Pseudonyms of children's writers and their real names. Known aliases
Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one's name faded into the background here. Therefore, such pseudonyms can be distinguished into a special group and given the name payzonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke).
The tradition of amusing pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Vsyakaya Vyashachina", "Neither this nor that", "Druten", "Mail of Spirits", etc.). A.P. Sumarokov signed them Akinfiy Sumazbrodov, D. I. Fonvizin - Falaley.
Joking signatures were put at the beginning of the last century even under serious critical articles. One of Pushkin's literary opponents, N. I. Nadezhdin, signed in Vestnik Evropy Ex-student Nikodim Nedoumko and Critic from the Patriarch's Ponds. Pushkin in the "Telescope" two articles directed against F.V. Porfiry Dushegreykina. M. A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin in the same years acted in the "Northern Mercury" as Evgraf Miksturin.
The comic pseudonyms of those times were a match for the long, wordy book titles. G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko in the Vestnik Evropy (1828) signed: Averyan Curious, out of work collegiate assessor, who is in circulation in litigious cases and in monetary penalties. The poet of the Pushkin galaxy N. M. Yazykov "Journey on a Chukhon couple from Derpt to Revel" (1822) signed: Residing on the slings of the Derpt muses, but intending to eventually lead them by the nose Negulai Yazvikov.
Even longer was this alias: Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of the cramped stable "fire-breathing ex-president of the old garden, cavalier of three livers and commander of Galimatya. Thus, in 1811, V. A. Zhukovsky signed a comic "Greek ballad, arranged for Russian customs", under the title "Elena Ivanovna Protasova, or Friendship, impatience and cabbage." He composed this ballad, which remained unpublished during his lifetime, as a guest at the Muratovo estate near Moscow with his friends Protasovs. No less lengthy and bizarre was the pseudonym of the author of the "critical notes" to the same ballad: Alexander Pleshchepupovich Chernobrysov, real mameluke and bogdykhan, bandmaster of cowpox, privileged galvanist of dog comedy, publisher of topographical descriptions of wigs and gentle componist of various musical bellies, including the note howl attached here. Behind this comic signature was Zhukovsky's friend Pleshcheev.
O. I. Senkovsky "Private letter to the most respectable public about a secret journal called Veselchak" (1858), signed: Ivan Ivanov son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, retired second lieutenant, landowner of various provinces and cavalier of purity.
"History of Yerofey Yerofeyich, the inventor of "Erofeich", an allegorical bitter vodka" (1863) was published on behalf of Russian author, nicknamed the Old Indian Rooster.
N. A. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen(probably from "fuck me!").
Such pseudonyms were constantly used by employees of Iskra, Gudok, Whistle, press organs that played a significant role in the struggle of revolutionary democrats against autocracy, serfdom and reactionary literature in the 60s and 70s of the last century. Often they added this or that imaginary rank, rank to a fictitious surname, indicated an imaginary profession, striving to create literary masks endowed with attributes of real personalities.
These are the pseudonyms: N. A. Nekrasova - Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin, D. D. Minaeva - Fedor Konyukh, Cook Nikolai Kadov, Lieutenant Khariton Yakobintsev, Junker A, Restaurantov, N. S. Kurochkina - Poet okolodochny(neighborhood was then called the police station), Member of the Madrid Learned Society Tranbrel, other comedians - Poluarshinov’s knife line clerk, Kradilo the Ober-exchange counterfeiter, Taras Kutsiy the landowner, Azbukin the telegraph operator, Fireman Kum, U.R.A. Vodka-alcohol breeder etc.
I. S. Turgenev feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" signed: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov, and poems allegedly composed by the six-year-old son of the author - Jeremiah Nedobobov. They ridiculed the shady sides of Russian reality:
Oh, why from infancy diapers Sorrow about bribes entered my soul! one
1 ("Spark", 1859, No. 50)
The juvenile accuser exclaimed.
To make readers laugh, old, obsolete names were chosen for pseudonyms in combination with an intricate surname: Varakhasy the Indispensable, Khusdazad Tserebrinov, Ivakhviy Kistochkin, Basilisk of the Cascades, Avvakum Khudodoshensky etc. Young M. Gorky in the Samara and Saratov newspapers of the late 90s was signed by Yehudiel Khlamida.
Gorky's signatures are full of wit in those of his works that were not intended for publication. Beneath one of his letters to his 15-year-old son is: Your father Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of the home handwritten magazine Sorrento Pravda (1924), on the cover of which Gorky was depicted as a giant plugging the crater of Vesuvius with his finger, he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristid Balyk.
Sometimes the comic effect was achieved through a deliberate contrast between the name and surname. Pushkin used this technique, though not to create a pseudonym ("And you, dear singer, Vanyusha Lafontaine ..."), and humorists willingly followed his example, combining foreign names with purely Russian surnames: Jean Khlestakov, Wilhelm Tetkin, Basil Lyalechkin, and vice versa: Nikifor Shelming, etc. Leonid Andreev signed the satire "The Adventures of an Angel of the World" (1917): Horace C. Rutabaga.
