Pseudonyms of Russian writers of the 20th century. Research work "Mysteries of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets"

Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one's name faded into the background here. Therefore, such pseudonyms can be distinguished into a special group and given the name payzonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke).

The tradition of amusing pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Vsyakaya Vyashachina", "Neither this nor that", "Druten", "Mail of Spirits", etc.). A.P. Sumarokov signed them Akinfiy Sumazbrodov, D. I. Fonvizin - Falaley.

Joking signatures were put at the beginning of the last century even under serious critical articles. One of Pushkin's literary opponents, N. I. Nadezhdin, signed in Vestnik Evropy Ex-student Nikodim Nedoumko and Critic from the Patriarch's Ponds. Pushkin in the "Telescope" two articles directed against F.V. Porfiry Dushegreykina. M. A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin in the same years acted in the "Northern Mercury" as Evgraf Miksturin.

The comic pseudonyms of those times were a match for the long, wordy book titles. G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko in the Vestnik Evropy (1828) signed: Averyan Curious, out of work collegiate assessor, who is in circulation in litigious cases and in monetary penalties. The poet of the Pushkin galaxy N. M. Yazykov "Journey on a Chukhon pair from Derpt to Revel" (1822) signed: Residing on the slings of the Derpt muses, but intending to eventually lead them by the nose Negulai Yazvikov.

Even longer was this alias: Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of the cramped stable "fire-breathing ex-president of the old garden, cavalier of three livers and commander of Galimatya. Thus, in 1811, V. A. Zhukovsky signed a comic "Greek ballad, transcribed into Russian manners", under the title "Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage." He composed this ballad, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, as a guest at the Muratovo estate near Moscow with his friends Protasovs. No less lengthy and bizarre was the pseudonym of the author of the "critical notes" to the same ballad: Alexander Pleshchepupovich Chernobrysov, real mameluke and bogdykhan, bandmaster of cowpox, privileged galvanist of dog comedy, publisher of topographical descriptions of wigs and gentle componist of various musical bellies, including the note howl attached here. Behind this comic signature was Zhukovsky's friend Pleshcheev.

O. I. Senkovsky "Private letter to the most respectable public about a secret journal called Veselchak" (1858), signed: Ivan Ivanov son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and cavalier of purity.

"History of Yerofey Yerofeyich, the inventor of "Erofeich", an allegorical bitter vodka" (1863) was published on behalf of Russian author, nicknamed the Old Indian Rooster.

N. A. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen(probably from "fuck me!").

Such pseudonyms were constantly used by employees of Iskra, Gudok, Whistle, press organs that played a significant role in the struggle of revolutionary democrats against autocracy, serfdom and reactionary literature in the 60s and 70s of the last century. Often they added this or that imaginary rank, rank to a fictitious surname, indicated an imaginary profession, striving to create literary masks endowed with attributes of real personalities.

These are the pseudonyms: N. A. Nekrasova - Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin, D. D. Minaeva - Fedor Konyukh, Cook Nikolai Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Junker A, Restaurantov, N. S. Kurochkina - Poet okolodochny(neighborhood was then called the police station), Member of the Madrid Learned Society Tranbrel, other comedians - Poluarshinov’s knife line clerk, Kradilo the Ober-exchange counterfeiter, Taras Kutsiy the landowner, Azbukin the telegraph operator, Fireman Kum, U.R.A. Vodka-alcohol breeder etc.

I. S. Turgenev feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" signed: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov, and poems allegedly composed by the six-year-old son of the author - Jeremiah Nedobobov. They ridiculed the shady sides of Russian reality:

Oh, why from infancy diapers Sorrow about bribes entered my soul! one

1 ("Spark", 1859, No. 50)

The juvenile accuser exclaimed.

To make readers laugh, old, obsolete names were chosen for pseudonyms in combination with an intricate surname: Varakhasy the Indispensable, Khusdazad Tserebrinov, Ivakhviy Kistochkin, Basilisk of the Cascades, Avvakum Khudodoshensky etc. Young M. Gorky in the Samara and Saratov newspapers of the late 90s was signed by Yehudiel Khlamida.

Gorky's signatures are full of wit in those of his works that were not intended for publication. Beneath one of his letters to his 15-year-old son is: Your father Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of the home handwritten magazine Sorrento Pravda (1924), on the cover of which Gorky was depicted as a giant plugging the crater of Vesuvius with his finger, he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristid Balyk.

