School Encyclopedia. Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky

Read fairy tales by Korney Chukovsky online- it means to plunge into a huge magical world created for children by an unusually talented author who subtly feels children's nature. It is surprising that Korney Chukovsky wrote about 25 fairy tales in total - but there is hardly at least one adult in the entire vast post-Soviet space who has not known since childhood the good-natured and courageous doctor from the fairy tale "Aibolit" or the dirty Fedora from the story "Fedorino grief".

Characters invented Korney Chukovsky– charismatic, bright, original and memorable. They teach kids kindness, resourcefulness and justice. A brave kid - a midget from the fairy tale "The Adventures of Bibigon", strict but fair Moidodyr, so different, but all in their own way interesting animals and insects from the stories "Cockroach", "Crocodile" and "Fly-Tsokotuha" - these are just a small part of the beautiful images created for children by the genius of Korney Chukovsky, which will be interesting to read online on our website. Even the negative characters of the author are not without charm. Reading about their misdeeds is not scary at all! And, more importantly for children, not a single insidious villain in the end goes unpunished.

At what age can you read the fairy tales of Korney Chukovsky to children?

Even the smallest children listen to these tales with genuine pleasure, because everything in them is clear and understandable. To create his good stories, the author uses only simple vocabulary and does not try to create images that are difficult for children. Due to the rhythmic nature of fairy tales, it is recommended to read them even for pregnant women, because even then the child learns to perceive the world around him through sound vibrations.

In addition to the love of literature, in the creative life Korney Chukovsky there was another great hobby to which this most talented person devoted a lot of time. We are talking about the study of the child's psyche and the process of children learning to speak. The author not only described his observations in the book "From Two to Five", but also fruitfully used the results of his scientific work in writing fairy tales. That is why the poetic form of his works is very popular with children and is easily perceived by them.

Chukovsky's fairy tale stories will help in the development of children's memory, because once you read a work to your child several times, he will begin to quote entire passages on his own. Read Chukovsky's fairy tales online- a real pleasure, because it is so nice to see the interested eyes of the little ones completely immersed in the fabulous ups and downs.

Korney Chukovsky, who gained fame as a children's poet, was for a long time one of the most underestimated writers of the Silver Age. Contrary to popular belief, the genius of the creator manifested itself not only in poems and fairy tales, but also in critical articles.

Due to the non-ceremonial specifics of creativity, the state throughout the life of the writer tried to discredit his works in the eyes of the public. Numerous research works have made it possible to look at the eminent artist with "different eyes". Now the works of the publicist are read out by both people of the "old school" and young people.

Childhood and youth

Nikolai Korneichukov (real name of the poet) was born on March 31, 1882 in the northern capital of Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. Mother Ekaterina Osipovna, being a servant in the house of the eminent doctor Solomon Levenson, entered into a vicious relationship with his son Emmanuel. In 1799, the woman gave birth to a daughter, Maria, and three years later gave her civil husband an heir, Nikolai.

Despite the fact that the relationship of the offspring of a noble family with a peasant woman in the eyes of the society of that time looked like a blatant misalliance, they lived together for seven years. The poet's grandfather, who did not want to be related to a commoner, in 1885, without explanation, put his daughter-in-law on the street with two babies in her arms. Since Ekaterina could not afford separate housing, together with her son and daughter, she went to relatives in Odessa. Much later, in the autobiographical story "Silver Emblem", the poet admits that the southern city never became his home.

The childhood years of the writer passed in an atmosphere of devastation and poverty. The publicist's mother worked in shifts either as a seamstress or a laundress, but there was a catastrophic lack of money. In 1887, the world saw the Circular on the Cook's Children. In it, the Minister of Education I.D. Delyanov recommended that the directors of gymnasiums accept only those children whose origin did not raise questions in the ranks of students. Due to the fact that Chukovsky did not fit this “definition”, in the 5th grade he was expelled from a privileged educational institution.

In order not to wander around idle and benefit the family, the young man took on any job. Among the roles that Kolya tried on himself were a newspaper peddler, a roof cleaner, and a poster sticker. At that time, the young man began to take an interest in literature. He read adventure novels, studied works and, in the evenings, under the sound of the surf, recited poetry.

