Composition on the theme The image of the "cruel morals" of the "dark kingdom" in the play "Thunderstorm" by A. N

Only ideas, not words, have a firm power over society.
(V. G. Belinsky)

The literature of the 19th century is qualitatively different from the literature of the previous "golden age". In 1955–1956 freedom-loving and freedom-realizing tendencies in literature begin to manifest themselves more and more actively. A work of art is endowed with a special function: it must change the system of reference points, reshape consciousness. Sociality becomes an important initial stage, and one of the main problems is the question of how society distorts a person. Of course, many writers in their works tried to solve the problem. For example, Dostoevsky writes "Poor People", in which he shows the poverty and hopelessness of the lower strata of the population. This aspect was also in the sphere of attention of playwrights. N. A. Ostrovsky in The Thunderstorm showed the cruel customs of the city of Kalinov quite clearly. The audience had to reflect on the social problems that were characteristic of the entire patriarchal Russia.

The situation in the city of Kalinovo is quite typical for all the provincial cities of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. In Kalinov, you can recognize Nizhny Novgorod, the cities of the Volga region, and even Moscow. The phrase "cruel morals, sir" is pronounced in the first act by one of the main characters of the play and becomes the main motif associated with the theme of the city. Ostrovsky in The Thunderstorm makes Kuligin's monologue about cruel morals quite interesting in the context of Kuligin's other phrases in previous phenomena.

So, the play begins with a dialogue between Kudryash and Kuligin. Men talk about the beauty of nature. Curly does not consider the landscape to be something special, the external scenery means little to him. Kuligin, on the other hand, admires the beauty of the Volga: “Miracles, truly it must be said that miracles! Curly! Here, my brother, for fifty years I have been looking beyond the Volga every day and I can’t see enough”; “The view is extraordinary! The beauty! The soul rejoices." Then other characters appear on the stage, and the topic of conversation changes. Kuligin talks to Boris about life in Kalinovo. It turns out that life, in fact, is not here. Stagnation and stuffiness. This can be confirmed by the phrases of Boris and Katya that you can suffocate in Kalinovo. People seem to be deaf to the manifestation of discontent, and there are a lot of reasons for discontent. Basically, they are associated with social inequality. All the power of the city is concentrated only in the hands of those who have money. Kuligin is talking about Dikoy. This is a rude and petty person. Wealth untied his hands, so the merchant believes that he has the right to decide who can live and who cannot. After all, many in the city are asking for a loan from Dikoy at huge interest, while they know that Dikoy, most likely, will not give this money. People tried to complain about the merchant to the mayor, but this also did not lead to anything - the mayor actually has absolutely no power. Savl Prokofievich allows himself insulting comments and swearing. More precisely, his speech is only this. He can be called marginal in the highest degree: Dikoy often drinks, is devoid of culture. The author's irony is that the merchant is materially rich and completely spiritually poor. It does not seem to have those qualities that make a person a person. At the same time, there are those who laugh at him. For example, a certain hussar who refused to comply with the request of the Wild. And Kudryash says that he is not afraid of this petty tyrant and can answer Diky for an insult.

Kuligin also talks about Marfa Kabanova. This rich widow "under the guise of piety" does cruel things. Her manipulation and treatment of the family can terrify any person. Kuligin characterizes her as follows: “she clothes the poor, but completely ate the household.” The characterization is quite accurate. The boar seems to be much more terrible than the Wild one. Her moral violence against loved ones never stops. And these are her children. With her upbringing, Kabanikha turned Tikhon into an adult infantile drunkard who would be glad to escape from mother's guardianship, but is afraid of her wrath. With his tantrums and humiliations, Kabanikha drives Katerina to suicide. Kabanikhi has a strong character. The bitter irony of the author is that the patriarchal world is led by an imperious and cruel woman.

It is in the first act that the cruel customs of the dark kingdom are most clearly depicted in The Thunderstorm. Terrifying pictures of social life are contrasted with the picturesque landscapes on the Volga. A social swamp and fences are opposed to space and freedom. Fences and bolts, behind which the inhabitants fenced off from the rest of the world, clogged up in the bank, and, executing lynching, arbitrarily rot from lack of air.

In The Thunderstorm, the cruel customs of the city of Kalinov are shown not only in a pair of characters of Kabanikh - Wild. In addition, the author introduces several more significant characters. Glasha, the servant of the Kabanovs, and Feklusha, designated by Ostrovsky as a wanderer, are discussing the life of the city. It seems to women that only here the old house-building traditions are still preserved, and the house of the Kabanovs is the last paradise on earth. The wanderer talks about the customs of other countries, calling them unfaithful, because there is no Christian faith there. People like Feklusha and Glasha deserve "bestial" treatment from merchants and philistines. After all, these people are hopelessly limited. They refuse to understand and accept anything if it is at odds with the familiar world. They feel good in that “bla-a-adati” that they have built for themselves. It's not that they refuse to see reality, but that reality is considered the norm.

Of course, the cruel customs of the city of Kalinov in "Thunderstorm", characteristic of society as a whole, are shown somewhat grotesquely. But thanks to such exaggeration and concentration of negativity, the author wanted to get a reaction from the public: people should realize that changes and reforms are inevitable. We need to participate in the changes ourselves, otherwise this quagmire will grow to incredible proportions, when obsolete orders will subjugate everything to themselves, finally removing even the possibility of development.

The above description of the morals of the inhabitants of the city of Kalinov can be useful for 10 classes in preparing materials for an essay on the topic “Cruel morals of the city of Kalinov”.

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The image of the "cruel morals" of the "dark kingdom" in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky was endowed with a great talent as a playwright. He is deservedly considered the founder of the Russian national theater. His plays, varied in subject matter, glorified Russian literature. Creativity Ostrovsky had a democratic character. He created plays in which hatred for the autocratic-feudal regime was manifested. The writer called for the protection of the oppressed and humiliated citizens of Russia, longed for social change.