Sometimes the comic effect was achieved through a deliberate contrast between the name and surname. Pushkin used this technique, though not to create a pseudonym ("And you, dear singer, Vanyusha Lafontaine ..."), and humorists willingly followed his example, combining foreign names with purely Russian surnames: Jean Khlestakov, Wilhelm Tetkin, Basil Lyalechkin, and vice versa: Nikifor Shelming, etc. Leonid Andreev signed the satire "The Adventures of an Angel of the World" (1917): Horace C. Rutabaga.

Often, for a comic pseudonym, the surname of some famous writer was played up. In Russian humorous magazines there are also Pushkin in a square, and Saratov's Boccaccio, and Rabelais of Samara, and Beranger from Zaryadye, and Schiller from Taganrog, and Ovid with Tom, and Dante from Plyushchikha, and Berne from Berdichev. Heine's name was especially popular: there is Heine from Kharkov, from Arkhangelsk, from Irbit, from Lyuban and even Heine from the stable.

Sometimes the name or surname of a well-known person was changed in such a way as to produce a comic effect: Darry Baldi, Heinrich Genius, Gribselov, Pushechkin, Gogol-Mogol, Pierre de Boborysak(allusion to Boborykin). V. A. Gilyarovsky in "Entertainment" and "News of the Day" signed Emelya Zola.

D. D. Minaev, under the "dramatic fantasy" dedicated to the massacre of a certain Nikita Bezrylov with his wife Literatura and written in the spirit of Shakespeare, staged Tryphon Shakespeare(under Nikita Bezrylov meant A.F. Pisemsky, who used this pseudonym). K. K. Golokhvastov signed the satire "Journey to the Moon of the Merchant Truboletov" (1890), allegedly translated, as it says on the cover, "from French into Nizhny Novgorod", signed Jules Unfaithful, parodying the name and surname of Jules Verne, who has a novel on the same subject.

Sometimes the names of characters in literary works were used as comic pseudonyms. This was done in order to evoke appropriate reminiscences from readers, sometimes having nothing to do with the topic. The main thing is to be funny!

These are the signatures: I. Bashkova - Executor Fried eggs, Midshipman Zhevakin(from Gogol's "Marriage"), D. Minaeva Court counselor Esbuketov(a surname adopted by the serf poet Vidoplyasov from Dostoevsky's story "The Village of Stepanchikovo").

In order to enhance the comic effect, a foreign literary hero was given a Russian "registration": Don Quixote St. Petersburg(D. Minaets), Mephistopheles from Khamovniki(A. V. Amfiteatrov), Figaro from Sushchev, Faust of the Shchigrovsky district etc.

Type signatures Marquis Pose, Childe Harold, Don Juan, Gulliver, Quasimodo, Lohengrin, Falstaff, Captain Nemo etc. and also Blacksmith Vakula, Taras Bulba, Khoma-philosopher, Repetilov, Poprishchin, Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Karas-idealist etc. were ready-made literary masks for humorists. As for the signature Puffer, then it was associated not so much with the surname of Griboedov's character, but with the expression "bar your teeth", that is, laugh.

Chekhov in "Shards" was signed by Ulysses; under the story "In the cemetery" at its second publication, he put Laertes. Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editor of "Oskolkov" Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from "Dead Souls" and Kochkarev from "Marriage"). In this letter, he addressed the mediocre but prolific playwright D. A. Mansfeld: “Being, like my daughter Zinaida, a lover of theatrics, I have the honor to ask the respected Mr. Mansfeld to compose four comedies, three dramas and two tragedies for household use. more poignantly, for which item after making them I will send three rubles "1 .

1 ("Shards", 1886, No. 3)

The vindictive Mansfeld did not forgive the insult: after Chekhov's death, he spread a rumor that at the very beginning of his literary activity, he brought him, Mansfeld, who was then publishing a magazine, a thick novel, which he allegedly refused to publish.

