Robin Crusoe summary. Foreign literature abbreviated

When an almost sixty-year-old well-known journalist and publicist Daniel Defoe(1660-1731) wrote in 1719 "Robinson Crusoe", he least of all thought that an innovative work was coming out from under his pen, the first novel in the literature of the Enlightenment. He did not expect that it was this text that descendants would prefer out of 375 works already published under his signature and earned him the honorary name of "the father of English journalism." Literary historians believe that in fact he wrote much more, only to identify his works, published under different pseudonyms, in a wide stream of the English press at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries is not easy. At the time of the creation of the novel, Defoe had a huge life experience behind him: he came from a lower class, in his youth he was a participant in the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, escaped execution, traveled around Europe and spoke six languages, knew the smiles and betrayals of Fortune. His values ​​- wealth, prosperity, personal responsibility of a person before God and himself - are typically puritanical, bourgeois values, and Defoe's biography is a colorful, eventful biography of the bourgeois of the era of primitive accumulation. He started various enterprises all his life and said about himself: "Thirteen times I became rich and again poor." Political and literary activity led him to a civil execution at the pillory. For one of the magazines, Defoe wrote a fake autobiography of Robinson Crusoe, the authenticity of which his readers should have believed (and believed).

The plot of the novel is based on a true story, told by Captain Woods Rogers in an account of his journey, which Defoe could read in the press. Captain Rogers told how his sailors removed from a desert island in the Atlantic Ocean a man who had spent four years and five months alone there. Alexander Selkirk, a violent mate on an English ship, quarreled with his captain and was put on the island with a gun, gunpowder, a supply of tobacco, and a Bible. When Rogers' sailors found him, he was dressed in goatskins and "looked wilder than the horned original owners of this attire." He forgot how to speak, on the way to England he hid crackers in the secluded places of the ship, and it took time for him to return to a civilized state.

Unlike the real prototype, Defoe's Crusoe has not lost his humanity in twenty-eight years on a desert island. The story of the affairs and days of Robinson is permeated with enthusiasm and optimism, the book exudes an unfading charm. Today, "Robinson Crusoe" is read primarily by children and adolescents as a fascinating adventure story, but the novel poses problems that should be discussed in terms of the history of culture and literature.

The protagonist of the novel, Robinson, an exemplary English businessman who embodies the ideology of the emerging bourgeoisie, grows in the novel to a monumental depiction of the creative, creative abilities of a person, and at the same time his portrait is historically completely specific.

Robinson, the son of a merchant from York, dreams of the sea from a young age. On the one hand, there is nothing exceptional in this - England at that time was the leading maritime power in the world, English sailors plied all the oceans, the profession of a sailor was the most common, considered honorable. On the other hand, Robinson is drawn to the sea not by the romance of sea voyages; he does not even try to enter the ship as a sailor and study maritime affairs, but in all his voyages he prefers the role of a passenger paying the fare; Robinson confides in the traveler's unfortunate fate for a more prosaic reason: he is drawn to "the rash venture to make a fortune by scouring the world." Indeed, outside of Europe it was easy to get rich quick with some luck, and Robinson runs away from home, defying his father's admonitions. Father Robinson's speech at the beginning of the novel is a hymn to bourgeois virtues, to the "average condition":

Those who leave their homeland in pursuit of adventure, he said, are either those who have nothing to lose, or the ambitious who yearn for the highest position; embarking on enterprises that go beyond the framework of everyday life, they strive to improve their affairs and cover their name with glory; but such things are either beyond my powers, or humiliating for me; my place is the middle, that is, what can be called the highest stage of a modest existence, which, as he was convinced by many years of experience, is for us the best in the world, the most suitable for human happiness, freed from need and deprivation, physical labor and suffering falling to the lot of the lower classes, and from luxury, ambition, arrogance and envy of the upper classes. How pleasant such a life is, he said, I can already judge by the fact that all those placed in other conditions envy him: even kings often complain about the bitter fate of people born for great deeds, and regret that fate did not put them between two extremes - insignificance and greatness, and the sage speaks in favor of the middle as a measure of true happiness, when he prays heaven not to send him either poverty or wealth.

