Koshman L. V., Shulgin V. S. History of Russian culture. - M.: Higher. school, 1990.
4. Lebedev P.I. Soviet art during the period of foreign intervention and civil war. - M., 1987.
5. Likhachev D. S. Russian art from antiquity to the avant-garde. - M.: Art, 1992.
6. Ilyina T. V. History of arts. Domestic art. - M.: Higher. school, 1994.
7. History of art of the peoples of the USSR. In 9 volumes - M., 1971 - 1984.
8. History of Russian and Soviet Art / Ed. M.M. Allenova. - M .: Higher school, 1987.
9. Polikarpov V.M. Culturology. – M.: Gardarika, 1997.
10. Rozin V.M. Introduction to cultural studies. – M.: Forum, 1997.
11. Stepanyan N. Art of Russia of the XX century. A look from the 90s. - Moscow: EKSMO-PRESS, 1999.
12. Suzdalev P.K. History of Soviet painting. - M., 1973.

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Today the gallery "Our Artists" opens an exhibition "In memory of the collector Alexander Zavolokin". About 120 graphic works of the 1920s and 30s are presented

Today, May 30, in the gallery "Our Artists" (cottage village Borki, 36, 19th km of Rublyovo-Uspenskoe Highway) an exhibition "In memory of the collector Alexander Zavolokin" opens.

Alexander Zavolokin was known to everyone who in the early 2000s was somehow connected with the artistic process, everyone who took part in organizing exhibitions, curators, gallery owners, museum workers, artists, and art critics. Alexander Zavolokin worked for several years at the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation as Deputy Head of the Department of Contemporary Art of the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography of the Russian Federation. Thanks to his energy, the Biennale of Contemporary Art took place in Moscow, he invested many years of his life and work in the work of the Russian pavilion at the Venice Biennale.

Love and service to art could not bypass his private life. Even those who knew about the collecting activities of Alexander Zavolokin, and there were not very many of them among a wide circle of his acquaintances, had little idea of ​​the real scale of his hobby. Now, two years after the sudden death of A. Zavolokin, the Our Artists gallery presents to the public about 120 graphic works from the collection of Alexandra and Alexander Zavolokin. The idea of ​​the exhibition is to show the handwriting of the collector, his taste and sense of the era. The exposition consisted of drawings, sketches of scenery and costumes, bookplates and book illustrations, mainly from the 1920s–30s by Lev Bruni, Vasily Vatagin, Alexander Vedernikov, Vera Ermolaeva, Vladimir Konashevich, Nikolai Kupreyanov, Boris Kustodiev, Alexander Labas, Vladimir Lebedev, Dmitry Mitrokhin, Alexei Pakhomov, Alexandra Platunova, Vera Pestel, Ivan Puni, Sergei Romanovich, Mikhail Sokolov, Pavel Sokolov-Skal, Antonina Sofronova, Vera Favorskaya, Artur Fonvizin, Alexander Shevchenko, Vasily Shukhaev and other artists.

“A meeting with any real collection always brings the joy and surprise of discovery, first artistic, and then human. While selecting works for the exhibition, we were stunned by the scale of the Zavolokins' graphic collection. In essence, a complete publication of the works could act as a good reference book on the history of Russian and Soviet graphics. From the large collection of Alexandra and Alexander Zavolokins, we have singled out a part limited to the 1900s–30s as the most interesting and difficult to collect... A true collector, choosing from the world around him what seems valuable and real to him, creates it along a line, along a stroke , in the image, and the exhibition of his collection forms in the mind of the viewer his way of artistic comprehension of the world,” said Natalia Kournikova, art director of the gallery “Our Artists”, curator of the exhibition.

A catalog has been prepared for the opening of the exhibition, which contains essays-memoirs about Alexander Zavolokin by his colleagues and friends Mikhail Shvydkoy, Alexandra Golitsyna, Leonid Tishkov, Zoya Kirnoza, Stefan Couturier and others.