Often, for a comic pseudonym, the surname of some famous writer was played up. In Russian humorous magazines there are also Pushkin in a square, and Saratov's Boccaccio, and Rabelais of Samara, and Beranger from Zaryadye, and Schiller from Taganrog, and Ovid with Tom, and Dante from Plyushchikha, and Berne from Berdichev. Heine's name was especially popular: there is Heine from Kharkov, from Arkhangelsk, from Irbit, from Lyuban and even Heine from the stable.
Sometimes the name or surname of a well-known person was changed in such a way as to produce a comic effect: Darry Baldi, Heinrich Genius, Gribselov, Pushechkin, Gogol-Mogol, Pierre de Boborysak(allusion to Boborykin). V. A. Gilyarovsky in "Entertainment" and "News of the Day" signed Emelya Zola.
D. D. Minaev, under the "dramatic fantasy" dedicated to the massacre of a certain Nikita Bezrylov with his wife Literatura and written in the spirit of Shakespeare, staged Tryphon Shakespeare(under Nikita Bezrylov meant A.F. Pisemsky, who used this pseudonym). K. K. Golokhvastov signed the satire "Journey to the Moon of the Merchant Truboletov" (1890), allegedly translated, as it says on the cover, "from French into Nizhny Novgorod", signed Jules Unfaithful, parodying the name and surname of Jules Verne, who has a novel on the same subject.
Sometimes the names of characters in literary works were used as comic pseudonyms. This was done in order to evoke appropriate reminiscences from readers, sometimes having nothing to do with the topic. The main thing is to be funny!
These are the signatures: I. Bashkova - Executor Fried eggs, Midshipman Zhevakin(from Gogol's "Marriage"), D. Minaeva Court counselor Esbuketov(a surname adopted by the serf poet Vidoplyasov from Dostoevsky's story "The Village of Stepanchikovo").
In order to enhance the comic effect, a foreign literary hero was given a Russian "registration": Don Quixote St. Petersburg(D. Minaets), Mephistopheles from Khamovniki(A. V. Amfiteatrov), Figaro from Sushchev, Faust of the Shchigrovsky district etc.
Type signatures Marquis Pose, Childe Harold, Don Juan, Gulliver, Quasimodo, Lohengrin, Falstaff, Captain Nemo etc. and also Blacksmith Vakula, Taras Bulba, Khoma-philosopher, Repetilov, Poprishchin, Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Karas-idealist etc. were ready-made literary masks for humorists. As for the signature Puffer, then it was associated not so much with the surname of Griboedov's character, but with the expression "bar your teeth", that is, laugh.
Chekhov in "Shards" was signed by Ulysses; under the story "In the cemetery" at its second publication, he put Laertes. Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editor of "Oskolkov" Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from "Dead Souls" and Kochkarev from "Marriage"). In this letter, he addressed the mediocre but prolific playwright D. A. Mansfeld: “Being, like my daughter Zinaida, a lover of theatrics, I have the honor to ask the respected Mr. Mansfeld to compose four comedies, three dramas and two tragedies for household use. more poignantly, for which item after making them I will send three rubles "1 .
1 ("Shards", 1886, No. 3)
The vindictive Mansfeld did not forgive the insult: after Chekhov's death, he spread a rumor that at the very beginning of his literary activity, he brought him, Mansfeld, who was then publishing a magazine, a thick novel, which he allegedly refused to publish.
Chekhov had many comic pseudonyms. Collaborating in "Dragonfly" and other journals of the end of the last century, he signed: Doctor without patients (a hint of his medical diploma), Nut No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Kislyaev, Baldastov, Champagne, Man without a spleen etc. He also liked to put joking signatures under letters. Under the epistles to brother Alexander is something your Schiller Shakespeare Goethe, then your father A. Chekhov, then A. Dostoynov-Blagorodnov. Signatures under some letters reflect certain facts from Chekhov's biography. So, your Tsyntsynnatus- a hint at farming in Melikhovo (Cincinnatus is a Roman senator who retired to the village). On the days of his trip to Sakhalin, Chekhov writes to his sister: your Asiatic brother, Homo sachaliensis. Under one letter to A. Suvorin is: Indispensable Member for Dramatic Affairs of the Presence. One letter to his wife signed Academician Toto(a hint at being elected to the Russian Academy), another - your husband A. Actress(a hint that his wife did not leave the stage even after marriage).
Some; comedians had a very large number of funny pseudonyms, under which they collaborated in various magazines and newspapers, without having a permanent literary name. With insufficiently bright talent, the variety of signatures was disastrous for comedians. I. Bashkov, N. Yezhov, A. A. and V. A. Sokolov, S. Gusev, A. Gerson each had 50 - 100 comic pseudonyms, but all of them are firmly and deservedly forgotten, as well as those who wore them. K. A. Mikhailov, an employee of almost all humorous magazines published at the turn of the past and present centuries, outdid everyone in this part; he had as many as 325 pseudonyms, but none of them stayed in the memory of readers.
Sometimes the nature of the comic pseudonym changed along with the political convictions of the author. This happened to the Iskra-born V.P. Burenin, who defected to the reactionary camp and attacked his former comrades-in-arms with such viciousness that he deserved an epigram:
A dog runs along the Nevsky, Behind her - Burenin, quiet and sweet. Policeman! See, however, that he does not bite her.