However, young Robinson does not heed the voice of prudence, goes to sea, and his first merchant enterprise - an expedition to Guinea - brings him three hundred pounds (it is characteristic how accurately he always names sums of money in the narrative); this luck turns his head and completes his "death". Therefore, everything that happens to him in the future, Robinson considers as a punishment for filial disobedience, for not obeying "sober arguments of the best part of his being" - reason. And on an uninhabited island at the mouth of the Orinoco, he falls, succumbing to the temptation to "get rich sooner than circumstances allowed": he undertakes to deliver slaves from Africa for Brazilian plantations, which will increase his fortune to three or four thousand pounds sterling. During this voyage, he ends up on a desert island after a shipwreck.

And here the central part of the novel begins, an unprecedented experiment begins, which the author puts on his hero. Robinson is a small atom of the bourgeois world, who does not think of himself outside this world and regards everything in the world as a means to achieve his goal, having already traveled three continents, purposefully following his path to wealth.

He is artificially torn out of society, placed in solitude, placed face to face with nature. In the "laboratory" conditions of a tropical uninhabited island, an experiment is being carried out on a person: how will a person torn from civilization behave, individually faced with the eternal, core problem of mankind - how to survive, how to interact with nature? And Crusoe repeats the path of humanity as a whole: he begins to work, so that work becomes the main theme of the novel.

The Enlightenment novel, for the first time in the history of literature, pays tribute to labor. In the history of civilization, work was usually perceived as a punishment, as an evil: according to the Bible, God placed the need to work on all the descendants of Adam and Eve as a punishment for original sin. In Defoe, labor appears not only as the real main content of human life, not only as a means of obtaining the necessary. Even Puritan moralists were the first to talk about labor as a worthy, great occupation, and labor is not poeticized in Defoe's novel. When Robinson finds himself on a desert island, he does not really know how to do anything, and only little by little, through failure, he learns to grow bread, weave baskets, make his own tools, clay pots, clothes, an umbrella, a boat, breed goats, etc. It has long been noted that it is more difficult for Robinson to give those crafts with which his creator was well acquainted: for example, Defoe at one time owned a tile factory, so Robinson's attempts to mold and burn pots are described in detail. Robinson himself is aware of the saving role of labor:

"Even when I realized all the horror of my situation - all the hopelessness of my loneliness, my complete isolation from people, without a glimmer of hope for deliverance - even then, as soon as the opportunity opened up to stay alive, not to die of hunger, all my grief was like a hand took off: I calmed down, began to work to satisfy my urgent needs and to save my life, and if I lamented about my fate, then least of all I saw heavenly punishment in it ... "

However, in the conditions of the experiment started by the author on human survival, there is one concession: Robinson quickly "opens up the opportunity not to starve to death, to stay alive." It cannot be said that all his ties with civilization have been completely cut. First, civilization operates in his habits, in his memory, in his life position; secondly, from the plot point of view, civilization sends its fruits to Robinson surprisingly timely. He would hardly have survived if he had not immediately evacuated all food supplies and tools from the wrecked ship (guns and gunpowder, knives, axes, nails and a screwdriver, sharpened, crowbar), ropes and sails, bed and dress. However, at the same time, civilization is represented on the Isle of Despair only by its technical achievements, and social contradictions do not exist for an isolated, lonely hero. It is from loneliness that he suffers the most, and the appearance of the savage Friday on the island becomes a relief.

As already mentioned, Robinson embodies the psychology of the bourgeois: it seems quite natural for him to appropriate everything and everyone for which there is no legal property right for any of the Europeans. Robinson's favorite pronoun is "my", and he immediately makes Friday his servant: "I taught him to pronounce the word" master "and made it clear that this is my name." Robinson does not question whether he has the right to appropriate Friday for himself, to sell his friend in captivity, the boy Xuri, to trade in slaves. Other people are of interest to Robinson insofar as they are partners or the subject of his transactions, trading operations, and Robinson does not expect a different attitude towards himself. In Defoe's novel, the world of people, depicted in the story of Robinson's life before his ill-fated expedition, is in a state of Brownian motion, and the stronger its contrast with the bright, transparent world of an uninhabited island.