Among other things, a phenomenal memory allowed the young man to learn English in such a way that he translated texts from a sheet, never stammering. At that time, Chukovsky did not yet know that Ohlendorf's self-instruction manual did not contain pages on which the principle of correct pronunciation was described in detail. Therefore, when, years later, Nikolai visited England, the fact that the locals practically did not understand him incredibly surprised the publicist.

Journalism

In 1901, inspired by the works of his favorite authors, Korney wrote a philosophical opus. The poet's friend Vladimir Zhabotinsky, having read the work from cover to cover, took it to the Odessa News newspaper, thus marking the beginning of Chukovsky's 70-year literary career. For the first publication, the poet received 7 rubles. For a lot of money at that time, the young man bought himself a presentable-looking pants and shirt.

After two years of work in the newspaper, Nikolai was sent to London as a correspondent for Odessa News. Throughout the year, he wrote articles, studied foreign literature, and even rewrote catalogs in the museum. During the trip period, eighty-nine works by Chukovsky were published.

The writer fell in love with British aestheticism so much that after many, many years he translated Whitman's works into Russian, and also became the editor of the first four-volume book, which in the blink of an eye acquired the status of a reference book in all families that love literature.

In March 1905, the writer moved from sunny Odessa to rainy St. Petersburg. There, the young journalist quickly finds a job for himself: he gets a job as a correspondent for the Teatralnaya Rossiya newspaper, where his reports on the performances he has watched and the books he has read are published in each issue.

The subsidy of the singer Leonid Sobinov helped Chukovsky to publish the Signal magazine. The publication printed exclusively political satire, and among the authors were, and even Teffi. Chukovsky was arrested for ambiguous cartoons and anti-government writings. The eminent lawyer Gruzenberg managed to achieve an acquittal and, nine days later, to release the writer from prison.

Further, the publicist collaborated with the magazines "Vesy" and "Niva", as well as with the newspaper "Rech", where Nikolai published critical essays on contemporary writers. Later, these works were scattered among the books: "Faces and Masks" (1914), "Futurists" (1922), "From to Our Days" (1908).

In the autumn of 1906, the dacha in Kuokkale (the coast of the Gulf of Finland) became the place of residence of the writer. There, the writer was lucky to meet the artist, poets and. Later, Chukovsky spoke about cultural figures in his memoirs Repin. . Mayakovsky. . Memories "(1940).

The humorous handwritten almanac "Chukokkala" published in 1979 was also collected here, where they left their creative autographs, and. At the invitation of the government in 1916, Chukovsky, as part of a delegation of Russian journalists, again went on a business trip to England.

Literature

In 1917, Nikolai returned to St. Petersburg, where, accepting the offer of Maxim Gorky, he took over as head of the children's department of the Parus publishing house. Chukovsky tried on the role of a storyteller while working on the almanac "Firebird". Then he opened the world to a new facet of his literary genius, writing "Chicken", "Dog Kingdom" and "Doctor".

Gorky saw great potential in his colleague's tales and suggested that Korney "try his luck" and create another work for the children's supplement of the Niva magazine. The writer was worried that he would not be able to release a workable product into the world, but the inspiration itself found the creator. It was on the eve of the revolution.

Then, with his sick son Kolya, the publicist was returning from his dacha to St. Petersburg. In order to distract his beloved child from bouts of illness, the poet began to invent a fairy tale on the go. There was no time to develop the characters and the plot.

The whole bet was on the fastest alternation of images and events, so that the boy did not have time to moan or cry. And so the work "Crocodile" published in 1917 was born.

After the October Revolution, Chukovsky traveled around the country with lectures and collaborated with various publishing houses. In the 1920s and 1930s, Korney wrote the works “Moydodyr” and “Cockroach”, and also adapted the texts of folk songs for children's reading, releasing the collections “Red and Red” and “Skok-jump”. The poet published ten poetic tales one after another: “Fly-Tsokotuha”, “Wonder Tree”, “Confusion”, “What Mura did”, “Barmaley”, “Telephone”, “Fedorino grief”, “Aibolit”, "The Stolen Sun", "Toptygin and the Fox".

Korney ran around the publishing houses, not for a second parting with the proofs, and followed every printed line. Chukovsky's works were published in the magazines "New Robinson", "Hedgehog", "Bonfire", "Chizh" and "Sparrow". For the classic, everything developed in such a way that at some point the writer himself believed that fairy tales were his calling.