Chekhov had many comic pseudonyms. Collaborating in "Dragonfly" and other journals of the end of the last century, he signed: Doctor without patients (a hint of his medical diploma), Nut No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Kislyaev, Baldastov, Champagne, Man without a spleen etc. He also liked to put joking signatures under letters. Under the epistles to brother Alexander is something your Schiller Shakespeare Goethe, then your father A. Chekhov, then A. Dostoynov-Blagorodnov. Signatures under some letters reflect certain facts from Chekhov's biography. So, your Tsyntsynnatus- a hint at farming in Melikhovo (Cincinnatus is a Roman senator who retired to the village). On the days of his trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov writes to his sister: your Asiatic brother, Homo sachaliensis. Under one letter to A. Suvorin is: Indispensable Member for Dramatic Affairs of the Presence. One letter to his wife signed Academician Toto(a hint at being elected to the Russian Academy), another - your husband A. Actress(a hint that his wife did not leave the stage even after marriage).

Some; comedians had a very large number of funny pseudonyms, under which they collaborated in various magazines and newspapers, without having a permanent literary name. With insufficiently bright talent, the variety of signatures was disastrous for comedians. I. Bashkov, N. Yezhov, A. A. and V. A. Sokolov, S. Gusev, A. Gerson each had 50 - 100 comic pseudonyms, but all of them are firmly and deservedly forgotten, as well as those who wore them. K. A. Mikhailov, an employee of almost all humorous magazines published at the turn of the past and present centuries, outdid everyone in this part; he had as many as 325 pseudonyms, but none of them stayed in the memory of readers.

Sometimes the nature of the comic pseudonym changed along with the political convictions of the author. This happened to the Iskra-born V.P. Burenin, who defected to the reactionary camp and attacked his former comrades-in-arms with such viciousness that he deserved an epigram:

A dog runs along the Nevsky, Behind her - Burenin, quiet and sweet. Policeman! See, however, that he does not bite her.

In "Iskra" and "Spectator" Burenin signed: Vladimir Monumentov; Mikh. Zmiev-Infants; General Adversaries 2nd; Dangerous rival of Mr. Turgenev and even Lieutenant Alexis Republicans. Having switched to the Suvorin "New Time", he began to prefer pseudonyms with titles (aristonyms): Count Alexis Jasminov; Viscount Quebriol Dantrachet.

By means of an aristonym, S. I. Ponomarev wittily encrypted his profession, signing Count Biblio(instead of Bibliographer). And another aristonym - d "Aktil - by the poet A. Frenkel is formed from the name of one of the poetic sizes - dactyl.

Aristonyms on the pages of humorous magazines are very common: all sorts of titled persons frolic here, fortunately anyone who pleases could turn into a noble person here. But they were aristocrats with surnames, one funnier than the other: Prince Ablai-Crazy(D. D. Minaev), Count Entre-Cote, Count de Pavetoire, Count Lapotochkin, Count de Pencil, Baron Klyaks, Baron Rikiki, Baron Dzin, Baron Meow-Meow, Baron von Tarakashkin, Marquis de Pineapple, de Neury, de Trubkokur, de Reseda, d "O "Vris d" O "Nelzya, Marquise Frou-Frou, Marquise K avar d" Ak, Mandarin Lay-on-the-moon, Mandarin Spit-on-everything, Khan Tryn-grass, Amur Pasha, Kefir Pasha, Don Flacon etc.

The invention of a pseudonym, designed for comic effect, required wit and gave a wide field for the imagination of humorists. As soon as they did not refine themselves, coming up with funnier signatures! Dr. Oh, Emil Pup, Erazm Sarkasmov, Not me at all, Sam-drink-tea, Chertopuzov, Abracadabra, Begemotkin, Pelmenelyubov, Razlyulimalinsky, Incognitenko, Erundist, Morist, Vsekhdavish, Khrenredkineslashchev, Vdolguneostayuschensky, Charles Atan etc.

"Songs of wine and monopoly" (1906) came out on behalf of Ivan Always-Pyushchensky- a signature that fully corresponded to the content of the book (then the monopoly was the sale of vodka in state-owned wine shops).

Funny captions were also created using the epithet "old": old sparrow(that is, one that you can’t fool on chaff), Old Sinner, Old Bachelor, Old Romantic, Old Raven, Old Hermit, Old Summer Resident etc.

Sometimes the same comic pseudonym was used by several writers who lived at different, and sometimes at the same time.