So, Robinson Crusoe is a new image in the gallery of great individualists, and he differs from his Renaissance predecessors by the absence of extremes, by the fact that he completely belongs to the real world. No one will call Crusoe a dreamer, like Don Quixote, or an intellectual, a philosopher, like Hamlet. His sphere is practical action, management, trade, that is, he is engaged in the same thing as the majority of mankind. His egoism is natural and natural, he is aimed at a typically bourgeois ideal - wealth. The secret of the charm of this image is in the very exceptional conditions of the educational experiment that the author made on him. For Defoe and his first readers, the interest of the novel lay precisely in the exclusivity of the hero's situation, and a detailed description of his everyday life, his daily work was justified only by a thousand miles distance from England.

Robinson's psychology is fully consistent with the simple and artless style of the novel. Its main property is credibility, complete persuasiveness. The illusion of the authenticity of what is happening is achieved by Defoe using so many small details that no one seems to have undertaken to invent. Taking an initially improbable situation, Defoe then develops it, strictly observing the limits of likelihood.

The success of "Robinson Crusoe" with the reader was such that four months later Defoe wrote "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", and in 1720 he published the third part of the novel - "Serious reflections during a life and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe". Over the course of the 18th century, about fifty more "new Robinsons" saw the light in various literatures, in which Defoe's idea gradually turned out to be completely inverted. In Defoe, the hero strives not to become savage, not to be simple himself, to tear the savage out of "simplicity" and nature - his followers have new Robinsons, who, under the influence of the ideas of the late Enlightenment, live one life with nature and are happy to break with an emphatically vicious society. This meaning was put into Defoe's novel by the first passionate exposer of the vices of civilization, Jean Jacques Rousseau; for Defoe, separation from society was a return to the past of mankind - for Rousseau it becomes an abstract example of the formation of man, the ideal of the future.

Robinson was the third son in a middle-class family, he was pampered and not prepared for any craft. Since childhood, he dreamed of sea voyages. The hero's brothers died, so the family does not want to hear about letting the last son go to sea. His father implores him to strive for a humble, dignified existence. It is abstinence that will save a sane person from the evil vicissitudes of fate.

However, the young man still goes to sea.

Storms, sailor drinking, the possibility of death and a happy rescue - all this already in the first weeks of the voyage is met with a hero and abundance. In London, he meets the captain of a ship bound for Guinea. The captain was imbued with friendly feelings for a new acquaintance and invites him to be his "companion and friend." The captain does not take money from his new friend and does not require work. But still, the hero learned some nautical knowledge and acquired the skills of physical labor.

Robinson later travels to Guinea on his own. The ship is captured by Turkish corsairs. Robinson turned from a merchant into a "miserable slave" on a robber ship. Once the owner let his guard down and our hero managed to escape with the boy Xuri.

In the boat of the fugitives there is a supply of crackers and fresh water, tools, guns and gunpowder. They are eventually picked up by a Portuguese ship that transports Robinson to Brazil. An interesting detail that speaks of the mores of that time: the "noble captain" buys a longboat and "faithful Xuri" from the hero. However, Robinson's savior promises in ten years - "if he accepts Christianity" - to return the boy's freedom.

In Brazil, the hero buys land for tobacco and sugar cane plantations. He works hard, the plantation neighbors willingly help him. But the craving for wandering and the dream of wealth again call Robinson to the sea. By the standards of modern morality, the business started by Robinson and his fellow planters is inhuman: they decide to equip a ship in order to bring black slaves to Brazil. Plantations need slaves!