Everything changed after a critical article in which a revolutionary who had no children called the works of the creator "bourgeois dregs" and argued that not only an anti-political message was masked in Chukovsky's works, but also false ideals.

After that, a secret meaning was seen in all the works of the writer: in "Fly-Tsokotukha" the author popularized the individualism of Komarik and the frivolity of Fly, in the fairy tale "Fedorino Gor" he glorified petty-bourgeois values, in "Moydodyr" he purposefully did not voice the importance of the leading role of the Communist Party, but in the main the censors completely saw the caricature image of the hero of the "Cockroach".

The persecution brought Chukovsky to the extreme degree of despair. Korney himself began to believe that no one needed his fairy tales. In December 1929, the poet's letter was published in Literaturnaya Gazeta, in which he, renouncing his old works, promises to change the direction of his work by writing a collection of poems, Merry Collective Farm. However, the work never came out from under his pen.

The fairy tale of the war years “Let's overcome Barmaley” (1943) was included in the anthology of Soviet poetry, and then crossed out personally by Stalin. Chukovsky wrote another work, The Adventures of Bibigon (1945). The story was printed in "Murzilka", recited on the radio, and then, calling it "ideologically harmful", was banned from reading.

Tired of fighting critics and censors, the writer returned to journalism. In 1962, he wrote the book "Alive as Life", in which he described the "diseases" that affected the Russian language. Do not forget that the publicist, who studied creativity, published the complete works of Nikolai Alekseevich.

Chukovsky was a storyteller not only in literature, but also in life. He repeatedly did things that his contemporaries, due to their cowardice, were not capable of. In 1961, the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" fell into his hands. Having become its first reviewer, Chukovsky, together with Tvardovsky, convinced him to print this work. When Alexander Isaevich became persona non grata, it was Korney who hid him from the authorities at his second dacha in Peredelkino.

In 1964, the trial began. Korney, together with - one of the few who were not afraid to write a letter to the Central Committee with a request to release the poet. The literary heritage of the writer has been preserved not only in books, but also in cartoons.

Personal life

Chukovsky met his first and only wife at the age of 18. Maria Borisovna was the daughter of the accountant Aron-Ber Ruvimovich Goldfeld and the housewife Tuba (Tauba). The noble family never approved of Korney Ivanovich. At one time, the lovers even planned to escape from Odessa, hated by both, to the Caucasus. Despite the fact that the escape did not take place, in May 1903 the couple got married.

Many Odessa journalists came to the wedding with flowers. True, Chukovsky needed not bouquets, but money. After the ceremony, the resourceful guy took off his hat and began to walk around the guests. Immediately after the celebration, the newlyweds left for England. Unlike Korney, Maria stayed there for a couple of months. Upon learning that his wife was pregnant, the writer immediately sent her to her homeland.

On June 2, 1904, Chukovsky received a telegram stating that his wife had safely given birth to a son. On that day, the feuilletonist arranged a holiday for himself and went to the circus. Upon his return to St. Petersburg, the baggage of knowledge and life experiences accumulated in London allowed Chukovsky to very quickly become the leading critic of St. Petersburg. Sasha Cherny, not without malice, called him Korney Belinsky. In just two years, yesterday's provincial journalist was on friendly terms with all the literary and artistic beau monde.

While the artist traveled around the country with lectures, his wife raised children: Lydia, Nikolai and Boris. In 1920, Chukovsky became a father again. Daughter Maria, whom everyone called Murochka, became the heroine of many of the writer's works. The girl died in 1931 from tuberculosis. After 10 years, the youngest son Boris died in the war, and 14 years later, the wife of the publicist, Maria Chukovskaya, also died.

Death

Korney Ivanovich passed away at the age of 87 (October 28, 1969). The cause of death is viral hepatitis. The dacha in Peredelkino, where the poet lived in recent years, was turned into a house-museum of Chukovsky.

To this day, lovers of the writer's work can see with their own eyes the place where the eminent artist created his masterpieces.

