Painting is a type of fine art, which is divided into six kinds. All six types are characterized by the creation of an image by applying paints to any surface.

1. easel painting- is a painting that is applied to canvas, boards or other surface. Easel painting does not depend on the place of writing, that is, the image with paints on the wall or any objects and surfaces of a certain area does not belong to easel painting. Easel painting is created using various paints: oil, acrylic paints, tempera and others. Most often, easel painting is created on canvas, which is stretched over a frame or pasted onto cardboard.

monumental painting- this is a type of painting when an image is applied directly to walls, ceilings, surfaces of buildings and structures with the help of paints. Fresco (painting on wet plaster) also belongs to monumental painting.

decorative painting- a method of decorative decoration of walls, interior items, furniture. Refers to arts and crafts. This also includes monumental and decorative painting (decorative painting on the walls, panels).

Theatrical and decorative painting or Decorative painting - picturesque decoration of walls, interior items, furniture (decorations) and so on in theatrical productions.

miniature painting- paintings of small forms. In miniature, paints are applied on the surfaces of small forms - on porcelain, bone, stone, wood, metal, etc.

iconography- painting on religious themes.

Painting in the fine arts subdivided into genres. There are many such genres. As an example of what genres of painting are, one can name: portrait, landscape, still life, historical and battle painting, religious and mythological painting, marina, animalism, figurative painting, and so on.

Painting is divided not only into types and genres, but also directions: classicism, romanticism, academicism, realism, modernism, expressionism, abstractionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, suprematism, surrealism, pop art and others.

Also painting subdivided into techniques, which are characterized by the ways and methods of creating images by the artist - the method of application, the type of paint, the method of preparing the canvas or other surface: encaustic (with wax), tempera (with egg), watercolor painting, painting with gouache, acrylic, pastel, scratching, glazing, pointillism , dry brush painting, painting with ceramic and silicate paints, sfumato, sgraffito, carnation, mixed media and so on.

Does your company or organization need quality equipment? In "Epicenter techno" you can choose Concrete Mixers from a wide range. Construction, welding and pumping equipment, compressors, electric motors, power plants and much more.

- this is one of the main types of fine art; is an artistic representation of the objective world with colored paints on the surface. Painting is divided into: easel, monumental and decorative.

- mainly represented by works made with oil paints on canvas (cardboard, wooden boards or bare). It is the most popular form of painting. It is this form that is usually applied to the term " painting".

is a technique of drawing on walls in the design of buildings and architectural elements in buildings. Especially common in Europe fresco - monumental painting on wet plaster with water-soluble paints. This drawing technique has been well known since antiquity. Later, this technique was used in the design of many Christian religious temples and their vaults.

decorative painting - (from the Latin word from decoro - to decorate) is a way of drawing and applying images to objects and interior details, walls, furniture and other decorative items. Refers to arts and crafts.

The possibilities of pictorial art are especially clearly revealed by easel painting from the 15th century, from the moment of the mass use of oil paints. It is in it that a special variety of content and deep elaboration of form is available. At the heart of pictorial artistic means are colors (the possibilities of colors), in inseparable unity with chiaroscuro, and line; color and chiaroscuro are developed and developed by painting techniques with a fullness and brightness inaccessible to other art forms. This is the reason for the perfection of volumetric and spatial modeling inherent in realistic painting, the lively and accurate transmission of reality, the possibility of realizing the plots conceived by the artist (and methods of constructing compositions), and other pictorial virtues.

Another difference in the differences in the types of painting is the technique of execution according to the types of paints. It is not always enough common features to determine. The boundary between painting and graphics in each individual case: for example, works made in watercolor or pastel can belong to both areas, depending on the approach of the artist and the tasks assigned to him. Although drawings on paper are related to graphics, the use of various painting techniques sometimes blurs the distinction between painting and graphics.

It should be taken into account that the semantic term "painting" itself is a word of the Russian language. It was taken for use as a term during the formation of fine arts in Russia during the Baroque era. The use of the word "painting" at that time applied only to a certain kind of realistic depiction with paints. But originally it comes from the church icon painting technique, which uses the word "write" (referring to writing) because this word is a translation of the meaning in Greek texts (here are such "translation difficulties"). The development in Russia of its own art school and the inheritance of European academic knowledge in the field of art, developed the scope of the Russian word "painting", inscribing it into educational terminology and literary language. But in the Russian language, a feature of the meaning of the verb "write" was formed in relation to writing and drawing pictures.

Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine arts, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait- This is a realistic image of a person in which the artist tries to achieve similarity with the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most of the customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait resemblance (or even embellish it) leaving a visual incarnation in history. Portraits of various styles are the most massive part of the exposition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a kind of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, written by himself.

Landscape- one of the popular pictorial genres in which the artist seeks to display nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a vivid emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creation.

- this genre is in many ways similar to the landscape, but has a key feature: the paintings depict landscapes with the participation of architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special direction is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of the place. Another direction of this genre is the image of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or the image of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main plot of the paintings is a historical event or its interpretation by the artist. Interestingly, this genre includes a huge number of paintings on a biblical theme. Since in the Middle Ages, biblical scenes were considered "historical" events and the church was the main customer for these paintings. "Historical" biblical scenes are present in the work of most artists. The rebirth of historical painting takes place during neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical plots, events from antiquity or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. A feature is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional exaltation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of a political accent and the strength of the artist's talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

- This is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, utensils. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is due to the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic heyday of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. Drawing paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - the plot of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. As well as still life, it became widespread among the artists of Holland in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre takes on a new birth, the paintings tend not so much to reflect everyday life as to romanticize it, to introduce a certain meaning or morality into the plot.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, but naval battles still belong to the marina genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

- a feature of this genre is the creation of realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of the interesting features of this genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for a realistic image has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, a systematic school and education. In ancient times, you can often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of painting on plaster. In antiquity, more importance was attached to the talent of the performer, artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works (Vitruvius) were formed, which will be the basis of a new flowering of European art in the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the state of the art of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many artistic treasures are destroyed because of their dedication to ancient deities. The return to the values ​​of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (revival).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) have to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the work of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the "dark ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these paintings of 14 centuries!

The emergence and spread of the technology of making oil paints and the technique of drawing with them in the 15th century gives rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artists' production - color oil paintings on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in the qualitative development in the Renaissance, largely due to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He first outlined the basics of perspective in painting (the treatise "On Painting" in 1436). To him (his work on the systematization of scientific knowledge) the European art school owes the appearance (revival) of a realistic perspective and natural proportions in the paintings of artists. The famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius's ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti's treatise "On Painting". And the work of Leonardo is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and massive development, starting from the 16-17 centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It is the system of knowledge and art education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art from the aristocracy and monarchs, that leads to the rapid flowering of fine arts in Europe (Baroque period).

The unlimited financial possibilities of European monarchies, aristocracy and entrepreneurs became excellent ground for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the church and the secular way of life (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and trends in painting (baroque and rococo).

In the course of the development of fine arts, artists have formed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist trends), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, massive competition and high demands on the skill of artists from the public (and buyers) give rise to new directions in the ways of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of performance technique, artists strive to bring special meanings, ways of "look" and philosophy into works. What often goes to the detriment of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a way of outrageous. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies are related to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.

STANKOART- a term that denotes works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and meaning. The ideological meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exposure. The term "easel art" comes from the "machine" on which many works of art are created (in painting, for example, it is an easel). Easel art has been widely developed since the Renaissance.

MONUMENTAL ART- a kind of art including architectural structures, sculptural monuments, relief, wall painting, mosaics, stained glass windows, etc. Monumental art focuses on mass perception and seeks to influence the emotions and thoughts of many people. Monumental sculpture is monuments, monuments, sculptural complexes that complement the architecture. Monumental painting is a panel, a list, a mosaic, stained-glass windows. Monumental graphics - a wall graphic image involved in the creation of a monumental image. Monumental art is characterized by a certain constant environment of existence. Properties: conciseness, catchiness, calm, balanced, clear, simple, whole and majestic. The "biography" of monumental art goes back to the human creations of the Stone Age. Murals of Altamira and Lasko, stones of Stonehenge, high stones (up to 20 m) vertically dug into the ground, having a cult significance (“menhirs”). Blossoming monument. The arts coincide with epochs when the collective consciousness is highly developed and the individual consciousness is not enough. It is no coincidence that all ancient cultures and the culture of the Middle Ages gravitated mainly towards the monumental.

4. Types of fine arts.

1.Architecture or architecture is both the science and art of building design. In a broad sense, architecture is the organization of the human environment, starting with the design of cities, the organization of the urban environment, landscape architecture and ending with the design of furniture and interior decoration of buildings.

2.painting: monumental painting on arch structures and other stationary bases (fresco, mosaic, stained glass). easel is alive (landscape, portrait, still life, household is alive, historical is alive)

3.graphic arts- a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes and spots as the main visual means (color can also be used, but, unlike painting, here it plays an auxiliary role).