The great merit of Ostrovsky is that he opened to the enlightened public the world of merchants, about whose daily life Russian society had a superficial understanding. Merchants in Russia provided trade in goods and food, they were seen in shops, considered uneducated and uninteresting. Ostrovsky showed that behind the high fences of merchant houses, in the souls and hearts of people from the merchant class, almost Shakespearean passions are played out. He was called the Columbus of Zamoskvorechye.

Ostrovsky's ability to assert progressive tendencies in Russian society was fully revealed in the play The Thunderstorm, published in 1860. The play reflects the irreconcilable contradictions between the individual and society. The playwright raises an acute question in the 1860s about the position of women in Russian society.
The action of the play takes place in the small Volga town of Kalinov, where the merchant population mainly lives. In his famous article “A Ray of Light in a Dark Kingdom”, the critic Dobrolyubov characterizes the life of merchants in this way: “Their life flows smoothly and peacefully, no interests of the world disturb them, because they do not reach them; kingdoms can collapse, new countries open up, the face of the earth ... change - the inhabitants of the town of Kalinov will continue to exist in complete ignorance of the rest of the world ... The concepts and way of life they have adopted are the best in the world, everything new comes from evil spirits ... Dark mass, terrible in its naivety and sincerity.

Ostrovsky, against the backdrop of a beautiful landscape, draws the bleak life of the townsfolk of Kalinov. Kuligin, who in the play opposes the ignorance and arbitrariness of the "dark kingdom", says: "Cruel morals, sir, in our city, cruel!"

The term "tyranny" came into use along with Ostrovsky's plays. The playwright called petty tyrants "the masters of life", the rich, whom no one dared to argue with. This is how Savel Prokofyevich Dikoy is depicted in the play "Thunderstorm". It was not by chance that Ostrovsky awarded him a "speaking" surname. Wild is famous for its wealth, acquired by deceit and exploitation of other people's labor. No law was written to him. With his absurd, rude disposition, he inspires fear in others, this is a "cruel scolder", "a piercing man." His wife is forced every morning to persuade others: “Fathers, do not make me angry! Doves, don't get angry! Impunity has corrupted the Wild, he can shout, insult a person, but this only applies to those who do not rebuff him. Half the city belongs to Wild, but he does not pay those who work for him. He explains to the mayor this way: “What is so special about it, I won’t give them a penny a penny, and I have a fortune.” Pathological greed overshadows his mind.

Progressive man Kuligin turns to Wild with a request to give money to install a sundial in the city. In response, he hears: “Why are you climbing to me with all sorts of nonsense!

Maybe I don't want to talk to you. You should have known first whether I was disposed to listen to you, fool, or not. So right with the snout and climb to talk. Wild is completely unbridled in his tyranny, he is sure that any court will be on his side: “For others, you are an honest person, but I think that you are a robber, that’s all ... What are you going to sue, or something, with me? .. So know that you are a worm, if you want, I will crush you.”

Another bright representative of the mores of the "dark kingdom" is Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova. Kuligin speaks of her like this: “A hypocrite. She clothes the poor, but eats the household completely. Kabanova single-handedly rules the house and her family, she is accustomed to unquestioning obedience. In her face, Ostrovsky shows an ardent defender of the wild orders of house building in families and in life. She is sure that only fear holds the family together, she does not understand what respect, understanding, good relations between people are. The boar suspects everyone of sins, constantly complains about the lack of due respect for the elders on the part of the younger generation. “They don’t really respect elders these days…,” she says. The boar always becomes shy, pretends to be a victim: “Mother is old, stupid; well, you, young people, smart, should not exact from us, from fools.

Kabanova "feels with her heart" that the old order is coming to an end, she is anxious and scared. She turned her own son into a dumb slave who has no power in his own family, acts only at the behest of his mother. Tikhon happily leaves home, only to take a break from scandals and the oppressive atmosphere of his home.

Dobrolyubov writes: “The tyrants of Russian life, however, begin to feel some kind of discontent and fear, without themselves knowing what and why ... In addition to them, without asking them, another life grew up, with other beginnings, and although it is far away, it is still is not well seen, but already gives itself a presentiment and sends bad visions to the dark arbitrariness of petty tyrants.

Showing the life of the Russian provinces, Ostrovsky paints a picture of extreme backwardness, ignorance, rudeness and cruelty that kill all life around. The life of people depends on the arbitrariness of the Wild and Boars, who are hostile to any manifestations of free thought, self-esteem in a person. Having shown from the stage the life of the merchants in all its manifestations, Ostrovsky pronounced a harsh sentence on despotism and spiritual slavery.

Folk-poetic and religious in the image of Katerina Kabanova (According to the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm")

In the drama "Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky created a very psychologically complex image - the image of Katerina Kabanova. This young woman disposes the viewer with her huge, pure soul, childish sincerity and kindness. But she lives in the musty atmosphere of the "dark kingdom" of merchant customs. Ostrovsky managed to create a bright and poetic image of a Russian woman from the people. The main storyline of the play is a tragic conflict between the living, feeling soul of Katerina and the dead way of life of the “dark kingdom”. Honest and touching Katerina turned out to be a disenfranchised victim of the cruel orders of the merchant environment. No wonder Dobrolyubov called Katerina "a ray of light in a dark kingdom." Katerina did not reconcile herself to despotism and tyranny; driven to despair, she challenges the "dark kingdom" and dies. Only in this way can she save her inner world from rough pressure. According to critics, for Katerina “not death is desirable, but life is unbearable. To live for her means to be herself. Not to be herself means not to live for her.