Bibliography

• "Solar" (story, 1933);
• "Silver Coat of Arms" (story, 1933);
• "Chicken" (fairy tale, 1913);
• "Aibolit" (fairy tale, 1917);
• "Barmaley" (fairy tale, 1925);
• Moydodyr (fairy tale, 1923);
• "Fly-Tsokotuha" (fairy tale, 1924);
• “We will overcome Barmaley” (fairy tale, 1943);
• "The Adventures of Bibigon" (fairy tale, 1945);
• "Confusion" (fairy tale, 1914);
• "The Kingdom of the Dog" (fairy tale, 1912);
• "Cockroach" (fairy tale, 1921);
• "Telephone" (fairy tale, 1924);
• Toptygin and the Fox (fairy tale, 1934);

Chukovsky Korney Ivanovich(Nikolai Emmanuilovich Korneichukov)

(31.03.1882 — 28.10.1969)

Chukovsky's parents were people of completely different social status. Nikolai's mother was a peasant woman from the Poltava province, Ekaterina Osipovna Korneichukova. Nikolai's father, Emmanuil Solomonovich Levenson, lived in a well-to-do family, in whose house, in St. Petersburg, Ekaterina Osipovna worked as a maid. Nicholas was the second child born in this extramarital relationship, following his three-year-old sister Maria. After the birth of Nicholas, the father left them, marrying "a woman of his circle." The mother of Nikolai had no choice but to leave their house and move to Odessa, where for many years the family lived in poverty.

In Odessa, Chukovsky entered the gymnasium, from where he was expelled in the fifth grade due to his low birth. Later, Chukovsky outlined the events he experienced in childhood and were associated with the social inequality of those times in his autobiographical story entitled "Silver Emblem".

In 1901, Chukovsky began his writing career in the newspaper Odessa News. In 1903, as a correspondent for the same publication, Chukovsky was sent to live and work in London, where he began to study the English language and literature with pleasure. Subsequently, Chukovsky published several books with translations of poems by the American poet Walt Whitman, whose works he liked. A little later, in 1907, he completed work on the translation of Rudyard Kipling's fairy tales. In the pre-revolutionary years, Chukovsky actively published critical articles in various publications, where he was not afraid to express his own opinion about modern literary works.

Korney Chukovsky began writing children's fairy tales with the fairy tale "Crocodile" in 1916.

Later in 1928, “About the Crocodile” by Chukovsky, a critical article by Nadezhda Krupskaya in the Pravda publication will be published, which in fact imposed a ban on the continuation of this kind of activity. In 1929, Chukovsky publicly renounced writing fairy tales. Despite his painful experiences in connection with this, he really will not write a single fairy tale again.

In the post-revolutionary years, Chukovsky devoted a lot of time to translating the works of English authors: stories by O. Henry, Mark Twain, Chesterton and others. In addition to the translations themselves, Korney Chukovsky compiled a theoretical guide on literary translation (“High Art”).

Chukovsky, being carried away by the creative activity of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, devoted a lot of effort to working on his works, studying his creative activity, which was embodied in his books about Nekrasov ("Stories about Nekrasov" (1930) and "Nekrasov's Mastery" (1952)). Thanks to the efforts of Chukovsky, many excerpts from the works of the author were found, which, under the ban of censorship, were not published at one time.

Being in close contact with the writers of his time, in particular, Repin, Korolenko, Gorky and many others, Chukovsky collected his memoirs about them in the book "Contemporaries". A huge number of notes can also be found in his "Diary" (published posthumously on the basis of the diary of Korney Chukovsky, which he kept throughout his life), as well as his almanac "Chukokkala" with many quotes, jokes and autographs of writers and artists.

Despite the versatility of our creative activity, we primarily associate with the name of Korney Chukovsky many children's fairy tales that the poet gave us. Many generations of children have already grown up on Chukovsky's fairy tales and continue to read them with great pleasure. Among the most popular fairy tales of Chukovsky, one can single out his fairy tales “Aibolit”, “Cockroach”, “Fly-Tsokotuha”, “Moydodyr”, “Telephone”, “Fedorino grief” and many others.

Korney Chukovsky loved the company of children so much that he placed his observations of them in his book From Two to Five.

Many books have been written about Korney Chukovsky, many articles have been published not only in Russia, but also abroad. Translations of his works can be found in various languages ​​of the world.

Chukovsky's fairy tales can be read from early childhood. Chukovsky's poems with fairy-tale motifs are excellent children's works, famous for a huge number of bright and memorable characters, kind and charismatic, instructive and at the same time loved by children.

