Isaac Newton was born into a farmer's family in the village of Wilsthorpe, Lincolnshire, in the east of England, off the coast of the North Sea. After successfully graduating from school in the city of Grantham, the young man entered Trinity College, Cambridge University. Among the famous graduates of the college are the philosopher Francis Bacon, Lord Byron, the writer Vladimir Nabokov, the kings of England Edward VII and George VI, Prince of Wales Charles. Interestingly, Newton became a bachelor in 1664, having already made his first discovery. With the outbreak of the plague, the young scientist went home, but in 1667 he returned to Cambridge, and in 1668 he became a master of Trinity College. The following year, 26-year-old Newton became professor of mathematics and optics, succeeding his teacher Barrow, who was appointed royal chaplain. In 1696, King William III of Orange appointed Newton superintendent of the Mint, and three years later, manager. In this position, the scientist actively fought against counterfeiters and carried out several reforms that, after decades, led to an increase in the country's welfare. In 1714, Newton wrote an article "Observations on the Value of Gold and Silver", thereby summarizing his experience of financial regulation in public office.
Fact
Isaac Newton never married.

14 major discoveries of Isaac Newton

1. Binomial Newton. Newton made his first mathematical discovery at the age of 21. As a student, he deduced the binomial formula. Newton's binomial is a formula for expanding into a polynomial of an arbitrary natural degree of a binomial (a + b) to the degree n. Everyone today knows the formula for the square of the sum a + b, but in order not to make a mistake with the determination of the coefficients when the exponent increases, Newton's binomial formula is used. Through this discovery, the scientist came to his other important discovery - the expansion of a function into an infinite series, later called the Newton-Leibniz formula.
2. Algebraic curve of the 3rd order. Newton proved that for any cube (algebraic curve) it is possible to choose a coordinate system in which it will have one of the types indicated by him, and also divided the curves into classes, genera and types.
3. Differential and integral calculus. Newton's main analytical achievement was the expansion of all possible functions into power series. In addition, he created a table of antiderivatives (integrals), which entered almost unchanged into all modern textbooks of mathematical analysis. The invention allowed the scientist, according to him, to compare the areas of any figures "in half a quarter of an hour."
4. Newton's method. Newton's algorithm (also known as the tangent method) is an iterative numerical method for finding the root (zero) of a given function.

5. Color theory. At 22, in the words of the scientist himself, he "received the theory of colors." It was Newton who first divided the continuous spectrum into seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. The nature of color and experiments with the decomposition of white into 7 component colors, described in Newton's Optics, formed the basis for the development of modern optics.

6. The law of universal gravitation. In 1686, Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation. The idea of ​​gravitational force was expressed before (for example, by Epicurus and Descartes), but before Newton, no one was able to mathematically connect the law of gravitation (a force proportional to the square of distance) and the laws of planetary motion (that is, Kepler's laws). Newton was the first to guess that gravity acts between any two bodies in the Universe, that the motion of a falling apple and the rotation of the Moon around the Earth are controlled by the same force. Thus, Newton's discovery formed the basis of another science - celestial mechanics.

7. Newton's first law: Law of inertia. The first of the three laws underlying classical mechanics. Inertia is the property of a body to keep its speed of motion unchanged in magnitude and direction when no forces act on it.

8. Newton's second law: The differential law of motion. The law describes the relationship between the force applied to the body (material point) and the acceleration following this.

9. Newton's third law. The law describes how two material points interact and states that the force of action is opposite in direction to the force of interaction. In addition, force is always the result of the interaction of bodies. And no matter how bodies interact with each other through forces, they cannot change their total momentum: hence follows the Law of Conservation of Momentum. Dynamics based on Newton's laws is called classical dynamics and describes the movements of objects with velocities ranging from fractions of millimeters per second to kilometers per second.