Soviet humor magazines of the 20s were full of such signatures, sometimes consonant with the era and the new composition of readers: Savely Oktyabrev, Luka Nazhachny, Ivan Borona, Vanya Gaikin, Vanya Garmoshkin, Neporylov, Ivan Child, Pamfil Golovotyapkin, Glupyshkin(comic type in the cinema), Yevlampy Nadkin, etc. It even came out as an appendix to The Laugher (1926 - 1927) Nadkin's Newspaper, the editor-publisher of which was the "popular adventurer Yevlampy Karpovich Nadkin."

Behind the signature Antipka Bobyl A. G. Malyshkin was hiding in the Penza newspapers, behind the signatures Mitrofan Mustard and Comrade Rasp in "Gudok" - Valentin Kataev. M. M. Zoshchenko signed Gavrila, and under the names Honored Worker M. Konoplyanikov-Zuev and Privatdozent M. Prishchemikhin acted as the author of funny scientific projects like the "cat-bus", "trailer crematorium", etc.

Among the pseudonyms of the young Marshak was weller(the name of Mr. Pickwick's merry servant), and Valentin Kataev signed Oliver Twist(another character of Dickens).

A. M. Goldsnberg ( Argo) parodies in the magazine "At the Literary Post" (1927 - 1930) were signed by May Day Plenums, and in "Evening Moscow" by Semyadei Volbukhin and Elizaveta Vorobei. The poet V. V. Knyazev invented for himself the pseudonym Tovavaknya, which meant "comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Knyazev."

In the future, this tradition almost disappeared. However, in recent years, in connection with humor contests held by the press, the number of funny pseudonyms has begun to grow again, since these contests are often closed and not the names of the authors are put under humoresques, but their mottos, which, in essence, are pseudonyms, usually comic.

SIX-YEAR-OLD DISCOVERER

Mm. years! Allow the happy and proud parent to address you, gentlemen, publishers of the highly respected Iskra magazine!

In our time, when the most incredible miracles of civilization are being performed with such speed, so to speak, with such rapidity, when the development of progress is so rapid, these miracles, this development should have been reflected in all modern personalities, and especially in the impressionable personalities of children! All children, I am sure, are imbued with progress, but not everyone is given the opportunity to embody their feelings! With involuntary pride, albeit with humility, I declare publicly: I have a son who has been given this high ability; he is a poet ... but as a true child of modernity - a poet is not a lyricist, a poet-satirist, a poet-denunciator.

He is six years old. He was born on November 27, 1853. He grew up remarkably strange. Until the age of two, he was breastfed and seemed weak and even an ordinary child, he suffered greatly from scrofula; but already from the age of three a change took place in him: he began to think and sigh; a bitter smile appeared on his lips and left them no more; he stopped crying - but irony snakes through his features, even when he sleeps. In his fourth year he was disappointed; but he soon realized the backwardness of this moment of self-consciousness and rose above it: a cold, bilious calmness, occasionally interrupted by outbursts of energetic sarcasm, was the usual state of his spirit. I must agree with him that life is hard... But life is not easier for him either. He learned to read - and greedily threw himself on books; not many of our domestic authors have earned his approval. According to his ideas, Shchedrin is one-sided and weak in satire; Nekrasov is too soft, Mr. Elagin is not quite frank and has not mastered the secret, as he put it, of "icy-burning mockery"; he is quite pleased with Mr. Bov's articles alone in Sovremennik; they constitute, together with Herr Rosenheim's praises, the subject of his constant study. "-bov and Rosenheim," he once exclaimed at the table, having previously thrown a spoonful of porridge at my forehead (I tell you these details, because I think that in time they will have a great price in the eyes of literary historians), - -bov and Rosenheim they are at enmity with each other, and yet they are flowers growing on the same branch!

I frankly admit that I do not always understand him, and my wife, his mother, simply trembles before him; but, gentlemen, the feeling of reverent admiration for one's own product is a lofty feeling!

I am reporting to you, as a test, a few poems of my son: I ask you to notice in them the gradual maturation of thought and talent. 1st and 2nd No-ra were written by him about two years ago; they are still reminiscent of the naivete of the first childhood impressions, especially the 1st No, in which the way of immediately explaining the accusatory thought by means of a commentary recalls the manner of painters of the thirteenth century; 3rd No produced in the age of melancholic disillusionment, which I have already mentioned in my letter; The 4th and last No came out of my son's chest recently. Read and judge! With perfect respect and the same devotion I abide, mm. years,

Your most obedient servant,

Platon Nedobobov, retired teacher of Russian literature.

