Secrets from a suitcase. Ivan Serov: Notes from a suitcase

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Notes of Ivan Serov.

In February 1971, Yuri Andropov sent a top-secret note to the Central Committee of the CPSU, in which he said that his predecessor, the former chairman of the KGB, General Ivan Serov, "has been busy writing memoirs about his political and state activities for the past 2 years." Serov's unique archive was found only recently - in a home cache. Our observer, State Duma deputy Alexander Khinshtein, thoroughly studied these documents. And he prepared the book Notes from a Suitcase for publication.

Neither the Kremlin, nor even the Lubyanka, were interested in the appearance of Serov's memoirs: his dislike for the then leaders was mutual. In 1963, as a result of a well-planned provocation, Serov was removed from his post as head of the GRU, deprived of the Hero of the Union star received for the capture of Berlin, demoted by 3 ranks, and expelled from the party. The notes were supposed to be a kind of answer to his persecutors. In addition, being a key figure in the Soviet special services of the 1930s-1960s, a witness and participant in many historical events, the general wanted to tell at least some of them.

It's hard to believe, but former subordinates were never able to get Serov's memoir drafts. The old security officer worked on them under conditions of conspiracy, for a long time not even trusting his wife. He hid the papers so professionally that even after his death in 1990, their whereabouts remained a mystery.

This secret was revealed only now, in the best traditions of the spy genre. A few years ago, while repairing a garage at Serov's old dacha in Arkhangelskoye, his granddaughter unexpectedly stumbled upon a hiding place in the wall. It contained two old suitcases full of manuscripts and various documents. This was Serov's famous archive.

There has never been anything like it in national history before. The notes and memoirs of Ivan Serov cover the entire period of his service in the security and military intelligence agencies. With unprecedented frankness and diary scrupulousness, he describes much of what he witnessed and participated in.

Coming to the NKVD in 1939 as an army recruit, Serov made a dizzying career. By the beginning of the war, he was deputy commissar of state security, then - deputy commissar (minister) of internal affairs. During the war years, he carried out the most important tasks of Stalin and Beria, organized sabotage detachments, fought gangs in the Caucasus and the Baltic states, and personally arrested the top of the anti-Soviet Polish government in exile.

It was Serov who supervised the deportation of peoples declared enemy by Stalin. But he also entered Berlin with the first parts, personally discovered the corpses of Hitler and Goebbels, and then took part in the ceremony of signing the surrender. Serov is the only one of all the leaders of the NKVD who not only regularly visited the front line, but also personally raised the soldiers to attack. He was always sent to where it is more difficult.

Until 1947, Serov remained authorized by the NKVD-MVD in Berlin, where, among other things, he was engaged in the restoration of the production of strategic missiles and the search for German secret scientists.

In 1953, he, among the few deputies of Beria, was involved by Khrushchev in the operation to arrest his minister - an old acquaintance, from Ukraine, had an effect. It was Serov, under the patronage of Khrushchev, who would become the first chairman of the KGB in history, and then head military intelligence - the GRU.

It is difficult even to imagine the number of secrets and mysteries to which Serov was admitted. Suffice it to say that even the general sets out the circumstances of his own resignation in a completely different way from the generally accepted canonical version. According to Serov, the CIA and MI6 agent within the military intelligence, Colonel Penkovsky, in the vicinity of whom the head of the GRU was caught, was in fact a KGB agent framed by the Western intelligence services for the purpose of disinformation.

This and many other historical sensations are contained in the Serov archive. For almost two years, Alexander Khinshtein was engaged in the analysis and study of the general's archive. The result of his work was a book of memoirs by Ivan Serov prepared for publication, which he provided with notes and explanations restoring the outline and logic of events. In the near future, the book "Notes from a suitcase" will be published.

Bulldogs under the rug(1947–1948)

In the winter of 1947, Stalin decides to return Serov to his homeland: he is promoted to First Deputy Minister of the Interior.

It was one of the most difficult stages in Serov's life. In Moscow, he immediately finds himself at the epicenter of the Lubyanka-Kremlin conspiracies and intrigues.

By that time, his sworn enemy Viktor Abakumov had already replaced the long-term People's Commissar Minister, the faithful Beria Vsevolod Merkulov. In May 1946, he headed the USSR Ministry of State Security. (The day before, in March, an administrative reform was passed, transforming the people's commissariats into ministries.)

Serov has been feeling Abakumov's hot breath behind his back for a long time. A year ago, the Zhukovsky generals arrested by the MGB had already been beaten out to testify against Serov. Only Stalin's intervention then saved him from reprisal. Stalin also returns Serov to Moscow, although he understands that Abakumov will not leave him behind.

Soon, Abakumov resorted to the same tactics: fabricating compromising evidence on Serov. From the end of 1947, the arrests of his former subordinates began: Generals Bezhanov, Klepov, Sidnev. They are required to testify against the 1st Deputy Minister. All of them, after intensive interrogations (Abakumov talks with them personally), convict Serov of looting, embezzlement of money and valuables.

This perfectly fits into the outline of the previous accusations against Marshal Zhukov and his generals: they are also charged with wagons with looted trophies from Germany.

Abakumov regularly sends all protocols with testimony against Serov personally to Stalin. Serov's people are also arrested with the written consent of the leader.

The ring of danger shrinks ever tighter. In February 1948, his former adjutants Tuzhlov and Khrenkov were arrested: this is already a direct challenge. They are also forced to testify against Serov; in fact, interrogation protocols are written for one, main reader.

And then Serov is again forced to resort to the "last reserve of the Headquarters": as in 1946, he turns to Stalin personally for protection. On January 31 and February 8, one after another, he sends alarming letters to the Kremlin.

The appeals took effect. Serov reproduces in detail Stalin's call that followed soon after. Apparently, the leader decided to maintain a balance of interests between his "bulldogs". Yes, and Serov's letters, it seems, convinced him that Abakumov was settling personal scores here, and the generalissimo really did not like it when they confused his wool with the state one.

Let's not forget the fact of Serov's personal merits, who repeatedly carried out Stalin's direct orders.

Among these "orders" was the arrest in June 1947 of the deputy head of the security of Stalin's Near Dacha, Lieutenant Colonel Fedoseev, who was suspected of espionage.

