Masterpieces by Ivan Shishkin: The most famous paintings of the great Russian landscape painter. Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich Russian artist Shishkin

In 1832, on January 25, in the city of Elabuga, Vyatebsk province, a son, Ivan, was born in the family of the merchant Ivan Vasilyevich Shishkin. In the Kazan gymnasium, the future artist received his first education.

After 4 years of study, Ivan Shishkin enters the Moscow School of Painting. In 1856, graduating from college, he decides to continue his studies in St. Petersburg and enters the Academy of Arts.

During the year of study within the walls of this institution, the artist not only mastered academic drawing, but also studied painting in the suburbs of St. Petersburg.

The year 1860 was a significant year for Shishkin when he received an important award - the gold medal of the Academy. He had received awards before, but they did not have such significance.

Traveling, Shishkin visited Munich and Zurich, where he had the opportunity to study in the workshops of famous artists. Thanks to the work "" the artist was awarded the title of academician.

Outside of Russia, Shishkin draws works with a pen to perfection, which deserves great attention from foreigners who were struck by the unprecedented talent of the Russian artist.

Some drawings were placed in the Düsseldorf Museum, where they were placed on a par with the works of famous European artists.

In 1864, the painter Shishkin returned to Russia, because. outside the homeland, it was not possible for him to paint a Russian landscape. He travels a lot around his native country in search of picturesque places.

The artist dedicated a fairly large number of his works to the pine forest, among which the most famous are - "Pine forest ", "Morning in a pine forest" , "" , "Stream in the Forest".

His paintings were presented at exhibitions, as well as in the Association of Traveling Exhibitions. In 1873, Shishkin received the title of professor at the Academy of Arts, and for a short time he was in charge of the training workshop.

Ivan Shishkin marries only in 1977, the artist Olga Antonova-Lagoda becomes his wife. Their home is often visited by his colleagues and friends.

The brightest painting by Shishkin "" was created by him in 1889. This picture is permeated with the morning air of the forest, one feels the forest wilderness untouched by man. The popularity of this painting is still unchanged, which is why this work of art has no equal.

The final work of the artist is the canvas "" created by him in 1898. This picture demonstrates the talent and skill accumulated by the artist throughout his life.

How truly great are the artists whose inescapable supply of spiritual strength and life observations translates into an extremely clear, simple form, accessible to the widest spectator. The whole philosophy of their paintings is a hymn to wildlife, the beauty of nature. Their work is reminiscent of a leisurely song, epic and free. The best canvases of artists become milestones in the development of the art of the country in which they lived and painted. Compatriots are proud of their paintings as national treasures, so great is the generalized sense of citizenship and feeling of the Motherland in these realistic works.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian national landscape was unconditionally affirmed. That is why Shishkin's work marks an important stage in the development of this genre. Among the prominent artists Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich(1832-1896) represents with his art an exceptional phenomenon, which was not known in the field of landscape painting in previous eras. Like many Russian artists, he naturally had a great talent for the nugget. Nemirovich-Danchenko spoke of his work in the following way: “A poet of nature, namely a poet who thinks in her images, analyzes her beauty where a mere mortal will pass indifferently.” Creativity Shishkin imbued with the pathos of life and the affirmation of the beauty and strength of nature of his native country.

The future artist was born in Yelabuga on the Kama, a remote Russian province. The inhabitants of this town carefully preserved the fundamental foundations of the patriarchal way of life. His father was a merchant, a cultured man. The father was the first from whom Vanya found support in his aspirations for art. In 1852, young Shishkin enters the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. Then four years of study at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Already during this period, Shishkin introduced an innovation in the landscape genre - a etude approach to the subject of the image, natural exploration of nature. One of the works of the academic period "VIEW ON THE ISLAND OF VALAAM" (Kukko area) (1858, Kyiv Museum of Russian Art). The future artist admired meadows and forests, grasses and flowers, stumps and stones, bushes and mosses, in which the idea of ​​living life, the eternal growth of nature was manifested. Shishkin was attracted by a thirst for artistic exploration of nature. He carefully examined, felt, studied every stem, tree trunk, quivering foliage on branches, revived grasses and mosses. For this picture, Shishkin received a large gold medal and the right to improve his work abroad after graduating from the Academy.

