Raskolnikov is outstanding. "Crime and Punishment" main characters

In the novel Crime and Punishment, the hero Rodion Raskolnikov hatches and carries out the idea of ​​killing an old woman engaged in usury. The image of the old woman evokes negative emotions in the hero, and he, having a gloomy and arrogant character, deduces a new theory of life. The murder of Alena Ivanovna is a test of this theory: "Am I a trembling creature, or do I have the right?" The novel is set in Petersburg, with the last part of the protagonist of Crime and Punishment ending up in Siberia. "Crime and Punishment" is a deeply psychological and philosophical work of Dostoevsky.

Characteristics of the heroes of "Crime and Punishment"

main characters

Minor characters

In Dostoevsky's book, the main theme is not only Raskolnikov's idea of ​​"Napoleonism", but also arguments about the social reasons why a person is ready to commit a crime. This table contains a list of characters, a brief description of each of the characters can be used to write an essay on the novel "Crime and Punishment"

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Answer to ticket number 23

The humanism of F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" or "The Idiot" (at the choice of the student).

1. The novel "Crime and Punishment" - penetration into the depths of the human spirit.

2. The image of Raskolnikov:

Painful questions of being;

Prophetic dream of Rodion;

Philosophy of Raskolnikov;

A crime;

The moral torment of a hero.

3. The image of Sonya Marmeladova.

4. The path to salvation and rebirth.

1. “Man is a mystery. It must be solved, and if you solve it all your life, do not say that you lost time, ”wrote F.M. Dostoevsky. He himself devoted his whole life, all his work, to unraveling this mystery.

Roman F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is one of the greatest philosophical and psychological novels. The author told us about moral upheavals and darings that cannot but excite the reader of any era. The writer focuses on the terrible reality of Russia in the middle of the 19th century, with its poverty, lack of rights, oppression, suppression, corruption of the individual, suffocating from poverty and the consciousness of his own impotence and rebellious. The writer penetrates into the depths of the human spirit, intense thoughts about the meaning and laws of being. The novel Crime and Punishment was published in 1866. It was an era when the old moral laws were rejected by society, and new ones had not yet been developed. Society has lost the moral guidelines that were embodied in the image of Christ, and Dostoevsky was able to show the full horror of this loss.

2. The protagonist of the novel, Raskolnikov, was worried about intractable questions: why should some, smart, kind, noble, drag out a miserable existence, while others, insignificant, vile, stupid, live in luxury and contentment? Why do innocent children suffer? How to change this order? Who is a person - a “trembling creature” or the ruler of the world, “having the right” to transgress moral principles? Not able to do anything or almighty, despising human laws and creating his own?

Raskolnikov is not an ordinary killer, but an honest and gifted young man with a philosophical mindset, carried away by a false theory on a criminal path. Raskolnikov's poverty humiliates his pride. At the beginning of the novel, Raskolnikov does not leave the room, but from the “closet”, which the author later compares with a closet, chest, coffin, describes its squalor, emphasizing the extreme poverty of the inhabitant: “... he was crushed by poverty.” At the police station, Raskolnikov confesses: “I am a poor and sick student, dejected by poverty ...”

This is how the writer characterizes Raskolnikov's inner personality: “... gloomy, gloomy, arrogant and proud, suspicious and hypochondriac. Magnanimous and kind. He does not like to express his feelings and would rather do cruelty than express his heart in words ... He values ​​himself terribly highly, and, it seems, not without some right to do so. Later, when the murder has already been committed, the characterization of the hero will be replenished in order to let the reader understand why it was committed: proud, knowing his own worth ... in sackcloth and boots without soles, - stands in front of some quartets and endures their abuse, and then an unexpected debt in front of his nose, an overdue bill ... ”Here, in the first place, those reasons are put forward that caused by the social position of a poor student. And what happens in the soul of the hero, his painful experiences, the author reveals to the reader, describing Raskolnikov's dreams. The dream before the murder thickens the colors, gloomy details appear. Raskolnikov sees himself as a child and witnesses the beating of a driven horse, which, in stupid anger, the owner beats to death. The boy is very much going through this death. The dream of the hero is ambiguous. Firstly, it expresses a protest against murder, senseless cruelty, sympathy for someone else's pain. This testifies to the subtle, kind soul of the hero. Secondly, sleep is a symbol of existing orders. Life is unfair, rude, cruel: its rider-owners ride, chasing the unfortunate, downtrodden nags, mocking them, and if they want, they can kill them. Thirdly, the hero's dream is a kind of prologue to the subsequent narrative. An analogy arises with the behavior of the Svidrigailovs and the Luzhins, to whom everything is permitted in this life, they are its stewards. And the attempts of disadvantaged people (Marmeladovs, Raskolnikovs and others) to find justice in this terrible world are powerless. It is no coincidence that Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova compares herself with a hackneyed nag, tortured, crushed by poverty. Her husband drank with grief. On the panel is her daughter Sonya.

There is one more, perhaps the most important meaning of sleep - Raskolnikov's inner attitude to crime. The terrible scene, the shed blood is connected in Raskolnikov's mind with the planned murder. Waking up, the shocked Rodion immediately recalls what he planned to do - about the upcoming murder of the old pawnbroker: “God! he exclaimed. This is the beginning of the “experienced idea”. While she was mastering logically, there was no fear. But now the feelings of the hero have come into their own. Human nature rebels, and a confession appears: “... after all, I knew that I couldn’t stand it ... I couldn’t stand it ... it’s vile, disgusting, low ... after all, the very thought made me sick in reality and threw me into horror ...” But, thinking over this dream, Raskolnikov more clearly imagines the motives for the murder. Firstly, hatred towards the tormentors of the “nag” is growing, and secondly, the desire to rise to the position of a judge, “to have the right” to punish the presumptuous “masters”, is growing stronger. But Raskolnikov did not take into account one thing - the inability of a kind and honest person to shed blood. Still without killing anyone, he understands the doom of a bloody idea.

A terrible decision, however, continues to ripen in the soul of Rodion. Heard in a tavern, a conversation between a student and an officer about the murder of an old woman for the sake of money, which can be used to do “a thousand good deeds and undertakings ... In one life, thousands of lives saved from decay and decay. One death and a hundred lives in return - why, there is arithmetic here! .. ”The phrase about the plurality of sufferers turned out to be very important for Rodion.

Since that time, Raskolnikov's vague ideas about murder have been formulated into a theory about dividing people into the elect, standing high above ordinary people, who resignedly obey strong personalities. Therefore, Raskolnikov is close to Napoleon. The measure of all values ​​for Raskolnikov is his own "I". Later, he will argue that an “extraordinary” person “has the right to allow his conscience to step over ... over other obstacles, and only if the execution of his idea (sometimes saving, perhaps for all of humanity) requires it.” Permission "to kill according to conscience", but for the sake of "destruction of the present in the name of the best" defines Raskolnikov's position.

Dostoevsky proves how monstrous this worldview is, for it leads to disunity between people, makes a person helpless before evil, turns him into a slave of his own passions, and thereby destroys him. The world built on these principles is a world of arbitrariness, where all universal human values ​​collapse and people cease to understand each other, where everyone has their own truth, their right, and everyone believes that his truth is true, where the line between good and evil is blurred. This is the path to the destruction of the human race.

Raskolnikov's idea is terrible. It divides people into “higher” and “lower”, into “having the right” and “trembling creature”, into people and non-humans. This idea is anti-human: it frees people from moral obligations. Raskolnikov kills not only the old pawnbroker, but also the defenseless Lizaveta. He destroys his mother and himself.

After the murder, a new streak of Raskolnikov's inner being began. There was a fracture in his mind. It was as if an abyss had opened up between him and people - such loneliness, such alienation, such hopeless longing he felt: "Something completely unfamiliar to him, new ... never happened, was happening to him." “It seemed to him that he, as if with scissors, cut himself off from everyone and everything at that moment.” Raskolnikov cannot live in the old way. What he did became an insurmountable barrier between him and everyone around him. In woeful loneliness, a painful comprehension of what he has done begins. And the pain, the suffering has no end. He cannot forgive himself that, out of an egoistic desire to assert his strength, he committed an insane act: “... it was necessary to find out then ... am I a louse, like everyone else, or a man? Will I be able to cross or will I not be able to!.. Whether I am a trembling creature or have a right.”