The Fedoseev case is one of the key stages in the battle between the MGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which Serov also recalls in great detail. He sets out this historical thriller in a completely new interpretation for us.

Return to Moscow

“At the end of March 1947, I was urgently summoned to Moscow. Arrived, went to Kruglov, sits boring. I ask: "What's the matter?" He told the following: yesterday they summoned me to the Central Committee and wanted to relieve me of my post as people's commissar.

Here is how it was. To Comrade. Stalin wrote a letter to a Moscow factory worker stating that there is no life from thieves, and gave such an example that he bought ½ kg of meat and put it between the windows so that it would not deteriorate. The thieves broke the glass and took the meat.

T. Stalin was angry that such cases were taking place in Moscow, they summoned Kruglov to the Politburo and said that we would remove him from his post.

Beria took him under protection, then Comrade. Stalin asks: "Where is Serov?" He was told that in Germany. He said to this: “We need to recall him, he worked, things got better. Appoint him the 1st Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, and let him restore order in Moscow and on the periphery.”

At the end, Kruglov says: "Sit down, today the decision will come, and that's it." I say that it is necessary to fly to Germany to hand over the cases.

Indeed, in the afternoon Poskrebyshev called and asked to come in. I was in the Kremlin, went for a permanent pass for 1947, where Poskrebyshev met me and handed me the decision of the Politburo on the appointment of the 1st Deputy of the NKVD. For 6 years he was a deputy of the NKVD. Now the 1st deputy.

Flight of Gregory Tokati

Not even 10 days have passed since I was called late in the evening to the Kremlin, I am sitting in the waiting room at Comrade. Stalin, the people's commissar of the aviation industry of the USSR M.V. Khrunichev, the commander of the Air Force Zhigarev and some lieutenant colonel are sitting with me. (According to the visitor register, Serov was in Stalin's office on April 17, 1947 from 10:10 pm to 10:35 pm, together with G. A. Tokaev (recorded as an employee of the military air department of the SVAG. - OH.)

5 minutes later Malenkov came out, and after a couple of minutes Comrade. Stalin, who saw me and said, handing a sheet of paper: “Have you read this letter?” I answer: "No." - "Read." And went.

I read a note from a lieutenant colonel of the SVA (Soviet military administration. - OH.) in Germany, Tokaev that not all specialists were taken out of Germany, that he is familiar with a group of German scientists who worked on jet aircraft, while naming professors Zenger, Tank and other names.

The note was written to Comrade Malenkov. Another note from Malenkov to Comrade. Stalin, which says that he called in the Air Force, that all this deserves great attention, etc.

This note made me feel uncomfortable. It turns out that I did not identify all the specialists and took them to the USSR, and I was not able to take out such a big one as Zenger.

After 5 minutes we were called to Stalin's office, comrade. Stalin, addressing everyone, says that Comrade. Tokayev wrote a letter saying that there are prominent scientists in the GDR who were not taken to the USSR, and he keeps in touch with them. Then, turning to me, he says: “Do you know such faces?”

I say: “I heard that there are such professors in the West, and if they were with us at the time when we were taking the Germans out, then, of course, they would have been taken out. I know that Professor Senger worked in Vienna (Austria)."

Then tov. Stalin says: "Let's send a commission, headed by Serov, to the place, which will check everything and report on its proposals, where it is expedient to take one of them to the USSR." Everyone agreed. I asked for the floor and said that General V. Stalin should be included in the commission. Tov. Stalin thought and said: "We agree." Members of the Politburo agreed.

I asked for this, because if this Tokayev lied in the note, he would not have started to slander later. Then I would have had a living witness in Berlin, V. Stalin, who could tell my father everything. In appearance, Tokaev resembles a Jew. Turned out to be Ossetian.

Then Stalin took me aside and said quietly: “You alone fly to Vienna and find out everything about Zenger, he studied there, wrote scientific works. Instructions will be given to the USSR High Commissioner for Austria, General Kurasov.” I said, "It will be done." (…)

We flew back to Berlin. I distributed the duties among the members of the commission. Tokaev, V. Stalin and I went to the area where this group of "scientists" worked.

Even before that, Tokayev told me that Professor Senger does not live in the GDR, but his “friend” lives in Berlin and works for the SVAG. Already retreat. I told Tokayev, why didn't he write this in the note? He evaded answering.

We came to a group of "scientists". I asked Tokayev to show his friend Zenger. He pointed out to me a skinny German. When, in the presence of Tokaev and V. Stalin, I asked if he knew Professor Zenger, I answered: “I have not seen him personally, but I have read his works on aerodynamics.” The profession of this German is an engineer on the Westinghouse system (i.e. on brakes for railway cars). Wow aviator!

They began to ask other engineers, the picture is even worse. They did not even read the works of Professor Zenger and did not hear anything about him. The "engineers" themselves are not even certified, i.e. did not fully graduate from institutes and did not receive diplomas. I had a fight and left. They were silent all the way.

Arriving in the SVAG, I immediately turned to Tokayev and said: “Well, what are we going to do next? Where are the scientists who were written about in the Central Committee, where is Zenger’s friend, where is Tank?

Tokayev, seeing that he had been caught, also tried to refer to some group located in the Potsdam area. I then said: "Let General Stalin, Tokaev and Academician Shishikin from the People's Commissariat of Aviation Industry go there."

The next day, when the entire commission met, V. Stalin reported that the second group, to which Tokayev referred, was the same bluff as the first.

Then I tell the members of the commission that I have received information that a friend of Senger's really lives in the Weimar (Thuringia) region, and so I want to go there. The whole commission has nothing to do, so I will provide everyone with a car, and within 2 days you can get acquainted with Germany, and now let's write a preliminary note to Comrade. Stalin about the results of our check, but we will sign and send it after my return.

So they did. The encryption was prepared, read out, everyone, including Tokayev, said: right. In a note in a calm tone, it was reported that there were no scientists, that Zenger had never been in the Soviet zone, that this group was working on railway transport issues, and Professor Tank was in the American zone and taken to the USA in 1945. (…)

Arriving in Berlin, the whole team gathered, once again read the report about Tokayev’s lies, added where Zenger was, and signed. Tokaev, embarrassed, said that everything was written correctly. The attitude of the members of the commission was clearly contemptuous towards him.