For two years, the artist gained knowledge in Switzerland, in Germany. From where he returned as a high professional, he became a professor (head of the landscape class) and a member of the Association of Wanderers. Here he nurtured his view of creativity and determined the themes of future works. Life in a foreign land sharpened his sense of the Motherland.

Opposite in plot is another painting by the artist “SESTRORETSKY BOR” (1887). Here is not a thicket, but sunlight breaking through the pines and warming the earth. And again, the main characters in Shishkin's landscapes are trees. In the spirit of his time, the artist poeticizes them, naming them according to the opening lines of the poem: “Among the flat valley…”, “In the wild north…”.

"AMONG THE VALLEY OF EQUAL ..." (1883, Kyiv Museum of Russian Art) - romantic painting, which became a continuation of the majestic landscape, created based on the poem of the same name by Alexei Merzlyakov. The artist has developed a visually convincing painting, filled with the smells of the plain and the coolness of the fading day. Shishkin has been depicting a forest all his life, and here is a single tree for the entire boundless space. The picture is addressed to the well-being of a person in a vast world. Shishkin's man is attached to the ground. Nature expresses the music of the human soul. Through its states, a person reflects on life. Thus, the artist's landscape expresses the state of nature and the feelings of a person who responds to this state. It is very difficult to say which of the artist's works is the most remarkable. All Shishkin's works show how his creative tasks expanded, and how a true landscape painter wanted to express the best folk ideals and aspirations in the images of Russian nature.

AT Shishkin's paintings how it sounds like "the spirit and image of the great, mighty space" called Russia. An era lives in the images of the artist, a mighty unhurried people is imagined, a huge boundless country is seen, which has no end and which is constantly moving away and moving away into endless horizons. Shishkin conquered the widest circles of society with his works. After all, he created a real epic of the Russian forest, capturing not only the appearance of national nature, but also the character of the people. It was from Shishkin's love for nature that images were born that have long become unique symbols of Russia. Already the figure of Shishkin personified Russian nature for his contemporaries. He was called the "forest hero-artist", "king of the forest", "old man-forester", he was compared with an old strong pine, but he most likely looks like a lonely oak from his famous painting. After all, the artist had a difficult fate. Twice he married for love, and twice death claimed the women he loved. His sons have died. But Shishkin never allowed himself to transfer his own difficult condition to nature.

Shishkin died on March 20, 1898, like a true artist - at work. His student Grigory Gurkin worked in Shishkin's workshop. Hearing an unnaturally loud sigh, he looked out from behind the canvas and saw the teacher slowly sliding onto his side. This is how his niece describes the death of Ivan Ivanovich. But the work of the master is alive, in which the “spirit and image of the great, mighty space” called Russia sounds.

Ivan Shishkin a brief biography of the famous Russian artist is set out in this article.

Ivan Shishkin biography briefly

Famous paintings by Shishkin:“Autumn”, “Rye”, “Morning in a pine forest”, “Before a thunderstorm” and others.

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin was born on January 13 (25), 1832 in Yelabuga, a small town, in the family of a poor merchant.

From childhood he was fond of drawing. Parents tried to involve him in trade, but to no avail.

In 1852 he went to Moscow to enter the School of Painting and Sculpture, and here for the first time he went through a serious school of drawing and painting. Shishkin read a lot and thought about art and came to the conclusion that the artist needs to study nature and follow it.

In Moscow, he studied under the guidance of Professor A. A. Mokritsky. In 1856–60 continues his studies at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts with the landscape painter S. M. Vorobyov. Its development is proceeding rapidly. He worked with other young landscape painters on the island of Valaam. For his success, Shishkin receives all possible awards.

In 1860 he was awarded the Big Gold Medal for the landscape “View on the island of Valaam”. Receiving the Big Gold Medal at the end of the Academy in 1860 gave Shishkin the right to travel abroad, but first he went to Kazan and further to the Kama. I wanted to visit my native land. Only in the spring of 1862 did he go abroad.