Painfully, he comes to a rethinking of moral values: “Have I killed an old woman? I killed myself." Raskolnikov's moral torments are aggravated by the fact that the investigator Porfiry Petrovich suspects his crime, and therefore meeting with him is a new stage in Rodion's self-examination, a source of further transformation. “Suffering is a great thing,” says Porfiry Petrovich. He advises Rodion to acquire a new faith and return to a worthy life, and points to the only way for self-affirmation of the individual: “Become the sun, and they will see you.”

3. Dostoevsky claims that only through the positive, the lofty, the human can one rise. The true bearer of faith in the novel is Sonya Marmeladova. Sonya is not a spokesman for the author's consciousness, but her position is close to Dostoevsky, because for her the highest value on earth is a person, human life. When Raskolnikov becomes unbearable, he goes to Sonya. Their destinies have a lot in common, a lot of tragedy. Sonya felt the main thing in Raskolnikov: that he was “terribly, infinitely unhappy” and that he needed her. Sonya believes that Raskolnikov committed a crime before God, before the Russian land and the Russian people, and therefore sends him to repent in the square, that is, among people to seek salvation and rebirth. The punishment of his own conscience for Raskolnikov is worse than hard labor. He understands that only in love and repentance can he find salvation. Gradually Sonya becomes a part of his existence. Raskolnikov sees: religion, faith in God for Sonya is the only thing left for her "near the unfortunate father and stepmother, crazy with grief, among hungry children, ugly screams and reproaches."

4. For Dostoevsky himself, the concept of “God” merged ideas about the higher principles of being: eternal beauty, justice, love. And the hero of Dostoevsky comes to the conclusion that God is the embodiment of humanity, the ability to serve the unfortunate, the fallen. Raskolnikov turns his gaze to the convicts who are next to him, and understands that they need him: the condemned, the outcasts are waiting for his help. This is the first glimpse of happiness and spiritual purification of the hero.

Dostoevsky leads his hero to the idea of ​​the need to live and assert oneself in life not through misanthropy, but through love and kindness, through service to people. Complicated and painful is Raskolnikov's path to knowing the meaning of life: from crime to compassion and love for the very people whom he wanted to despise, to consider below himself.

This is the most famous, most published and read Russian writer in the world. During his lifetime, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821-1881), not without reason, was considered the most restless, impulsive, changeable and passionate writer. He felt the tremendous tension of all feelings and thoughts, a storm of passions, the struggle of the most diverse opinions and beliefs, ups and downs, the power of faith and denial. No wonder they said about Dostoevsky that he was all a struggle, they called him a "cruel talent." This writer cannot be read calmly, without mental suffering and tension, his cruel realism captures and frightens.

All this strange and brilliant man endured and suffered: an early literary success, a death sentence and being sent to the parade ground for execution, penal servitude, soldiery, poverty, the hardest work of a literary day laborer, a terrible “falling” disease - epilepsy, wandering without money abroad, crazy losses roulette, magazine struggle, misunderstanding, hatred and slander, a new unprecedented success with the reader. He himself was a tangle of passions and impulses, and such are his novels - nervous, impetuous, disturbing, full of unexpected meetings and excited conversations-confessions. Reading them, Leo Tolstoy felt that the carried away author seemed to be flying. Dostoevsky died of excitement, blood vessels burst and bleeding began. His friend, the poet K.K. Sluchevsky described this death as follows:

Often we argued with you ...
Died! Could not overpower
With a true and loving heart
Small and big worries.
The controversy is over! Know better
You lived, not at random and not at random!
You won, Galilean! -
Your heart is broken...

It is no coincidence that the writer began with a story with a characteristic "pitying" title - "Poor people." But his pity itself was somehow painful, contradictory, replaced by anger and hatred. One essay about the writer is called “The Book of Great Anger”. A restless, suffering heart, a strong mind that went through the crucible of great denials, an anxious mind, great humility and pride, natural shyness and great pride, passionate faith and eternal doubts, a conscience tormented by all the pains of the world - all this made Dostoevsky one of the most famous figures in world history. and culture, was the essence of his work, brilliant, intense and very uneven. The ideas and novels of this writer are not outdated, they also excite, make you think and suffer, films and performances are staged on them, and for all readers of the world, the name of Dostoevsky is forever associated with the image of Russia.

The father of the future writer was a doctor at the Moscow Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor. The Dostoevskys were once Lithuanian noblemen, but their ancient family fell into decay. And Mikhail Andreevich was already the son of a priest and a seminarian, then became a physician, participated in the Patriotic War of 1812 as a military doctor. He married a meek and educated girl from a merchant family. Ranks and orders returned the hereditary nobility to the doctor.

His son Fedor was born in a hospital wing, distinguished by a frisky and energetic character, studied in Moscow boarding schools, and then he was taken to St. Petersburg and sent to the military Main Engineering School, located in the gloomy Mikhailovsky Castle, where the frantic Emperor Paul I was killed. not only technical, but also an excellent liberal arts education. Thoughtful, withdrawn, awkward, young Dostoevsky was not created for military service and was known as an eccentric, romantic, dreamer. He preferred to read Gogol, Balzac and Schiller, poetry and prose of German and Russian romantics. And soon after graduating from college, having served in the drawing room, he retired and took up literary work, translated and wrote dramas.

Dostoevsky got into the democratic environment of young St. Petersburg writers, met Turgenev and Nekrasov. He secretly wrote his first story “Poor People” (1845) already at the school, it was read with enthusiasm by D.V. Grigorovich and Nekrasov, and then Belinsky, who saw in the young writer a follower of Gogol. The success of the story was enormous and immediately made Dostoevsky a literary celebrity. But the writer's decisive disagreement with Belinsky's democratic ideas and Gogol's humanism quickly became apparent, he showed the "little man" as a complex being and not so kind and simple-hearted.

The humiliated and offended despaired and lost faith, but they learned secret hatred, anger and resentment, they are characterized by a special “pride of the poor”. Good in life and in man is primordially intertwined with evil, and this cannot be changed or explained by socio-economic reasons alone. Dostoevsky was interested in the dark and terrible human “underground”, secret thoughts and feelings, protest and desire for revenge, pride and rebellion, as Pushkin told in his Evgeny (“The Bronze Horseman”). This direction was manifested in the stories The Double (1846) and The Mistress (1847), which provoked criticism from Belinsky.

But the young Dostoevsky was as passionate a political dreamer as Belinsky, and even more radical. He entered the secret socialist circles of M. Petrashevsky and N. Speshnev, who were preparing a revolution and were planning to set up a secret printing house for printing anti-government literature and leaflets. At one of the meetings, Dostoevsky read Belinsky's letter to Gogol, forbidden by the censors. On April 23, 1849, he, along with other Petrashevites, was arrested and imprisoned in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. They were sentenced to death.

On December 22, Dostoevsky and the other convicts were taken to the Semyonovsky parade ground, where poles, white shrouds and a military team were ready for execution, and a crowd of thousands gathered. “Three were placed at the stake for execution. They called for three, next, I was in the second queue and I had no more than a minute to live, ”Dostoevsky recalled. The execution had already begun, but suddenly it was interrupted and the resolution of Emperor Nicholas I was announced: to send him to hard labor for four years, and then as a private in the Siberian battalions. In a matter of minutes before the execution, young Dostoevsky experienced so much that he became a different person. This severe mental shock aggravated the "epilepsy" nervous disease that had already begun in him - epilepsy.

Dostoevsky spent four years in hard labor in the Omsk fortress (see his book Notes from the House of the Dead), and then became a soldier in Semipalatinsk. This is how the theoretical dreamer met the real people. Only in 1859, at the request of the famous military engineer E.I. Totleben was promoted to officer, married the widow M.D. Isaeva, retired and received permission to live in Tver, and then in St. Petersburg. There, his new stories "Uncle's Dream" and "The Village of Stepanchikovo and Its Inhabitants" appeared in print, and his two-volume collected works were published in Moscow. In 1861, the novel The Humiliated and Insulted was published.

Together with his older brother Mikhail and with the participation of critics Apollon Grigoriev and N.N. Strakhova Dostoevsky began to publish the magazines "Time" (1861-1863) and "Epoch" (1864-1865), which preached the theory of "soil" - the idea of ​​​​the return and unity of the upper classes with the people, with their native "soil". In 1862, the writer went abroad for the first time, the next year he repeated this trip, played roulette, was in poverty, and all this provided material for the novel The Gambler (1867). The sharp criticism of the bourgeois West led Dostoevsky to the story Notes from the Underground (1864), where the protest of a lonely embittered individual against an oppressive and humiliating unjust society, already described by Gogol (“Notes of a Madman”), took on the character of a universal rebellion and a caustic denial of any moral norms.