In "Iskra" and "Spectator" Burenin signed: Vladimir Monumentov; Mikh. Zmiev-Infants; General Adversaries 2nd; Dangerous rival of Mr. Turgenev and even Lieutenant Alexis Republicans. Having switched to the Suvorin "New Time", he began to prefer pseudonyms with titles (aristonyms): Count Alexis Jasminov; Viscount Quebriol Dantrachet.
By means of an aristonym, S. I. Ponomarev wittily encrypted his profession, signing Count Biblio(instead of Bibliographer). And another aristonym - d "Aktil - by the poet A. Frenkel is formed from the name of one of the poetic sizes - dactyl.
Aristonyms on the pages of humorous magazines are very common: all sorts of titled persons frolic here, fortunately anyone who pleases could turn into a noble person here. But they were aristocrats with surnames, one funnier than the other: Prince Ablai-Crazy(D. D. Minaev), Count Entre-Cote, Count de Pavetoire, Count Lapotochkin, Count de Pencil, Baron Klyaks, Baron Rikiki, Baron Dzin, Baron Meow-Meow, Baron von Tarakashkin, Marquis de Pineapple, de Neury, de Trubkokur, de Reseda, d "O "Vris d" O "Nelzya, Marquise Frou-Frou, Marquise K avar d" Ak, Mandarin Lay-on-the-moon, Mandarin Spit-on-everything, Khan Tryn-grass, Amur Pasha, Kefir Pasha, Don Flacon etc.
The invention of a pseudonym, designed for comic effect, required wit and gave a wide field for the imagination of humorists. As soon as they did not refine themselves, coming up with funnier signatures! Dr. Oh, Emil Pup, Erazm Sarkasmov, Not me at all, Sam-drink-tea, Chertopuzov, Abracadabra, Begemotkin, Pelmenelyubov, Razlyulimalinsky, Incognitenko, Erundist, Morist, Vsekhdavish, Khrenredkineslashchev, Vdolguneostayuschensky, Charles Atan etc.
"Songs of wine and monopoly" (1906) came out on behalf of Ivan Always-Pyushchensky- a signature that fully corresponded to the content of the book (then the monopoly was the sale of vodka in state-owned wine shops).
Funny captions were also created using the epithet "old": old sparrow(that is, one that you can’t fool on chaff), Old Sinner, Old Bachelor, Old Romantic, Old Raven, Old Hermit, Old Summer Resident etc.
Sometimes the same comic pseudonym was used by several writers who lived at different, and sometimes at the same time.
Soviet humor magazines of the 20s were full of such signatures, sometimes consonant with the era and the new composition of readers: Savely Oktyabrev, Luka Nazhachny, Ivan Borona, Vanya Gaikin, Vanya Garmoshkin, Neporylov, Ivan Child, Pamfil Golovotyapkin, Glupyshkin(comic type in the cinema), Yevlampy Nadkin, etc. It even came out as an appendix to The Laugher (1926 - 1927) Nadkin's Newspaper, the editor-publisher of which was the "popular adventurer Yevlampy Karpovich Nadkin."
Behind the signature Antipka Bobyl A. G. Malyshkin was hiding in the Penza newspapers, behind the signatures Mitrofan Mustard and Comrade Rasp in "Gudok" - Valentin Kataev. M. M. Zoshchenko signed Gavrila, and under the names Honored Worker M. Konoplyanikov-Zuev and Privatdozent M. Prishchemikhin acted as the author of funny scientific projects like the "cat-bus", "trailer crematorium", etc.
Among the pseudonyms of the young Marshak was weller(the name of Mr. Pickwick's merry servant), and Valentin Kataev signed Oliver Twist(another character of Dickens).
A. M. Goldsnberg ( Argo) parodies in the magazine "At the Literary Post" (1927 - 1930) were signed by May Day Plenums, and in "Evening Moscow" by Semyadei Volbukhin and Elizaveta Vorobei. The poet V. V. Knyazev invented for himself the pseudonym Tovavaknya, which meant "comrade Vasily Vasilyevich Knyazev."
In the future, this tradition almost disappeared. However, in recent years, in connection with humor contests held by the press, the number of funny pseudonyms has begun to grow again, since these contests are often closed and not the names of the authors are put under humoresques, but their mottos, which, in essence, are pseudonyms, usually comic.
Sirin and Alkonost. Bird of Joy and Bird of Sorrow. Painting by Viktor Vasnetsov. 1896 Wikimedia CommonsI. Alias "with meaning"
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Perhaps the most important pseudonym for Russia of the XX century - Maksim Gorky. It belonged to Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868-1936), a writer and playwright who came from the very bottom of society. The Soviet authorities loved Gorky not so much for his talent, but for his origin and life experience: the gifted self-taught from Nizhny Novgorod spent his youth wandering around Russia and participated in several underground Marxist circles. In 1892, the 24-year-old Peshkov published his first story "Makar Chudra" in the Tiflis newspaper "Kavkaz" and signed it "M. Bitter". Subsequently, the letter "M." became the name "Maxim", probably in honor of the writer's father.