4.theatrical and decorative arts

5.DPI- the field of decor art: the creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life and the artistic processing of utilitarian objects (batik, tapestry, thread graphics, ceramics, embroidery)

6.sculpture- a type of visual art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials.

5. Sculpture as an art form.

Sculpture [from lat. skulpo - cut out, carve] - sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials. Sculpture shows a certain affinity for architecture: it also deals with space and volume, obeys the laws of tectonics and is material in nature. But unlike architecture, it is not functional, but pictorial. The main specific features of sculpture are physicality, materiality, laconicism and universality. The materiality of the sculpture is due to the ability of a person to feel the volume. But the highest form of touch in sculpture, which brings it to a new level of perception, is the ability of a person to “visually touch” the form perceived through sculpture, when the eye acquires the ability to correlate the depth and convexity of different surfaces, subordinating them to the semantic integrity of all perception. The materiality of sculpture is manifested in the concreteness of the material, which, taking shape, ceases to be an objective reality for a person and becomes a material carrier of an artistic idea. Sculpture is the art of transforming space through volume. Each culture brings its own understanding of the relationship between volume and space: antiquity understands the volume of the body as an arrangement in space, the Middle Ages - space as an unreal world, classicism - the balance of space, volume and form. The conciseness of the sculpture is due to the fact that it almost devoid of plot and narrative. The ease of perception of the sculpture is only apparent. Sculpture symbolic, conditional and artistic, and therefore complex and deep for perception.

Easel painting is a technique in which paint is applied to a movable surface in order to create an independent painting. The name of this type comes from the word "machine", which is most often an artist's easel. Today, easel painting is the most widespread art.

Thanks to the mobility of the works, the paintings became accessible to a wide mass of viewers. Also, thanks to the ability to move canvases, the restoration of easel painting is greatly facilitated, especially in comparison with works of monumental art.

Painting types

Painting is one of the most ancient ways of self-expression and transmission of one's own vision of reality. She teaches to depict the world around with the help of visual images, techniques and techniques that make up the language of fine arts. It has been created and developed by artists and theorists for thousands of years, and today it allows modern painters to create their own "storytelling".

Traditionally, the following types of painting are distinguished:

• Decorative - created to decorate surfaces and objects that serve a different purpose. Such painting is used in the interior, on furniture, accessories, clothes, etc.
• Theatrical - the creation of scenery and costumes for productions.
• Monumental - is performed on the fixed surfaces of buildings, both facade and interior. This is the oldest type of art, traditionally called fresco. Also, monumental painting includes mosaics, stained-glass windows and panels.
• Easel - exists regardless of where it was created. This is the most widespread, developed and genre-rich type of painting.

Definition and characteristics of easel painting

The easel work is an independent object of art. It can move in space and even cross state borders. This is the main characteristic of easel painting - that it should not be tied to the place of creation.

Painting is the subject and result of such art. To date, there is no unanimous opinion about which techniques and materials are considered to be easel painting, and which - graphics. We will be of the opinion that easel painting is the application of any type of paint on any movable surface, regardless of material and size. Thus, works created in watercolor, gouache and even pastel are examples of this technique.

Story

The history of easel painting began with the use of stone slabs and wood panels. The works that laid the foundation for the modern understanding of such art are icons. The oldest non-stationary image of Christ dates back to the 6th century and is made on a wooden panel covered with specially processed fabric.

The first paintings on wood were of a religious nature, but they were not icons. The innovator of easel painting was the representative of the Proto-Renaissance era, Giotto di Bondone. He created several works - all of them were executed in tempera on thin poplar wood panels, pasted over with canvas treated with a mixture of plaster and animal glue. This technology was used to create icons in Byzantium.

Types of easel painting

Depending on the materials used to create the painting, easel painting is divided into several types:

• According to the type of surface, paintings are distinguished on canvas, cardboard, paper, wood, silk, parchment, metal panels and stone. As a basis for an easel painting, almost any movable surface that does not perform any additional functions is suitable.
• Depending on the paints used, easel painting can be oil, watercolor, tempera, acrylic and pastel. Less commonly used compositions such as gouache and ink.

In addition, easel painting allows the use of a number of auxiliary materials, such as brushes, sponges, rollers, cardboard strips, palette knives and aerosol cans.