These are not at all the work of professional photographers, whom one can try to accuse of being one-sided. These are photos from private albums - the real life that ordinary average Soviet people lived in the 20s - 50s.
Of course, they cannot be compared with the level of work of professional photojournalists, most of them were made by amateurs. But they reflect life as they saw it, those people and partially managed to save it in family photographs ...
There is a lot left behind the scenes. For example, educational programs, where 80% of the illiterate population of the country were taught to read and write - where did the peasants of those years get cameras from? But it's not that. Look at what surrounds the Soviet people of those years, the clothes, the faces that reflect their time. Sometimes they will speak about their time better than any historians, propagandists and analysts.

Children of the mid 20s
School textbooks - for the first time in my life. Education for all for the first time in the world was given by the Soviet Power.


1926 Cherepovets. May 1st celebration
Homeless children next to the podium - the consequences of the Civil War. Homelessness will be eliminated only by the beginning of the 30s.


1928 Krasnoyarsk region. Congress of party workers.
See how the party workers are dressed - just like the average person in those years.
In the 1920s, not everyone had a suit. And party workers had 2 tunics, or even one, in their usual wardrobe.


Family celebration, 20-30s

Photo of a woman. 1930 Moscow


Group of people 1930. Location unknown


Village Council 30s. Pavlo-Posadsky district, Moscow region


Wood-burning car (!) Car mileage 1931
Enthusiast designers of the 30s. At that time, it was not very good with oil in the USSR - almost all the explored reserves were concentrated in the Caucasus. The oil fields of Tataria and Siberia were discovered only in the 1940s and 1950s, when a base for geological surveys was created. Prior to this, the country was sorely lacking geologists, equipment, engineers, transport ... there was practically nothing. All this was created in the 30s.


1931 The best team at the construction of the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works, Novokuznetsk.
The foundation of heavy industry is being laid.
Look at the faces of these people. They, not sparing themselves, built factories and cities for their descendants, for us. In 10 years, they will defend what they have done in the most terrible war of human history, dying so that we live. And we allowed it all to be stolen and destroyed. Could we look them in the eye?


A family. Leningrad 1930-31
The intelligentsia and specialists in those years earned very good money.


Rest on the water. Kirov region 1932 - 1936


18 Apr. 1934. "Working Brigade". Neverovsko-Sloboda agricultural artel "Lenin's Testament" S.Neverovo-Sloboda Ver.Landeh. Shuysk district. env.
Agricultural workers in a remote Siberian province. An artel is a non-governmental organization, and a cooperative of united entrepreneurs who themselves entered into agreements with the state and other cooperatives, paid taxes, etc.
The cooperative movement was extremely developed in the Stalinist USSR. In addition to the collective farms, which were cooperative organizations, there were then over 114,000 industrial workshops, employing about 2 million people. They produced almost 6% of the gross industrial output of the USSR in its composition: 40% of all the country's furniture, 70% of all metal utensils, 35% of knitwear, almost 100% of toys.
In cooperative rural artels, workers (both collective farmers and individual farmers) were usually part-time employed. They included in the 30s up to 30 million people.
The cooperative movement in the USSR was destroyed by Khrushchev simultaneously with the unfolding of anti-Stalinist hysteria.

1934 Camping trip along the Georgian Military Highway
Can you imagine a worker in tsarist Russia who went on a hike at the expense of the state? As G. Wells said, this is the only country in the world where classical music is played to the workers.

"After bathing" Mid-30s.
“Intimidated Soviet people. » © See if there is fear on these faces? in any of the photographs. Open, optimistic and bright faces.


Collective farmers. Kirov region between 1932 and 1936
Ordinary Soviet collective farmers in the hayfield.


Kolomna region. Mid 30s.


1935, Oryol region, Bogdanovsky rest house.
The whole country was involved in sports. These are ordinary Soviet girls, not a gymnastics team at all. Try to replicate what they do.

Students of a pedagogical college, 1935, Kirov region
The uniform was issued to the students by the Soviet State. This is a country that several years ago wore bast shoes and could not read and write.


Young men of the 30s, Kirov region.
Badges - passed the TRP standards (Ready for Labor and Defense) and GTSO (the same, but sanitary). In those years, it was absolutely necessary for a self-respecting boy to receive such a badge. A person was valued by personal qualities, and not by the wallet and connections of the parents. Those who used connections were despised.
Such people in a few years will win the War, build a world power almost from scratch, launch a man into space.
Pay attention to the collected, strong-willed, adult faces of these boys - they are about 16 years old. And compare them with the current ones.