All these changes in Dostoevsky's worldview and creativity led him to create several great novels, which are perceived as a kind of cycle. These are Crime and Punishment (1865-1866), The Idiot (1868), Demons (1871-1872), Teenager (1875) and the unfinished Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880).

Having opened this cycle of novels with Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky then created, as it were, two dilogies within the cycle, developing the ideas and images of the first book at different levels and in different directions.

The novel "The Teenager" continued the idea of ​​gaining dominance over the world and people with the help of the personal qualities of one person, which was determined in "Crime and Punishment", the "Napoleonic" idea, in essence, criminal, but the temptations and collapse of this idea are shown against the backdrop of the life of a dysfunctional Russian family, unable to live by the old ideals in the new conditions of a bourgeoisized, believing only in the money of Russia. "The Brothers Karamazov" is also a family story, but the writer raised the provincial life of the brothers Dmitry, Ivan and Alyosha Karamazov and the mysterious circumstances of the murder of their father Fyodor Pavlovich to an unprecedented height of philosophical reflection, showed the moral price of a crime in a society devoid of solid moral foundations and faith, and the inevitability of the highest, moral punishment.

The novel "The Idiot" is a book about the Russian Christ, a positively beautiful person, pure, sincere, who wants only good for everyone, but who cannot embody these high Christian ideals in a society riddled with lies, self-interest, malice and crime. Prince Myshkin, the hero of the novel The Idiot, is opposed by the gloomy, self-confident, ideologically criminal Russian demons from the book of the same name by Dostoevsky, where they want to change Russian life with the help of the same murder and deception, to forcefully impose their political ideas on everyone and the utopia of a future socialist paradise.

With this dilogy, Dostoevsky, as it were, answered both revolutionary democracy and Chernyshevsky, and conservative circles and Slavophiles, who were looking for a way out in the people, "reaction" and orthodox Christianity. He showed the Russia of that time as a troubled sea without moral and religious bonds, where everyone, including the illiterate, deceived and desperate people, lost the right guidelines and goals, got lost, fell into a complex and dangerous self-deception (a recent performance by the Polish director Andrzej Wajda in Moscow theater "Sovremennik" suddenly revealed the tragic relevance of Dostoevsky's gloomy book-pamphlet), they easily go to crime. It is clear that these novels aroused the sharpest rejection of various social circles, accusations of slander and denunciations, and for a hundred years complicated the fate of Dostoevsky as a writer, whom Lenin called "an extremely bad writer."

In 1867, the widowed Dostoevsky married the young and very practical stenographer Anna Grigorievna Snitkina, they spent four years abroad, because in Russia the writer was persecuted by creditors. Again there was poverty, debt, wandering around Europe, playing roulette and big losses. His novels were read at home, had a noisy, indifferent response from the then readers and critics, were perceived by the democratic youth and its leaders as sharp and unfair journalistic articles (this was especially true of "Crime and Punishment" and "Demons").

But over time, readers and critics saw in Dostoevsky's books the real truth, deep faith, philosophy and unity: “It is amazing: in an era that is completely irreligious, in an era that is essentially decaying, chaotically mixing - a number of works are being created that, on the whole, form something resembling a religious epic , but with all the features of blasphemy and chaos of its time ”(V.V. Rozanov). However, the author was not satisfied with these great novels and became an influential publicist and journalist himself. He spoke to Russia, its youth.

In 1873-1874, Dostoevsky edited the newspaper-magazine "Grazhdanin", published here his "Diary of a Writer" - journalistic notes and essays, then turned this diary into a separate publication. His passionately and frankly expressed original ideas and opinions invariably caused controversy in society and newspaper and magazine controversy, but brought new popularity and numerous followers. Everyone was struck by this sincere attitude of the famous writer to the reader as an equal, his unwillingness to be a majestic teacher of life, mercilessly honest talk about the growing trouble, looseness, the decline of all moral values ​​and bonds in Russian society and the human soul, the desire to open to people, especially young people, real truth and light in darkness and lies. This literary and social activity of Dostoevsky ended with his famous Pushkin speech of 1880 at the opening of a monument to the great poet in Moscow.

Idea versus life

The novel "Crime and Punishment" Dostoevsky considered his confession and conceived it while still in hard labor, "lying on the bunk, in a difficult moment of sadness and self-destruction." At first, he called it "Drunken" and in 1865 he entered into an enslaving contract for a book with a publisher in order to pay off urgent debts and go abroad. But in the German city of Wiesbaden, the writer lost all his money and even his pocket watch at roulette, in the hotel he, like Gogol's Khlestakov, was no longer given food on credit. And half-starved, despairing, in some kind of internal fever, Dostoevsky in a small room of a resort hotel began to write his great book, in this hopeless everyday situation, something suddenly opened up to him as a writer and thinker, he saw it in a new way. He wrote the book, as always, hurriedly and somehow convulsively, clumping and squeezing the narrative and painfully understanding the mistakes and imperfections of the novel: “I actually work nervously, with torment and care. When I work hard, I am even physically sick.” The reader of the book immediately feels this, the painful tension of the author passes to him. In 1866, already in St. Petersburg, the novel was revised and completed; its first chapters appeared in the conservative journal M.N. Katkov "Russian Messenger".

It was to Katkov that the author of the novel called the theme of the book - "a psychological report of one crime." Dostoevsky's novel is not about a person, not about the main character (although Raskolnikov is a wonderful and strong personality), but about his deed, deed (crime) and the inevitable consequences of this deed (punishment). Sometimes "Crime and Punishment" was interpreted as a brilliant detective story, and this, of course, is in the book, its plot is skillfully twisted and swift, the course of the crime and the investigation is confusing and unexpected. But the main thing in Dostoevsky's novel is the timely, boldly and correctly posed "eternal" questions about the moral law (either it exists for everyone and everyone, or "everything is permitted") and about the secrets of the human soul.

Dostoevsky wrote to Katkov that the main thing in his novel is not the crime (otherwise it would be a detective story) and that all the main action takes place after the murder: “It is here that the whole psychological process of the crime unfolds. Unresolvable questions arise before the killer, unsuspected and unexpected feelings torment his heart. God's truth, earthly law takes its toll, and he ends up being compelled to denounce himself. Forced to die in penal servitude, but to join the people again; the feeling of openness and disconnection with humanity, which he felt immediately after the commission of the crime, tormented him. The law of truth and human nature have taken their toll... The offender himself decides to accept the torment in order to atone for his deed.”

The novel "Crime and Punishment" is not exhausted by these psychological and philosophical studies of a person and his criminal act. Otherwise, few people would read it then. This is a sharply modern book that showed a general ideological and social split, a terrible decline in personality and morality in post-reform Russian society, which is a creative response to the novels of Chernyshevsky, Turgenev, Goncharov, even Tolstoy (investigator Porfiry read the first chapters of War and Peace!), on democratic, Slavophile, "soil" and "conservative" criticism and journalism.

It also has its own journalism, satire and even a pamphlet (in Luzhin there are features of Turgenev, who listened to the opinion of the democratic intelligentsia and student youth), including a parody of Chernyshevsky's novel What Is To Be Done? with his "women's question" and the Crystal Palace (whole phrases from this novel are spoken by the scrofulous "progressive" Lebezyatnikov).

And, finally, Dostoevsky, who went through hard labor and poverty in the St. Petersburg "corners", has people, a witness and the highest judge of the crime of the student Raskolnikov, who almost until the end of the novel does not admit his guilt. These simple, but unmistakable people, who sense lies and sin, call him a "murderer" and an atheist. This people is not at all like the peasants Turgenev, Goncharov and Tolstoy, they are dark, distrustful, cruel, sometimes criminal, prone to lies and drunkenness, but even in hard labor they know and remember the moral law, the highest truth. People of the educated classes have forgotten this truth or have replaced it with their own philosophies, selfishness, fashionable ideas and theories.