Before leaving for Moscow, I met with V.D. Sokolovsky and told him everything about Tokaev. He was indignant that such rubbish from the Air Force was sent to the SVAG for work.

At the end of the conversation, I warned Vasily Danilovich to instruct the special officers to watch Tokayev, so that he would not run away to the West, being afraid that he had lied to the Central Committee. Vasily Danilovich promised to provide all this.

But, unfortunately, life turned out differently. When we flew away, Tokayev took his family and moved by metro to the English zone of Berlin, where he appeared to the British, i.e. became a traitor. Then I read in the TASS reports that he spoke on the radio in London, called himself a doctor of science and boasted that he was Stalin's assistant in aviation, and so on.

Here's the scoundrel! I am surprised at the British, who are very clever in reconnaissance and could not recognize this adventurer.

Fedoseev case

The other day, on Sunday evening, at 9 o’clock, Mikoyan called and said: “Can you come to the Near Dacha?” I said: "I can" and quickly called the driver Fomichev.

I arrived there, and there on the covered veranda sat comrades Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov, Mikoyan. They were having dinner.

They sat down at the table. They began to treat partridge and hazel grouse. I thanked, said that I had already had dinner, but I think to myself: “I wasn’t invited to dinner.”

T. Stalin drank to my health. I'm all stricter, I don't know why they called. Then Stalin closed the door and said: “We have a question for you. Now, if a person lives with me and eavesdrops all the time, peeps, leaves the door open, during the war he read telegrams from the front commanders on my desk, puts on slippers in the evening so as not to hear walking, what kind of person is this?

I answer: “Of course, we need to deal with him. Find it all out." T. Stalin says: "That's why we invited you to instruct you to figure it out." I asked: “Where and who is this person?” T. Stalin says: "This is the head of the economic department, Fedoseev."

I immediately thought: he is an employee of the MGB, why am I entrusted with this? Then Comrade Stalin says: “He needs to be interrogated, as well as the women who work here, Frosya (the mistress), they have seen all this Fedoseev’s behavior and will tell you.”

Well, I see that I have nothing more to do, I asked: “Is he here now?” T. Stalin says: "Yes." Then I say that now I will take him and take him to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

T. Stalin pressed one of the two buttons. A man in civilian clothes entered. T. Stalin says: "Here he is." I approached him, felt him for weapons, took his hand and said "goodbye" to those present, and said to Fedoseyev: "Come with me." In the car, I put him between the driver Fomichev and me, and we drove off.

In my office, I searched him again, said that we would talk tomorrow, and handed him over to the warden, went home. V.[era] I.[vanovna], of course, waited, worried. In general, in my life I bring her more excitement than joy. But what do you do, it's not my fault. This is how the service came about.

The next day I began to interrogate Fedoseev. He confirmed. "Why?" - "Out of curiosity, when I cleared them off the table." - "Where did you clean it?" - "He took them away and put them in Comrade Stalin's folder, which he always took with him when he went to the Kremlin." - "Why did you peep and eavesdrop?"

He quite reasonably answers that we are all, i.e. security officers tried to watch the owner so as not to disturb him, if he was sleeping, not to make noise, so I was not the only one, but Kuzmichev (general) and others dropped in to find out if he was sleeping, then not to make noise.

Why did you wear slippers? All with the same purpose. In a word, I interrogated him for 5 hours, and I spoke quite clearly.

His circle of acquaintances is limited. I checked, it really is. In general, a rather limited person, although a lieutenant colonel, and the fact that he read telegrams, then he is subject to criminal liability for abuse of official position, no more.

In the afternoon, Comrade Stalin called and asked me to come and report. I went to the Kremlin and reported to him everything that I could find out in advance, and also reported that I was now thinking of calling his wife in order to double-check everything. I will also find out all his acquaintances with whom he communicated, and, possibly, I will call my brother, who works in Kyiv in a special department of the MGB. T. Stalin agreed. Then he told me: “Now Abakumov called and says - they arrested an employee of the MGB Fedoseev, and the investigation is being conducted by Serov, not the MGB. Besides, I don't know why he was arrested. I answered him that you are the minister of the MGB and they should report to me why Fedoseev was arrested, and not I will report to you. And Serov is conducting the investigation, because the Central Committee trusts him, and not you.”

All these days he is occupied only by Fedoseev. I told Kruglov - he waves his hands: "Don't tell me this."

Interrogated his wife. Stupid village woman. She worked for 12 years with Comrade Stalin, she knows all the gossip. Who lives with whom, starting from employees, including Fedoseevsky's, and ending with the biggest, biggest bosses, i.e. Stalin with Frosya. In general, weaved such dirt that it became unpleasant for me.

She said that sometimes in their circle they talked about the wrong behavior of some bosses. Sometimes Fedoseyev's brother, who came from Kyiv, was also present. The interrogated brother, an employee of the NGO of the Kyiv military district, confirmed this. Moreover, the brother turned out to be a dirty person, although he was an employee of the MGB.

He said that among the repatriates he interrogated a beautiful artist who got mixed up with the Germans, was in Berlin, etc. So he got mixed up with this arrested artist, fiddled with her in the office, and then he released her for a gold watch. In general, a dirty type. I had to be arrested.

In total, for about two months now I have been dealing with these people. Seems to have done everything.

I phoned Comrade Stalin, came to the Kremlin and reported to him that it was possible to finish the case and bring Fedoseyev to criminal responsibility, to judge by a military tribunal for abuse of office.

He somehow seemed to me to be dissatisfied with my conclusion and said: “I think he is an Anglo-American spy. The British might have recruited him when we were at the Potsdam Conference in 1945. That's where he was recruited. Therefore, he peeped and eavesdropped, and then here he transmitted this data to the Americans. After all, he admitted that he had read the telegrams. So the Americans and the British knew our secrets. You interrogate him again and beat him, he is a coward and confesses.

At the end of these instructions, I asked if I could involve one reliable officer for interrogation. T. Stalin agreed. I left. When I arrived at my place, I immediately wrote down these instructions.

1. Nobody instructed him to reread the papers, he did it without permission. His job is to pick up torn pieces of paper and burn them. Check the testimony [to Poskrebyshev] A.N. did not order.

2. In general, he is a scoundrel. I'm pretty sure he's an agent sent by someone to poison us. He poisoned Zhdanov and me last year. We suffered from terrible diarrhea. And this year, 12 Chekists were sick.