For 3 years he lived in Germany and Switzerland. He studied in the workshop of the painter and engraver K. Roller. Even before his trip he was known as a brilliant draftsman. In 1865 he received the title of academician for the painting “View in the environs of Düsseldorf”. From 1873 he became a professor of arts.

I. I. Shishkin was the first of the Russian landscape painters of the second half of the 19th century, who attached great importance to the sketch from nature. The theme of the solemn and clear beauty of his native land was the main one for him.

Shishkin was engaged not only in drawing, but also in 1894 began teaching at the Higher Art School at the Academy of Arts, he knew how to appreciate talents.

biography and creativity

The birthplace of one of the most famous, even cult artists of Russia is the city Yelabuga. He was born in this provincial town on January 13, 1832. In the future, he became known as a landscape painter, conveying the smallest details of the nature of his native land with photographic accuracy.

Portrait of I.I. Shishkin by I.N. Kramskoy

Family and studies

On the formation of views and creative style Shishkin father had a great influence. A poor merchant who was fond of archeology and wrote the "History of the city of Yelabuga" was the man who managed to transfer all his knowledge to his son. Shishkin Sr. sold grain, and at his own expense restored the ancient buildings of Yelabuga, developed a local water supply system.

The path of the future artist was predetermined from childhood. He entered the 1st Kazan Gymnasium, but did not graduate. In the fifth grade, Shishkin left school, returned home and devoted all his attention to drawing from nature. For four years he painted the forests of Yelabuga, and in 1852 he entered the Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture.

self-portrait

The exhibition of Caucasian mountain views by L. Lagorio and marine paintings by I. Aivazovsky was crucial for Ivan Shishkin. There he saw a painting that fascinates and inspires many. It was Aivazovsky's The Ninth Wave. Another factor that determined the further work of the artist was studying in the class of Mokritsky, who admired the work of K. Bryullov. The teacher was able to discern talent in a quiet, even shy student and in every possible way encouraged him to take up landscape painting.

In 1856, Shishkin graduated from college and entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. In the first year of study he was awarded a silver medal. The award went to him for a pencil drawing and a view of St. Petersburg, made with a brush. The artist became one of the best students of the Academy, and in 1860 he graduated from it with a large gold medal. Such a high award gave the right to travel abroad for three years to improve creative skills. But Shishkin preferred the place where he spent his childhood and adolescence - Yelabuga.

Foreign twists and turns

The artist left Russia only in 1862. He visited Zurich, Munich, Geneva and Düsseldorf. He got acquainted with the works of famous painters and studied with R. Koller himself. In the same period, by order of N. Bykov, he wrote

"View around Düsseldorf",

for it he received the title of academician.

Shishkin constantly improved his skills, developed his own style. What are some pen drawings, scrupulously conveying the details of surrounding objects! Two such works are still among the exhibits of the Düsseldorf Museum.

In 1865 Shishkin returned to Russia. He is already a recognized and recognizable artist, capable of creative accomplishments. In the works of the early 1860s. there are attempts to achieve maximum similarity with nature. It is as seen from the picture

"Cutting down the forest"

somewhat violates the integrity of the landscape. Working long and hard, the artist overcomes the academic postulates of an abstract landscape and creates a series of paintings. An example of a “reborn” master is a canvas

"Noon. In the suburbs of Moscow.

The picture is filled with light, it exudes peace and tranquility, it is able to create a joyful, even blissful mood.

The place of the forest in the work of Shishkin

In 1870, he became one of the founders of the Association of the Wanderers and presented a painting to the second exhibition of the society.

"Pinery".

The work to this day amazes with the integrity of color, the photographic nature of the transfer of nature and the incredible combination of colors.

Other paintings that recreate the majestic forests are "Black Forest", "Forest Wilderness", "Spruce Forest", "Reserve. Pine forest”, “Forest (Shmetsk near Narva)”, “Corner of overgrown forest. Slut-grass”, “In the pine forest” and others. The painter amazingly accurately depicts plant forms, carefully writes out every twig, every blade of grass. The paintings are reminiscent of beautiful, but still accidentally taken photographs. This trend is typical only for works where a large color palette is used. Canvases depicting the forest, made in a single color range, fully reveal the talent of the artist.

creative tricks

The most famous painting of the master -

"Morning in a pine forest",

presented at the exhibition of the Wanderers in 1889. The popularity of the work is that it is filled with serenity, the expectation of something beautiful and is a symbol of the motherland. And even if K. Savitsky wrote the bears, each of us associates these animals with small children.