The meaning of the fictitious surname "Gorky" is clear to any reader of the first collection of stories and essays by the young author (1898): he wrote about thieves and drunkards, sailors and workers, about what he later called "wild music of labor" and "lead abominations of wild Russian life ". The success of Gorky's stories was stunning: according to the Russian Writers biographical dictionary, more than 1860 materials about the writer were published in just eight years - from 1896 to 1904. And ahead of him was a long life and colossal fame. In particular, his native Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky in 1932, that is, during the life of the author. And the huge city bore the name of the writer, or rather, his pseudonym until 1990.
It should be noted that Alexei Maksimovich in his youth did not use the pseudonym for long. Yehudiel Chlamys. Under this name, he wrote several satirical feuilletons on local topics in Samarskaya Gazeta in 1895.
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The first novels of Vladimir Nabokov (1899-1977) were published under the pseudonym V. Sirin. In 1920, the future writer came with his parents to Berlin. Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov (1869-1922) was a major political figure, one of the founders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, and continued to engage in politics in post-revolutionary emigration, in particular, he published the Rul newspaper in Berlin. It is not surprising that Nabokov Jr. began to publish under an assumed name, otherwise the reading public would have been completely bewildered by the abundance of V. Nabokov in periodicals. Under the pseudonym Sirin, Mashenka, Luzhin's Defense, King, Queen, Jack, the magazine version of The Gift, and several other works were published. The meaning of the word "Sirin" did not cause doubts among readers: a sad, beautiful-voiced bird of paradise.
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Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev (1880-1934) refused his own name and surname, entering the annals of Russian poetry, prose (and versification) as Andrei Bely. The symbolist pseudonym for the young Bugaev was invented by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, brother of the famous philosopher Vladimir Solovyov. It is believed that the name Andrei was supposed to remind of the first of the called apostles of Christ, and Bely - of the white color, in which all the colors of the spectrum are dissolved.
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In the 1910s, a native of the Kherson province, Efim Pridvorov (1883-1945), began to publish poems under the name Demyan Poor. The success of his writings was so great that in honor of this “Bolshevik of a poetic kind of weapon” (as Leon Trotsky spoke of him), the old town of Spassk in the Penza province was renamed Bednodemyanovsk in 1925, and under this name, which for a long time survived the glory of the proletarian poet, the city lasted until 2005.
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Writer Nikolai Kochkurov (1899-1938) chose a speaking pseudonym for himself with a sarcastic tinge: under the name Artem Vesely in the late 1920s and early 1930s, he published several books about the revolution and the Civil War that were popular in those decades (the novel Russia Washed with Blood, the story Rivers of Fire, the play We).
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A student of Maxim Gorky, Alexei Silych Novikov (1877-1944), who served in the Russo-Japanese War as a sailor, added one thematic word to his own surname and became known as a seascape writer Novikov-Priboy. He wrote the novel "Tsushima" (1932), one of the most popular military-historical novels in the USSR, and a number of short stories and novels. It is noteworthy that Novikov-Priboy made his debut as the author of two essays on the Battle of Tsushima, published under the pseudonym A. Worn out.
II. Exotic pseudonyms and hoaxes
Elizaveta Ivanovna Dmitrieva. 1912 Wikimedia Commons One of the most famous literary hoaxes of the early 20th century was Cherubina de Gabriac. Under this name, in 1909, Elizaveta Ivanovna (Lilya) Dmitrieva (married Vasilyeva, 1887-1928) published her poems in the symbolist magazine Apollon. She was patronized by Maximilian Voloshin (whose, by the way, real name is Kireenko-Voloshin). Together they managed to create a charming and mysterious literary mask, and Apollo, headed by Sergei Makovsky, published two cycles of poems by the young and noble Spanish recluse Cherubina. Soon the hoax was revealed, one of the unexpected consequences of this revelation was the duel between Nikolai Gumilyov, who had previously courted Vasilyeva, and Maximilian Voloshin on the Black River (of all places in St. Petersburg!). Fortunately for Russian poetry, this duel ended without bloodshed. It is interesting that Vyacheslav Ivanov, who visited Dmitrieva herself in the Tower, according to Voloshin's memoirs, said: “I really appreciate Cherubina's poems. They are talented. But if it's a hoax, then it's genius."
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In the mid-1910s, Moscow publications regularly published poems, feuilletons, and parodies of the caustic Don Aminado. This exotic name was chosen by Aminad Petrovich Shpolyansky (1888-1957), lawyer and writer, memoirist. His parodies of famous poets of the beginning of the century, including Balmont and Akhmatova, enjoyed great success. After the revolution, Shpolyansky emigrated. His aphorisms, popular with readers of emigre Russian-language periodicals, were included in the collection Neskuchny Sad as a single cycle entitled The New Kozma Prutkov.
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The pseudonym of Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky (1880-1932) should be classified as exotic: the author of the timeless romantic novels "Scarlet Sails" and "Running on the Waves", the creator of the sonorous fictional cities of Zurbagan and Liss signed his books with a short foreign surname Green.