3. He must be strongly interrogated, he is a coward, stuffed properly.

4. It is necessary to organize intra-chamber work.

5. Warn him to confess, then [unexplained]. Let him tell who sent him. The Americans did not succeed, so he decided. He lies and deceives. Passed information on to someone.

6. Kuzmichev overslept. He is already lazy, he does not check himself, he trusted [Fedoseev], and this is a cunning figure and fooled him. Check all these facts.

On the way, I had a terrible feeling that Fedoseev was a spy, this did not fit in with his lifestyle. He didn't go anywhere. Employees and former employees of the MGB live around him. If a stranger went to him, it would also be known.

Coming to my room, I sat down and began to think. All this seemed rather strange to me. I already regretted that I was entrusted with this case. I'm not used to and can't do things against my will and prevailing opinion. It turns out badly.

All the days, checking Fedoseev's connections, he interrogated his wife again. I instructed the investigator, whom I involved in the Fedoseyev case, to familiarize myself with the case and interrogate him.

He came from the interrogation and added that he stood his ground and asked to see me. I did not receive any new data, although I organized all the necessary “letters”. The brother turned out to be such a talkative rubbish that it’s just terrible. In the cell, he told everything about himself and his brother, but nothing espionage.

He summoned Fedoseev for interrogation and began hour after hour to clarify where he was in Potsdam. Then he remembered everything and told everything in some detail. Moreover, I was there near them too, and in a number of cases he reminded me: “You remember, comrade general, so and so, you were there.” And indeed it was. At the end of the interrogation, I led him to the fact that he was not recruited.

It was unpleasant for me to ask this myself, because. I was sure no one had recruited him. Fedoseev burst into tears and said: “Would I really have gone for such a vile thing, being in such a place, provided for everything, what else did I need?” All this he argues correctly.

At the end, I said sternly: "Think again and tell the investigator honestly." When he was taken away, I, after consulting with the investigator, told him that Comrade Stalin had expressed suspicions of espionage. At the same time, he said that "it is necessary to beat him, he is a coward and confesses."

The investigator says: “Let's scare him a little. I told him: "Go to the cell, interrogate, shake the collar, but not hard, and come to me."

After 15 minutes, a smiling investigator appears and declares: "Fedoseev asks to see you." I called him. He says to me: "I ask you to call me to the owner, I will tell you everything." I was stunned. Am I wrong? Really a spy! I answered him that "I will report your request to Comrade Stalin."

When I called Comrade Stalin and said that he wanted to tell you something sensible, he replied: "We will call you." I felt Comrade Stalin's coolness towards me after I reported that, apart from the abuse of Fedoseev's official position, I find no more guilt.

In the evening, Beria called and said: "In half an hour I will drive up to the entrance by car, you and Fedoseyev will go with me to the Kremlin."

I took the investigator, Fedoseev, and went to the entrance. Beria drove up, sat down and silently drove to the Kremlin and went to Beria's office. Comrade Stalin was already sitting there. When Fedoseyev entered, Comrade Stalin asked what he wanted to say?

Fedoseev began to stutter and said: “I am guilty, Comrade Stalin, before you, that I read the telegrams, and I am ready to bear responsibility, but I am not guilty of anything else. Now they are interrogating me if I am an American spy. Comrade Stalin, I have served you honestly for 15 years, have mercy on me, I am not to blame.”

T. Stalin angrily said: “Will you admit who you were recruited by?” Fedoseev: "Honestly, I'm not recruited by anyone." - "Well, then get out of here," Stalin said angrily.

I approached him to take him away. Fedoseev wept and said: “T. Stalin, they beat me." T. Stalin: "Confess, then they won't beat you." Fedoseev: "I'm not to blame for anything."

T. Stalin stood up and turned his back. I brought Fedoseev out. I had a heavy feeling. At the same time, I was pleased that Fedoseev himself said about his innocence, as if confirming my opinion of him. They didn’t call me to the office again, I asked if it was possible to go, through the secretary and left.

Later, Comrade Stalin called me, and once Beria called me and said: “Well, what's new?” I said that I had checked every step of Fedoseev and his wife since 1945, and there was nothing suspicious of espionage. Therefore, I am compiling an indictment on prosecution for abuse of official position and a note to Comrade Stalin about this in the Central Committee.

Beria grimaced, but said nothing. I left. Three days later he did everything and sent it to the Central Committee. The note indicated that under Art. The Criminal Code should be held accountable for this. It seemed to me a harsh measure, although a fair one.

Two days later, Abakumov calls: “Hello!” I answered him coldly. “The owner ordered the Fedoseyev case to be transferred to the MGB. I will now send an investigator for especially important cases. I replied: "Send." (07/11/1948 Serov reported to Stalin in writing that the Fedoseev case was completed. He proposed to condemn him to 20 years in the camps, but Stalin ordered otherwise. The investigation into the Fedoseev case was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the MGB and continued until 1950, when he was convicted of espionage and shot. OH.)

Then I called Poskrebyshev, double-checked whether there was such an instruction from Comrade Stalin, he muttered something. Then I say: “Maybe I should ask him myself, because. I don’t rely on Abakumov.” Poskrebyshev replied: "No need."

Everything became clear to me. Stalin is dissatisfied with my "softness" and the fact that I did not obey him and did not finish the case under the "espionage" article.

Well, how could I do that! It is to go against one's conscience, against persuasion for the sake of a false opinion. I can not. At the same time, I felt that a thunderstorm was coming over me. The case has fallen to my enemy, and he will try to do everything to compromise me. The mood is terrible.

MGB attack

After the labors, he got into trouble, or rather, a provocation from this scoundrel Abakumov. Apparently, he set out to kill me from the world. But I won't do it with my bare hands. In order to compromise me at least in some way, there he arrested Major General Bezhanov, who was the head of the Thuringian task force in Germany. I spoke about him earlier when he detained the director of the locomotive plant.

The reasons for the arrest are unknown to me, but it seemed to me that he was an intelligent Armenian and during checks of his group they always found order everywhere.