Dostoevsky, contrasting a lone educated criminal and a people's court with "the whole world", boldly said (even if through the mouth of the scoundrel Svidrigailov) that Raskolnikov's arrogant, selfish and inhumane idea, which pushed him to an "ideological" murder, is no worse and no better than others, is a legitimate part of world of modern teachings and opinions. Nobody wanted to accept this real truth. It is clear what anger and cries of indignation caused his novel in a variety of public camps and circles. Any attentive reader immediately sees that Dostoevsky's novel is strikingly different from the books of Turgenev, Tolstoy, Goncharov that were born next to him. It's not better or worse, it's just a completely different book, and it's written about something else. The author of Crime and Punishment contrasted their poetry, clarity, harmony, lyricism and epic calm with darkness, chaos, general decay in society, anxiety and anger, terrible, convulsive tension of all thoughts and feelings, their morbidity, the fall of a person, worldly dirt, poverty , drunkenness, everyday cruelty and lies, vices and crimes, murders and suicides, St. Petersburg attics and disgusting taverns, the bottom of life and the human "underground", flaws and diseases of the suffering and offended soul.

In the novel, Dr. Zosimov ingenuously testifies to the results of his medical practice: “And it’s true that there is almost no harmonious person at all.” Where can such a thing come from in the terrible world of ghostly Petersburg? And the name of the protagonist of the book "talking" - Raskolnikov, this former nobleman and former student lives in a divided society and contributes to its further disintegration with his crime and inhumane "progressive" ideas. Even in its colors, Dostoevsky's novel is black and white with a rotten Petersburg yellowness, the brightest spot in it is blood.

The very plot of the book is disgusting and bloody and at the same time quite ordinary, taken directly from the then police newspaper sheets and court reports: a poor St. Petersburg student killed an old usurer and her sister with an ax for money. An ordinary story... Then arrest, trial, sentence, deprivation of all rights and status, penal servitude, deletion of the former person from the world of living people inevitably follow. He fell to the bottom of life, crushed, humiliated, died, condemned by society forever. This is where all court reports and detective stories usually end. Dostoevsky's novel only begins with this.

No wonder Dostoevsky was called a "cruel talent", his court is harsh, his demands are great, his realism is cruel and merciless to the characters and the reader. But the main thing here is the attitude of the writer to the person. The basis of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is not the condemnation of man and the creative justification of the crime and, more broadly, the world's evil and the human dark "underground", but a completely different idea.

The author himself clearly speaks of it: “The main idea of ​​all the art of the nineteenth century ... the thought is Christian and highly moral; its formula is the restoration of a dead person, crushed unjustly by the yoke of circumstances, the stagnation of centuries and social prejudices. This thought is the justification of the humiliated and rejected pariahs of society. After all, this is, in essence, a great testament not only to Dostoevsky, but also to all Russian classical literature from Pushkin to Chekhov - "with complete realism, find a person in a person." And to help the perishing, fallen, faithless, destroyed man to rise, to revive him to a new life. With the novel "Crime and Punishment" Dostoevsky joined the literary school of Russian humanism, another thing is that his humanism is demanding and sometimes simply cruel.

It is sometimes said that all crimes are similar to each other, because they are generated by social conditions, the imperfection of class society. However, the intelligent and educated investigator Porfiry, in a conversation with the murderer Raskolnikov, states something else: there is no general case here, all cases are particular. Each criminal and his deed is unique, as is the unique combination of life circumstances. But even here Raskolnikov stands out and surprises. All the facts connected with him and the murder he committed are fantastic, incredible, psychologically inexplicable. But they do exist, and they need to be assessed and built out of them as some kind of convincing investigative hypothesis. Porfiry yearns to understand this strange man. The investigator entered into a duel with a strong, intelligent, educated criminal who shed the blood of real people to bring his head idea to life.

The protagonist of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov belongs to the "new people", he is a St. Petersburg student, a representative of the "third estate", an expert on the latest scientific theories and social teachings, a reader of Chernyshevsky's magazine Sovremennik. He is clearly familiar with the novel What Is to Be Done?, talking in the police office with an officer about nihilism. At the same time, he comes from an impoverished noble family, his late father was a romantic writer and sent his poems and prose to magazines, his mother is a woman who believes and adheres to strict moral rules in life, who knows about the forbidden line that must not be crossed, the beautiful sister Dunya is proud and also self-confident, but is ready for self-sacrifice for the sake of loved ones. This means that Raskolnikov himself was brought up in these moral rules and faith (his mother reminds him in a letter how he babbled prayers on his father’s knees as a child and how happy they all were), although he proudly rejected them later as outdated, fettering a lonely outstanding personality. .

But his decisive character is also interesting, about which his mother says: “I would calmly step over all obstacles.” All this is important for understanding this colossal figure. But even more important is that from the very beginning of the novel we see that Raskolnikov is tragically lonely, with his selfish idea he separated himself from the democratic raznochinstvo environment, and from the family living in a provincial town, and from the neighbors of his attic "corner". This solitary obsession leads him to the illness of an irritated spirit and an "ideological" crime.

Then there was a fairly authoritative theory that considered criminals to be sick and degenerate, flawed, spiritual and physical freaks, the dregs of society. Raskolnikov partly shared this theory and even wrote a curious article about the crime, where he directly connected this terrible act with the disease. But the author of the novel has a different opinion, and it is not for nothing that he forces Luzhin, who is unsympathetic to him, to say an important phrase about the growth of crimes in the upper, educated classes of society. In Dostoevsky, a student from the nobility, Raskolnikov, is young, healthy, smart, handsome, educated, has a strong character and outstanding abilities. He is arrogant, vain, unsociable and at the same time generous, kind, ready to help his neighbors, risk his life for them, give them the last. After all, he commits the murder itself not for himself and his personal well-being, but for his family, to help such humiliated and offended people as the Marmeladovs. The goal is noble and lofty, but in no way does it justify the terrible means of achieving it, it does not justify murder, crime, bloodshed. In addition, this help to people is not the main thing for the "ideological" criminal.

The essence of Raskolnikov's crime is that it was committed according to the idea. He has no economic reasons, because the then student (for example, the same diligent Razumikhin) could earn a living by lessons and translations, besides, his mother sent him money from her tiny pension. Half-starved, embittered at everyone and everything, seized with some kind of morbid fever of thought, the dreamer enthusiastically considered this head, abstract idea in complete solitude, in the cramped stuffy closet of the St. Behind her stands all the romanticism of that time, the stormy, rebellious, criminal heroes of Byron and Lermontov, the image of the ruthless and unscrupulous Napoleon. Novels and short stories by Balzac and Dickens, Stendhal's famous novel Red and Black, Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, even The Count of Montecristo by Alexandre Dumas - all these books are built on the idea of ​​crime and punishment. But Dostoevsky raises this eternal idea to a new height of artistic understanding and expression. The main thing in Raskolnikov and his idea is the same satanic pride, contempt for people and their society, the desire to rule over this herd, despotism: "Power is given only to those who dare to bend down and take it."

Pushkin in "Gypsies" and "The Queen of Spades" warned what willfulness leads to, irresponsible game of "superman", disrespect for someone else's life. But Raskolnikov did not heed these warnings, besides, fashionable books and magazines, the latest natural sciences, social theories and political doctrines helped him a lot. At that time, many argued that there was no crime, there was a legitimate social protest of the individual against oppression. They forgot about human nature, and the proud dreamer Raskolnikov also forgot about it. Rejecting morality as the prejudice of backward people, he divided humanity into ordinary law-abiding "existents" and into extraordinary people, capable of speaking their word. The latter are the criminals, because in order to express their new word, they must certainly transgress the old law, prejudice or idea, and are forced to shed blood for this. It is they who, according to Raskolnikov's idea, have every right to allow their conscience to step over any obstacle, through blood and crime in the name of the further good of people. And then it’s their business: either their personal conscience will make them suffer, or the new Napoleons will calmly step over the blood and go forward. In a broken society there is no moral law.

This theory proceeds from an understanding of the will power of man, in whose hands are all the means of changing the world. Note that the gloomy, bold and strong idea of ​​Raskolnikov opposes the vulgar idea of ​​the "democrat" Lebezyatnikov that everything depends on the material environment, and the person himself with his unique face, free will and destiny is nothing. The student does not want to live like this, to be humiliated, to depend on the social environment, to expect its radical change and "universal happiness". There are no barriers for him, conscience, moral law, faith - all this for the newly-minted "superman" is prejudices that make most people cowards and victims.