The ship was caught in a severe storm and wrecked. Of the entire crew, only Robinson gets out on land. This is an island. Moreover, judging by the inspection from the top of the hill, it is uninhabited. Fearing wild animals, the hero spends the first night on a tree. In the morning, he is delighted to find that the tide has driven their ship close to shore. Swimming Robinson gets to it, builds a raft and loads on it "everything necessary for life": food, clothing, carpentry tools, guns, shot and gunpowder, saws, an ax and a hammer.

The next morning, the unwitting hermit sets off to the ship, rushing to take what he can until the first storm smashes the ship to pieces. On the shore, a thrifty and quick-witted merchant builds a tent, hides food and gunpowder in it from the sun and rain, and, finally, arranges a bed for himself.

As he foresaw, the storm wrecked the ship and nothing more could be profited.

Robinson does not know how long he will have to spend on the island, but the first thing he did was to arrange reliable and safe housing. And definitely in a place to see the sea! After all, only from there can salvation be expected. Robinson pitches a tent on a wide ledge of rock, enclosing it with a palisade of strong pointed trunks driven into the ground. In the deepening of the rock, he arranged a cellar. This work took many days. At the first thunderstorm, the prudent merchant pours gunpowder into separate bags and boxes and hides it in different places. At the same time, he calculates how much gunpowder he has: two hundred and forty pounds. Robinson is constantly counting everything.

The islander first hunts goats, then tames one goat - and soon he is already engaged in cattle breeding, milking goats and even making cheese.

By chance, grains of barley and rice are poured out of the bag with dust on the ground. The islander thanks the divine Providence and begins to sow the field. A few years later, he is already harvesting. In the flat part of the island he finds melons and grapes. From grapes he learns to make raisins. Catches turtles, hunts hares.

On a large pillar, the hero makes a notch every day. This is a calendar. Since ink and paper are available, Robinson keeps a diary in order to "make some relief to his soul". He describes in detail his studies and observations, tries to find in life not only despair, but also consolation. This diary is a kind of island scales of good and evil.

After a serious illness, Robinson begins to read the Holy Scripture every day. His loneliness is shared by the surviving animals: dogs, a cat and a parrot.

The cherished dream remains to build a boat. What if you manage to get to the mainland? From a huge tree, a stubborn man for a long time carves out a dugout pirogue. But he did not take into account that the pirogue is incredibly heavy! So you can't get her out of the water. Robinson acquires new skills: he sculpts pots, weaves baskets, builds himself a fur suit: trousers, a jacket, a hat ... And even an umbrella!

This is how he is depicted in traditional illustrations: overgrown with a beard, in homemade shaggy clothes and with a parrot on his shoulder.

In the end, they managed to make a boat with a sail and launch it into the water. For long-distance travel, it is useless, but you can bypass a rather large island by sea.

One day, Robinson sees a bare footprint in the sand. He is frightened and sits out in the "fortress" for three days. But what if they are cannibals, human flesh eaters? Let them not eat it, but savages can destroy the crops and disperse the herd.

In confirmation of his worst suspicions, having got out of hiding, he sees the remains of a cannibal feast.

Anxiety does not leave the islander. Once he managed to recapture a young savage from the cannibals. It was Friday - that's what Robinson called the rescued. Friday turned out to be a capable student, a faithful servant and a good comrade. Robinson began to teach the savage, first of all by teaching three words: "master" (referring to himself), "yes" and "no". He teaches Friday to pray "to the true God, and not to "old Bunamuki who lives high on the mountain."

For many years, the former deserted island suddenly begins to be visited by people: they managed to recapture Friday's father and the captive Spaniard from the savages. A team of rebels from an English ship brings a captain, an assistant and a passenger for reprisal. Robinson understands: this is a chance for salvation. He frees the captain and his comrades, together they deal with the villains.

The two main conspirators hang on a yardarm, five more are left on the island. They are given provisions, tools and weapons.

Robinson's twenty-eight-year odyssey was completed: on June 11, 1686, he returned to England. His parents are long dead. Going to Lisbon, he learns that all these years his Brazilian plantation was managed by an official from the treasury. All income for this period is returned to the owner of the plantation. The wealthy traveler takes two nephews into his care, and the second he appoints as sailors.