After his arrest, apparently having thoroughly beaten him, he testified against me that when I came to Thuringia (and I was there in his task force only a few times), I took away a whole car of toys. (…)

Apparently, Bezhanov's testimony was read by comrade. Stalin ordered me to send the protocol of interrogation. I told Kruglov. He, as usual, was more embarrassed than me, because he was afraid of Abakumov. I told him that I would write to the Central Committee about everything. He began to deny that, they say, it's your business, and I left.

In the heat of the moment he wrote a rather harsh letter to Comrade. And then, when I read it, I had to correct it, after which I sent it.

In the letter, he reminded me that in a note to the Central Committee in connection with his appointment as Minister of State Security, I wrote that he would direct and use the State Security agencies against me. And now here is a concrete example of this.

Regarding the “toys taken away in the car,” I wrote how it happened and said that “this trifle, perhaps, did not deserve attention, but I decided to tell you about it, since you, comrade. Stalin, father, have children, and you will understand why I bought them. Abakumov will not understand this, since he has no children, which means that there are no fatherly feelings.

In general, I think the letter turned out to be convincing. I showed it to Kruglov, but he read it and didn't even say anything. Then he said: “You are messing with him in vain, you see, he is in favor. Beria is afraid of him." I told him that when I am right, I will fight to the last drop of blood.

Three days later we are sitting at Kruglov's, the bell rang. Kruglov picked up the phone and immediately went in spots (face) and handed me the phone. It turns out that Poskrebyshev is calling and looking for me.

We greeted, said: "Call the owner 21-24." I hung up, Kruglov asks anxiously: "What?" I say: “Now I’ll call Comrade. Stalin." He waved his hands and said: "Go to your place."

I went to my room, dialed the phone, busy. Second and third time too. Finally he answers, "Yes." I reported that "Serov is reporting."

He, delighted, says: “I have read your letter. Are you worried, or what? I answer: “How can you not worry, comrade. Stalin, if Abakumov walks around me with an ax. Tov. Stalin: “Don’t worry, the Central Committee will not let you offend, you have services to the Motherland and to the party. It's clear? Don't worry and get on with it."

I began to thank for the attention and managed to say that my life belongs to the party and the motherland. Tov. Stalin calmly said: “Pay no attention to all this. Good luck".

I stayed with my thoughts in the office. About two minutes later Kruglov came in: “So what?” I answer him: "It's okay." - "Come on in." Actually, I didn't want to go to that coward.

When I told him, he waved his hands, laughed, jumped up and down and began to ask again: “Is that what he said:“ he won’t give offense to the Central Committee ”? He also said, "Don't worry"? This is why you are not afraid of Abakumov.” Well, that kind of support means a lot to me too.”

The publishing house "Prosveshchenie" published the book "Notes from a suitcase", which was based on the diaries of one of the leaders of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR in 1941-1953, the first chairman of the KGB of the USSR in 1954-1958, the chief of the GRU of the General Staff in 1958-1963 gg. Ivan Serov.

He kept diaries from the moment he came to Lubyanka in 1939, he wrote down the most important events all his life: both during the war and after, and even becoming the head of the KGB and the GRU - until his dismissal in 1963.

Of course, no one was supposed to know about these diaries. The very fact of reflecting certain aspects of the service, meetings and conversations with the highest authorities, including Stalin, could already be equated with the disclosure of state secrets. (During the war, a tribunal and a penal battalion relied on officers to keep diaries.) And it is no coincidence that none of the leaders of the security agencies of that era left memoirs. In this sense, Serov's notes are a unique document.

The general died in 1990, not having lived a couple of months before his 85th birthday. And in 2012, his dacha on Rublyovka was inherited by Serov's granddaughter Vera. Soon she started repairs, and when they broke the wall of the garage, a cache was found there with two antediluvian suitcases inside. And in them - packs of notebooks, notebooks, sheets printed on a typewriter, copies of documents. After a long processing of the archive, systematization and scanning of its materials with the participation of journalist Alexander Khinshtein, this book was born, an excerpt from which we offer you.

Dinner with Stalin

Time is running inexorably. Summer has passed. I was already on vacation in Sochi. It seems to have had a good rest in 9 years for the first time.

There was an interesting moment in Sochi. Once, in the evening, a car came up to the house where my wife and I were resting - a Packard with a crane. Members of the Politburo of the Central Committee rode on such "Packards". The officer came out, asked me and told the request of Comrade. Stalin to come to his dacha, but I didn’t have a military suit, I had to in civilian clothes.

When we climbed the mountain where dacha No. 1 is located, Poskrebyshev came out to meet me and led me to the veranda where Comrade. Stalin, Malenkov, Molotov, Beria, Mikoyan, Bulganin.

Hello, comrade. Stalin, turning to me, says: “We have disturbed you on this issue. Comrade Sokolovsky from Germany reported that he was approached by aviation professor Tank from the Western Zone with an offer of his services in the development of the aviation, jet industry in the USSR. He can 2-3 years to work with us under a contract. What is your opinion?"

I realized from the faces of those present that they had already discussed this issue and had their own opinion. Here, try to guess.

Well, I immediately think that you can’t guess, so it’s better to say your opinion directly, as I think. And I said that it is hardly worth agreeing with this. I think com. Khrunichev will manage without him, since we also brought out specialists in jet technology, Professor Baade and others. And besides, I do not rule out that his American masters themselves are sending. Comrade interrupted me. Stalin, and turning to those present, says: "And what did I tell you?" Everyone is silent. Serov is right.

rulers of Germany. Chief G.K. Zhukov, political adviser A.Ya. Vyshinsky, Deputy Chief I.A. Serov. Summer 1945 Photo:

I was pleased that opinions agreed, the members of the Politburo looked at me with restraint. Then Comrade. Stalin in the next room ordered Berlin on the HF and called comrade. Sokolovsky, to whom he said that "we consulted with Serov, we do not need Professor Tank." Then Comrade also called. Khrunichev and said: "We consulted with Serov and decided not to take Tank."

After this Comrade. Stalin asked what I was doing here, besides relaxing. I said that I was in the city department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A.I. Mikoyan after that began to express comrade. Stalin gave his ideas on organizing farms in the Crimea and the Caucasus for growing vegetables and fruits, while he made proposals to use German and Italian prisoners of war as labor force.

Stalin, apparently, knew that I was in charge of the Main Directorate of Prisoner of War Camps (in) the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, and immediately asked my opinion on this issue.