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The name of Nadezhda Alexandrovna Buchinskaya, nee Lokhvitskaya (1872-1952) says little to the modern reader, but her pseudonym is taffy is much better known. Teffi is one of the most caustic authors in Russian literature, the author of the inimitable "Demonic Woman" and a long-term contributor to "Satyricon", the main humorous magazine of pre-revolutionary Russia. In the story "Pseudonym" Taffy explained the origin of this name from "one fool", because "fools are always happy." In addition, by choosing a strange, meaningless, but sonorous and memorable word, the writer bypassed the traditional situation when women writers hide behind male pseudonyms.
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Daniil Ivanovich Yuvachev (1905-1942) used dozens of pseudonyms, but the most famous of them is Kharms. A questionnaire filled out in 1925 by the poet has been preserved. He called Yuvachev-Kharms his last name, and when asked if he had a pseudonym, he answered: “No, I write Kharms.” Researchers have linked this short, catchy word to English harm("harm"), French charme("charm"), Sanskrit dharma(“religious duty, cosmic law and order”) and even with Sherlock Holmes.
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You just have to get into the exotic aliases section Grivady Gorpozhaks. Alas, only one work belongs to Peru of this author - a parody of a spy novel called "Jean Green - Untouchable" (1972). Three authors were hiding behind the impossible Grivadiy at once: the poet and screenwriter Grigory Pozhenyan (1922-2005), the military intelligence officer and writer Ovid Gorchakov (1924-2000) and none other than Vasily Aksenov himself (1932-2009). Perhaps, after Kozma Prutkov, this is the brightest collective literary pseudonym.
III. Turned surnames, or anagrams
I. Repin and K. Chukovsky. Caricature of Mayakovsky from the album "Chukokkala". 1915 web-web.ru Almost certainly the most massive author of the 20th century who wrote in Russian is Korney Chukovsky: in Russia it is difficult to grow up without Aibolit and Telephone, Mukha-Tsokotukha and Moidodyr. The author of these immortal children's tales at birth was called Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov (1882-1969). Even in his youth, he created a fictitious name and surname from his surname, and a few years later added the patronymic Ivanovich to them. The children of this remarkable poet, translator, critic and memoirist received patronymics Korneevichi and surnames Chukovsky: such a “deep” use of a pseudonym is not often found.
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Composing pseudonyms by rearranging the letters of your own name is an old literary game. For example, the famous fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov (1769-1844) used the wild but pretty signature Navi Volyrk several times. In the 20th century, Mark Alexandrovich Landau (1886-1957), better known as Mark Aldanov, author of the tetralogy "The Thinker" about the French Revolution, the trilogy about the Russian Revolution ("Key", "Escape", "Cave") and several other large and small works.
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Alias value Gaidar, taken by Arkady Petrovich Golikov (1904-1941), a classic of Soviet children's literature, still raises questions. According to Timur Arkadyevich, the writer's son, the answer is as follows: “G” is the first letter of the name Golikov; "ay" - the first and last letters of the name; "d" - in French "from"; "ar" - the first letters of the name of the native city. G-AY-D-AR: Arkady Golikov from Arzamas.
IV. Pseudonyms for journalism
Illustration from the book Key to the upper Devonian of southern New York: designed for teachers and students in secondary schools. 1899 A chisel is a tool for working metal or stone. Internet Archive Digital Library Being published under a pseudonym as a literary critic is a long-standing journalism tradition, even by modest (chronologically, not qualitatively) Russian standards. And the sun of Russian poetry did not disdain to sign with a fictitious name (Feofilakt Kosichkin). So by the beginning of the 20th century, the pseudonyms of publicists had just become an optional phenomenon. For example, Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov (1886-1921), publishing in his own journal Sirius, used the pseudonym Anatoly Grant. And Yuri Karlovich Olesha (1899-1960), collaborating in the famous satirical department of the Gudok newspaper, signed as Chisel.
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The journalistic pseudonym had to be catchy, otherwise readers might not pay attention to it. Thus, the poetess and writer Zinaida Gippius (1869-1945) signed critical articles in the journals Libra and Russian Thought as Anton Krainy. Among the faces of Valery Bryusov (1873-1924) were Aurelius, and Harmodius, and Pentaur. And the author of popular stories for youth at the beginning of the 20th century, book historian and memoirist Sigismund Feliksovich Librovich (1855-1918) was published in the Bulletin of Literature, signing Lucian the Strong.
V. Pseudonyms "as appropriate"
Ivan III breaks the khan's charter. Painting by Alexei Kivshenko. 1879 Wikimedia Commons Seventeen-year-old Anna Andreevna Gorenko (1889-1966) did not dare to publish the first poems under her own name and took her great-grandmother's surname as a pseudonym - Akhmatova. Under the Tatar name, she remained in literature. In the autobiographical essay “The Booth”, written in 1964, she dwelled on the importance of this name for history: “My ancestor Khan Akhmat was killed at night in his tent by a bribed Russian assassin, and this, as Karamzin tells, ended the Mongol yoke in Russia.”
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Both authors of The Twelve Chairs and The Golden Calf wrote under pseudonyms. Evgenia Petrova(1902-1942) was actually called Yevgeny Petrovich Kataev, he was the younger brother of Valentin Kataev (1897-1986) and preferred to become famous under a fictitious (semi-fictional in his case) name. Ilya Ilf(1897-1937) at birth received the name Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg, but shortened it almost to the initials - Il-f.