10. Reflecting telescope. The optical telescope, where a mirror is used as a light-collecting element, despite its small size, gave a high-quality 40-fold magnification. Thanks to his invention in 1668, Newton gained fame and became a member of the Royal Society. Later, improved reflectors became the main tools of astronomers, with their help, in particular, the planet Uranus was discovered.
11. Mass. Mass as a scientific term was introduced by Newton as a measure of the amount of matter: before that, natural scientists operated with the concept of weight.
12. Newton's pendulum. A mechanical system of several balls suspended on threads in the same plane, oscillating in this plane and hitting each other, was invented to demonstrate the transformation of various types of energy into each other: kinetic into potential or vice versa. The invention went down in history as "Newton's Cradle".
13. Interpolation formulas. Computational mathematics formulas are used to find intermediate values ​​of a quantity given a discrete (discontinuous) set of known values.
14. "Universal Arithmetic". In 1707, Newton published a monograph on algebra, and thus made a great contribution to the development of this branch of mathematics. Among the discoveries of Newton's work: one of the first formulations of the fundamental theorem of algebra and a generalization of Descartes' theorem.

One of Newton's most famous philosophical sayings:

In philosophy, there can be no sovereign other than truth... We must erect gold monuments to Kepler, Galileo, Descartes and write on each one: "Plato is a friend, Aristotle is a friend, but the main friend is truth."

Great personality

The life of epochal personalities and their progressor role for many centuries are meticulously studied. They gradually line up in the eyes of posterity from event to event, overgrown with details recreated from documents and all sorts of idle inventions. So is Isaac Newton. A brief biography of this man, who lived in the distant 17th century, can fit only in a book volume the size of a brick.

So, let's begin. Isaac Newton - English (now substitute "great" for each word) astronomer, mathematician, physicist, mechanic. Since 1672 he became a scientist of the Royal Society of London, and in 1703 - its president. The creator of theoretical mechanics, the founder of all modern physics. Described all physical phenomena on the basis of mechanics; discovered the law of universal gravitation, which explained cosmic phenomena and the dependence of earthly realities on them; tied the causes of tides in the oceans to the movement of the moon around the earth; described the laws of our entire solar system. It was he who first began to study the mechanics of continuous media, physical optics and acoustics. Independently of Leibniz, Isaac Newton developed differential and integral equations, revealed to us the dispersion of light, chromatic aberration, tied mathematics to philosophy, wrote works on interference and diffraction, worked on the corpuscular theory of light, theories of space and time. It was he who designed the mirror telescope and organized the coin business in England. In addition to mathematics and physics, Isaac Newton was engaged in alchemy, the chronology of ancient kingdoms, and wrote theological works. The genius of the famous scientist was so far ahead of the entire scientific level of the seventeenth century that contemporaries remembered him more as an exceptionally good person: non-possessive, generous, extremely modest and friendly, always ready to help his neighbor.

Childhood

The great Isaac Newton was born in the family of a small farmer who died three months ago in a small village. His biography began on January 4, 1643, when a very small premature baby was placed in a sheepskin mitten on a bench, from which he fell, hitting hard. The child grew sickly, and therefore uncommunicative, did not keep up with his peers in quick games and became addicted to books. Relatives noticed this and sent little Isaac to school, which he graduated from as the first student. Later, seeing his zeal for learning, they allowed him to study further. Isaac went to Cambridge. Since there was not enough money for education, his student role would have been very humiliating if he had not been lucky with a mentor.

Youth

At that time, poor students could only learn as servants from their teachers. This share fell to the future brilliant scientist. There are all sorts of legends about this period of Newton's life and creative paths, some of them ugly. The mentor whom Isaac served was the most influential Freemason who traveled not only throughout Europe, but also in Asia, including the Middle, the Far East, and the Southeast. On one of the trips, as the legend says, he was entrusted with the ancient manuscripts of Arab scientists, whose mathematical calculations we still use. According to legend, Newton had access to these manuscripts, and it was they who inspired many of his discoveries.

The science

In six years of study and service, Isaac Newton went through all the stages of the college and became a master of arts.

During the plague, he had to leave his alma mater, but he did not waste time: he studied the physical nature of light, built the laws of mechanics. In 1668 Isaac Newton returned to Cambridge and soon received the Lucas Chair in mathematics. She got to him from a teacher - I. Barrow, that very Mason. Newton quickly became his favorite student, and in order to financially provide for the brilliant protégé, Barrow relinquished the chair in his favor. By that time, Newton was already the author of the binomial. And this is only the beginning of the biography of the great scientist. Then there was a life full of titanic mental labor. Newton was always distinguished by modesty and even shyness. For example, he did not publish his discoveries for a long time and was constantly going to destroy first those, then other chapters of his amazing "Beginnings". He believed that he owed everything to those giants on whose shoulders he stands, meaning, probably, the scientists-predecessors. Although who could have preceded Newton, if he literally said the very first and most weighty word about everything in the world.