Robinson marries at sixty-one. He has two sons and a daughter.

Title of the work: Robinson Crusoe
Defoe Daniel
Year of writing: 1719
Genre: novel
Main characters: Robinson Crusoe, Friday

The immortal story of the English writer is compactly and succinctly presented in the summary of the novel "Robinson Crusoe" for the reader's diary.

Plot

Robinson Crusoe - Englishman 18 years old, goes on his first voyage to London. For several years he sails on different ships, crashes, overcomes storms and encounters obstacles, until one day he gets into a storm in which all his comrades die, and he manages to escape and swim to a desert island. Crusoe settles down on the island, gets food, grows rice and barley, tames goats and waits for help. Years pass. He studies the island from all sides and settles in the best way. Two decades later, a ship crashes near the island. Crusoe rescues a young sailor and names him Friday. Together they find other people, repulse the natives and escape on a ship built by themselves. Crusoe returns home, where his beloved sisters are waiting.

Conclusion (my opinion)

This story teaches to appreciate the benefits available, to be kind and patient with parents. Crusoe did not obey his parents and, in spite of them, set sail. Defoe teaches to love nature, animals and plants, and shows how Crusoe develops spiritually and physically, being alone with himself. We see how important it is for man to be a society of his own kind and that man differs from animals due to the presence of spirit and reason.

6TH GRADE

DANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE

Chapters one - two

From early childhood, Robinson Crusoe loved the sea most of all. But the parents didn't like it. They wanted their son to take care of the convulsions. And then he decided to run away from home. He and a friend boarded a ship bound for London.

On this journey, he had to see with his own eyes what a real storm is at sea. Robinson even helped the sailors himself.

The comrade said that he had better go home. But Robinson did not heed this advice.

Chapters three - four

One respected captain really liked the guy, and he took the young man to his ship. He talked to the guy and taught him the sciences. However, the captain soon died, and Robinson went to sea for the first time himself. Unfortunately, this trip was unsuccessful and Robinson was captured by pirates, where he stayed for more than two years.

Together with the little boy Xuri, he went fishing, but did not return. The fugitives landed on the shore. For some time they were in the wild, eating what they could get, until they were picked up by a ship bound for Brazil.

Chapters five - six

Robinson lived in Brazil for four years and became a successful planter. And one day I decided to make a trip to Guinea through golden sand and ivory. This trip ended in an accident near an unknown island.

Only Robinson Crusoe survived. Realizing this, he took out the most necessary things from the ship and built himself a dwelling: a cave surrounded by walls.

There were no people and known animals on the island. There were many birds, but they were also unknown to Robinson.

Chapters seven - eleven

Robinson learned that strange goats live on the island. He began to hunt them. In order to know how much time has passed and which month lasts, Robinson began to keep a calendar.

He also wrote down in his diary everything that happened to him, both good and bad. These records gave him optimism.

Robinson had to endure an earthquake, a serious illness. But he was alive, and therefore did not lose hope.

While exploring the island, Robinson learned that the other part was richer in animals and birds, but did not move from his place. However, in addition to the cave on the shore, he built himself a cottage in the forest.

Chapters twelve - fourteen

Robinson found grain and began growing barley and rice. Soon he had entire plantations. Subsequently, he learned to bake bread, make dishes from clay, sew clothes from the skin of dead animals.

He fortified his dwelling. Now one could feel calm during long periods of heavy rains.

He had a dog and cats, which he took from the ship, and a parrot, which he taught to talk.

Chapter fifteen - seventeen

Several times Robinson tried to build a boat to get to the mainland, which he saw from the other side of the island. However, he had to be content with a small shuttle, on which he explored the coast of the island.

On one of these trips, he nearly died when he fell into a wheatgrass.

A few years later, Robinson managed to tame the goats - now he always had his own milk and meat.