The image of Katerina is built on a folk-poetic basis. Her pure soul is merged with nature. She presents herself as a bird, the image of which in folklore is closely connected with the concept of will. “I lived, didn’t grieve about anything, like a bird in the wild.” Katerina, who ended up in Kabanova's house, as in a terrible prison, often remembers her parents' house, where she was treated with love and understanding. Talking to Varvara, the heroine asks: “... Why don't people fly like birds? You know, sometimes I feel like I'm a bird." Katerina is torn to freedom from the cage, where she is forced to remain until the end of her days.

Religion evoked high feelings, a surge of joy and reverence in her. The beauty and fullness of the heroine's soul were expressed in prayers to God. “On a sunny day, such a bright pillar goes down from the dome, and smoke walks in this pillar, like clouds, and I see, it used to be that angels in this pillar fly and sing. And then, it happened ... I would get up at night ... but somewhere in a corner and pray until the morning. Or early in the morning I’ll go to the garden, as soon as the sun rises, I’ll fall on my knees, pray and cry.”

Katerina expresses her thoughts and feelings in poetic folk language. The melodious speech of the heroine is colored by love for the world, the use of many diminutive forms characterizes her soul. She says “sunshine”, “voditsa”, “grave”, often resorts to repetitions, as in the songs: “on a troika on a good one”, “people are disgusting to me, and the house is disgusting to me, and the walls are disgusting.” Trying to throw out the feelings seething in her, Katerina exclaims: “Wild winds, transfer my sadness and longing to him!”

The tragedy of Katerina is that she does not know how and does not want to lie. And in the "dark kingdom" lies are the basis of life and relationships. Boris tells her: "No one will know about our love ...", to which Katerina replies: "Let everyone know, let everyone see what I'm doing!" These words reveal the courageous, wholesome nature of this woman, who risks challenging philistine morality, confronting society alone.

But, having fallen in love with Boris, Katerina enters into a struggle with herself, with her convictions. She, a married woman, feels like a great sinner. Her faith in God is not the hypocrisy of Kabanikha, who covers up her malice and misanthropy with God. Awareness of one's own sinfulness, pangs of conscience haunt Katerina. She complains to Varya: “Ah, Varya, sin is on my mind! How much I, poor thing, cried, what I did not do to myself! I can't get away from this sin. Nowhere to go. After all, this is not good, this is a terrible sin, Varenka, that I love another? Katerina does not think about the fact that they committed violence against her, giving her in marriage to the unloved. Her husband, Tikhon, is happy to leave home and does not want to protect his wife from her mother-in-law. Her heart tells her that her love is the greatest happiness, in which there is nothing wrong, but the morality of society and the church does not forgive the free manifestation of feelings. Katerina wrestles with unresolvable questions.

The tension in the play is growing, Katerina is afraid of a thunderstorm, hears the terrible prophecies of a crazy lady, sees a picture depicting the Last Judgment on the wall. In the darkening of her mind, she repents of her sin. Repentance from a pure heart according to religious laws necessarily requires forgiveness. But people have forgotten the kind, forgiving and loving God, they still have a punishing and punishing God. Katherine is not forgiven. She does not want to live and suffer, she has nowhere to go, her beloved turned out to be as weak and dependent as her husband. Everyone betrayed her. The church considers suicide a terrible sin, but for Katerina it is an act of despair. It is better to be in hell than to live in the "dark kingdom". The heroine cannot harm anyone, so she decides to die herself. Throwing herself off a cliff into the Volga, Katerina at the last moment thinks not about her sin, but about love, which illuminated her life with great happiness. Katerina's last words are addressed to Boris: “My friend! My joy! Goodbye!" One can only hope that God will be more merciful to Katerina than people.

The main motives, themes and images of the lyrics of F. I. Tyutchev

The great Russian poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev left a rich creative heritage to his descendants. He lived in an era when Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Nekrasov, Tolstoy worked. Contemporaries considered Tyutchev the smartest, most educated person of his time, they called him "a real European." From the age of eighteen, the poet lived and studied in Europe, and in his homeland his works became known only in the early 50s of the XIX century.

A distinctive feature of Tyutchev's lyrics was that the poet did not seek to remake life, but tried to understand its secrets, its innermost meaning. That is why b about Most of his poems are permeated with philosophical thoughts about the mystery of the Universe, about the connection of the human soul with the cosmos.
Tyutchev's lyrics can be thematically divided into philosophical, civil, landscape and love. But in each poem, these themes are closely intertwined, turning into a work of surprisingly deep meaning.

The poems "December 14, 1825", "Above this dark crowd ...", "The Last Cataclysm" and others belong to the civil lyrics. Tyutchev witnessed many historical events in Russian and European history: the war with Napoleon, revolutions in Europe, the Polish uprising, the Crimean War, the abolition of serfdom in Russia and others. As a state-minded person, Tyutchev could compare and draw conclusions about the development paths of different countries.

In the poem "December 14, 1825", dedicated to the Decembrist uprising, the poet angrily denounces the autocracy, which corrupted the ruling elite of Russia:
The people, shunning treachery,

Swears your names -

And your memory is from posterity,

Like a corpse in the ground, buried.
The poem "Over this dark crowd ..." reminds us of Pushkin's freedom-loving lyrics. In it, Tyutchev is indignant at the "corruption of souls and emptiness" in the state and expresses hope for a better future:
... When will you rise, Freedom,

Will your golden beam shine?
The poem "Our Age" refers to philosophical lyrics. In it, the poet reflects on the state of the soul of a contemporary person. There is a lot of strength in the soul, but it is forced to remain silent in the conditions of lack of freedom:
Not the flesh, but the spirit has become corrupted in our days,

And the man desperately yearns ...