The game "Pioneer Bench". Pioneer camp 1937
Almost free of charge, each child could go to a pioneer camp for the whole summer, where they were brought up, trained and taught. In Western countries, this is still unthinkable. And this has been commonplace since the 30s.


Snowmobile on the ice of the Volga near the Kanavdinsky bridge. Mid 30s.
High-tech of those years. They played an important role in the development of aviation technologies and were widely used in the development of the North, the Finnish and World Wars.

Vera Voloshina, October 1, 1941. Two months later, on November 29, this extremely beautiful girl will die.
Eight-meter sculpture Girl with an oar by the remarkable sculptor Ivan Shadr (Ivanov), the model was the wonderful Soviet athlete Vera Voloshina, who went missing in November 1941 during a sabotage operation behind enemy lines.
A month before her death, the sculpture was destroyed by a German bomb. Only a quarter of a century later, the details of her death became known - she was seriously wounded when she returned from a mission, captured by the Germans and, after long tortures, hanged in the forest. This happened 10 km from the place of death of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, on the same day. Vera Voloshina, who accomplished the same feat, was the Komsomol organizer of the reconnaissance and sabotage group, which included Zoya.
Vera was also an excellent skydiver, and the sculptor half-jokingly said that he had specially put her to look at the parachute tower.


Geology students 1937


What the photo is about is clear from the inscription at the top. Pay attention - almost all young men have TRP badges. Being a dystrophic Komsomol member was simply wild. Komsomol members and communists could have personal weapons.


Ordinary Moscow Family 1939-1940


1939 Khakassia. Village
A bicycle in the Land of the Soviets became commonplace - almost everyone could afford it and their children. In the West, for example, not everyone could afford a bicycle in those years. The five-year plan for consumer goods began and was carried out with exceptional success. The standard of living of the Soviet people grew rapidly from 1939 ... until June 22, 1941.

1942, in two months he will die in the battles near Vyazma.

On the Ruins of the Native House 1942. Moscow region.


Oath. 1944


1947 Rural school in the Vologda region.
In the photographs of the first years after the War, even on children's faces, traces of severe stress and hard life are visible. Traces of the War are visible on human faces even in the early 50s, and then they gradually disappear, and the faces of 10-year-old children cease to be unchildish adults.
Almost all of them lost or seriously injured one of their close people, if not from the family, then from friends, their families, classmates. Many of their mothers were widows.


Country Boys 1947


4 "A" class, the end of October 1948, a village near Smolensk.


"Trinity, 1949". Kirov region
For the last 20 years, "everyone knows" that religious rites were strictly prohibited in the USSR, and terror was especially ferocious during Stalin's time. As we are assured: put a cross on the grave, dressed up a Christmas tree - and march in a column to Kolyma. And it was like this.


Class of 1950. One of the Moscow schools.


"Outdoor Recreation" - late 40s - early 50s


At the desk in the institution. 1949, Kirov region


Holiday of the October Revolution. Early 50s


Edition of the Local Newspaper. Listen to the news. Vladimir region, beginning 50s


Residents of Kaunas 1950


Student, 50s.

Young man. Ufa, 1953.


Village Boys, vil. Chupakhino, Oryol region 1953
Somehow they said on TV that the “zipper” appeared in the USSR only in the 60s, it was so far behind the “civilized countries” in consumer goods. It meant, "why do we need space if we can't make lightning." Apparently, the guy on the left side of the picture skinned the dead American.


1954. Ready for work and defense. Passing GTO standards.

"Nadya" - mid-50s, Moscow
Their faces no longer reflect the War, they become carefree and mischievous. Children who tried to “fatten” better in the 50s after the hungry war years.

Riga-50s.

In the dash of the Dynamo society 1955


In a new apartment. Personnel worker of the plant "Red October" Shubin A.I. Moscow, Tushino, 1956


Boys, Kolomna, 1958.


Kislovodsk. The ceremony of drinking mineral water. 1957 Author - Javad Baghirov


Kyiv apartment 1957

Baku, Walk Tired. 1959 Author - Javad Baghirov


Apparatus for selling perfume and cologne. 50s
Since the 50s, it was possible to “puff” yourself with perfume or cologne in large stores. It cost 15 kopecks, before the "Khrushchev reform".