Raskolnikov himself does not want to wait for the "universal happiness" of the social utopians, he longs to test his strength and courage, commits a crime for the sake of freedom and power over the "anthill" of people, putting into practice his head and therefore especially inhuman idea. He is an extraordinary person, chosen, with his new word and therefore has the right to commit a crime. He does not want to kill the nasty old woman and take possession of her money, but to test his strength and will, to kill the principle, to dare, to cross the line. This is a revolt, a continuation of the St. Petersburg revolt of Pushkin's heroes The Queen of Spades and The Bronze Horseman. Recall that Dostoevsky in the novel The Teenager called the idea of ​​Hermann, the hero of The Queen of Spades, a "wild dream", and we will understand what he thinks about the bookish, head idea of ​​the St. Petersburg student Raskolnikov. But the writer does not express his opinion, in his book he allows himself to be revealed to everyone, to speak out, and, above all, to the student.

This idea is terrible and inhuman, besides, it lies like a heavy burden on the suffering heart and sick conscience of its creator. His self-esteem suffers endlessly, because he turned out to be weaker than his theory, he only managed to kill, but failed to rob, in a feverish hurry he did not even look into the old woman’s chest of drawers, where several thousand rubles lay in a box - huge money at that time. Dr. Zosimov calls him "a frenzied hypochondriac." Even the unfortunate meek sufferer Sonya felt sorry for Raskolnikov, seeing how terribly, infinitely unhappy he was. His mother was horrified to see in his gaze "a strong feeling to the point of suffering" and "something motionless, even as if insane." Raskolnikov is literally ill with his motionless idea, he is in some kind of oblivion, nervous tension and fever, his thoughts interfere, he is tormented by terrible dreams and nightmares, his heart is tormented, hardened, empty, traces of extraordinary suffering are visible on his face, he rushes around the city sick, all the time in a hurry somewhere, because he cannot be alone.

The lonely dreamer Raskolnikov was drawn to people. He goes out of his tiny attic closet for an "ideological" murder and immediately meets living, real people who are not angels at all. But each of them, according to the correct word of the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, is a "special case", a special person: "People are many different, sir." Even the murdered old woman is not a “louse,” as Raskolnikov contemptuously calls her, but a person, albeit a vile, evil, useless one. Even the simple-hearted chatterer and lover of any fashionable "advanced" idea of ​​Lebeziatnikov, this democratic Repetilov (by the way, Dostoevsky considered Repetilov a tragic person, not a comic one, because the soul and mind of this person are empty, he has nothing of his own), is capable of a noble deed (bold defense of Sonya, deftly slandered by the scoundrel Luzhin). Everyone has their own path and their own truth. On this path, people, encountering Raskolnikov, suddenly open up and speak out. The perfect crime twists the spring of swift action even tighter. This is a drama, a tragedy novel.

The perceptive and well-read investigator Porfiry, an official from the police office Zametov, witnesses appear, a detective struggle begins, a chase, provocative conversations, transparent hints, traps. Suddenly, the mysterious and terrible Svidrigailov arrives in the city, a bold criminal, bigger and more dangerous than the theoretical murderer of the pawnbroker. The fight begins with him. Raskolnikov suddenly liked walking on the edge of a knife, taking risks, fighting the smart and experienced criminologist Porfiry and Zametov, helping the unfortunate Marmeladov family, talking with Sonya, Svidrigailov, even with the nasty and inflated Luzhin. Dostoevsky’s famous dialogues begin (“One word calls another, one thought evokes another,” says Porfiry), frank conversations of characters about the meaning and imperfections of life in dirty taverns and attic rooms, strange coincidences and unexpected meetings, detailed internal monologues that turn the novel into drama, into a tragedy novel. Thus, Raskolnikov's immovable head idea enters into a dispute, contact and confrontation with real people and living life. In Dostoevsky's novel, everything happens "suddenly", this is his favorite word, which occurs more than five hundred times in Crime and Punishment. Suddenly, Raskolnikov's mother and sister come to the criminal and sick Raskolnikov, and his haggard, unhappy face lit up as if with light. He remembered everything, saw the closest, dearest people, understood the full strength of their love for him and the enormity of their sacrifice for him. The story of the rich scoundrel Luzhin, his sister's fiancé, drew Raskolnikov even more into his family, her real affairs and everyday worries. The murderer says words of hope to his mother and sister: “Perhaps everything will be resurrected!..”

Suddenly, another family appears in the life of a student, a large, impoverished, unhappy family, exhausted by drunkenness and the eternal failures of its head, the official Marmeladov, who was expelled from service. And this old drunken man says important words to the young man, one of the main truths of Russian classical literature: “After all, it is necessary that every person could at least go somewhere ... wherever they would pity him.” Their frank conversation in the tavern shows Raskolnikov that pitiful people, whom he contemptuously considered "human material" for his experiments and victims, have their own soul, unique face and destiny, dignity, pride, are capable of great self-sacrifice and love. And he rushes to help them, saves, supports, heals, gives money.

“There is life! Haven't I lived now? he says, leaving the Marmeladovs' room. But he is a criminal, an "ideological" killer, a sick, embittered, half-starved ragamuffin. And on this path of concrete, real goodness, Raskolnikov meets the meek and believing Sonya, she gradually becomes his salvation, hope, but also a judge, goes with him to hard labor, helps him repent, go through suffering and be reborn, return to people.

Duel with the investigator

Investigator Porfiry Petrovich is smart, experienced, distrustful, a skeptic, known for his ability to solve complicated crimes. He sees not the external legal form, but the practical, vital essence of Raskolnikov’s act: “The investigator’s case is, so to speak, free art ...” He immediately begins to suspect Raskolnikov, sets legal and logical traps for him and understands his idea, read his article about the crime , and then the author himself explains his thoughts to him. And thus the investigator becomes a practical critic of the idea of ​​a murderous student. Their intense, impetuous dispute-duel begins. This is not just a pursuit, but precisely an ideological dispute, because the investigator wants to solve the crime, but save the criminal, a young outstanding person, for society. So entertaining criminology in this detective story is separated from philosophy and psychology. Porfiry immediately finds a weak spot in Raskolnikov’s idea: the student values ​​the mind above all else, above all, of course, his arrogant mind, but forgets about the unpredictable reality and the fickle, multidimensional nature of a person: “But you have lost your common sense ... After all, I also understand what it’s like it’s all to drag on a man, a dejected, but proud, imperious and impatient ... ”He sees in Raskolnikov’s crime“ a modern matter ”,“ when the human heart was clouded ”, bookish dreams, a theoretically irritated heart, the courage of despair, a revolt in a dead end, hysterical determination , clouding the mind and conscience.

And it's not even the point that Porfiry strongly disagrees with his ideas. Raskolnikov went against life and man: "Hey, do not disdain life, there will still be a lot of it ahead." The student wanted to become great through crime, and Porfiry tells him: you yourself must become something, then everyone will see and recognize him. And he gives him the same advice as the wise-hearted Sonya Marmeladova - to find faith, support, surrender to life, and life will endure, a person needs air, air! And he predicts to Raskolnikov that he will overcome his pride and theory, voluntarily accept suffering, for "in suffering there is an idea." Porfiry also gives a promise to alleviate the fate of the repentant criminal as much as possible, and fulfills his promise. So the role of the investigator in this detective novel is great.

Real killer

There is also a real criminal in Dostoevsky's novel, a brave, brutal and fantastic murderer who does not recognize any moral law and barriers. This is the man of mystery Svidrigailov, who comes from nowhere and goes nowhere. It is curious that this scoundrel and criminal does not only evil, he does a lot of good. The very first phrase in a conversation with Raskolnikov speaks of his mind and insight: "A person in general really, really likes to be insulted." After all, this is the real truth, but very unpleasant, even cynical, besides, it illuminates in a new way the title of Dostoevsky's early novel - "The Humiliated and Insulted".

In general, innocence is striking in Svidrigailov, for he does not hide, does not lie. He does not need any ideas, the main thing is his desire. And this shows his strength, the strength of conscious evil and contempt for people and the truth: "There is nothing in the world more difficult than straightforwardness, and there is nothing easier than flattery." Marmeladov and Raskolnikov hate the magnificent and ghostly, unhealthy, unkind to the person St. Petersburg, where they were so hopelessly poor, but only the cynic and mischievous Svidrigailov expresses his opinion directly about him: the city of clerks and all kinds of seminarians, the city of half-crazy people: “The people are drunk, educated youth from inaction it burns out in unrealizable dreams and dreams, it is disfigured in theories ... "

And yet they have some common point with the murderer Raskolnikov: they talk about visions from other worlds, about eternity and future life, even about the Sistine Madonna. There is another dispute, another struggle of ideas. And here Svidrigailov's opinion is ugly in its wild cynicism and inhumanity: a man on earth did not deserve any crystal palace and a bright future, he deserved only a small room like a village bath with spiders in the corners and is doomed to live in it forever. And this same terrible man tells Raskolnikov the prophetic words of Porfiry: all people need air.