The result of the entire creative path of Shishkin - canvas

"Ship Grove" (1898).

It is completed according to all the laws of classicism, fully reveals the artistic image. The picture has another property - incredible monumentality.

I. I. Shishkin died in his workshop on March 8 (20), 1898. He never finished the painting “The Kingdom of the Forest”, but the legacy that remains to this day is able to touch the soul of our contemporaries.

Sestroretsky Bor 1886

View on the island of Valaam. Cucco area1858-60

Birch forest 1871

Oak. grove1887

Birch Grove

Birch and mountain ash 1878

Before the Storm 1884

Among the flat valley... 1883

View in the environs of St. Petersburg 1865

Winter in the forest, frost 1877

In the wild north

Above the embankment 1887

Coniferous forest 1873

Winter 1890

Coniferous forest. Sunny day 1895

Rye 1878

Pinery. Mast forest in the Vyatka province

Evening 1871

seaside view

Rain in the Oak Forest 1891

Autumn landscape. Park in Pavlovsk 1888

Forest 1897

Early autumn 1889

Autumn forest 1876

Mountain path. Crimea 1879

Golden Autumn 1888

Winter forest

Pine forest

Forest in Mordvinov. 1891

mushroom pickers

Stream in a birch forest 1883

Dali

Winter. Moscow region. Etude

Pines. illuminated by the sun

The Ligovka river in the village of Konstantinovka near St. Petersburg. 1869

Two female figures 1880s

Children in the forest

First snow 1875

Walk in the forest 1869

Oaks 1886

In Crimea. Monastery of Cosmas and Damian near Chatyrdag 1879

Pine on the rock. 1855

Forest in the evening 1868-1869

Off the banks of the Kama near Yelabuga

1. Introduction.

The purpose of writing this work is to reveal the topic "The work of Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin", thereby showing that Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin belongs to one of the most honorable places. His name is associated with the history of Russian landscape in the second half of the 19th century. The works of the outstanding master, the best of which have become classics of national painting, have gained immense popularity.

Among the masters of the older generation, I. I. Shishkin represented with his art an exceptional phenomenon, which was not known in the field of landscape painting in previous eras. Like many Russian artists, he naturally had a great talent for the nugget. No one before Shishkin, with such stunning openness and with such disarming secrecy, told the viewer about his love for his native land, for the discreet charm of northern nature.

2. Biography.

Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin

Ivan Shishkin was born on January 13 (25), 1832 in Yelabuga, a small provincial town located on the high bank of the Kama, into a merchant family. The artist's father, I. V. Shishkin, was not only an entrepreneur, but also an engineer, archaeologist and local historian, the author of the History of the City of Yelabuga. The father did not interfere with his son's craving for art and agreed to his departure to Moscow to study at the Moscow School of Painting. Having entered the gymnasium, he met several comrades there with whom he could not only arrange entertainment in the style of the students, such as going to fist fights, but also draw and talk about art. However, the then gymnasium, with its narrow formalism, did not correspond to the aspirations and inclinations of young Shishkin to such an extent, it seemed so unbearable to him that, returning to Yelabuga in the summer of 1848, he announced to his relatives that he would not return to the gymnasium, so as not to become an official what he feared all his life. The father did not insist. In 1852 Ivan went to Moscow and entered the Moscow School. “At the Moscow School of Painting and Sculpture, where the artist studied for more than three years, the progressive pedagogical system of A.G. Venetsianov was widely used, based on an attentive and careful attitude to nature” (p. 5, 2).