In many higher educational institutions, you can see a portrait of Isaac Newton, a famous mathematician and physicist (this scientist was also involved in alchemy). The scientist's father was a farmer. Isaac was often ill, shunned his peers, and was raised by his grandmother. The future scientist studied at the Grantham School, and in 1661 he entered the College of the Holy Trinity (now Trinity College) of the notorious Cambridge University. In 1665 Newton became a bachelor, and three years later a master. During his studies, Isaac conducted experiments and designed a mirror telescope.

In 1687, Isaac published his work on the mathematical principles of natural philosophy, which described the laws of dynamics, the foundations of the doctrine of the resistance of gases and liquids. For more than thirty years, Isaac was the head of the Cambridge Department of Physics and Mathematics, and at the beginning of the eighteenth century, Queen Anne granted Newton a knighthood. For many decades, Isaac experienced serious financial difficulties, and only in 1695 did his financial situation improve after taking the vacancy of the caretaker of the Mint.

For more than two centuries, Isaac Newton has been considered one of the most famous scientists. During his life he managed to make a significant contribution to many modern sciences. He formulated the most important laws of classical mechanics, explained the mechanism of movement of celestial bodies. In 1692, the scientist was overtaken by a mental breakdown, provoked by a fire that destroyed a substantial number of his manuscripts. After the disease receded, Newton continued to engage in science, but with less intensity.

Newton lived for over eighty years. In the last years of his life, Isaac devoted many hours to theology, as well as to biblical history. The remains of the great scientist were buried in Westminster Abbey.

Achievement and personal life

Biography of Isaac Newton about the main thing

The name of Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is inscribed in golden letters in the history of world science, it is he who owns the greatest discoveries in physics, astronomy, mechanics, mathematics - the formulation of the basic postulates of mechanics, the discovery of the phenomenon of universal gravitation, the English scientist also laid the foundation for subsequent scientific developments in the field of optics, acoustics. Newton, in addition to physical experiments, was also an expert on alchemy and history. The activities of the scientist were often poorly evaluated by his contemporaries, but today it is clear to the naked eye that his scientific views significantly exceeded the level of medieval science.

Isaac was born in 1642 in the English village of Woolsthorpe (Lincolnshire) in the family of a poor farmer. The boy was quite frail and sickly, physically weak, brought up by his grandmother, was very withdrawn and unsociable. At the age of 12, the boy entered a school in Grantham, six years later, after graduating from it, he entered the University of Cambridge, where he was taught by I. Barrow himself, a famous mathematician.

In 1665, Newton received a bachelor's degree and until 1667 was in his native Woolsthorpe: it was during this period that the scientist was actively engaged in scientific developments - experiments on the decomposition of light, the invention of a mirror telescope, the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, etc. In 1668, the scientist returned to his native university, received a master's degree from it and, with the support of I. Barrow, headed the physical and mathematical department of his native university (until 1701).

Some time later, in 1672, the young inventor became a member of one of the world's largest scientific communities in London. In 1687, his most ambitious work entitled “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” was published, where the scientist generalized the scientific experience accumulated by previous scientists (Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Christian Huygens, etc.), as well as independent scientific conclusions and created a single system mechanics, which to this day is the foundation of physics as a science.

I. Newton also formulated well-known 3 postulates, axioms, which today are known as "Newton's three laws": the law of inertia, the basic law of dynamics, the law of equality in the interaction of two material bodies. The “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” played a huge role in the development of physics, gave impetus to the further study of mathematics, mechanics, and optics. the reason for the great intellectual disorder of the inventor, during this period his scientific activity declines.

In 1695, Newton was invited to public service, became caretaker of the state Mint and supervised the re-minting of coins in the kingdom. For services to the crown, in 1699 the scientist was presented to the honorary title of director of the Mint, and also became a member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. At the beginning of the 18th century, Isaac Newton was at the peak of his fame, headed the Royal Society of London, in 1705 he was awarded a knighthood, that is, he received a title of nobility.