I thought about it and said that it would hardly be expedient to let the Germans deep into our country, especially to the Caucasus, since in a year or two they would still have to be sent home, and some of them would end up in the zones of the Americans and the British. Tov. Stalin, referring to A.I. Mikoyan, said: "Perhaps Comrade Serov is right in his reasoning." Anastas Ivanovich agreed.

Then they finished discussing other issues and began to rise. When I left, I took up my hat and wanted to say goodbye, since it was already 22 hours. Tov. Stalin says to me: "Don't you want to have lunch with us?" I thanked, but I myself think, what kind of dinner at 10 pm? Poskrebyshev took my hat from me and said: "Wash your hands."

When, having washed their hands, they came to the dining room, there was a table served with appetizers, and on the side there was another table, on which soup bowls with the first were laid. There were no attendants.

They sat down at the table, and comrade. Stalin asks: "Well, what are we going to drink, there is young Madjari wine, let's have it." Well, everyone agreed. Moreover, he poured himself, but in large glasses. He himself made toasts, called his associates by their nicknames "chief grain grower" (Malenkov), "prosecutor" (Beria), "diplomat" (Molotov), "commander-in-chief" (Poskrebyshev), etc. “Pokrebyshev commanded a battalion during the civil war, he himself is a Mordvinian.) Well, for me it’s just “For Comrade. Serov".

I, as having no experience in drinking, got drunk after the first glass and let's dilute Borjomi, and then toasts one after another.

I have from the heat in the room, yes, apparently, and from the new wine my stomach began to swell, but I held on bravely.

At the end of dinner, I made a stupid mistake, comrade. Stalin took a bottle of vodka, infused with fresh raspberries, and began to pour it out for everyone, saying that the vodka would besiege Madjari and the head would be fresh. When he handed me a bottle, I thanked Comrade. Stalin and refused, covering his glass with his hand.

He looked at me angrily and said: "Are you afraid that we will poison you?" Only then did I realize that I had done something stupid, and Bulganin, who was sitting next to me, pushed me in the side, after which I myself held out a glass of apology.

In general, they left the table at 4 o'clock in the morning, and even then Comrade. Stalin says: "Well, let's go to the veranda and eat fruit and drink wine there."

My eyes popped out of my head. I think, where to drink and eat next? But then Malenkov approached him with a summary of the grain procurements, and behind him Molotov and others began to speak to Comrade. Stalin to distract him from continuing to drink wine, and after 10 minutes they said goodbye and parted.

Remembering this, I liked the simplicity and ease of the atmosphere, the absence of outsiders and the hosting of all the guests. Tov. After the appetizers, Stalin was the first to come up to the table with a plate and said: "Well, whoever wants stew, pour it!" He poured himself a drink and we followed suit.

After the first one, he pressed a button on the wall, a girl came in, and simply asked her what we had for the second. She, not embarrassed, called the trout fried and boiled. Beria said that boiled is tastier, then Comrade. Stalin replied: "You bring everyone fried, but don't give Beria any." At the end, the same girl brought boiled trout.

With G.K. Zhukov I.A. Serov was bound by many years of friendship. Moscow, 1955. A photo: From the personal archive of Ivan Serov

On the way back, we got into one car to V.M. Molotov, when they drove off, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich suggested that they go out and take a walk. We with A.I. Mikoyan went together, and Vyacheslav Mikhailovich with Bulganin.

I heard a conversation between Vyacheslav Mikhailovich and Bulganin, where they said that Malenkov and Beria act together and support each other, and Anastas is neither, as it is beneficial to him. Mikoyan did not hear this, as he fell behind. Then Vyacheslav Mikhailovich felt that it was inconvenient to talk about this topic in my presence, and shouted to Mikoyan to catch up with us.

Observing more than once, I became convinced that among the members of the Politburo there is some kind of jealousy towards Stalin. Moreover, each of them strives to curry favor so that Stalin approves his proposal.

I didn't like it very much. Or those examples that I cited above, when everyone nodded their heads in agreement to any remark or statement of Stalin, although this was to the detriment of the cause or state interests.

So it turns out that when the issue was resolved with a nod of the head and assent and turned out to be unsuccessful, they began to look for the culprit among their members of the Politburo.

This, apparently, explains why (that) when Stalin goes on vacation, everyone tries to adjust their vacation to this month or beg Stalin to rest with him, since he supposedly has business in the Caucasus or in the Crimea, which need to be resolved. Sasha Ignatashvili once told me that the owner, angry with Voroshilov (who, by the way, often expresses his opinion aloud or objects), said: "When I die, you will all fight." Apparently, Stalin knew everyone, so he came to this conclusion.

To avoid accusations of looting, the Serov family kept receipts for purchases in Germany all their lives. Invoice for the purchase of furniture. 1946 Photo: From the personal archive of Ivan Serov

I also want to express my opinion about Beria. This is a smart man endowed with oriental cunning, an arrogant mocker, he is just as afraid of Stalin as everyone else, but he knew how to hold on and did not immediately show his moods. But when he returned from Stalin to the People's Commissariat, it began such that everyone was afraid to catch (him) in the eye.

Ustinov D.F., Yakovlev N.D. during the war, they obeyed Beria and visited him almost every day, so I think they will agree with my assessment of Beria. He was a member of the State Defense Committee and led the Defense People's Commissariat for Arms and Ammunition, as well as the main artillery department of the People's Commissariat of Defense.

On the hunt with N.S. Khrushchev. Second half of the 1950s. A photo: From the personal archive of Ivan Serov

Beria knew how to squeeze out from other people's commissariats what was needed to carry out armament plans. Well, before the State Defense Committee, Beria was People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, and therefore (everyone) was afraid of him. Therefore, other Commissariats-suppliers fulfilled his requirements and requests.

Arriving home in the morning, I found V (era) And (vanovna) awake. He asked: "Why are you not sleeping?" It turns out that she was worried all night, because she did not know why they called and how the call would end. Well, when I saw it, I was happy.

Vladimir Medinsky, Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the Russian Military Historical Society:

General Ivan Serov was involved in many key episodes in the history of the twentieth century. This man from Lubyanka had access to the top officials of the state and was privy to the secrets of their most important decisions. The geography of his secret operations includes a vast area - from the North Caucasus to Berlin. Someone may have doubts: could a person in power write the truth, because memoirs and diaries are a "slippery" thing, sometimes they become a means of settling scores and self-rehabilitation. But it's up to you, dear readers. And Serov's book captures from the very beginning. We are following in the footsteps of a unique intelligence worker, and much of what is secret becomes clear to us.