My son's name is Jeremiah... a significant fact! Amazing, though, of course, unconscious foresight of his future calling!

cat and mouse

A mouse sits on the floor
Cat on the window...

Comment:

(I brought out the people in a mouse,
Stanovoy in a cat.)

Cat - jump! Mouse - in the hole,
But he lost his tail...

Comment:

(This means that the official
He took advantage of the bribe.)

Papa took the cane and the cat
Carving without mercy...

Comment:

(Give praise to the authorities
We are always happy!)

Angry cat bitten
Daddy near the thigh ...

Comment:

(Predatory deadlift recently
The buckle has served ...)

But the poet castigates him
In a word of rejection...
Nanny! lay down for it
Jam in my mouth!

Absolute irony

Filled with stern pride,
I look sternly at Russia ...
The barman carries two melons -
Good, I mutter, you goose!

Pouring darkens in the bottle...
I think: oh, stupidity sign!
The man scratched his head -
What a fool you are, I whisper!

Pop strokes the filly on the belly -
And he, I sighed, man!
The teacher gave me a plop -
I didn't say anything here.

Sigh
(Elegy)

Oh, why from the baby diaper
Sorrow about bribes crept into my soul!
The sad fact of bribes and bribes
Poisoned sensitive child
Like a sheepfold with the smell of a goat!

Talk

You are boring today, my son.
Nurse's milk doesn't taste good?

2 year old son

Give me a dime.

Here is a piglet.
No more.

Let's; sting is disgusting.
Copper?!?

No, you know, silver.
But why do you...

Not for good.

I want to bribe the footman
So that he dad, not shy ...

Understand; give me a piglet;
I'll do it right my friend.
(leaves)

son (one)

Bribe! Mother!! Father!!! Oh age! Oh manners!!!
Robespierre and you, Marat - you are right!

Jeremiah Nedobobov

Notes

Published according to the text of the first publication: "Iskra", 1859, No. 50, pp. 513-515 (censorship permission December 21, 1859).

Included in the collected works for the first time.

Autograph unknown.

The belonging of the feuilleton-parody directed against N. A. Dobrolyubov to the pen of Turgenev is proved in the detailed article by G. F. Perminov "Turgenev about N. A. Dobrolyubov. Unknown feuilleton-parody of Turgenev in Iskra" , pp. 106-118). The basis for such an attribution is, first of all, the memoirs of P. I. Pashino, published during Turgenev’s lifetime: “In Iskra, both Messrs. Turgenev and Saltykov tried their pen” (St. Petersburg, Ved, 1881, No 319, December 20 / January 1, 1882); elsewhere: "There are also poems by Jeremiah Nedobobov, belonging to<...>I. S. Turgenev" - and further: "hiding under the pseudonym of Nedobobov," Turgenev wanted to "sting Dobrolyubov" ("Minute", 1882, No. 121, May 13). None of these instructions raised objections from Turgenev or his friends In the book "Satirical Journalism of the 1860s" (M., 1964, pp. 113-114), I. G. Yampolsky considers the feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" as written by Turgenev.

The feuilleton could have been written by Turgenev in St. Petersburg between November 27 (the date of Ieremia Nedobobov's "birth", indicated in the feuilleton) and December 21, 1859 (the date of the Iskra's censorship). A few months before that, Herzen's article "Very dangerous!!!" in "Whistle" - mainly in the speeches of N. A. Dobrolyubov. This article became known to Turgenev at the very moment of its appearance (he was in London and spoke with Herzen from June 1 to June 8, N. Style, 1859); its orientation is the same as that of Turgenev's feuilleton. It is also possible to outline points of contact between the parodic image of the "six-year-old accuser" and the interpretation of Hamlet in Turgenev's speech.

The entire argumentation of Perminov in the above-mentioned article, presented here briefly, in its most significant moments, allows us to consider Turgenev's authorship for the feuilleton-parody in Iskra as proven.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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The work was done by a student of grade 7 A of the secondary school No. 1 Ostroukhova Anastasia. Head Makhortova Irina Anatolyevna

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Why did writers take pseudonyms for themselves, what semantic meaning do they carry, what are the ways of their formation? study of the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets of the 19th century, their classification according to the methods of formation

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Pseudonyms allow you to more fully present the history of literature, get to know the biography and work of writers better.