He rushes to the light from the night shadow

And, having found the light, grumbles and rebels.
According to the poet, a person has lost faith, without the light of which the soul is "dried", and his torment is unbearable. In many poems, the idea is heard that a person has not coped with the mission entrusted to him on Earth and that Chaos should swallow him up.

Tyutchev's landscape lyrics are filled with philosophical content. The poet says that nature is wise and eternal, it exists independently of man. Meanwhile, it is only in her that he draws strength for life:
So connected, united from the ages

union of consanguinity

Intelligent human genius

With the creative power of nature.

Tyutchev's poems about spring "Spring Waters" and "Spring Thunderstorm" became very famous and popular. The poet describes a stormy spring, the revival and joy of the emerging world. Spring makes him think about the future. The poet perceives autumn as a time of sadness, withering. It sets you up for reflection, peace and farewell to nature:

Is in the autumn of the original

Short but wonderful time -

The whole day stands as if crystal,

And radiant evenings.
From autumn, the poet moves immediately to eternity:
And there, in solemn peace

Undressed in the morning

Shining white mountain

Like an unearthly revelation.
Tyutchev was very fond of autumn, it’s not for nothing that he says about it: “Long, last, charm.”

In the poet's love lyrics, the landscape is often connected with the feelings of the hero in love. So, in the wonderful poem "I met you ..." we read:
Like late autumn sometimes

There are days, there are hours

When it suddenly blows in the spring

And something stirs in us.
The masterpieces of Tyutchev's love lyrics include the "Denisyev cycle", dedicated to his beloved E. A. Denisyeva, with whom relations lasted 14 years until her death. In this cycle, the poet describes in detail the stages of their acquaintance and subsequent life. Poems are a confession, like a personal diary of the poet. The last poems written on the death of a loved one are shaking with tragedy:
You loved, and the way you love -

No, nobody has succeeded yet!

Oh Lord! .. and survive this ...

And the heart was not torn to shreds ...
Tyutchev's lyrics have rightfully entered the golden fund of Russian poetry. It is full of philosophical thoughts and is distinguished by the perfection of form. Interest in the study of the human soul made Tyutchev's lyrics immortal.

In the drama "Thunderstorm", the author set himself the task of exposing the economic and spiritual tyranny of the "dark kingdom". He showed how “a protest against age-old traditions is ripening and how the Old Testament way of life begins to collapse under the pressure of the demands of life” (A. A. Zerchaninov).

This is the essence of the main conflict. According to Yu. V. Lebedev, this the conflict between the "dark kingdom" and the new man, who lives according to the laws of conscience.

The action takes place in the provincial town of Kalinov, located on the banks of the Volga. “The view is extraordinary! The beauty! My soul rejoices! .. For fifty years I have been looking beyond the Volga every day and I can’t see enough of everything, ”Kuligin says enthusiastically, forcing us to admire the extraordinary landscape.

In the center of Kalinov there is a market square with shopping malls, nearby an old church for parishioners. Everything seems to be peaceful and calm in the city. But it is not. Behind high fences in merchants' houses "another life is in full swing", ugly and repulsive. "Cruel morals, sir, in our city, cruel!" Kuligin says. Lawlessness and ugliness are happening in Kalinov. The owners of the city are distinguished by rudeness and cruelty, they mock their household members. These are real tyrants, they are ignorant, they receive information about life from illiterate wanderers.

Kuligin: “And they don’t lock themselves up from thieves, but so that people don’t see how they eat their own home and tyrannize their families! And what tears flow behind these locks, invisible and inaudible!”

It seems that the inhabitants of the city of Kalinov are fenced off from the whole world. Some dominate and tyrannize, others suffer.

A. N. Ostrovsky carefully “paints” the whole way of the patriarchal-merchant life, closed within four walls. At the same time, the playwright also acts as a lyricist: depicting the Volga landscape, he makes you feel the beauty and attraction of the world of nature, naturalness and primordial freedom.

Having chosen the public garden of the city of Kalinov as the scene of action, Ostrovsky made it natural for all the characters in the play to appear. The Kabanov family appeared when everything became known about the city and its inhabitants.

The drama features two groups of residents of the provincial town of Kalinova. One of them represents power of the "dark kingdom". These are Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna and Dikoy Savel Prokofich - rude, despotic and ignorant, enemies of everything new.

The other group includes the "victims" of the "dark kingdom". These are Katerina, Boris, Kuligin, Varvara, Kudryash, Tikhon, humiliated and oppressed, but still capable of protest and expressing it in different ways.

Wild Savel Prokofich- "a piercing man", "swearing", "tyrant", which means wild, tough-hearted, domineering man, a stout, burly merchant with a broad beard, he is in a coat, oiled boots, stands on his hips, speaks in a low, deep voice ... or Dikoy - a small, lean old man with a sparse beard and restlessly shifting eyes; this essentially pitiful man is capable of intimidating those around him.

The power of money, material dependence and the traditional obedience of the Kalinovites are the basis of Diky's tyranny. The purpose of his life is enrichment, and there are all sorts of ways to enrich himself: cheating employees, robbing neighbors, not paying money by inheritance.

Rudeness, ignorance, scolding, swearing are familiar to the Wild, moreover, this is the content of his life, this is also a defense against everything incomprehensible and hostile. Kudryash about Dikoy: “How he got off the chain!” The passion for swearing is even stronger if they ask him for money.

Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna- the embodiment of despotism, covered with hypocrisy. Kuligin about her: “A hypocrite, sir! She clothes the poor, but eats the household completely.

She constantly and subtly sharpens her household. For her, there is no love, maternal feelings for her children, for her daughter-in-law Katerina. Feelings are corroded by callousness, arbitrariness and pretense. Kabanikha is a “guardian” and defender of the customs and orders of patriarchal antiquity.