Until 1860, Shishkin continued his studies at the St. Petersburg Academy of art S.M. Vorobyov. The successes of the young artist are marked with gold and silver medals. “The works created by Shishkin during the years of his studies often bore romantic features” (p. 7, 2). In 1858-1859, the young artist was stubbornly engaged in drawing from nature, working a lot in the summer months near Sestroretsk and on the island of Valaam on Lake Ladoga. In 1860, for the landscape “View on the Island of Valaam,” Shishkin was awarded the first gold medal, and with it the right to travel abroad. However, he is in no hurry to go abroad and in the spring of 1861 he goes to Yelabuga, where he writes a lot in nature. In the spring of 1862, together with V.I. Jacobi pensioner Shishkin leaves for Germany. Until 1865 he would live mainly in Germany, Switzerland and France. In June 1865 he returned to Russia, spending the summer in his homeland - in Yelabuga. In September, for the painting "View in the vicinity of Dusseldorf" (1864), Shishkin received the title of academician and from October he finally settled in St. Petersburg. The painting "Cutting down the forest" (1867) is a kind of result of the early period of the artist's work. In 1868, Shishkin married the sister of the artist F.A. Vasiliev. Yevgenia Alexandrovna was a simple and good woman, and the years of her life with Ivan Ivanovich passed in quiet and peaceful work. The funds already allowed him to have modest comfort, although with an ever-increasing family, Ivan Ivanovich could not afford anything superfluous. “Young artists were constantly in Shishkin's house. He willingly worked with them, took them to sketches, made long trips with them” (p. 19, 2). In April 1874, his wife dies, leaving two children, a daughter and a son, who also dies soon after. Shishkin begins to drink not in company, as before, but at home, all the time, and there was no one to keep him. In his mother-in-law, who settled with him, he even found support for this. He began to sink morally, his character deteriorated, since nothing affected him so terribly as vodka. Little by little, he moved away from the society of Kramskoy, who alone had influence on him, and again got closer to the friends of his youth, who all suffered from the same disease and at that time had already completely sunk as artists. Shishkin was saved only by his success, which he had already secured for himself, by the susceptibility and strength that distinguished his body.

In 1870, Shishkin became one of the founding members of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions and remained faithful to him throughout his life. At the first traveling exhibition, he appears with the paintings "Evening", "Pine Forest" and "Birch Forest", and in 1872, based on sketches from nature, he writes in Kramskoy's workshop "Pine Forest.
For the painting "Forest Wilderness" (1872), Shishkin received the title of professor of landscape painting. “To display native nature without embellishment, to tell about it truthfully and clearly - Shishkin strove for this” (p. 14, 2).
In the seventies, the artist worked hard on the study of nature. In the best works of Shishkin, epic notes begin to sound more insistent and stronger. The theme of the epic landscape reached its most vivid expression in the famous painting "Rye". It was presented in 1878 at the VI Traveling Exhibition. In the winter of 1877, Ivan Ivanovich met a young beauty, artist Olga Antonovna Lagoda. In the summer of 1880, Shishkin was already her fiancé. On their Sundays, they played charades, fooled around, danced in various funny costumes, had fun from the heart, without hesitation.

“In the last decades of the 19th century, in a difficult period for the Partnership, when the disagreements that arose among it threatened the collapse of the entire organization, Shishkin was with those artists who continued to profess the democratic educational ideals of the sixties” (p. 17, 2).
In the last year of his work, Shishkin achieved success in the field of color, in the transfer of light and air environment. Shishkin met the 90s full of energy. At the end of the same 1891, Shishkin, together with Repin, organized an exhibition of his works in the halls of the Academy of Arts.

“Suddenly, death crept up on the artist. He died at the easel on March 8 (20), 1898, while working on the painting ”(p. 21, 2).

3. Creation.

“Shishkin was a great lover of life. He bowed before Russian nature, she became part of his being. He loved her more than anything in the world, and therefore his view of nature was surprisingly optimistic. Shishkin devoted his whole life to singing Russian forests, fields, Russian expanses ”(p. 18, 1). Ivan Ivanovich dreamed of penetrating the secrets of the structure and life of nature.