Ivanova Anna, 9th grade student, secondary school No. 380

This work contains a description of the period, the main trends and directions of Soviet painting in the 20-30s of the twentieth century.

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In the 1920s, the associations "Being" and "KNIFE" (New Society of Painters) appeared. The artists used the techniques of primitivism, giving preference to landscapes and still lifes. The Four Arts Society (1924-1931) appeared, which included, in addition to painters (P. Kuznetsov, A. Kravchenko, Sorin, etc.) and sculptors (Mukhina, Matveev), architects (Zholtovsky, Shchusev, Shchuko, etc.). The Four Arts were strongly opposed to avant-gardism. "Makovets" (1921-1926) is not only an association, but also a magazine under the same name. The association included L. Zhegin, N. Chernyshev, V. Favorsky, A. Fonvizin, A. Shevchenko, S. Gerasimov.

On behalf of the Russian avant-garde, the "Affirmatives of the New Art" - UNOVIS (1919-1920) spoke, who first settled in Vitebsk (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov, etc.), and then spread to other cities. In 1923, GINHUK (State Institute of Artistic Culture) was established in Petrograd. INKhUK existed in Moscow since 1920. At first, Kandinsky was its chairman, followed by Rodchenko, then Osip Brik. Members of UNOVIS and INHUK were sharply aggressive towards the traditional art of the past and preached "communist collective creativity."

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Lazar Lissitzky, “They are flying to Earth from afar” Anna Leporskaya, “Peasant woman in the field” Kazimir Malevich, “Peasant”

Diverse and contradictory phenomena of Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century: symbolism, cubism, constructivism, rayonism, suprematism, futurism, cubo-futurism.

Symbolists tried to express spiritual experience, emotional experiences in visual images. Symbolism was supposed to "clothe the idea in the form of feeling." Vrubel, "Demon" Borisov-Musatov, "May Flowers"

Cubism is a modernist movement in the visual arts (mainly in painting) that originated in the 1st quarter of the 20th century. The emergence of cubism is attributed to 1907. Lentulov, "Landscape with a yellow gate" Chagall, "I and the village"

Constructivism is a style of painting first created in Russia in 1913, when the Russian sculptor Vladimir Tatlin, during his trip to Paris, saw the work of Braque and Picasso. When Tatlin returned to Russia, he began to create similar works. They became the beginning of constructivism, which had a special appearance against the background of the art of that time. Alexander Radchenko Lyubov Popova

Rayonism is a trend in Russian avant-garde painting, one of the earliest trends in abstract art. It is based on the shift of light spectra and light transmission. It was believed that a person perceives not the object itself, but "the sum of the rays coming from the light source, reflected from the object and caught in our field of vision." The rays on the canvas are transmitted using colored lines Mikhail Larionov, "Glass" Romanovich, "Lilies in the pond"

Futurists erected a kind of prototype of the future through the destruction of cultural stereotypes. They were like revolutionaries in art, since the goal was a general renewal of the ideology and ethical outlook of all predecessors. Goncharova, "Pillars of Salt" Exter, "Wine"

Realism in the first years of the revolution has a different "color" in the work of different artists: symbolic - in Kustodiev, Yuon, Konenkov, propaganda - in Chekhonin, romantic - in Rylov. Konenkov Chekhonin

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Soviet painting of the 20-30s of the twentieth century. Completed by a student of grade 9a, secondary school No. 380 Ivanova Anna

Rylov, "In the blue expanse"

They were printed in large numbers in different national languages ​​and therefore penetrated into the most remote corners of the country. So, the first poster of the publishing house of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "The Tsar, the Pope and the Fist" (1918) was published immediately in 10 languages. Laconism of line, silhouette, color, inscription, primitivism of language contributed to the quick intelligibility of what was depicted on the poster, its sharply propaganda orientation. The poster was accessible to the illiterate and completely illiterate, calling for the fight against the enemy in a form understandable to everyone.

Thus, painting in the 20-30s in the Soviet Union began to be controlled by the authorities, but there were also societies where artists brought new ideas, ideas to life, tried to convey to everyone their vision of what was happening in the country and the world.