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A separate chapter in the story about pseudonyms should be written by writers who changed their German, Polish, Jewish surnames to Russian ones. So, the author of "The Naked Year" and "The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon" Boris Pilnyak(1894-1938) at birth bore the surname Vogau, but changed it for the publication of his first youthful writings and later published only under a fictitious surname, meaning a resident of a village where a forest is sawn.
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Vikenty Vikentievich Veresaev(1867-1945), the author of the timeless "Doctor's Notes", came from an old gentry family Smidovich; a major figure in the Bolshevik movement and a party leader in Soviet times, Pyotr Smidovich is the second cousin of the writer.
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Traveler Vasily Yanchevetsky (1874-1954), having taken up historical fiction and succeeded in this field, shortened his surname to Jan. Under this name, readers of "Fires on the Mounds", "Genghis Khan" and "Batu" know him.
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Author of "Two Captains" Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin(1902-1989) was born into the Zilber family, but, having entered the literary field, he borrowed the surname from a friend of A. S. Pushkin, a daring hussar and rake Pyotr Kaverin. It is remarkable that Zilber defended his dissertation at Leningrad University on Osip Senkovsky, the most popular writer in the middle of the 19th century, who became famous under the pseudonym Baron Brambeus. And Osip Ivanovich was the master of the pseudonym: he signed, among other things, "Ivan Ivanov, the son of Khokhotenko-Khlopotunov-Pustyakovsky, a retired lieutenant, a landowner of various provinces and a gentleman of purity" and "Dr. Karl von Bitterwasser."
Municipal educational institution of the city of Noyabrsk
"Secondary school No. 5"
Research work
Riddles of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets
Completed by: students of grades 6B, 9B
Project Manager:
Sabinina I.A., teacher
Russian language and literature
2016
Content:
I. Introduction. From the history of pseudonyms……………………………………………………..3
II. Main part……………………………………………………………………………4
1. The theoretical aspect of the study of pseudonyms……………………………………..5
1.1. The science of anthroponymy……………………………………………………………………...6
1.2. Definition of "pseudonym". Different approaches to the definition…………7
1.3. Types of aliases. Ways of their formation, classification. The reasons
appearance and use of pseudonyms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.4. Reasons for the appearance and use of pseudonyms ……………………………………9
2. Literary pseudonyms…………………………………………………………………10
2.1. Pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets……………………………………………….11
3. Aliases in the modern world…………………………………………………………..12
III. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 13
I.Y. Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..14
Y . Applications……………………………………………………………………………...15
The motive for choosing the research topic and the relevance of the study.
One of the most important sections of modern Russian onomastics is anthroponymy - the science of naming person, which includes personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc. Names, patronymics, surnames have long been the subject of interested attention of scientists, they are collected, described and studied in various aspects. Pseudonyms are a large layer of unofficial naming- have not yet been sufficiently explored in terms of language theories, so they represent a special linguistic interest.
By exploring this topic and focusing only on writers and poets, we hope that some of our peers will look at such a subject as a book in a completely different way, perhaps that a teenager who never reads anything will want to read something. Therefore, we consider that topic our research relevant enough .
The purpose of the research work is:
the study of a significant layer of literary pseudonyms used by Russian writers and poets;
study of the reasons for the appearance of pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets, their classification according to the methods of formation ;
finding out the reasons why people give up their real name and take pseudonyms.
Research objectives:
1) consider different approaches to the definition of the concept pseudonym;
2) to study the origins and causes of pseudonyms;
3) determine the ways of forming aliases;
4) identify the most popular literary pseudonyms of Russian writers
and poets;
5) having studied the biography of poets and writers, find out what pseudonyms they signed their works with;
6) find out the main reasons that prompt them to take a pseudonym;
7) find out how relevant the use of pseudonyms is in modern times. The object of the study is section of the science of anthroponymy - pseudonyms (the science of false names), the names of famous Russian writers.
Subject of study : pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets, whose work is studied in grades 5-11 under the program of V.Ya.Korovina.
During the work, the following research methods :
theoretical (analysis of facts from literary and Internet sources, generalization of material);
mathematical (statistical processing of the material).
The practical significance of the research work: materials and results of the work can be used in the lessons in the course of teaching the Russian language and literature at school.
Hypothesis: pseudonyms allow a more complete presentation of the history of literature, a closer look at the biography and work of writers.
1. Introduction.
From early childhood and throughout life, a person does not hear a single word as often as his name. And what is a name, why is it needed and how does it affect our lives? After all, the name is what remains after us.
The name of a person is shrouded in a veil of secrets. Maria, Elena, Anna, Dmitry, Anton, Oleg… What is it? Just names that allow us not to get lost in the crowd, or something more - our own path, winding, not quite distinct?
What is hidden behind the name that we receive at birth, like a fragile and expensive gift, and is it possible, knowing the name, to highlight from the darkness at least the outlines of a person’s life path? There is no consensus on this matter - there are only assumptions and versions.
People had personal names at all times. Each person can be called only by name, thanks to the name all his good and bad deeds become known.
Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given to a person for the rest of his life.