Without exception, all children love to read Chukovsky's poems, and what can I say, adults also remember with pleasure the beloved heroes of Korney Chukovsky's fairy tales. And even if you do not read them to your baby, a meeting with the author in kindergarten at matinees or at school in the classroom will definitely take place. In this section, Chukovsky's fairy tales can be read immediately on the site, or you can download any of the works in .doc or .pdf formats.

About Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky was born in 1882 in St. Petersburg. At birth, he was given a different name: Nikolai Vasilievich Korneichukov. The boy was illegitimate, for which life put him in difficult situations more than once. His father left the family when Nikolai was still very young, and he and his mother moved to Odessa. However, failures awaited him there too: the future writer was expelled from the gymnasium, since he came “from the bottom”. Life in Odessa was not sweet for the whole family, the children were often malnourished. Nikolai nevertheless showed strength of character and passed the exams, preparing for them on his own.

Chukovsky published his very first article in Odessa News, and already in 1903, two years after the first publication, the young writer went to London. There he lived for several years, working as a correspondent and studying English literature. After returning to his homeland, Chukovsky publishes his own journal, writes a book of memoirs, and by 1907 becomes famous in literary circles, though not yet as a writer, but as a critic. Korney Chukovsky spent a lot of energy on writing works about other authors, some of them are quite famous, namely, about Nekrasov, Blok, Akhmatova and Mayakovsky, about Dostoevsky, Chekhov and Sleptsov. These publications contributed to the literary fund, but did not bring fame to the author.

Poems of Chukovsky. The beginning of the career of a children's poet

Nevertheless, Korney Ivanovich remained in the memory as a children's writer, it was Chukovsky's children's poems that made his name in history for many years. The author began to write fairy tales quite late. The first fairy tale by Korney Chukovsky is a Crocodile, was written in 1916. Moidodyr and the Cockroach came out only in 1923.

Not many people know that Chukovsky was an excellent child psychologist, he knew how to feel and understand children, he described all his observations and knowledge in detail and cheerfully in a special book “From Two to Five”, which was first published in 1933. In 1930, having experienced several personal tragedies, the writer began to devote most of his time to writing memoirs and translating works by foreign authors.

In the 1960s, Chukovsky got excited about the idea of ​​presenting the Bible in a childish way. Other writers were involved in the work, but the first edition of the book was completely destroyed by the authorities. Already in the 21st century, this book was published, and you can find it under the title "The Tower of Babel and other biblical traditions." The writer spent the last days of his life at his dacha in Peredelkino. There he met with children, read them his own poems and fairy tales, invited famous people.

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (real name - Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov). Born March 19 (31), 1882 in St. Petersburg - died October 28, 1969 in Moscow. Russian Soviet poet, publicist, literary critic, translator and literary critic, children's writer, journalist. Father of writers Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky and Lydia Korneevna Chukovskaya.

Nikolai Korneichukov, who later took the literary pseudonym Korney Chukovsky, was born in St. Petersburg on March 31 in a new style; the frequently occurring date of his birth, April 1, appeared due to an error in the transition to a new style (13 days were added, and not 12, as it should be for the 19th century). Nevertheless, Korney himself celebrated his birthday on April 1.

Nikolai's mother was a peasant woman from the Poltava province, Ekaterina Osipovna Korneichukova, who worked as a maid in St. Petersburg in the Levenson family. She lived in a civil marriage with the son of the family, student Emmanuil Solomonovich Levenson. The born boy already had a three-year-old sister, Maria, from the same union. Shortly after the birth of Nikolai, student Levenson left his illegitimate family and married a woman "of his own circle." Ekaterina Osipovna was forced to move to Odessa.

Nikolai Korneychukov spent his childhood in Odessa and Nikolaev.

In Odessa, the family settled in an outbuilding, in the Makri house on Novorybnaya Street, No. 6. In 1887, the Korneichukovs changed their apartment, moving to the address: Barshman’s house, Kanatny Lane, No. 3. Five-year-old Nikolai was sent to Madame Bekhteeva’s kindergarten, about staying in which he left the following memories: “We marched to the music, drew pictures. The oldest among us was a curly-haired boy with Negro lips, whose name was Volodya Zhabotinsky. That's when I met the future national hero of Israel - in 1888 or 1889!!!".