With the writer S.V. Mikhalkov on vacation. 1955 A photo: From the personal archive of Ivan Serov

in 1939-1940 Chekists participated in the annexation of Western Ukraine to the USSR, and then Bessarabia;

in August 1941, Soviet planes flew to bomb Berlin;

in October 1941, they began to prepare Moscow for surrender and how the panic was suppressed;

in August 1942, the commander of the North Caucasian Front, Budyonny, retreating from Novorossiysk, where hundreds of thousands of Soviet soldiers died, ran to Sukhumi with his retinue and stables, and the chairman of the presidium of the Abkhaz ASSR gave him a magnificent reception;

in August 1942, the commander of the Transcaucasian Front, General Tyulenev, kissed Beria's hand for not mentioning him as the culprit of the rout near Novorossiysk;

in 1941-1944 the deportation of the Volga Germans, Chechens, Karachays and other peoples accused of collaborating with the Nazis was carried out;

in May 1945, Serov with NKVD soldiers found the corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun;

in 1952, Stalin proposed draining the Caspian Sea to make it easier to extract oil;

in 1954, General Telegin, who was rehabilitated after his arrest, demanded the return of 12 accordions seized from him, hundreds of meters of fabric, and a gigantic list of things that he brought from Germany;

in 1954, some generals flew off their chairs, while others had their caps blown off when they came to watch the explosion of the first Soviet atomic bomb;

in 1954 the first deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Bulganin and Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Mikoyan, who accompanied Khrushchev during his visit to China, grappled in the toilet after the banquet;

in 1956, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Shepilov, offered the Kuriles to the Japanese in exchange for the withdrawal of American bases from Japan;

in 1957, Khrushchev mocked the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Voroshilov, ordering him to pour water with pepper instead of pepper;

Brezhnev pretended to be ill when, in 1957, the "anti-party group" of Molotov - Malenkov - Kaganovich and Shepilov, who joined them, tried to remove Khrushchev, and much more.

Other excerpts from the book "Notes from a suitcase"

Serov Ivan Alexandrovich

NOTES FROM A SUITCASE

Secret diaries of the first chairman of the KGB, found 25 years after his death

Edited, with comments and notes by Alexander Khinshtein

Slavic cabinet of General Serov

A Chekist always remains a Chekist; former, as you know, does not happen. Well, let alone the former chairmen of the KGB - even more so ...

Before you - not just the memoirs of one of the leaders of the Soviet intelligence services, Ivan Serov. This is the visible result of the last operational combination of the old general, which ended after his death.

Serov calculated and planned everything correctly; old, still Stalin-Beria school. What you are holding in your hands now is the result of this combination, which went exactly according to his scenario. The former subordinates lost this game to their chairman outright.

And you and I, no doubt, won, because never before have the testimonies of "marshals of special services" become public, and they simply did not exist in nature.

Ivan Serov has kept diaries since coming to the Lubyanka in 1939. He recorded the most important events and impressions all his life: both during the war and after, and even becoming the chairman of the KGB (1954-1958), and then the head of the GRU - until his dismissal in 1963.

Of course, no one was supposed to know about these diaries. The very fact of reflecting certain aspects of the service, meetings and conversations with the highest authorities, including Stalin, could already be equated with the disclosure of state secrets, and this is still at best. (During the war, a tribunal and a penal battalion relied on officers to keep diaries.)

Serov did all the recordings only when he was alone. He kept notebooks and notepads covered in round ink handwriting in hiding places, not showing them to anyone. I do not rule out that for a long time he hid them even from his wife.

Having retired, Serov did not forget about the contents of the caches. Around 1964, he began to work on memoirs, supplementing and sometimes rewriting old diaries.

It is unlikely that they were driven by vanity. Rather, Serov wanted - albeit in absentia - to defend his honest name by telling the truth about himself and his persecutors, at least the way he saw it.

Serov considered himself unfairly and cruelly offended. In 1963, as a result of a spy scandal with GRU Colonel Oleg Penkovsky, he was shamefully removed from his post, deprived of the Star of the Hero of the Union and three general stars on shoulder straps (he was demoted from army generals to major generals), expelled from Moscow. "For the loss of vigilance" he will be expelled from the party. (On the real reasons for this disgrace - a little later.)

His memoirs were supposed to be an answer to Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Shelepin and other celestials whom Serov considered guilty of his troubles. Their quintessence can be expressed, albeit in an inept, but sincere quatrain (oddly enough, the stern general of the NKVD-KGB-GRU, in his old age, began to indulge in poetry).

And again I got up my courage
And I didn't lose my head
After all, the motherland will restore the whole truth
And give you the peace you deserve.

However, you should not explain everything with just a banal settling of accounts. Being a witness and participant in many historical events, Serov considered it important to tell at least some of them.

“I believe that it would be unreasonable to take with me many of the facts known to me, especially since now the“ memoirists ”distort them arbitrarily,” he writes in one of the versions of the prefaces to his notes. “Unfortunately, a number of my fellow workers, who knew the events described below, have already finished their earthly affairs without writing anything.”

In fact, none of the leaders of the security agencies of that era left behind memoirs. In this sense, Serov's notes are a completely unique document, having no analogues in modern history.

Despite the resignation, Serov did not lose his former skills. He continued to work on his memoirs in secret, not trusting anyone. (The only thing my wife helped was she typed manuscripts. Already before her death, at the height of perestroika, the secret was also entrusted to her son-in-law, the famous writer and screenwriter Eduard Khrupkiy, a classic of the Soviet detective.)

This conspiracy was by no means senile paranoia. Former subordinates really did not let Serov out of sight.

His granddaughter Vera recalls how, after the death of her grandfather, while dismantling an office in the country, they found grooves in the parquet for wires from "wiretapping". Then, suddenly arriving in Arkhangelskoye, the relatives caught there a strange young man with a suitcase, who immediately retreated, saying: "I'm not a thief." Indeed, nothing was missing from the house.