N. A. Dobrolyubov writes: “The tyrants of Russian life, however, begin to feel some kind of discontent and fear, without knowing what and why. Everything, it seems, is still all right: Dikoi scolds anyone he wants ... Kabanova still keeps her children in fear, forces her daughter-in-law to observe all the etiquettes of antiquity, eats her like rusty iron, considers herself completely infallible ... But everything is somehow restless , not good for them. In addition to them, without asking them, another life grew up, with other beginnings. (From the article "A Ray of Light in the Dark Realm".)

The cruelty of Kabanikha and the tyranny of Dikoy also have concrete historical grounds for life: the more acutely they feel the fragility of their position, the more fiercely they defend their foundations, suppress those who think differently, who inspire at least some suspicion. The main "tool" of submission, suppression is fear. As the norm of life - fear elevated to the law. Law in the "dark kingdom" and fear are inseparable, should be afraid, that keeps order.

Wild and Boar - typical representatives of the "dark kingdom". These people are predators.

wild	Boar
About him: "scold"; "Like I got off the chain"	About her: “everything under the guise of piety”; “a hypocrite, she clothes the poor, but completely ate the household”; "scolds"; "sharpen like iron rust"
He himself: "parasite"; "damn"; "fail you"; "stupid man"; "go away"; “What am I to you - even, or something”; “with a snout and climbs to talk”; "robber"; "asp"; "fool", etc.	She herself: “I see that you want the will”; “you will not be afraid, and even more so of me”; “Do you want to live by your own will”; "fool"; "order your wife"; “must do what the mother says”; "where the will leads" etc.
Conclusion. Wild - scolder, rude, petty tyrant; feels his power over people	Conclusion. The boar is a hypocrite, does not tolerate will and disobedience, acts with fear

The boar is scarier than the Wild Boar, since her behavior is hypocritical. Wild is a scolder, a tyrant, but all his actions are open. The boar, under the guise of religion and concern for others, suppresses the will. She is most afraid that someone will live in their own way, by their own will.

Tikhon, Boris, Varvara, Kuligin, Kudryash - "victims" of the "dark kingdom".

Tikhon- kind, sincerely loves Katerina. Exhausted by the reproaches and orders of Kabanikh, he thinks how to escape from the house. But in everything obedient to his mother, Tikhon nevertheless openly accused her (!) Of the death of his wife. Here are his words after the death of his wife: “Good for you, Katya! And why did I stay to live ... ”It’s scary if the living envy the dead.

Boris- a gentle, kind person. He really understands Katerina, but he is unable to help her; indecisive, unable to fight for his happiness, Boris chooses the path of humility.

Kuligin- an educated person, a self-taught mechanic, a talented person from the people. His last name is reminiscent of the Nizhny Novgorod inventor Kulibin. The hero subtly feels the beauty of nature and aesthetically stands above other characters: he sings songs, quotes Lomonosov. Kuligin advocates for the improvement of the city, he does not enter into a decisive struggle with petty tyrants, he persuades them more, convinces them to do something for the common good: he tries to persuade Diky to give money for a sundial, for a lightning rod, tries to influence the inhabitants, educate them, explaining the thunderstorm as a natural phenomenon. The image of the self-taught Kuligin helps to understand the main idea of ​​the play: the idea of ​​the inevitable death of the "dark kingdom". Thus, Kuligin personifies the best part of the inhabitants of the city, but he is alone in his aspirations, which is why he is considered an eccentric. The image of the hero embodies the eternal motive of grief from the mind.

Barbara understands the senselessness of the protest, she lives by the principle: "Do what you want, if only it was sewn and covered." for Barbara, lying is the norm. She ran away from home, but did not submit.

Curly- desperate, boastful, but at the same time capable of sincere feelings. He worries about Katherine. He is not afraid of his master. “I am considered a rude man, why is he holding me? So, he needs me. Well, that means I'm not afraid of him, but let him be afraid of me.

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky was endowed with a great talent as a playwright. He is deservedly considered the founder of the Russian national theater. His plays, varied in subject matter, glorified Russian literature. Creativity Ostrovsky had a democratic character. He created plays in which hatred for the autocratic-feudal regime was manifested. The writer called for the protection of the oppressed and humiliated citizens of Russia, longed for social change.

The great merit of Ostrovsky is that he opened to the enlightened public the world of merchants, about whose daily life Russian society had a superficial understanding. Merchants in Russia provided trade in goods and food, they were seen in shops, considered uneducated and uninteresting. Ostrovsky showed that behind the high fences of merchant houses, in the souls and hearts of people from the merchant class, almost Shakespearean passions are played out. He was called the Columbus of Zamoskvorechye.

Ostrovsky's ability to assert progressive tendencies in Russian society was fully revealed in the play The Thunderstorm, published in 1860. The play reflects the irreconcilable contradictions between the individual and society. The playwright raises an acute question in the 1860s about the position of women in Russian society.

The action of the play takes place in the small Volga town of Kalinov, where the merchant population mainly lives. In his famous article “A Ray of Light in a Dark Kingdom”, the critic Dobrolyubov characterizes the life of merchants in this way: “Their life flows smoothly and peacefully, no interests of the world disturb them, because they do not reach them; kingdoms can collapse, new countries open up, the face of the earth ... change - the inhabitants of the town of Kalinov will continue to exist in complete ignorance of the rest of the world ... The concepts and way of life they have adopted are the best in the world, everything new comes from evil spirits ... Dark mass, terrible in its naivety and sincerity.

Ostrovsky, against the backdrop of a beautiful landscape, draws the bleak life of the townsfolk of Kalinov. Kuligin, who in the play opposes the ignorance and arbitrariness of the "dark kingdom", says: "Cruel morals, sir, in our city, cruel!"