For some time, the future writer studied at the second Odessa gymnasium (later became the fifth). His classmate at that time was Boris Zhitkov (in the future also a writer and traveler), with whom young Korney struck up friendly relations. Chukovsky did not succeed in graduating from the gymnasium: he was expelled, according to his own statements, because of his low birth. He described these events in his autobiographical story. "Silver coat of arms".

According to the metric, Nicholas and his sister Maria, as illegitimate, did not have a patronymic; in other documents of the pre-revolutionary period, his patronymic was indicated differently - “Vasilyevich” (in the marriage certificate and baptismal certificate of his son Nikolai, subsequently fixed in most later biographies as part of the “real name” - given by the godfather), “Stepanovich”, “Emmanuilovich ”, “Manuilovich”, “Emelyanovich”, sister Marusya bore the patronymic “Emmanuilovna” or “Manuilovna”.

From the beginning of his literary activity, Korneichukov used the pseudonym "Korney Chukovsky", which was later joined by a fictitious patronymic - "Ivanovich". After the revolution, the combination "Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky" became his real name, patronymic and surname.

According to the memoirs of K. Chukovsky, he “never had such a luxury as his father, or at least his grandfather,” which in his youth and youth served as a constant source of shame and mental suffering for him.

His children - Nikolai, Lydia, Boris and Maria (Murochka), who died in childhood, to whom many of her father's children's poems are dedicated - bore (at least after the revolution) the surname Chukovsky and the patronymic Korneevich / Korneevna.

Since 1901, Chukovsky began to write articles in the Odessa News. Chukovsky was introduced to literature by his close school friend, a journalist. Zhabotinsky was also the guarantor of the groom at the wedding of Chukovsky and Maria Borisovna Goldfeld.

Then, in 1903, Chukovsky, as the only correspondent of the newspaper who knew English (which he learned on his own from Ohlendorf's Self-Teacher of the English Language), and tempted by the high salary for those times - the publisher promised 100 rubles a month - went to London as a correspondent for Odessa News, where he went with his young wife. In addition to Odessa News, Chukovsky's English articles were published in the Southern Review and in some Kyiv newspapers. But fees from Russia came irregularly, and then completely stopped. The pregnant wife had to be sent back to Odessa.

Chukovsky moonlighted as a correspondent of catalogs in the British Museum. But in London, Chukovsky thoroughly familiarized himself with English literature - he read in the original, Thackeray.

Returning to Odessa at the end of 1904, Chukovsky settled with his family on Bazarnaya Street No. 2 and plunged into the events of the 1905 revolution.

Chukovsky was captured by the revolution. He twice visited the insurgent battleship Potemkin, among other things, accepting letters to relatives from the insurgent sailors.

In St. Petersburg, he began publishing the satirical magazine "Signal". Among the authors of the magazine were such famous writers as Kuprin, Fedor Sologub and Teffi. After the fourth issue, he was arrested for lèse majesté. He was defended by the famous lawyer Gruzenberg, who achieved an acquittal. Chukovsky was under arrest for 9 days.

In 1906, Korney Ivanovich arrived in the Finnish town of Kuokkala (now Repino, Kurortny District (St. Petersburg)), where he made a close acquaintance with the artist and writer Korolenko. It was Chukovsky who persuaded Repin to take his writing seriously and prepare a book of memoirs, Far Close.

Chukovsky lived in Kuokkala for about 10 years. From a combination of the words Chukovsky and Kuokkala formed "Chukokkala"(invented by Repin) - the name of a handwritten humorous almanac that Korney Ivanovich kept until the last days of his life.

In 1907, Chukovsky published Walt Whitman's translations. The book became popular, which increased Chukovsky's fame in the literary environment. Chukovsky became an influential critic, smashed tabloid literature (articles about Lydia Charskaya, Anastasia Verbitskaya, "Nata Pinkerton", etc.), wittily defended the futurists - both in articles and in public lectures - from the attacks of traditional criticism (he met Mayakovsky in Kuokkala and later became friends with him), although the Futurists themselves were by no means always grateful to him for this; developed his own recognizable manner (reconstruction of the psychological appearance of the writer on the basis of numerous quotations from him).

In 1916, Chukovsky again visited England with a delegation from the State Duma. In 1917, Patterson's book With the Jewish Detachment at Gallipoli (about the Jewish Legion in the British Army) was published, edited and with a foreword by Chukovsky.