The scientist, at the end of his life, retired from scientific activity, was in the public service until 1725. The scientist’s health worsened every year: in the spring of 1727 in the town of Kensington, near London, the brilliant scientist Isaac Newton died in his sleep. After his death, the scientist was awarded great honors, was buried in Westminster Abbey next to the English kings and prominent political leaders of the state. Newton's contribution to the development of science remains invaluable to this day, his works are a fundamental basis for modern researchers.

His great discovery for children

Interesting facts and dates from life

Brief biography of the English physicist, astronomer and mathematician, Isaac Newton. Read about the great discoveries that brought success to the famous physicist in today's article.

Isaac Newton: a brief biography and his discoveries

Was born Isaac Newton December 25 (January 4th Gregorian ) 1624 in the small village of Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, Royal England before the Civil War. The boy's father was an ordinary farmer who tried to feed his family. Isaac was born prematurely on Christmas Eve. In the future, for a long time he considered the features of his birth a sign of success. Despite the sickness and poor health that did not leave him since childhood, he lived to be 84 years old.

At the age of 3, Isaac was raised by his grandmother. As a child, young Newton was aloof, more dreamy than active and outgoing. At the age of 12 he entered a school in Grantham. Training was given to Newton worse than other schoolchildren due to poor health and character traits, so he put in twice as much effort. The teachers noticed the young man's serious interest in mathematics. At 17 he entered the University of Cambridge on social security. Roughly speaking, he did not pay for his studies, but he should “help” superior students in every possible way. In 1665 he received the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts- a basic, passing certificate for further education in those days.

I had a chance to leave the walls of my native educational institution in 1664 . The plague broke out on Christmas Eve which marked the period of the Great Epidemic (from 1664 to 1667) - 5 of the population of England died. To everything else, the war with Holland was added. Isaac Newton spent these years in his native city, secluded from the rest of the world. The difficult period turned into real discoveries for the young scientist.

• The Newton-Leibniz formula is the first outline of the expansion of the functions of differential and integral calculus into series (the method of fluxions).
• Optical experiments - decomposition of white color into 7 spectral colors.
• The law of universal gravitation.

From the book "Memoirs of the Life of Newton" by William Stukeley, 1752: “After lunch the weather was warm, and we went out into the garden to drink tea in the shade of apple trees. Newton showed me that the idea of ​​gravity came to him under the same tree. While he was thinking, one of the apples suddenly fell off the branch. Newton thought: "why do apples always fall perpendicular to the ground?".

In 1668, Newton returned to Cambridge for a master's degree. Later he occupied Lukasov's department of mathematics - Professor I. Barrow gave the place to the young genius so that Isaac would have enough money to live. The head of the department lasted until 1701. In 1672, Isaac Newton was invited to become a member of the Royal Society of London.

In 1686, the works of the "Mathematical Principle of Natural Philosophy" were created and sent- a revolutionary discovery that laid the foundation for the system of classical physics and provided the basis for research in the field of mathematics, astronomy, and optics.

In 1695 he received a position at the Mint, without leaving the post of Cambridge professor. This event finally corrected the financial condition of the scientist. In 1699 he became director and moved to London, continuing to hold the position until his death. In 1703 he became president of the Royal Society, and two years later he was awarded a knighthood.. In 1725 he left the service. He died on March 31, 1727 in London, when England was re-engaged by the plague. Buried in Westminster Abbey.

Discoveries of Isaac Newton:

• Magnifying lens of a mirror telescope (40 closer);
• The simplest forms of motion of matter;
• Teachings about mass, force, attraction, space;
• Classical mechanics;
• Physical theories of color;
• Hypotheses on the deviation of light, polarization, interconversion of light, matter;

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Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1642 in Woolsthorpe, England. The boy was born in a small village in the family of a small farmer who died three months before the birth of his son. The boy was born prematurely, turned out to be painful, so they did not dare to baptize him for a long time. And yet he survived, baptized, and named Isaac in memory of his father. The fact of being born on Christmas Day was considered by Newton to be a special sign of fate. Despite poor health in infancy, he lived for eighty-four years.

When the child was three years old, his mother remarried and left, leaving him in the care of his grandmother. Newton grew up unsociable, prone to daydreaming. He was attracted to poetry and painting. Far from his peers, he made kites, invented a windmill, a water clock, a pedal cart.