Chapters eighteen - twenty

More than twenty years have passed. While exploring his island, Robinson learned that there are cannibals on it, who arrange noisy meals, leaving a lot of human bones and remnants of meat. This worried him and forced him to fortify his dwelling even more. A whole forest has now grown around the cave. And the housing itself was surrounded by double walls.

One day, Robinson noticed a ship wrecked at sea. He was waiting for someone to escape and get to the island. But that did not happen.

Chapter twenty one - twenty four

The savages have reappeared. They brought with them several prisoners whom they were going to eat. Robinson rescued one of them and kept him. He gave him the name Friday and taught the savage the language and some skills. They became very attached to each other. Now Robinson had a devoted friend and assistant.

They built a boat and prepared to sail. But it had to be postponed, because the savages again appeared with prisoners, among whom were the Spaniard and Friday's father. Robinson rescued the prisoners and helped them regain their strength. The Spaniard reported that he was from a ship that had crashed. He asked Robinson for permission so that his comrades also settled on the island and helped with the household. Robinson Crusoe agreed.

Chapter twenty-five - twenty-seven

One day a ship with the British came to the shore. These were robbers. They mutinied on the ship and captured the captain and assistant. Robinson and his comrades freed the prisoners. They told Robinson that two villains had led the whole team to robbery. Robinson and his comrades helped the captain and his friends to defeat the criminals.

And there were still twenty-six people on the ship involved in the rebellion. Friends decided to get on the ship. But first, the pirates had to be convinced or defeated. With the help of Robinson and his friends, the captain persuaded the sailors to show themselves.

Chapter twenty eight

From those team members who sincerely repented, they made up a new team. Others were defeated. Finally Robinson went home.

After returning, he told his sisters for a long time about his adventures. Relatives were very happy about the return of Robinson Crusoe, whom everyone already considered dead.

This work is one of the most popular in a number of English novels. It tells about the life of a sailor from York, who spent 28 years on a desert island, where he ended up as a result of a shipwreck.

The theme of the work was based on the spiritual and intellectual development of a young guy who ended up in unusual living conditions for him. The main character has to re-learn how to live, make the necessary items, get food and take care of himself.

1. Since childhood, Robinson Crusoe dreamed of connecting his life with sea voyages, but his parents were against such a passion for his son. But despite this, when Robinson was 18 years old, he took his friend and his father's ship and they went to London.

2. Already from the first day of sailing, a disaster happens to the ship, it gets into a storm. The protagonist, frightened, promises never to go to sea again and be always on land, but as soon as the storm calmed down, Robinson forgot all his promises and gets drunk. As a result, the young team is again overtaken by a storm and the ship is sinking. Robinson is ashamed to return home and he decides on new adventures.

3. Arriving in London, Crusoe met the captain, who wants to take the guy with him to Guinea. Soon the old captain died, but the heroes continue their journey. So sailing near Africa, the ship is captured by the Turks.

Robinson Crusoe is taken prisoner for three years, after which he managed to escape by deception, taking the boy Xuri with him. Together they swim to the shore, where the roar of animals is heard, in the afternoon they go ashore to find fresh water, and also to hunt. Crusoe explores the island, hoping to find signs of life.

4. Heroes find savages with whom they manage to make friends, so they filled up the supplies of the necessary. They gave the leopard to the savages as a token of gratitude. After spending some time on the island of heroes takes the Portuguese ship.

5. Robinson Crusoe lives in Brazil and grows sugarcane. There he makes new friends to whom he tells about his travels. After some time, Robinson is offered another trip in order to obtain golden sand. And so the team sets off from the coast of Brazil. In navigation, the ship lasted 12 days, after which it gets into a bura and sinks. The team is looking for rescue on the boat, but even so went to the bottom. Only Robinson Crusoe managed to get out alive. He is glad to be saved, but still sad for his dead comrades. Crusoe spends the first night in a tree. and is engaged

6. Waking up, Robinson saw that the ship had washed much closer to the shore. The hero sets out to explore the ship in order to find supplies of food, water and rum. To transport the things found, Robinson builds a raft. Soon the hero realizes that he has landed on an island, in the distance he sees several more islands and reefs. It takes several days to transport things, to build a tent. Crusoe managed to translate almost everything that was on the ship, after which a storm arose, which carried the remains of the ship to the bottom. he landed on an island

7. Robinson Crusoe dedicates the next two weeks to sorting out stocks of food, gunpowder, and then hiding them in the crevices of the mountains.