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Find out the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms. Learn how to form aliases. Classify aliases into specific groups. Conduct a survey.

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famous Russian writers and poets of the 19th century pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets whose work is studied In grades 5-7 under the program of V.Ya. Korovina

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A pseudonym is a false name, a fictitious name or a conventional sign with which the author signs his work.

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Pen test Censorship Class prejudice Namesake Ordinary surname Comic effect

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All pseudonyms are divided into certain groups, which are based on the principle of their formation. According to researchers, there are now over fifty different types of aliases. Dmitriev V.G. in the book "Hiding Their Name" identifies 57 classification groups of pseudonyms

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Method of formation Pseudonym Real surname Comment 1) cryptonyms - signatures in the form of initials and various abbreviations T.L. Tolstoy Lev A. S. G. A. S. Grinevsky A. F. Afanasy Fet On the first book of his poems "Lyrical Pantheon", 20-year-old Fet hid his first and last name, hiding under the initials A.F. He then tried to destroy this book by I. Kr. or K. Ivan Krylov So signed his first work - an epigram in the journal "The Cure for Boredom and Worries" N.N. Nikolay Nekrasov

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apoconyms - pseudonyms obtained by discarding the beginning or end of the name, surname Green AS Grinevsky He gave his surname a foreign connotation, sacrificing its second half. "Greene!" - Grinevsky's guys at school called so briefly. Growing up, he used the nickname as a pseudonym. -v M.Yu. Lermontov Censorship forbade the publication of "The Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov ...", as the author was exiled to the Caucasus. But at the request of V.A. Zhukovsky, it was allowed to be published without indicating the name of the author. The editors of the Russian Invalid put under the work -v. atelonyms, - pseudonyms obtained by omitting part of the letters of the name and surname Alexander Nkshp, --P- Alexander Inksh A.S. Pushkin OOOO N.V. Gogol These four "o" were part of the full name of N.V. Gogol - Gogol - Yanovskaya

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2) paizonym - a comic pseudonym with the aim of producing a comic effect F.A. Belopyatkin, Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Churmen, Literary Exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin Nikolay Nekrasov Feofilakt Kosichkin A.S. Pushkin This is Pushkin's favorite pseudonym, with which he signed two pamphlets in the "Telescope" Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of a cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old garden, cavalier of three livers and commander of Galimatya Vasily Zhukovsky Vasily Zhukovsky signed his comic ballad "Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage" Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov I.S. Turgenev So signed by I.S. Turgenev feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; My brother's brother; Doctor without patients; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9; Rook; Don Antonio Chekhonte; Nettle; Purselepetanov; A person without a spleen; Champagne; Young old man; Akaki Tarantulov, Someone, Schiller Shakespeare Goethe, Arkhip Indeikin; Vasily Spiridonov Svolachyov; Zakhariev; Petukhov A.P. Chekhov Chekhov has over 50 pseudonyms

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3) matronyms - pseudonyms formed from the name or surname of the author's mother Shenshin A.A. Fet mother's surname Turgenev-Lutovinov I.S. Turgenev mother's surname 4) frenonym - a pseudonym indicating the main character trait of the author or the main feature of his work. Maxim Gorky A. Peshkov Maxim Gorky associated himself and his work with the bitterness of life and the bitterness of truth. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. Saltykov The pseudonym was obtained by joining the real surname with the pseudonym Shchedrin, which he chose on the advice of his wife, as a derivative of the word "generous", since in his writings he is extremely generous with all kinds of sarcasm 5) Palinonym (anagram-shifter) - a pseudonym, formed by reading the name and surname from right to left Navi Volyrk Ivan Krylov This method, despite its simplicity, did not become widespread, because the result, as a rule, was an ugly combination of sounds.