After the revolution, Chukovsky continued to engage in criticism, publishing two of his most famous books on the work of his contemporaries - "A book about Alexander Blok"(“Alexander Blok as a man and a poet”) and “Akhmatova and Mayakovsky”. The circumstances of the Soviet era turned out to be ungrateful for critical activity, and Chukovsky had to “bury this talent in the ground”, which he later regretted.

Since 1917, Chukovsky set to work on Nekrasov, his favorite poet, for many years. Through his efforts, the first Soviet collection of Nekrasov's poems was published. Chukovsky completed work on it only in 1926, reworking a lot of manuscripts and providing texts with scientific comments. Monograph "Skill of Nekrasov", published in 1952, was reprinted many times, and in 1962 Chukovsky was awarded the Lenin Prize for it.

After 1917, they managed to publish a significant part of the poems, which were either previously banned by the tsarist censorship, or they were "vetoed" by the copyright holders. Approximately a quarter of Nekrasov's currently known poetic lines were put into circulation precisely by Korney Chukovsky. In addition, in the 1920s, he discovered and published manuscripts of Nekrasov's prose works (The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trosnikov, The Thin Man, and others).

In addition to Nekrasov, Chukovsky was engaged in the biography and work of a number of other writers of the 19th century (Chekhov, Dostoevsky, Sleptsov), to which, in particular, his book “People and Books of the Sixties” is devoted, participated in the preparation of the text and editing of many publications. Chukovsky considered Chekhov the writer closest to himself in spirit.

Passion for children's literature, glorified Chukovsky, began relatively late, when he was already a famous critic. In 1916, Chukovsky compiled the Yolka collection and wrote his first fairy tale, Crocodile.

In 1923, his famous fairy tales "Moydodyr" and "Cockroach" were published.

In the life of Chukovsky there was another hobby - the study of the psyche of children and how they master speech. He wrote down his observations of children, their verbal creativity in the book From Two to Five (1933).

All my other writings are so overshadowed by my children's fairy tales that, in the minds of many readers, I did not write anything at all, except for "Moydodirs" and "Fly-Tsokotuha".

In February 1928, Pravda published an article by N. K. Krupskaya, Deputy People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, “On Chukovsky's Crocodile”: “Such chatter is disrespect for a child. First, he is beckoned with a gingerbread - cheerful, innocent rhymes and comical images, and along the way they are allowed to swallow some kind of dregs that will not pass without a trace for him. I don't think we need to give our kids the Crocodile."

According to the researcher L. Strong, the widow's speech at that time actually meant a "ban on the profession", and among party critics and editors the term "Chukivism" soon arose.

In December 1929, Chukovsky published a letter in Literaturnaya Gazeta with a renunciation of fairy tales and a promise to create a collection of "Merry Kolkhozia". Chukovsky was very upset by the renunciation (he also had a daughter with tuberculosis): he really would not write a single fairy tale after that (until 1942), as, indeed, the aforementioned collection.

The 1930s were marked by two personal tragedies of Chukovsky: in 1931, his daughter Murochka died after a serious illness, and in 1938, the husband of his daughter Lydia, physicist Matvey Bronstein, was shot. In 1938 Chukovsky moved from Leningrad to Moscow.

In the 1930s, Chukovsky did a lot of work on the theory of literary translation (“The Art of Translation” of 1936 was republished before the start of the war, in 1941, under the title “High Art”) and translations into Russian (, and others, including in the form "retelling" for children).

He begins to write memoirs, on which he worked until the end of his life (“Contemporaries” in the ZhZL series). Posthumously published "Diaries 1901-1969".

As the NKGB reported to the Central Committee, during the war years, Chukovsky spoke out: “With all my heart I wish the death of Hitler and the collapse of his crazy ideas. With the fall of the Nazi despotism, the world of democracy will come face to face with the Soviet despotism. Will wait".

On March 1, 1944, the Pravda newspaper published an article by P. Yudin “Vulgar and harmful concoction of K. Chukovsky”, in which an analysis of Chukovsky’s book “We will overcome Barmaley” published in 1943 in Tashkent was arranged (Aibolitia is waging war with the Svirepiya and its king Barmaley), and this book was recognized in the article as harmful.