Ivan Serov's notes were found 25 years after his death

Coming to the NKVD in 1939 as an army recruit, Serov made a dizzying career. By the beginning of the war, he was deputy commissar of state security, then - deputy commissar (minister) of internal affairs. During the war years, he carried out the most important tasks of Stalin and Beria, organized sabotage detachments, fought gangs in the Caucasus and the Baltic states, personally arrested the top of the anti-Soviet Polish government in exile

Today we publish one of the fragments of a unique book.

Bulldogs under the rug(1947–1948)

In the winter of 1947, Stalin decides to return Serov to his homeland: he is promoted to First Deputy Minister of the Interior.

It was one of the most difficult stages in Serov's life. In Moscow, he immediately finds himself at the epicenter of the Lubyanka-Kremlin conspiracies and intrigues.

This perfectly fits into the outline of the previous accusations against Marshal Zhukov and his generals: they are also charged with wagons with looted trophies from Germany.

Abakumov regularly sends all protocols with testimony against Serov personally to Stalin. Serov's people are also arrested with the written consent of the leader.

Let's not forget the fact of Serov's personal merits, who repeatedly carried out Stalin's direct orders.

Among these "orders" was the arrest in June 1947 of the deputy head of the security of Stalin's Near Dacha, Lieutenant Colonel Fedoseev, who was suspected of espionage.

Return to Moscow

“At the end of March 1947, I was urgently summoned to Moscow. Arrived, went to Kruglov, sits boring. I ask: "What's the matter?" He told the following: yesterday they summoned to the Central Committee and wanted to dismiss the people's commissar

T. Stalin was angry that such cases were taking place in Moscow, they summoned Kruglov to the Politburo and said that we would remove him from his post.

At the end, Kruglov says: "Sit down, today the decision will come, and that's it." I say that it is necessary to fly to Germany to hand over the cases.

For 6 years he was a deputy of the NKVD. Now the 1st deputy.

Flight of Gregory Tokati

5 minutes later Malenkov came out, and after a couple of minutes Comrade. Stalin, who saw me and said, handing a sheet of paper: “Have you read this letter?” I answer: "No." - "Read." And went.

The note was written to Comrade Malenkov. Another note from Malenkov to Comrade. Stalin, which says that he called in the Air Force, that all this deserves great attention, etc.

This note made me feel uncomfortable. It turns out that I did not identify all the specialists and took them to the USSR, and I was not able to take out such a big one as Zenger.

In appearance, Tokayev resembles a Jew. Turned out to be Ossetian.

We flew back to Berlin. I distributed the duties among the members of the commission. Tokaev, V. Stalin and I went to the area where this group of "scientists" worked.

The next day, when the entire commission met, V. Stalin reported that the second group, to which Tokayev referred, was the same bluff as the first.

Before leaving for Moscow, I met with V.D. Sokolovsky and told him everything about Tokaev. He was indignant that such rubbish from the Air Force was sent to the SVAG for work.

Here's the scoundrel! I am surprised at the British, who are very clever in reconnaissance and could not recognize this adventurer.

Fedoseev case

The other day, on Sunday evening, at 9 o’clock, Mikoyan called and said: “Can you come to the Near Dacha?” I said: "I can" and quickly called the driver Fomichev.

I arrived there, and there on the covered veranda sat comrades Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov, Mikoyan. They were having dinner.

They sat down at the table. They began to treat partridge and hazel grouse. I thanked, said that I had already had dinner, but I think to myself: “I wasn’t invited to dinner.”

Well, I see that I have nothing more to do, I asked: “Is he here now?” T. Stalin says: "Yes." Then I say that now I will take him and take him to the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Why did you wear slippers? All with the same purpose. In a word, I interrogated him for 5 hours, and I spoke quite clearly.

All these days he is occupied only by Fedoseev. I told Kruglov - he waves his hands: "Don't tell me this."

In general, a dirty type. I had to be arrested.

In total, for about two months now I have been dealing with these people. Seems to have done everything.

At the end of these instructions, I asked if I could involve one reliable officer for interrogation. T. Stalin agreed. I left.

When I arrived at my place, I immediately wrote down these instructions.

1. Nobody instructed him to reread the papers, he did it without permission. His job is to pick up torn pieces of paper and burn them. Check the testimony [to Poskrebyshev] A.N. did not order.

3. He must be strongly interrogated, he is a coward, stuffed properly.

4. It is necessary to organize intra-chamber work.

5. Warn him to confess, then [unexplained]. Let him tell who sent him. The Americans did not succeed, so he decided. He lies and deceives. Passed information on to someone.

6. Kuzmichev overslept. He is already lazy, he does not check himself, he trusted [Fedoseev], and this is a cunning figure and fooled him. Check all these facts.

The investigator says: “Let's scare him a little. I told him: "Go to the cell, interrogate, shake the collar, but not hard, and come to me."

In the evening, Beria called and said: "In half an hour I will drive up to the entrance by car, you and Fedoseyev will go with me to the Kremlin."

T. Stalin angrily said: “Will you admit who you were recruited by?” Fedoseev: "Honestly, I'm not recruited by anyone." - "Well, then get out of here," Stalin said angrily.

I approached him to take him away. Fedoseev wept and said: “T. Stalin, they beat me." T. Stalin: "Confess, then they won't beat you." Fedoseev: "I'm not to blame for anything."

Everything became clear to me. Stalin is dissatisfied with my "softness" and the fact that I did not obey him and did not finish the case under the "espionage" article.

MGB attack

The reasons for the arrest are unknown to me, but it seemed to me that he was an intelligent Armenian and during checks of his group they always found order everywhere.

In the heat of the moment he wrote a rather harsh letter to Comrade. And then, when I read it, I had to correct it, after which I sent it.

We greeted, said: "Call the owner 21-24." I hung up, Kruglov asks anxiously: "What?" I say: “Now I’ll call Comrade. Stalin." He waved his hands and said: "Go to your place."

I went to my room, dialed the phone, busy. Second and third time too. Finally he answers, "Yes." I reported that "Serov is reporting."

I began to thank for the attention and managed to say that my life belongs to the party and the motherland. Tov. Stalin calmly said: “Pay no attention to all this. Good luck".

I stayed with my thoughts in the office. About two minutes later Kruglov came in: “So what?” I answer him: "It's okay." - "Come on in." Actually, I didn't want to go to that coward.

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