Interest in technology made Newton think about the phenomena of nature, to study mathematics in depth. After serious preparation, Isaac Newton entered Cambridge in 1660 as Subsizzfr "a, as the poor students were called, who were obliged to serve the members of the college, which could not but burden Newton.

In six years, Isaac Newton completed all the degrees of the college and prepared all his further great discoveries. In 1665 Newton became a master of arts. In the same year, when a plague epidemic raged in England, he decided to temporarily settle in Woolsthorpe.

It was there that the scientist began to actively engage in optics, the search for ways to eliminate chromatic aberration in lens telescopes led Newton to research what is now called dispersion, that is, the dependence of the refractive index on frequency. Many of the experiments he conducted, and there are more than a thousand of them, have become classic and are repeated to this day in schools and institutes.

The leitmotif of all research was the desire to understand the physical nature of light. At first, Newton was inclined to think that light is a wave in the all-penetrating ether, but later abandoned this idea, deciding that the resistance from the ether should have noticeably slowed down the movement of celestial bodies. These arguments led Newton to the idea that light is a stream of special particles, corpuscles, emitted from a source and moving in a straight line until they encounter obstacles.

The corpuscular model explained not only the straightness of light propagation, but also the law of reflection. This assumption consisted in the fact that light corpuscles, flying up to the surface of water, for example, should be attracted by it and therefore experience acceleration. According to this theory, the speed of light in water must be greater than in air, which came into conflict with later experimental data.

The formation of corpuscular ideas about light was clearly influenced by the fact that at that time the work that was destined to become the main great result of Newton's works was already completed: the creation of a single physical picture of the World based on the laws of mechanics formulated by him.

This picture was based on the idea of ​​material points, physically infinitely small particles of matter and the laws governing their movement. It was precisely the precise formulation of these laws that gave Newton's mechanics completeness. The first of these laws was, in fact, the definition of inertial frames of reference: it is in such systems that material points that do not experience any influences move uniformly and rectilinearly.

The second law of mechanics plays a central role. It says that the change in quantity, the movement of the product of mass and speed per unit of time is equal to the force acting on a material point. The mass of each of these points is a constant value. In general, all these points "do not wear out", according to Newton, each of them is eternal, that is, it can neither arise nor be destroyed. Material points interact, and force is the quantitative measure of influence on each of them. The task of finding out what these forces are is the root problem of mechanics.

Finally, the third law, the law of "equality of action and reaction," explained why the total momentum of any body that does not experience external influences remains unchanged, no matter how its constituent parts interact with each other.

Having set the task of studying various forces, Isaac Newton himself gave the first brilliant example of its solution, formulating the law of universal gravitation: the force of gravitational attraction between bodies whose dimensions are much smaller than the distance between them is directly proportional to their masses, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and directed along the straight line connecting them. The law of universal gravitation allowed Newton to give a quantitative explanation of the motion of the planets around the Sun and the Moon around the Earth, to understand the nature of sea tides.

This could not but make a huge impression on the minds of researchers. The program of a unified mechanical description of all natural phenomena: both "earthly" and "heavenly" was established in physics for many years. Moreover, for two centuries many physicists considered the very question of the limits of applicability of Newton's laws to be unjustified.

In 1668 Isaac Newton returned to Cambridge and soon received the Lucas Chair in Mathematics. This chair was occupied before him by his teacher Isaac Barrow, who ceded the chair to his favorite student in order to provide him financially. By that time, Newton was already the author of the binomial and the creator of the method of fluxions, what is now called differential and integral calculus.

In general, this period became the most fruitful in Newton's work: for seven years, from 1660 to 1667, his main ideas were formed, including the idea of ​​the law of universal gravitation. Not limited to theoretical studies alone, Isaac Newton in the same years designed and began to create a reflecting telescope.

This work led to the discovery of what later became known as "lines of equal thickness" interference. Newton, realizing that here the “quenching of light by light” is manifested, which did not fit into the corpuscular model, tried to overcome the difficulties that arose here by introducing the assumption that corpuscles in light move in waves, “tides”.

The second of the manufactured telescopes served as an occasion for introducing Newton to the membership of the Royal Society of London. When a scientist refused membership, referring to the lack of funds to pay membership fees, it was considered possible, given his scientific merits, to make an exception for him, freeing him from paying them.