The tale of K. Chukovsky is a harmful concoction that can distort modern reality in the minds of children. "War tale" K. Chukovsky characterizes the author as a person who either does not understand the writer's duty in the Patriotic War, or deliberately vulgarizes the great tasks of raising children in the spirit of socialist patriotism.

In the 1960s, K. Chukovsky started a retelling of the Bible for children. He attracted writers and writers to this project and carefully edited their work. The project itself was very difficult due to the anti-religious position of the Soviet government. In particular, they demanded from Chukovsky that the words "God" and "Jews" should not be mentioned in the book; by the forces of writers a pseudonym was invented for God "Wizard Yahweh".

The book called "The Tower of Babel and Other Ancient Legends" was published by the publishing house "Children's Literature" in 1968. However, the entire circulation was destroyed by the authorities. The circumstances of the ban on the publication were later described by Valentin Berestov, one of the authors of the book: “It was the height of the great cultural revolution in China. The Red Guards, noticing the publication, loudly demanded to smash the head of the old revisionist Chukovsky, who clogs the minds of Soviet children with religious nonsense. The West responded with the headline “New discovery of the Red Guards”, and our authorities reacted in the usual way.” The book was published in 1988.

In recent years, Chukovsky has been a popular favorite, winner of a number of state awards and holder of orders, at the same time he maintained contacts with dissidents (, Litvinov, his daughter Lydia was also a prominent human rights activist).

At the dacha in Peredelkino, where he lived constantly in recent years, he arranged meetings with the surrounding children, talked with them, read poetry, invited famous people, famous pilots, artists, writers, poets to meetings. Peredelkino children, who have long since become adults, still remember those children's gatherings at Chukovsky's dacha.

In 1966, he signed a letter from 25 cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of Stalin.

Korney Ivanovich died on October 28, 1969 from viral hepatitis. At the dacha in Peredelkino, where the writer lived most of his life, his museum now operates.

Family of Korney Chukovsky:

Wife (since May 26, 1903) - Maria Borisovna Chukovskaya (nee Maria Aron-Berovna Goldfeld, 1880-1955). Daughter of accountant Aron-Ber Ruvimovich Goldfeld and housewife Tuba (Tauba) Oizerovna Goldfeld.

Son - poet, prose writer and translator Nikolai Korneevich Chukovsky (1904-1965). His wife is the translator Marina Nikolaevna Chukovskaya (1905-1993).

Daughter - writer and dissident Lidia Korneevna Chukovskaya (1907-1996). Her first husband was a literary critic and literary historian Tsezar Samoilovich Volpe (1904-1941), the second was a physicist and popularizer of science Matvei Petrovich Bronstein (1906-1938).

Son - Boris Korneevich Chukovsky (1910-1941), died shortly after the start of World War II, in the autumn of 1941, returning from reconnaissance near the Borodino field.

Daughter - Maria Korneevna Chukovskaya (Murochka) (1920-1931), the heroine of children's poems and stories of her father. Granddaughter - Natalia Nikolaevna Kostyukova (Chukovskaya), Tata (born 1925), microbiologist, professor, doctor of medical sciences, Honored Worker of Science of Russia.

Granddaughter - literary critic, chemist Elena Tsezarevna Chukovskaya (1931-2015).

Grandson - Nikolai Nikolaevich Chukovsky, Gulya (born 1933), communications engineer.

Grandson - cameraman Evgeny Borisovich Chukovsky (1937-1997).

Grandson - Dmitry Chukovsky (born 1943), husband of the famous tennis player Anna Dmitrieva. Great-granddaughter - Maria Ivanovna Shustitskaya (born 1950), anesthesiologist-resuscitator.

Great-grandson - Boris Ivanovich Kostyukov (1956-2007), historian-archivist.

Great-grandson - Yuri Ivanovich Kostyukov (born 1956), doctor.

Great-granddaughter - Marina Dmitrievna Chukovskaya (born 1966).

Great-grandson - Dmitry Chukovsky (born 1968), chief producer of the directorate of NTV-Plus sports channels.

Great-grandson - Andrei Evgenievich Chukovsky (born 1960), chemist.

Great-grandson - Nikolai Evgenievich Chukovsky (born 1962).

Nephew - mathematician Vladimir Abramovich Rokhlin (1919-1984).