The term "tyranny" came into use along with Ostrovsky's plays. The playwright called petty tyrants "the masters of life", the rich, whom no one dared to argue with. This is how Savel Prokofyevich Dikoy is depicted in the play "Thunderstorm". It was not by chance that Ostrovsky awarded him a "speaking" surname. Wild is famous for its wealth, acquired by deceit and exploitation of other people's labor. No law was written to him. With his absurd, rude disposition, he inspires fear in others, this is a "cruel scolder", "a piercing man." His wife is forced every morning to persuade others: “Fathers, do not make me angry! Doves, don't get angry! Impunity has corrupted the Wild, he can shout, insult a person, but this applies only to those who do not rebuff him. Half the city belongs to Wild, but he does not pay those who work for him. He explains to the mayor this way: “What is so special about it, I won’t give them a penny a penny, and I have a fortune.” Pathological greed overshadows his mind.

Progressive man Kuligin turns to Wild with a request to give money to install a sundial in the city. In response, he hears: “Why are you climbing to me with all sorts of nonsense!

Maybe I don't want to talk to you. You should have known first whether I was disposed to listen to you, fool, or not. So right with the snout and climb to talk. Wild is completely unbridled in his tyranny, he is sure that any court will be on his side: “For others, you are an honest person, but I think that you are a robber, that’s all ... What are you going to sue, or something, with me? .. So know that you are a worm, if you want, I will crush you.”

Another bright representative of the mores of the "dark kingdom" is Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova. Kuligin speaks of her like this: “A hypocrite. She clothes the poor, but eats the household completely. Kabanova single-handedly rules the house and her family, she is accustomed to unquestioning obedience. In her face, Ostrovsky shows an ardent defender of the wild orders of house building in families and in life. She is sure that only fear holds the family together, she does not understand what respect, understanding, good relations between people are. The boar suspects everyone of sins, constantly complains about the lack of due respect for the elders on the part of the younger generation. “They don’t really respect elders these days…,” she says. The boar always becomes shy, pretends to be a victim: “Mother is old, stupid; well, you, young people, smart, should not exact from us, from fools.

Kabanova "feels with her heart" that the old order is coming to an end, she is anxious and scared. She turned her own son into a dumb slave who has no power in his own family, acts only at the behest of his mother. Tikhon happily leaves home, only to take a break from scandals and the oppressive atmosphere of his home.

Dobrolyubov writes: “The tyrants of Russian life, however, begin to feel some kind of discontent and fear, themselves not knowing what and why ... In addition to them, without asking them, another life grew up, with other principles, and although it is far away, it is still is not well seen, but already gives itself a presentiment and sends bad visions to the dark arbitrariness of petty tyrants.

Showing the life of the Russian provinces, Ostrovsky paints a picture of extreme backwardness, ignorance, rudeness and cruelty that kill all life around. The life of people depends on the arbitrariness of the Wild and Boars, who are hostile to any manifestations of free thought, self-esteem in a person. Having shown from the stage the life of the merchants in all its manifestations, Ostrovsky pronounced a harsh sentence on despotism and spiritual slavery.

Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky was endowed with a great talent as a playwright. He is deservedly considered the founder of the Russian national theater. His plays, varied in subject matter, glorified Russian literature. Creativity Ostrovsky had a democratic character. He created plays in which hatred for the autocratic-feudal regime was manifested. The writer called for the protection of the oppressed and humiliated citizens of Russia, longed for social change.

The great merit of Ostrovsky is that he opened to the enlightened public the world of merchants, about whose daily life Russian society had a superficial understanding. Merchants in Russia provided trade in goods and food, they were seen in shops, considered uneducated and uninteresting. Ostrovsky showed that behind the high fences of merchant houses, in the souls and hearts of people from the merchant class, almost Shakespearean passions are played out. He was called the Columbus of Zamoskvorechye.

Ostrovsky's ability to assert progressive tendencies in Russian society was fully revealed in the play The Thunderstorm, published in 1860. The play reflects the irreconcilable contradictions between the individual and society. The playwright raises an acute question in the 1860s about the position of women in Russian society.

The action of the play takes place in the small Volga town of Kalinov, where the merchant population mainly lives. In his famous article “A Ray of Light in a Dark Kingdom”, the critic Dobrolyubov characterizes the life of merchants in this way: “Their life flows smoothly and peacefully, no interests of the world disturb them, because they do not reach them; kingdoms can collapse, new countries open up, the face of the earth ... change - the inhabitants of the town of Kalinov will continue to exist in complete ignorance of the rest of the world ... The concepts and way of life they have adopted are the best in the world, everything new comes from evil spirits ... Dark mass, terrible in its naivety and sincerity.

Ostrovsky, against the backdrop of a beautiful landscape, draws the bleak life of the townsfolk of Kalinov. Kuligin, who in the play opposes the ignorance and arbitrariness of the "dark kingdom", says: "Cruel morals, sir, in our city, cruel!"

The term "tyranny" came into use along with Ostrovsky's plays. The playwright called petty tyrants "the masters of life", the rich, whom no one dared to argue with. This is how Savel Prokofyevich Dikoy is depicted in the play "Thunderstorm". It was not by chance that Ostrovsky awarded him a "speaking" surname. Wild is famous for its wealth, acquired by deceit and exploitation of other people's labor. No law was written to him. With his absurd, rude disposition, he inspires fear in others, this is a "cruel scolder", "a piercing man." His wife is forced every morning to persuade others: “Fathers, do not make me angry! Doves, don't get angry! Impunity has corrupted the Wild, he can shout, insult a person, but this applies only to those who do not rebuff him. Half the city belongs to Wild, but he does not pay those who work for him. He explains to the mayor this way: “What is so special about it, I won’t give them a penny a penny, and I have a fortune.” Pathological greed overshadows his mind.