Svidrigailov Raskolnikov is interested in the fantastic nature of his position, that is, the “ideological” murder itself and its numerous psychological consequences: “Russian people are generally broad people ... wide, like their land, and extremely prone to the fantastic, to the disorderly; but it’s a misfortune to be wide without a special genius… We don’t have especially sacred traditions in an educated society.” Svidrigailov acts here as a social thinker and gives his description and interpretation of Raskolnikov's theory. Here this smart and educated criminal complements the investigator Porfiry. He directly says to the “ideological” killer: “The material, at least, contains huge. You can be aware of a lot, a lot ... well, yes, you can do a lot. And then, already before his suicide, he thoughtfully adds about Raskolnikov: “I dragged a lot on myself. He can be a big rogue in time, when nonsense rises, but now he wants to live too much!

Svidrigailov himself leaves life, tired of it, from the creation of great and small evil, from the aimlessness of his criminal antics and cruel experiments on people, he does not have the faith and thirst to live that saves Raskolnikov. Nightmares and ghosts, tormenting this person before his death, speak of madness and the beginning of the disintegration of a powerful personality that has lost support, closed in on itself. But their unexpected meeting and conversations reveal much to Raskolnikov in himself, his theory and crime.

For their "common point" is that Svidrigailov is that special, chosen person, the superman, who, according to Raskolnikov's theory, is given the right to commit a crime, the right to step over blood. Let us recall with what cheerful ease he says that if Raskolnikov's sister Dunya had only wished, he would immediately have killed his lawful wife Marfa Petrovna. Svidrigailov, as always, told the truth. He, unlike Raskolnikov, has the power to dare, to cross the line and will not suffer, have a conscience. But his fate is complete loneliness and death, a dead end, spiritual decay, death of the heart, a complete loss of the desire to live. Realizing this, Raskolnikov chooses repentance and suffering, goes to people, wants to rise and be reborn.

Friend from the "new people"

And, finally, it is worth remembering the handsome student Razumikhin, to whom the sick Raskolnikov goes half-forgetful through the whole city. Why to him? Yes, because he is a reliable, faithful person, a good friend, classmate, he will always help, help out, take care of the sick, etc. This is a good man, honest, well-ordered, thorough, skillful, strong, diligent, everyone loves him, he is a friend to everyone. Razumikhin, according to his “talking” surname, is smart, but also simple-minded, alien to slyness and duplicity.

Why does Raskolnikov, and, consequently, Dostoevsky need him? Then, that although this is a noble son, as he calls himself, he belongs, like his friend, to the "new people", the Bazarovs. And these young people became a serious force in post-reform Russian society and were very interested in the author of Crime and Punishment, speaking about them, he could not confine himself to the comic figure of Lebezyatnikov, and then published his Diary of a Writer for them. He saw in these people a positive beginning, thoroughness, directness, concern for public interests, the ability to live together and help each other, ability to work, life skill and activity. That is, everything that Turgenev saw and showed in his Bazarov, positively assessed by Dostoevsky.

Razumikhin, like Porfiry and Svidrigailov, explains to Raskolnikov the flaws in his "ideological" murder, his head theory. But he does it from the standpoint of a businesslike, sober-minded representative of the new generation: “Efficiency is difficult to acquire, but it doesn’t fall from the sky for nothing. And we have been weaned from any business for almost two hundred years. He talks about the social essence of the crime, gives psychological details that are important for understanding the course of the case, and Raskolnikov silently agrees with him. Razumikhin’s answer to Luzhin is also important, exposing this unprincipled acquirer, who decided to use fashionable and influential progressive ideas for his personal elevation and enrichment: , in their own interest, that they decidedly spoiled the whole thing. Razumikhin also sees the despotic demand for complete impersonality coming from progressive circles. He also accuses Raskolnikov of the lack of independence of his idea (“I liked to get by with someone else’s mind”), of admiring his suffering.

But most importantly, Razumikhin defends nature, a living soul, which the authors of theoretical social systems forget about, the historical, living path of development of man and society: “With logic alone, one cannot skip over nature!” This is a response both to the theory of the killer and to the equally heady ideas of utopian socialism, their convincing criticism, sounded from the democratic camp. But Razumikhin affects Raskolnikov simply with his kindness, humanity, active help, helping the murderer endure his crime, his terrible mistake, admit it and repent.

Eternal Sonechka

The fragile and poorly educated girl Sonya Marmeladova opposes the ideological killer Raskolnikov in the novel, but her role is different than that of the investigator Porfiry. Sonya fights not only with the killer, but also for him, for his soul that has not yet died. She knew all the evil, the injustice of the world, but with a pure heart and an honest mind she does not accept the path and idea of ​​Raskolnikov - it is evil, a crime to clear the way for good, to save people through murder. Her terrible, mournful, but righteous path is love and pity for her neighbor and self-sacrifice for him. Sonya, with her sacrificial faith, defends God, the idea of ​​​​higher inevitable justice, and thereby saves and protects man. She sacrificed herself for the sake of the Marmeladov family, she goes with Raskolnikov to hard labor, taking on her shoulders part of his guilt and suffering.

For Raskolnikov, the main thing is his proud and strong "I", his personality, which, in his opinion, gives him the full moral right to commit a crime. Dostoevsky knows that there is another way, and this is the way of Sonya, the way of faith and patience, of salvation through sacrifice: “The highest use that a person can make of his personality, of the full development of his self, is, as it were, to destroy this self, to give it away entirely to each and every one undividedly and wholeheartedly. And this is the greatest happiness. Thus, the law of the self merges with the law of humanism.

Sonya urges Raskolnikov to forget about his "I", to step over pride and accept suffering, to atone for great guilt, crime, murder. She herself is ready for such a sacrifice, she wants to go with him to the end. Raskolnikov immediately understands all the difficulty for him, a strong proud man, such a path of humility and sacrifice, and therefore he sometimes hates Sonya, laughs at her faith. And their struggle continues until the very end of the book. The remorse of a murderer is hard, his spiritual rebirth is incredibly difficult.

Two scenes in the novel are especially important for understanding the image and role of Sonya Marmeladova. She gives Raskolnikov a pectoral cypress cross, a symbol of suffering, urging him to come to the truth through repentance and suffering and promising to go through this difficult road with him to the end. And the most famous scene is their reading of the Gospel of John, the parable of the resurrection of the deceased Lazarus: “The cigarette butt has long been extinguished in a crooked candlestick, dimly illuminating in this beggarly room the murderer and the harlot, who strangely came together reading the eternal book.” Sonya herself explains the lesson of this ancient parable to Raskolnikov in this way: a person can be reborn only through faith. “Then God will send you life again,” she says.

The image of Sonya Marmeladova is one of the most beautiful, strong and truthful in world literature. The essence of her act, faith, love and sacrifice is that she is not alone, there is self-sacrifice in Raskolnikov’s sister and mother, in the kind “reasonable egoist” Razumikhin, in the sick and exhausted Katerina Ivanovna, in her drunkard husband. A criminal going to repentance and resurrection is surrounded by people, relatives and friends, and active goodness lives in their souls.

Everything in the novel is addressed to Raskolnikov, all the characters and meetings help him go through a series of trials, break his pride and, kneeling in the square and bowing to the earth, repent before people of his crime, shedding human blood. After all, he himself says: "Suffering and pain are always indispensable for a broad consciousness and a deep heart." At hard labor, the convicted murderer understands that the people, that is, criminals from the common people, do not accept him and his “lordly” idea and condemn him. So, he needs to restore this broken connection. The heart here corrects the mistakes of the arrogant mind.

Raskolnikov foresees that not only he, but all people on earth will face even greater trials. His terrible last dream about living evil creatures - trichinas, who settled in the bodies of people and confuse their thoughts, predicts great ideological strife, the coming spiritual split, revolutions and civil wars. There will be clouding and distortion of public reason and moral sense. Dostoevsky predicted that people in Russia and the world would be terribly ill with ideology, that the understanding of good and evil, their measure, would be lost, and the moral law would be banished. But Raskolnikov, with the help of Sonya who followed him to hard labor and who took his mother and sister Razumikhin under her care, understands that for a fallen, disbelieving, criminal person, the main thing is personal rebirth, restoration of broken ties, a serious goal in life, a return to the world of people: “Instead of dialectics, life came, and something completely different had to develop in the mind.”