Throughout his life, Shishkin painted the forest. “But, perhaps, the painting “Afonasovskaya ship grove near Yelabuga” was the most powerful in its sound (p. 20.1). A transparent stream in the foreground, in which all the pebbles can be counted. A pine forest is depicted on the edge - slender, tall. Each tree has its own "character". The work embodies the deep knowledge of nature, which was accumulated by the master over almost half a century of creative work. The monumental painting (the largest in Shishkin's work) is the last solemn image of the forest in the epic he created, symbolizing the heroic strength of Russian nature.
This painting is the artistic testament of the master, the solemn finale of the forest epic that he enthusiastically painted throughout his life. She - testifying that even in old age the artist did not at all lose the hardness of her hand, the vigilance of her gaze, the ability to type while maintaining the accuracy of texture and detail - as if sums up all the advantages of Shishkin's creative manner. The landscape presents the viewer with the highest summer flowering. Shishkin generally loved the highest points of the states of nature, as well as the most powerful and resistant tree species (Fig. 1).

The painting “Morning in a Pine Forest” (Fig. 2) is popular with an entertaining plot. However, the true value of the work is the beautifully expressed state of nature. It is not a dense dense forest that is shown, but sunlight breaking through the columns of giants, the depth of ravines, the power of centuries-old trees are felt. And the sunlight, as it were, timidly looks into this dense forest. The frolicking bear cubs feel the approach of morning. “The idea for the painting was suggested to Shishkin by Savitsky K.A. The bears were written by Savitsky in the painting itself. These bears, with some differences in poses and numbers (at first there were two of them), appear in preparatory drawings and sketches” (p. 40, 1). The bears turned out so well for Savitsky that he even signed the painting together with Shishkin. And when Tretyakov bought this painting, he removed Savitsky's signature, leaving the authorship to Shishkin.

Shishkin's graphic skill can be judged by the drawing "Oaks near Sestroretsk" (1857). Along with the elements of external romanticization of the image inherent in this large "hand-drawn picture", it also has a feeling of naturalness of the image. The work shows the artist's desire for a plastic interpretation of natural forms, good professional training.

Already one of Shishkin's early paintings, "A Stream in the Forest" (1870), testifies to the strength of the engraver's professional foundation, behind which lies creative work. Busy, complex in motif, this picture is reminiscent of those pen and ink drawings that Shishkin performed in the sixties. “But in comparison with them, for all the refinement of the strokes, it is devoid of any dryness, the beauty of chased lines is more felt in it, the contrasts of light and shade are richer” (p. 43.1).

The painting “In the Forest of Countess Mordvinova” amazes us with the penetration and concentration of mood that are not characteristic of Shishkin. In the picture, the sun almost does not hit due to the dense forest, which makes the trees look stunted. “And in the midst of this forest kingdom, the figure of an old forester suddenly appears, immediately imperceptible - his clothes are akin to the forest in color” (p. 32, 1). There is a special poetry and even mystery in this landscape. The picture “Rain in the Oak Forest” is completely different in mood. All mystery is gone here. The forest looks small and spacious. People walking in the rain enhance the feeling of being inhabited by nature.

Shishkin also liked to draw open spaces. One of these landscapes is "Forest distances". The forest in this picture receded from the foreground. A thin pine tree, clearly drawn against the background of a bright sky, seems to measure the distance, and then the forests begin. A river or lake can be seen in the distance. And behind it again ridges of forests. “The sky is golden, endless. Silence ... Fascinating space. A foggy haze gradually covers the distance ... ”(p. 24.1).

Shishkin painted many beautiful paintings in which he reflected all his love and the splendor of nature.

4. Conclusion

Among all Russian landscape painters, Shishkin undoubtedly belongs to the place of the most powerful artist. In all his works, he manifests himself as an amazing connoisseur of plant forms - trees, foliage, grass, reproducing them with a subtle understanding of both the general nature and the smallest distinguishing features of any kind of trees, bushes and grasses. “Whether he took on the image of a pine or spruce forest, individual pines and spruces, just like their combination and mixtures, received their true face from him, without any embellishment or understatement - that kind and with those particulars that are quite explained and conditioned by the soil and climate where the artist made them grow. The very terrain under the trees - stones, sand or clay, uneven soil, overgrown with ferns and other forest grasses, dry leaves, brushwood, deadwood, etc. - received in Shishkin's paintings and drawings a look of perfect reality, as close as possible to reality "(p. 52, one).

5. Bibliography

1. Shishkin. Publishing house "Artist of the RSFSR". Leningrad. 1966

2. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin. Publishing house "Art". Leningrad. 1978