8. Robinson came up with his own calendar, a dog and two cats from the ship became his friends. He keeps a diary and writes down what happens to him and what surrounds him. All this time, the hero waits for help to come for him and therefore often falls into despair. So a year and a half passes on the island, Crusoe practically does not wait for the ship to come, so he decides to equip his place of residence as best as possible.

9. Thanks to the diary, the reader learns that the hero managed to make a shovel and dig out a cellar. Crusoe hunts goats and also tames a wounded kid, and he also catches wild pigeons for food. One day he finds ears of barley and rice, which he takes for sowing. And only after four years of life, he begins to use grains as food.

10. The island is overtaken by an earthquake. Crusoe begins to get sick, he is tormented by a fever, which he treats with tobacco tincture. Crusoe soon explores the island more thoroughly and finds new fruits and berries. In the depths of the island there is clean water, and so the hero establishes a cottage. In August, Robinson dries the grapes, and in the period August-October, the season of heavy rains begins on the island.

11. During heavy rains, Robinson is engaged in weaving baskets. He makes the transition to the opposite side of the island, and it turned out that the conditions for life there are much better.

12. Robinson continues to grow barley and rice, and to scare away the birds, Robinson uses the corpses of their comrades.

13. Robinson tames a parrot and teaches him to talk, as well as learn how to make dishes from clay. For some time he learns to bake bread.

14. The hero devotes the fourth year of his stay on the island to building a boat. He also hunts animals for skins so that he can make new clothes. To protect himself from the sun's rays, Crusoe makes an umbrella.

15. The construction of the boat took about two years, with its help it was possible to make a trip around the island. During all this time, the hero got used to the island and it seems to him already completely native. Soon he managed to create a smoking pipe.

16. It was the eleventh year of Robinson's stay on the island, by which time his supplies of gunpowder were running out. Crusoe tames goats in order not to be left without meat supplies. Soon his herd grows larger and larger, thanks to which the protagonist no longer lacks meat food.

17. Once Robinson Crusoe found someone's imprint on the shore, it was clearly a man. This find frightens the hero, after which Robinson cannot sleep peacefully and leave his shelter. After spending several days in the hut, Crusoe nevertheless went out to milk the goats and realized that the traces found were his. But carefully examining the size of the print, I realized that it was still a trace of a stranger.

18. Two years have passed since Robinson Crusoe found footprints on the island. One day he explored the west of the island and finds a shore with human bones there. After such a discovery, Crusoe does not want to explore the island anymore and is on his part doing home improvement.

19. Twenty-four years of the protagonist's stay on the island pass. And the hero notices that an unknown ship has crashed not far from the island.

20. Robinson Crusoe failed to understand whether someone survived from the destroyed ship or not. On the shore, he found the body of the cabin boy, and on the ship, a dog and some things.

21. Robinson Crusoe finds himself a new friend, calls him Friday, since on this day he was saved. Now the main character sews clothes and teaches Friday, thanks to which Crusoe feels not so lonely and unhappy.

22. Robinson teaches Friday to eat animal meat, teaches him to eat boiled food. The savage, in turn, gets used to Robinson, tries in every possible way to help him and talks about the island, which is not far away.

23. Robinson and Friday are making a new boat to leave the island, adding a rudder and sails to it.

24. The main characters are attacked by savages, but are rebuffed. Among the savages in captivity was a Spaniard, as well as Friday's father.

25. A Spaniard helps Robinson build a ship.

26. Escape from the island is delayed due to low tide.

27. Armed people make their way to the island for their missing comrades. But Friday with helpers cope with some of the attackers.

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