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6) geonym, or troponym, - a pseudonym associated with geographical objects, most often with the place of birth or residence Antony Pogorelsky Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky took the pseudonym Anthony Pogorelsky from the village of Pogorelets, inherited from his father. Krasnorogsky Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy first appeared in print, publishing a separate book, under the pseudonym "Krasnorogsky" (from the name of the estate Red Horn), a fantastic story "Ghoul". Gr. Diarbekir M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov signed the poems "Hospital" and "Ulansha" with one of his pseudonyms - "Gr. Diyarbekir". The poet borrowed this name of a city in Turkish Kurdistan from Stendhal's novel Red and Black. 7) geronim - the surname of a literary character or mythological creature Ivan Petrovich Belkin A.S. Pushkin, accepted as a pseudonym real name. Pasichnik Rudy Panko, P. Glechik N.V. Gogol N.V. Gogol "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka" signed the Tale published by Pasichnik Rudy Panko. The chapter "Teacher" from the Little Russian story "The Terrible Boar" was signed - P. Glechik. Gogol was hiding under this pseudonym.

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8) metonym, or paronym - a pseudonym formed by analogy, by the similarity of meaning with the real surname. Chekhov - Chekhonte A.P. Chekhov 9) titlonim - a signature indicating the title or position of the author Arz. and Starar. Several pseudonyms of Pushkin are associated with his lyceum past. This is Arz. and Starar. - Arzamas and Old Arzamas, respectively (in 1815-1818 Pushkin was a member of the Arzamas literary circle). 10) koinonym - a common pseudonym adopted by several authors writing together Kozma Prutkov Alexei Tolstoy, brothers Alexei, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov Kozma Petrovich Prutkov - a pseudonym under which the poets Alexei Tolstoy, the brothers Alexei, acted in the 50-60s of the XIX century, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov. 11) a literary mask - a signature that deliberately gives false information about the author, characterizing the fictitious person to whom he ascribes authorship Kozma Prutkov Alexei Tolstoy, brothers Alexei, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov Kozma Petrovich Prutkov - a pseudonym under which they performed in the 50-60s years of the XIX century poets Alexei Tolstoy, brothers Alexei, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikovs.

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12) astronym - a signature consisting of one or more asterisks. *** I. Turgenev, N. Nekrasov, N. Gogol, A. Pushkin 13) tracing paper - a pseudonym formed by translating a real surname into another language. M. Lerma M.Yu. Lermontov In his youth M.Yu. Lermontov associated his surname with the Spanish statesman of the early 17th century, Francisco Lerma, and signs in his letters “M. Lerma. 14) pseudonym - a female name and surname adopted by the male author Elza Moravskaya A.S. Grinevsky, or Grin 15) digitonym - a surname or initials encrypted by replacing letters with numbers. 1) "1 ... 14-16", deciphered as - A ... n-P - Alexander n .... P 2) "1 ... 14-17", i.e. - A ... n-r - Alexander 3) "1 ... 16-14", i.e. - A ... P-n - Alexander P .... n 4) "1 ... 17-14", i.e. A ... district - Alexander ..... n A. Pushkin

What is an alias? The word is of Greek origin, and literally means a false (fictitious) name. Most often, pseudonyms are used by famous personalities - artists, athletes, scientists, religious figures, etc.

One of the most famous pseudonyms of Russian writers is Maxim Gorky, under which Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov worked. The practice of using a literary name other than the real one is quite wide and dates back to time immemorial. Often we get so used to famous names that we don’t even suspect that a completely different person is hiding under them, and sometimes a whole creative team. What are the reasons for this? Let's consider this in more detail.

In ancient times, and even today in some nations, a person's name could change several times throughout life. This happened in connection with significant events, emerging character traits or external signs, career, place of residence or other changes in a person's life. At the same time, it was often difficult to distinguish a pseudonym from a nickname, that is, a name given by others. For example, given the fragmentary biographical data, mainly taken from legends, today it is difficult to say whether the term Valmiki was a nickname for the Indian religious poet Ratnakar or a classical pseudonym in today's sense.

English Literature

No less popular are pseudonyms among writers and poets in English-speaking countries. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is known as one of the founders of American literature under the name Mark Twain. The pseudonym was taken from the terminology of the pilots of the Mississippi River, with which the life and work of the great writer are closely connected - literally mark twain meant the minimum allowable depth for the passage of the vessel, two fathoms. However, already a well-known writer, Clemens published one of his novels under the ornate name of Sir Louis de Comte.