In our country, it is customary for a person, immediately after birth, to receive a first name, patronymic and surname. But throughout our lives, many of us acquire second names: pseudonyms, nicknames or nicknames.
Sometimes, additional names in terms of frequency of use come out on top, thereby displacing the first name, patronymic and last name given by parents at the birth of their child. Previously, people were proud of their names and surnames, because they associated them with their ancestors and their great achievements. Why do so many of us try to forget about it? Why do we give ourselves a new alternate name?
Who first came up with aliases, not known for sure. But there is a widespread opinion on this topic. Our ancestors believed in the mysterious power of the name over the fate of a person.
It was believed that the name can protect a person from evil spirits, therefore
it turns out that the first aliases appeared along with the name. The child was given two names: one, by which everyone called him, and the second, the real one, which was known only to the priests (clergymen), parents and the person himself. Thus, all the names that were in use were in fact pseudonyms.
2. What is an alias? From the history of pseudonyms.
In linguistics, there is a special section devoted to the "art of giving names" - onomastics and its "daughter" - anthroponymy, the science of human names.
“A name is the sweetest sound for a person in any language,” wrote renowned psychologist Dale Carnegie. All people in all civilizations had personal names. What he said remains true to this day. Each person has a name, and each name, whether its owner likes it or not, contains a huge amount of information about its carrier.
The results of the study indicate that most of the writers whose works are offered for study by the school curriculum had pseudonyms. Why did they do this? What are their motives?
Alias (pseudos - lie, onyma - name; Greek) - a fictitious name or conventional sign with which the author signs his work. A pseudonym replaces the real name or surname of the author, sometimes both.
The law does not allow the disclosure of a pseudonym without the consent of the author, except in cases where the pseudonym is used to falsify authorship.The science of pseudonyms is sometimes called pseudonomastics.
The custom of replacing one's own name with another arose long ago, even before the invention of printing. Who was the first writer to use a pseudonym is not known for certain. But nicknames are even older than pseudonyms. Sometimes nicknames became literary names, regardless of the will of their bearers.
The real names of the creators of many wonderful epic works have not come down to us, but we know the nicknames of their authors.
So, one of the first Indian poets who wrote the Ramayana (5th century BC) is known as Valmiki, i.e. "anthill" (in Sanskrit). Where does such a strange nickname come from? The legend says that in his youth he was engaged in robbery, and in his old age, having repented and becoming a hermit, he sat so motionless for many years that the ants built their dwelling on him ...
We do not know the real name of the ancient Indian poet, whose drama "Shakuntala" (about love
king and a simple girl) gained worldwide fame. We only know the name of the author -
Kalidasa, that is, the slave of Kali, the goddess who personified the birth and death of all living things.
Some nicknames were associated with the appearance of the author. So, the first ancient Roman poet, whose works have survived to our time, is known not as Appius Claudius, but as Appius Claudius the Blind.
The name of the famous Roman speaker - Cicero - a nickname received for a wart (cicero - pea), the ancient Roman poets Ovid and Horace also had third names that marked the features of their appearance: the first - Nason (nosed); the second - Flakk (lop-eared).
Sometimes the nickname emphasized some trait in the character of the author, his life or work. So, the Roman fabulist, who first introduced the genre of satire into literature, where people were depicted under the guise of animals, was nicknamed Phaedrus (in Greek - cheerful). He lived in the first century AD. e.
In ancient times, when surnames did not yet exist, the names of the authors could coincide, which caused confusion. So, in ancient Greek literature there are as many as four Philostratus, which have to be distinguished by numbers: Philostratus I, Philostratus II, etc.
Various methods have been used to avoid confusion. One of them was based on the use of the name of the father or grandfather. The famous scientist of the 11th-12th centuries, who lived in Bukhara, went down in history as Ibn-Sina, that is, the son of Sina (in the Latinized form, this name turned into Avicenna). In essence, it was the germ of a family name: after all, the Ivanovs and Petrovs appeared among us because one of the more or less distant ancestors was called Ivan or Peter.
The first pseudonym dictionaries appeared in the 17th century. At the same time, the Frenchman Andrien Baye wrote a treatise, which for the first time described the reasons for the replacement of their names by other writers, as well as the ways in which these replacements were made.
In Russia, this issue was studied somewhat later. In 1874, the "List of Russian anonymous books with the names of their authors and translators" compiled by N. Golitsyn was born.
The most authoritative Russian source on this topic to this day is Masanov's dictionary, the last (four-volume) edition of which dates back to 1956-1960. It contains over 80 thousand pseudonyms of Russian writers, scientists and public figures. Relatively recently, the works of another Russian researcher V.G. Dmitriev were written: “Hiding their name” (1977) and “Invented names” (1986). .
Dmitriev proposes the most universal classification scheme for pseudonyms, based on the method of forming pseudonyms and dividing them into two large groups: those associated with true names and those not associated with them. In the first case, the author's name can be deciphered, in the second - no.
3. Classification of aliases: types (types) of aliases.
All pseudonyms, whatever they may be, are divided into certain groups, which are based on the principle of their formation. According to researchers, there are now over fifty different types of aliases. So, Dmitriev V.G. in the book "Hiding Their Name" identifies 57 classification groups of pseudonyms.