Being by nature a very cautious person, Isaac Newton, against his will, was sometimes drawn into painful discussions and conflicts for him. Thus, his theory of light and colors, presented in 1675, caused such attacks that Newton decided not to publish anything on optics while Hooke, his most bitter opponent, was alive.

Newton had to take part in political events. From 1688 to 1694 the scientist was a member of parliament. By that time, his main work, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, was published, the basis of the mechanics of all physical phenomena, from the movement of celestial bodies to the propagation of sound. For several centuries ahead, this program determined the development of physics, and its significance has not been exhausted to this day.

Constant huge nervous and mental stress led to the fact that in 1692 Newton fell ill with a mental disorder. The immediate impetus for this was a fire in which all the manuscripts prepared by him perished.

The constant oppressive feeling of material insecurity was undoubtedly one of the causes of Newton's illness. Therefore, it was of great importance for him to be the caretaker of the Mint with the preservation of a professorship at Cambridge. Zealously set to work and quickly achieved notable success in 1699, he was appointed director. It was impossible to combine this with teaching, and Newton moved to London.

In late 1703, Isaac Newton was elected president of the Royal Society. By that time, Newton had reached the pinnacle of fame. In 1705, he was elevated to the knighthood, but, having a large apartment, having six servants and a rich departure, the scientist remains still alone. The time for active creativity is over, and Newton is limited to preparing the edition of Optics, reprinting the Elements, and interpreting the Holy Scriptures. He owns the interpretation of the Apocalypse, an essay on the prophet Daniel.

Isaac Newton died on March 31, 1727 at his home in London. Buried in Westminster Abbey. The inscription on his grave ends with the words: "Let mortals rejoice that such an adornment of the human race lived in their midst." Every year on the birthday of the great Englishman, the scientific community celebrates Newton's Day.

Works of Isaac Newton

"A New Theory of Light and Colours", 1672 (communication to the Royal Society)
"The movement of bodies in orbit" (lat. De Motu Corporum in Gyrum), 1684
"The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (lat. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica), 1687
Optics or a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections and colors of light, 1704
"On the quadrature of curves" (lat. Tractatus de quadratura curvarum), supplement to "Optics"
"Enumeration of lines of the third order" (lat. Enumeratio linearum tertii ordinis), appendix to "Optics"
"Universal Arithmetic" (lat. Arithmetica Universalis), 1707
"Analysis by means of equations with an infinite number of terms" (lat. De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas), 1711
"Method of differences", 1711

Optical Lectures, 1728
"System of the World" (lat. De mundi systemate), 1728
A Short Chronicle from the First Memory of Things in Europe, to the Conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great, 1728 1725)
The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, 1728
"Remarks on the Book of the Prophet Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (Eng. Observations Upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John), 1733, written about 1690
Method of Fluxions (lat. Methodus fluxionum, English Method of Fluxions), 1736, written in 1671
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, 1754, written 1690

Canonical editions

The classic complete edition of Newton's works in 5 volumes in the original language:

Isaac Newtoni. Opera quae existant omnia. - Commentariis illustravit Samuel Horsley. - Londini, 1779-1785.

Selected correspondence in 7 volumes:

Turnbull, H. W. (Ed.), . The Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton. - Cambridge: Cambr. Univ. Press, 1959-1977.

Translations into Russian

Newton I. General Arithmetic or the Book of Arithmetic Synthesis and Analysis. - M.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1948. - 442 p. - (Classics of science).
Newton I. Remarks on the Book of the Prophet Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John. - Petrograd: New time, 1915.
Newton I. Corrected chronology of ancient kingdoms. - M.: RIMIS, 2007. - 656 p.
Newton I. Lectures on optics. - M.: Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946. - 298 p.
Newton I. Mathematical principles of natural philosophy / Translation from Latin and notes by A.N. Krylov. - M.: Nauka, 1989. - 688 p.
Newton I. Mathematical works. - M.-L.: ONTI, 1937.
Newton I. Optics or a treatise on reflections, refractions, bendings and colors of light. - M.: Gostekhizdat, 1954.
Danilov Yu. A. Newton and Bentley // Questions of the history of natural science and technology. - M., 1993. - No. 1. This is a translation of Newton's four letters from the collection of his correspondence: "The Correspondence of Isaac Newton", Cambridge, 1961. Vol. 3 (1688-1694).