Features of the execution technique

With the development of art, the technology of easel painting has also changed. The modern world is expanding access to knowledge and materials, providing fertile ground for experimentation and the search for new opportunities. Today, easel paintings can be created using stencils and patterns. Colors are mined from new materials and pigments. It is difficult not to get lost in such a maelstrom of funds and resources.

However, oil paintings, as well as easel tempera painting, have gone through a centuries-old path of development. That is why today there is a traditional, or academic, technique of easel painting, which involves following a number of rules and traditions. Oil paints are the most popular due to their ease of application and the ability to retain colors for a long time. Tempera, on the other hand, is more complex. The technique of creating easel tempera painting has a number of specific rules - for example, darkening the tone of a pigment is best achieved by shading or applying one layer to another.

Genres of easel painting

The genre richness of easel painting is due to its mobility. After all, it is easier to move an easel into the forest than trees into a room. Thus, easel painting expands the possibilities for painting canvases from nature. This is especially important for genres such as landscape, portrait and still life.

Among those that had the greatest influence on the formation and development of easel painting, it is necessary to single out religious and mythological genres, as well as historical, portrait and story genres. For modern easel painting, portrait, landscape and still life are of particular importance.

Portrait

Such a genre is very dynamic, sometimes its boundaries are blurred and merge with such genres as mythological, allegorical and religious. The essence of the portrait is to use artistic means to depict a person on canvas with their inherent forms, facial features and character traits.

In easel painting, the appearance of the model, its tangible and visible characteristics merge with the internal features that characterize it. All this is directly dependent on the author's perception, as well as the artist's connection with the model and portrait.

Landscape

Works made in this genre depict nature. Just like the portrait, the landscape often blurs the boundaries of strict genre definitions and characteristics. Probably due to the fact that for many centuries it was used only as a filling of space in a picture, now, when it is an independent genre, it is still used to create a background in works of other genres.

The landscape depicts nature in several of its guises - untouched by man, transformed by man and interacting with him. Among the subgenres, it is worth noting the sea, urban and rural landscapes.

Still life

From French, this name is translated as "dead nature." This genre of easel painting focuses on depicting inanimate objects. As an independent technique, still life took shape in the 17th century thanks to the efforts of northern European masters. During the Renaissance, it was popular in decorative painting and often became a decoration for furniture and dishes.

Other popular genres of easel painting include everyday life, illustration, allegory and animalistics.

Monumental painting - these are large paintings on the internal or external walls of buildings (frescoes, panels, etc.). A work of monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (wall, support, ceiling, etc.). Significant themes for monumental paintings are also chosen: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales, etc. Mosaic and stained glass, which can also be attributed to decorative art, are directly connected with monumental painting. Here it is important to achieve the stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture, the synthesis of arts. Monumental painting, in addition to its connection with architecture (stylistic, compositional and thematic), must have a generalization of images, stylization, a color scheme appropriate to the situation and scale with the surrounding objects.

Easel painting is a kind of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not associated with architecture, has an independent character, independent meaning and is perceived regardless of the environment.. Works of easel painting (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another, shown in other countries . The term "easel painting" comes from the easel on which paintings are created.

Miniature (from lat. minium - red paints used in the design of handwritten books) - in the fine arts, paintings, sculptural and graphic works of small forms, as well as the art of their creation.

Portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), characterized by a special subtlety of writing, a peculiar technique of execution and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.

The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The image can be inscribed in a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. in accordance with the compositional decision of the author (or at the request of the customer). A classic portrait miniature is a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.

As well as a picturesque, miniature portrait can be chamber or ceremonial; one-, two- or multi-figure; have a storyline or not have one. As in a large, “adult” portrait, the depicted face can be placed against a neutral, landscape background or in an interior. And although the miniature portrait is subject to the same basic patterns of development and the same aesthetic canons as the entire portrait genre as a whole, but, nevertheless, differs from it both in terms of the essence of the artistic solution and in its area of ​​​​application - the miniature is always more intimate. .

Illumination (from Latin illumino - I illuminate, make bright, decorate) is the process of making colored miniatures (illuminations) and ornamentation in medieval handwritten books.

Illuminated manuscripts are handwritten medieval books decorated with colorful miniatures and ornaments. In the Russian tradition, in addition to the term "illuminated" for handwritten books with miniatures, the term front manuscripts is often used. With the invention of printing, handwritten books gradually fell into disuse.

To create books, paints from natural pigments were used, resulting in red, blue, green, yellow and other colors that are amazing in saturation and depth. In addition, silver and gold were used to create miniatures.