What will be developed, what will save and revive the stubborn "ideological" criminal - is still unclear, living life is strong and rich, it will show everything itself. The repentance and insight of the killer is hard and long. He is hindered by the same huge pride. And we see how hard it is for the loving patient Sonya with the tormented Raskolnikov. But he is on the right path, among living people and genuine feelings, slowly moving towards spiritual rebirth and repentance, because any viable society cannot consist of fallen, destroyed, "underground" people and living corpses.

And therefore, Dostoevsky's novel about the crime and punishment of Rodion Raskolnikov ends with an open ending: a spiritually recovering hero in convict shackles looks from the high bank of the Siberian river into the boundless eternal steppe, where a free song sounds and other, free people live. Raskolnikov is ready to go there, to the people. Life has not ended for him, it continues, calling the fallen soul to rebirth.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

How are the personality of the author and the style of the novel "Crime and Punishment" related?
To what social stratum of the then Russian society does Raskolnikov belong?
What is the essence of Raskolnikov's idea?
What is the role of the Marmeladov family in the novel?
Describe three meetings between Raskolnikov and investigator Porfiry Petrovich.

BASIC CONCEPTS

Idea.
Ideological crime.
Moral law.
Polyphony.
social novel.
Roman detective.
Roman feuilleton.
A tragedy novel.
Nihilism.
Naturalism.

REPORTS AND SUMMARY

Raskolnikov and Chernyshevsky's "new people".
Raskolnikov and Bazarov.
Dreams and Visions in Crime and Punishment.
DI. Pisarev on Dostoevsky's novel.
N.N. Strakhov about Dostoevsky's novel.

Belov S.V. Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Comment. M., 1985.
Karyakin Yu.F. Raskolnikov's self-deception. Roman F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". M., 1976.
Kozhinov V.V. "Crime and Punishment" F.M. Dostoevsky // Three masterpieces of Russian classics. M.. 1971.
Nasedkin N.N. Dostoevsky. Encyclopedia. M., 2003.
Seleznev Yu.I. Dostoevsky. M., 1997.
Fridlender G.M. Dostoevsky realism. M.-L., 1964.

© Vsevolod Sakharov . All rights reserved.

So the last page of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" has been turned over ... This work made me think about many important issues. At first I thought that killing a person is the most terrible sin, and there is no justification for the one who committed it. But when I got to know the hero of the novel better, I began to doubt: maybe, after all, Raskolnikov is right about something, and is there a certain amount of truth in his reasoning?

Let's remember what state the main character was in on the eve of the crime.

The former university student had reached the point of extreme need. He does not have a penny for his soul, so there is no way to get dressed, feed himself, or pay for his studies and the room he rents. “He was so poorly dressed that another, even a familiar person, would be ashamed to go out into the street in such rags during the day,” - this is exactly how Rodion Raskolnikov appears before us at the beginning of the novel. Due to the disastrous financial situation, the young man becomes irritable and gloomy. Proud and proud, Rodion refuses the help of his mother and friend Razumikhin, considering such help humiliating.

An extraordinary mind, a sick pride and a beggarly position give rise to the idea in the head of a young man, according to which all people on Earth are divided into "trembling creatures" and "having the right", who are allowed "blood in conscience." Wanting to check himself, to which category of people he belongs, Raskolnikov goes to kill the pawnbroker. He considers the old woman stupid and worthless, because the titular adviser lives by profiting from the troubles of people, giving money on bail and taking high interest. By killing her, the hero, in his opinion, will be able to start a new prosperous life and make humanity happy.

"To make mankind happy" - that's what Raskolnikov is right about. After all, what he strives for in the end is the noblest goal. The young man dreams of helping his mother, who lives in poverty, to save Dunya from the humiliating position in which she is due to poverty. Raskolnikov needs power in order to devote himself to serving people. Because he loves people! He cannot pass by the suffering of the “humiliated and offended”. A young man is always ready to help people and give the last thing he has. He helps the Marmeladov family, gives Ekaterina Ivanovna his last savings to organize her husband's funeral. He is worried about the fate of the drunk girl whom Rodion meets on the boulevard, and again gives the last money so that the policeman hires a cab and takes her home. As a student, he helps his sick friend.

Rodion Raskolnikov is right that he does not want to put up with his miserable existence, with the fact that there is so much cruelty, injustice, and deceit in the world. He, nurturing a certain theory in his inflamed brain, is trying to change life for the better.

However, the idea that the protagonist is obsessed with is inhumane in nature. You cannot make some people happy at the cost of the lives of others. Killing the old woman - pawnbroker and her sister, he makes a terrible mistake. Murder is, first of all, a crime against a person, it is a grave sin, and it cannot be justified by any theory. All people are equal, dividing them into "trembling creatures" and "rulers" is unnatural. Caught in the power of a false idea, Raskolnikov, a kind and noble person by nature, becomes a criminal.

Struggling with social injustice and hopelessness, the hero of the novel, unfortunately, chose the wrong path. For this, he suffered a just punishment, having gone through the pangs of conscience, chilling fear, unbearable suffering.

Use a separate sheet to answer this part. First write down the task number, 25, and then write an essay.

25 Write essays It is according to the read text.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by

Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account). The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

The answers to tasks 1-24 are a number (number), a word (several words) or a sequence of numbers (numbers).

Read the text and do tasks 1-3.

(1) The main wealth of the Urals was and is, of course, its mineral resources: this region has long been the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country. (2)<…>it is not surprising that the industry became the foundation on which the arts and crafts of the territory grew. (3) In particular, the Ural stone-cutting products are a unique variety of Russian art, and the processing of marble and the production of cast-iron household items have grown to an industrial scale.

1 Indicate two sentences that correctly convey MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The foundation on which a unique deco- the arts and crafts of the Urals, the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country, has become an industry.

2) The main wealth of the Urals is mineral resources, thanks to which the industrial production of cast iron products is developed in this region.

3) To date, the Urals is the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country, it is here that the main enterprises of the industry are located.

4) Ural stone-cutting products are a unique variety of Russian arts and crafts.

5) The industry of the Urals, which has long become the largest mining and metallurgical base of the country, is the foundation on which a unique arts and crafts of the region.

2 Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

Because First of all Because

3 Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word BASE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

BASE, -s, wives.

1) Foundation of the building. B. columns.

2) foundation, foundation something Social b., material b.

3) The stronghold of the country's armed forces on its own or foreign territory.

Naval b.

4) Establishment, enterprise, central supply or service point somebody something excursion b.

5) Warehouse, place of storage of goods, materials, products. Vegetable b.

Answer: ___________________________.

4 One of the following words has an accent error: The letter denoting a stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

far-sightedIva

dispensary

get through

poured Answer: ___________________________.

5 One of the suggestions below INCORRECTLY used

lazy word. Correct the lexical error by matching to the highlighted

the word paronym. Write down the chosen word.

For order, the horseman fired a few more arrows and, leaving clouds of dust behind him, disappeared behind a FORESTED hill.

Direct the teenager's passion in a PRACTICAL direction: invite him to enroll in courses or in a circle - this knowledge will certainly be useful to him in the future.

On that day, the organizer of the concert approached me, shook my hand and handed me a THANK YOU letter from the administration.

For a long time (about 200 years), historians and linguists believed that the single center of settlement of the Slavs was in the middle Dnieper region.

If left untreated, this EVIL weed will spread throughout the garden very quickly.

Answer: ___________________________.

6 In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

HIS TUTORIAL REVIEW EXPERIENCED COACH

SEVENTONS of books FLOW water

Answer: ___________________________.

7 Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first list, select the corresponding position from the second list.

SUGGESTIONS

A) In all, who had previously opposed Yermolov's appointment to no avail, now raised his head again.

B) In the story "The Captain's Daughter" there are a number of episodes that indicate not only the cruelty of both warring parties, but also their ability for mercy and generosity.

C) In the outline of the “Study Book of Literature for the Russian Youth”, Gogol defines the “lesser kind of epic” as a genre that is intermediate between the epic and the novel.

D) Preserving Pushkin's image of the prophet in his lyrics, Nekrasov rejects another important symbol of Pushkin's poetic world - the image of the "poet-priest".

E) Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Tolya refused to go home immediately from the airport.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

4) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

5) incorrect construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover

6) violation of the construction of a sentence with participial turnover

7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

8 Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

orb..talny suv..renitet unfolded..released to choose..army..sit down

Answer: ___________________________.

9 Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

pr..meta, pr..funny prompt..sk, with..play about..tear, po..lay in..falter, ..press (in the palm of your hand)

pr..to visit (in the city), pr..to decorate Answer: ___________________________.

10 E .

ask..wat pliable..yy merciful..yy come off..to overcome..vat

Answer: ___________________________.

11 Write down the word in which the letter is written in the place of the gap AND .

saw off .. I suffered .. you are describing .. my aiming .. you are moistening ..

Answer: ___________________________.

12 Identify the sentence in which NOT is written with the word FLUSHED. Open the brackets and write out this word.

Raskolnikov is a (NOT) COMMON killer, but a gifted young man with a philosophical mindset.

IN THE (NOT) FINISHED youthful “Tale” by M.Yu. Lermontov describes the childhood of Sasha Arbenin, the double of the author himself.

I will tell everything as it really was, (NOT) MISTORTING a single word.

Everything was there: a sea of ​​music, beautiful costumes, luxurious scenery and the very atmosphere of the Bolshoi Theater, which for many years has been keeping an (UN) DISCLOSURED secret to anyone.

Petka slept a lot, but for some reason he wanted to sleep more, and it often seemed that everything around him was (NOT) REAL, but a long, unpleasant dream.

Answer: ___________________________.

13 Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written FLUSHED. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

While the road was near the swamps, (B) IN SIGHT of a pine forest, deviating all the time (B) BOK, we kept frightening whole broods of ducks sheltering here.

(B) DURING the whole day, our detachment hardly walked forward, moving (TO) FEEL.

In the forest (IN) AUTUMN, it smelled of dampness, it was cold and dank, and we lit a fire in order to (WOULD) warm ourselves.

(ON) IN THE MIDDLE of the room there was a huge oak table, as well as (SAME) strong, to match the table, heavy chairs.

Marusya for a long time could not understand (WHY) WHY no one so directly, (C) MOVE can not give an answer to the question that tormented her.

Answer: ___________________________.

14 Indicate all the numbers in the place of which it is written NN .

Not for this, our people created for us and for our descendants a rich, free and strong language, striking with its sophisticated, flexible, infinitely diverse forms; not for us

leaving (2) as a gift this priceless (3) treasure of our national culture, so that we, having abandoned it with contempt, reduced our speech to a few dozen stamped (4) phrases.

Answer: ___________________________.

15 Set up punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) In Pushkin's poems of the Petersburg period, love lyrics are poorly represented, but the use of the poetic language of love lyrics in poems with civil themes is noteworthy.

2) The conflict of dreams and reality is the basis of M.Yu. Lermontov and many others romantic poets.

3) The world of Raskolnikov and Svidrigailov in "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky is depicted with the help of a number of similar or very close motifs.

4) Payment can be made not only at the bank branch, but also via telephone and the Internet.

5) The weather was dry and not too cold and I went to wander around a small but very cozy village.

16 Place punctuation marks.

The old men began to discuss the latest events (1) significantly pursing their lips (2) and (3) exchanging opinions (4) began to drink tea.

Answer: ___________________________.

17 Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

In general, (1) it is never too late to get down to business on your own, and then it is quite (3) possible to achieve the desired result (2).

Answer: ___________________________.

18 Place punctuation marks. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

These cute childhood fun (1) memories (2) of which (3) I still carefully keep in my heart (4) were something undoubtedly important and valuable for us.

Answer: ___________________________.

19 Put punctuation marks. Indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

I go forward with the faith (1) that I will achieve the desired goal (2) and that (3) if God wants (4) I will be justified in the eyes of those (5) whom I love.

Answer: ___________________________.

Read the text and complete tasks 20–25.

(1) For three years now, since he was undeservedly slandered and deprived of his job, Ivan Semenyuta has been living a wild, painful and terrible life. (2) He huddles in a semi-dark basement, where he rents the most damp and cold corner. (3) What Semenyuta exists for, - he himself will not say. (4) He is not shaved, not cut, his hair sticks out on his head, like tousled hay, his pale face is swollen with an unhealthy basement puffiness, his boots ask for porridge.

(5) But there are four days a year when he tries to shake himself up and change his neglected appearance. (6) This is for the New Year, for Easter, for Trinity and for the thirteenth of August. (7) On the eve of these days, through many efforts and humiliations, he gets fifteen kopecks - five kopecks for a bathhouse, five for a barber and five kopecks for a bar of chocolate or an orange.

(8) And now, having polished the boots to a mirror shine, covering the holes in them with ink, carefully cutting off the fringe from the bottom of the trousers, putting on a paper collar with a shirt-front and a red tie, which he usually keeps wrapped in newsprint for a whole year, Semenyuta stretches through the whole city to the widow's house to visit his mother. (9) He usually tries to get there in the evening, when the flaws in his costume are not so noticeable.

(10) The mother, seeing her own son, quickly gets up, raising her glasses to her forehead. (11) A ball of wool falls to the floor and rolls, unraveling the knitting loops.

− (12) Vanechek! (13) Honey! (14) I waited, waited, thought, I won’t wait for my clear falcon. (15) Your appearance is not very good, Vanyok, - says the old woman and with a dry hard hand strokes her son's hand lying on the table. − (16) You turned pale, tired some.

− (17) What can you do, maman! (18) Service. (19) I am now, one might say, in plain sight. (20) Small fry, and the whole office is on me. (21) I work like an ox. (22) Agree, maman, do you have to make a career? and hands her an orange.

− (23) Don't get tired very much, Vanyusha.

− (24) Nothing, maman, I'm strong. (25) But on Easter I will receive a collegiate, and an increase, and awards. (26) And then your living here is over. (27) I'll rent an apartment and take you to my place. (28) And we will not have life, but paradise. (29) I'm at the service, you are the hostess.

(30) This timid man, clogged with life, always keeps a cheeky, independent tone during short and rare visits to his mother, unconsciously imitating those secular “seconded” varmints whom he used to see in the office. (31) Hence the stupid word "maman". (32) He always called his mother and now he mentally calls “mom”, “mommy”, “mommy”, and always on “you”.

(33) Semenyuta calls for help all his inspiration and begins to lie cheekily and carelessly. (34) True, sometimes he contradicts what he said on his last visit. (35) All the same, he does not notice this. (36) She notices her mother, but she is silent. (37) Only her senile eyes are becoming sadder and more inquisitive.

(38) The service is going great. (39) The authorities appreciate Semenyuta, comrades love ...

(40) And he talks, talks endlessly, fueled by his own fantasy, and his mother looks at him, fascinated by a fairy tale.

(41) There comes a time when you have to leave. (42) The mother wants to take her son to the front, but he rejects this courtesy.

− (43) Well, really, maman. (44) Distant wires - extra tears. (45) And catch a cold again, what good. (46) Take care of yourself!

(47) ... When will fate show Semenyuta not a fierce, but a merciful face? (48) And will it show? (49) I think yes. (50) And Semenyuta will live with her mother for a very long time, she will live with her in a quiet, modest and warm comfort. (51) But the old woman will never hint that she knew about his deceit, and he will never let slip that he knew that she knows. (52) This sharp place will always be carefully handled. (53) A holy lie is such a quivering and shy flower that fades when touched.

(According to A.I. Kuprin*)

*Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin(1870-1938) - Russian writer, author of numerous stories and short stories.

20 Which of the statementsdo not match the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Ivan Semenyuta, when meeting with his mother, tries to pretend that his affairs are going well.

2) Semenyuta visits her mother only four times a year.

3) Ivan at meetings promises his mother to find a new job in the very near future.

4) The mother understands that her son is telling a lie, but is silent and pretends to believe him.

5) Until Semenyuta quit his job, he was highly valued and respected there.

Answer: ___________________________.

21 Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Sentence 4 contains a description.

2) Proposition 6 clarifies the content of Proposition 5.

3) Sentences 10-11 present the narrative.

4) Sentences 30-32 contain the narrative.

5) Sentences 40–42 present reasoning.

Answer: ___________________________.

22 From sentences 1-5 write out the phraseological unit.

Answer: ___________________________.

23 Among sentences 47-53, find one that is related to the previous ones with the help of a conjunction, personal pronoun and possessive pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Answer: ___________________________.