Progressive man Kuligin turns to Wild with a request to give money to install a sundial in the city. In response, he hears: “Why are you climbing to me with all sorts of nonsense!

Maybe I don't want to talk to you. You should have known first whether I was disposed to listen to you, fool, or not. So right with the snout and climb to talk. Wild is completely unbridled in his tyranny, he is sure that any court will be on his side: “For others, you are an honest person, but I think that you are a robber, that’s all ... What are you going to sue, or something, with me? .. So know that you are a worm, if you want, I will crush you.”

Another bright representative of the mores of the "dark kingdom" is Marfa Ignatievna Kabanova. Kuligin speaks of her like this: “A hypocrite. She clothes the poor, but eats the household completely. Kabanova single-handedly rules the house and her family, she is accustomed to unquestioning obedience. In her face, Ostrovsky shows an ardent defender of the wild orders of house building in families and in life. She is sure that only fear holds the family together, she does not understand what respect, understanding, good relations between people are. The boar suspects everyone of sins, constantly complains about the lack of due respect for the elders on the part of the younger generation. “They don’t really respect elders these days…,” she says. The boar always becomes shy, pretends to be a victim: “Mother is old, stupid; well, you, young people, smart, should not exact from us, from fools.

Kabanova "feels with her heart" that the old order is coming to an end, she is anxious and scared. She turned her own son into a dumb slave who has no power in his own family, acts only at the behest of his mother. Tikhon happily leaves home, only to take a break from scandals and the oppressive atmosphere of his home.

Dobrolyubov writes: “The tyrants of Russian life, however, begin to feel some kind of discontent and fear, themselves not knowing what and why ... In addition to them, without asking them, another life grew up, with other principles, and although it is far away, it is still is not well seen, but already gives itself a presentiment and sends bad visions to the dark arbitrariness of petty tyrants.

Showing the life of the Russian provinces, Ostrovsky paints a picture of extreme backwardness, ignorance, rudeness and cruelty that kill all life around. The life of people depends on the arbitrariness of the Wild and Boars, who are hostile to any manifestations of free thought, self-esteem in a person. Having shown from the stage the life of the merchants in all its manifestations, Ostrovsky pronounced a harsh sentence on despotism and spiritual slavery.