O. Henry is one of the most famous names in American short fiction, but not everyone knows that it appeared during a three-year prison sentence, which was served by bank clerk William Sidney Porter, accused of embezzlement. Although he had written before, even published a literary magazine, it was at this moment that the story "Dick the Whistler's Christmas Present" was published with the name O. Henry, under which William Porter will go down in history.

Another reason for the appearance of a pseudonym for Lewis Carroll. The son of the parish priest, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, was very versatile, and if photography or chess were on a slightly different plane, then publishing works in the field of mathematics and works of art under the same name seemed inappropriate to him. Therefore, in the mathematical field, the works of Charles Dodgson are known, and as the author of the popular fairy tale "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and many other works, we know Lewis Carroll. The pseudonym is formed by interchanging the synonyms of the name and surname: Charles - Karl - Carroll and Lutwidge - Louis - Lewis.

Initially, many English writers published under pseudonyms or anonymously due to doubts about their talent, and only after success was the real name revealed. For almost his entire life, Walter Scott, originally known for his poetry, published novels incognito, signing himself "the author of Waverley" (his first published novel), and only a few years before his death, intrigued readers learned the real name of the writer. The first samples of Charles Dickens's pen were published under the playful nickname Boz, who came from childhood, and only after checking the success of his work, the writer began to use his own name. The famous prose writer and playwright John Galsworthy signed his first stories and novels as John Sinjon.

Hungary

The role of Sandor Petofi in the development of Hungarian poetry can be compared with Pushkin for Russia or Shevchenko for Ukraine. In addition, he was an active participant in the Hungarian national liberation movement. But it turns out that the ethnic Serb Alexander Petrovich worked under this pseudonym.

The tradition continued among Soviet writers. For example, the editor suggested a pseudonym for the writer Boris Kampov, translating his last name from Latin (campus - field). As a result, we know him under the name Boris Polevoy.

One of the most famous pseudonyms of children's writers and poets is Korney Chukovsky, under whom Nikolai Korneichukov worked. A little later, Ivanovich also acquired a full-fledged patronymic name - Nikolai Korneichukov himself was illegitimate and did not have a patronymic. After the revolution, the pseudonym became his official full name, and his children bore the patronymic Korneevichi.

A similar situation happened to Arkady Golikov - his pseudonym Gaidar became a surname for him and his children.

Kirill Simonov had a problem with diction - he was not given the sounds "p" and a hard "l", so he changed his name to Konstantin and entered the history of Soviet literature with him. At the same time, his children wore a "real" patronymic - Kirillovichi.

Researcher Igor Mozheiko believed that his literary work would interfere with his main professional activity, so he used the name of his wife, Kira, and his mother's maiden name, becoming known as Kir Bulychev.

Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili, according to him, took a pseudonym, since many editors and readers could not pronounce his last name. This is how the well-known author of detectives Boris Akunin appeared. Works that were not included in Akunin's "classical canvas" he signed as Anatoly Brusnikin and Anna Borisova.

In the same area, Marina Alekseeva, known as Alexandra Marinina, is published abundantly.

If at the beginning of the 20th century many carriers of foreign surnames aspired to become Russian in literature, then by the end of the century the situation changed - in order to somehow separate from the mass of one-day novels, some writers took foreign pseudonyms. One of the most famous examples is Dmitry Gromov and Oleg Ladyzhensky signing their joint works as Henry Lion Oldie. Initially, the surname was taken from the first two letters of each name (OLeg and DIma) with initials corresponding to the surnames of G.L. The “deciphering” of the initials was made later, at the request of one of the editorial offices with which the authors collaborated.

Conclusion

This article did not aim to reveal the origin, or at least list all the pseudonyms used among prose writers and poets - for this, special reference and encyclopedic resources are created. Therefore, you may not find many favorite and well-known names. The main task is to explain the main causes of this phenomenon and give the most typical examples.

Behind the big names of personalities known to us, less well-known, not always easy to remember and beautiful names and surnames can be hidden. Someone has to take a pseudonym solely for security reasons, someone believes that fame can only be achieved with a short or original pseudonym, and some change their last name or first name just like that, in the hope that this will change their life. Literary pseudonyms are popular with many authors, both domestic and foreign. Moreover, not only writers starting their careers, but also recognized writers, such as JK Rowling and the “great and terrible” Stephen King himself, hide behind fictitious surnames.