• In The Thunderstorm, Ostrovsky shows the life of a Russian merchant family and the position of a woman in it. The character of Katerina was formed in a simple merchant family, where love reigned and her daughter was given complete freedom. She acquired and retained all the beautiful features of the Russian character. This is a pure, open soul that does not know how to lie. “I don’t know how to deceive; I can’t hide anything,” she says to Varvara. In religion Katerina found the highest truth and beauty. Her desire for the beautiful, the good, was expressed in prayers. Coming out […]
• Whole, honest, sincere, she is not capable of lies and falsehood, therefore, in a cruel world where wild and wild boars reign, her life is so tragic. Katerina's protest against the despotism of Kabanikh is the struggle of the bright, pure, human against the darkness, lies and cruelty of the "dark kingdom". No wonder Ostrovsky, who paid great attention to the selection of names and surnames of the characters, gave such a name to the heroine of "Thunderstorm": in Greek, "Catherine" means "eternally pure." Katerina is a poetic nature. AT […]
• Katerina Varvara Character Sincere, sociable, kind, honest, pious, but superstitious. Gentle, soft, at the same time, decisive. Rude, cheerful, but taciturn: "... I don't like to talk a lot." Determined, can fight back. Temperament Passionate, freedom-loving, bold, impetuous and unpredictable. She says about herself “I was born so hot!”. Freedom-loving, smart, prudent, bold and rebellious, she is not afraid of either parental or heavenly punishment. Upbringing, […]
• "The Thunderstorm" was published in 1859 (on the eve of the revolutionary situation in Russia, in the "pre-storm" era). Its historicism lies in the conflict itself, the irreconcilable contradictions reflected in the play. She responds to the spirit of the times. "Thunderstorm" is an idyll of the "dark kingdom". Tyranny and silence are brought in it to the limit. In the play, a real heroine from the people's environment appears, and it is the description of her character that is given the main attention, and the little world of the city of Kalinov and the conflict itself are described more generally. "Their life […]
• The Thunderstorm by A. N. Ostrovsky made a strong and deep impression on his contemporaries. Many critics were inspired by this work. However, in our time it has not ceased to be interesting and topical. Ascended to the category of classical drama, it still arouses interest. The arbitrariness of the "older" generation lasts for many years, but some event must occur that could break the patriarchal tyranny. Such an event is the protest and death of Katerina, which awakened other […]
• The play by Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" is historical for us, as it shows the life of the bourgeoisie. "Thunderstorm" was written in 1859. It is the only work of the cycle "Nights on the Volga" conceived, but not realized by the writer. The main theme of the work is a description of the conflict that arose between two generations. The Kabanihi family is typical. The merchants cling to their old ways, not wanting to understand the younger generation. And since the young do not want to follow the traditions, they are suppressed. I'm sure, […]
• In "Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky, operating with a small number of characters, managed to uncover several problems at once. Firstly, it is, of course, a social conflict, a clash of "fathers" and "children", their points of view (and if we resort to generalization, then two historical epochs). Kabanova and Dikoy belong to the older generation, actively expressing their opinion, and Katerina, Tikhon, Varvara, Kudryash and Boris belong to the younger one. Kabanova is sure that order in the house, control over everything that happens in it, is the key to a good life. Correct […]
• Let's start with Catherine. In the play "Thunderstorm" this lady is the main character. What is the problem with this work? The issue is the main question that the author asks in his creation. So the question here is who will win? The dark kingdom, which is represented by the bureaucrats of the county town, or the bright beginning, which is represented by our heroine. Katerina is pure in soul, she has a tender, sensitive, loving heart. The heroine herself is deeply hostile to this dark swamp, but is not fully aware of it. Katerina was born […]
• The critical history of "Thunderstorm" begins even before its appearance. To argue about "a ray of light in the dark realm", it was necessary to open the "Dark Realm". An article under this title appeared in the July and September issues of Sovremennik in 1859. It was signed by the usual pseudonym of N. A. Dobrolyubova - N. - bov. The reason for this work was extremely significant. In 1859, Ostrovsky summed up the intermediate result of his literary activity: his two-volume collected works appeared. "We consider it the most […]
• Dramatic events of the play by A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" are deployed in the city of Kalinov. This town is located on the picturesque bank of the Volga, from the high steepness of which the vast Russian expanses and boundless distances open up to the eye. “The view is extraordinary! The beauty! The soul rejoices,” the local self-taught mechanic Kuligin admires. Pictures of endless distances, echoed in a lyrical song. In the midst of a flat valley”, which he sings, are of great importance for conveying a sense of the immense possibilities of Russian […]
• Katerina is the main character in Ostrovsky's drama "Thunderstorm", Tikhon's wife, daughter-in-law of Kabanikhi. The main idea of ​​the work is the conflict of this girl with the "dark kingdom", the kingdom of tyrants, despots and ignoramuses. You can find out why this conflict arose and why the end of the drama is so tragic by understanding Katerina's ideas about life. The author showed the origins of the character of the heroine. From the words of Katerina, we learn about her childhood and adolescence. Here is an ideal version of patriarchal relations and the patriarchal world in general: “I lived, not about […]
• A conflict is a clash of two or more parties that do not coincide in their views, attitudes. There are several conflicts in Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm", but how to decide which one is the main one? In the era of sociologism in literary criticism, it was believed that social conflict was the most important thing in a play. Of course, if we see in the image of Katerina a reflection of the spontaneous protest of the masses against the fettering conditions of the “dark kingdom” and perceive the death of Katerina as the result of her collision with the tyrant mother-in-law, […]
• In general, the history of the creation and the idea of ​​the play “Thunderstorm” are very interesting. For some time there was an assumption that this work was based on real events that took place in the Russian city of Kostroma in 1859. “In the early morning of November 10, 1859, the Kostroma bourgeois Alexandra Pavlovna Klykova disappeared from the house and either threw herself into the Volga, or was strangled and thrown there. The investigation revealed a dull drama that played out in an unsociable family living with narrowly trading interests: […]
• In the drama "Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky created a very psychologically complex image - the image of Katerina Kabanova. This young woman disposes the viewer with her huge, pure soul, childish sincerity and kindness. But she lives in the musty atmosphere of the "dark kingdom" of merchant customs. Ostrovsky managed to create a bright and poetic image of a Russian woman from the people. The main storyline of the play is a tragic conflict between the living, feeling soul of Katerina and the dead way of life of the “dark kingdom”. Honest and […]
• Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky was called the "Columbus of Zamoskvorechye", a district of Moscow where people from the merchant class lived. He showed what a tense, dramatic life goes on behind high fences, what Shakespearean passions sometimes seethe in the souls of representatives of the so-called "simple class" - merchants, shopkeepers, petty employees. The patriarchal laws of the world that is fading into the past seem unshakable, but a warm heart lives according to its own laws - the laws of love and kindness. Heroes of the play "Poverty is not a vice" […]
• The love story of the clerk Mitya and Lyuba Tortsova unfolds against the backdrop of the life of a merchant's house. Ostrovsky once again delighted his fans with his remarkable knowledge of the world and surprisingly vivid language. Unlike earlier plays, in this comedy there is not only the soulless factory owner Korshunov and Gordey Tortsov, who boasts of his wealth and power. They are opposed by simple and sincere people, kind and loving to the hearts of the soil people - the kind and loving Mitya and the squandered drunkard Lyubim Tortsov, who, despite his fall, […]
• The focus of writers of the 19th century is a person with a rich spiritual life, a changeable inner world. The new hero reflects the state of the individual in the era of social transformation. The authors do not ignore the complex conditionality of the development of the human psyche by the external material situation. The main feature of the image of the world of the heroes of Russian literature is psychologism , that is, the ability to show the change in the soul of the hero In the center of various works, we see "extra […]
• The action of the drama takes place in the Volga city of Bryakhimov. And in it, as elsewhere, cruel orders reign. The society here is the same as in other cities. The main character of the play, Larisa Ogudalova, is a dowry. The Ogudalov family is not rich, but, thanks to the perseverance of Kharita Ignatievna, he makes acquaintance with the powers that be. Mother inspires Larisa that, although she does not have a dowry, she should marry a rich groom. And Larisa, for the time being, accepts these rules of the game, naively hoping that love and wealth […]
• A special hero in the world of Ostrovsky, adjoining the type of a poor official with a sense of his own dignity, is Karandyshev Julius Kapitonovich. At the same time, pride in him is so hypertrophied that it becomes a substitute for other feelings. Larisa for him is not just a beloved girl, she is also a “prize” that makes it possible to triumph over Paratov, a chic and rich rival. At the same time, Karandyshev feels like a benefactor, taking as his wife a dowry, partly compromised by […]
• Mathematics is a fascinating and necessary science in life. Since ancient times, people have used it in compiling a calendar and measuring distances, in construction and travel, and in calculations in trade. Numbers surround us from day one. As soon as the baby is born, his mother is already informed of his height and weight. Then he learns to count and tell time, to compare objects by size and shape. I need math to make a daily routine, to correctly count the change in the store. I also love collecting […]