*aliases - characteristics
*literary masks
*joking aliases
*collective aliases
* not invented by themselves
An acrostic is a poem in which the initial letters of the lines form a word or phrase.
Allonym, or heteronym - the surname or name of a real person accepted as a pseudonym.
An anagram is a cryptonym obtained by rearranging letters. I don’t know why the classics liked this group of pseudonyms, but their “lion’s share” refers specifically to them.
Anonymous is a literary work published without indicating the name of the author.
An antionym is a pseudonym formed in contrast, in contrast to the meaning with the true surname of the author or with the surname (pseudonym) of some famous person.
An apoconim is a cryptonym obtained by discarding the beginning or end of a given name and surname.
ON THE. Dobrolyubov under the famous article "Dark Kingdom" signed N.-bov
Sometimes only final letters were left from the first and last names.
From the first syllables of the name and surname, comic pseudonyms are composed: Nick-Nek -ON THE. Nekrasov .
Aristonym - a signature with the addition of a title, most often not actually belonging to the author.
Astronim – a signature consisting of one or more asterisks.
These are some kind of aliases-riddles. The number of stars in these signatures varied (from one to seven), as well as the arrangement (in a row, a triangle, a rhombus). Asterisks were placed instead of their last nameON THE. Nekrasov, S.N. Turgenev, F.I. Tyutchev (Derzhavin, Baratynsky, Pushkin, Odoevsky, Gogol, etc.).
Athelonim - a cryptonym obtained by skipping part of the letters of the first and last names.
More often, however, the beginning and end were left from the surname, and the middle was replaced by dots or dashes. At the same time, there were coincidences: for example, the same signature T ... in stands under the verses of F.I. Tyutchev in "Galatea" (1829), and under the letter of I.S. Turgenev about Gogol's death in Moskovskie Vedomosti (1852).
Geonim or troponym - an alias associated with a geographical location. The geonim can serve as an addition to the real surname: Mamin - Sibiryak.
Geronim - the surname of a literary character adopted as a pseudonym: or a mythological creature.
hydronym - a special case of a geonym - a signature based on the name of a river, sea, lake.
Zoonym - a signature based on the name of the animal.
Initials - the initial letters of the name and surname (or the name and patronymic, or the name, patronymic and surname).
incognitonym – a signature emphasizing that the author wishes to remain anonymous.
Signatures N. and N.N. were very common, which were abbreviations of the Latin words nemo (no one) and nomen nescio (I don’t know the name, but in a figurative sense - a certain person). These pseudonyms were put under their works by dozens of authors, both Russian and foreign, since this was the simplest way to remain incognito, without bothering to either invent a pseudonym or encrypt your last name. Signed N.N. setON THE. Nekrasov (Derzhavin, Karamzin, Griboyedov, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Kuprin ).
Ichthyonym - a signature based on the name of the fish.
Kalka is a pseudonym formed by translating the name and surname into another language.
A koinonym is a common pseudonym adopted by several authors who write together.
Contamination is the combination of two or more words into one.
Latinism is a pseudonym formed by rewriting the name and surname in the Latin way.
Literary mask - a signature that deliberately gives false information about the author, characterizing the fictitious person to whom he ascribes authorship.
Matronym is a pseudonym formed from the name or surname of the author's mother.
A mesostich is a poem in which the letters taken from the middle of each line form a word or phrase.
A metagram is a permutation of the initial syllables in words next to each other.
A metonym is a pseudonym formed by analogy, by the similarity of meaning with a real surname.
So, N.G. Chernyshevsky Ethiopian signed (Ethiopian - Negro - black - Chernyshevsky).
An imaginary pseudonym is the surname of the plagiarist or a surname erroneously put instead of the real one.
Negatonym - a signature that denies the author's belonging to a particular profession, party, etc. or opposing it to one or another writer.
Neutronim is a fictitious surname that does not cause any associations and is set as a signature.
Ornithonym - a signature based on the name of a bird.
Pizonym is a comic pseudonym intended to produce a comic effect.
Comedians have always tried to sign in such a way as to achieve comic effect. This was the main purpose of their pseudonyms; the desire to hide one's name faded into the background here.
The tradition of funny pseudonyms in Russian literature dates back to the magazines of Catherine's time ("Very different things", "Neither this nor that", "Drone", "Mail of Spirits").
ON THE. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky,.
I.S. Turgenev
A palinonym is a cryptonym formed by reading a given name and surname from right to left.
A paronym is a pseudonym formed by the similarity of sound with a real surname.
A patronymic is a pseudonym formed from the name of the author's father.
So prosaic talesL.N. Tolstoy were signed by Mirza-Turgen. This pseudonym goes back to the legendary forefather of the Turgenev family, from which the author descended from his mother, Alexandra Leontievna, nee Turgeneva.
A polyonym is a signature that gives an idea of the number of authors who write under it together.
A semi-alonym is a pseudonym consisting of a combination of a surname belonging to a real person with another, not his name.
A prenonym is a signature consisting of one author's name.
A proxonym is a pseudonym formed from the names of persons close to the author.
A pseudoandronym is a male given name and surname adopted by a female author.
A pseudo-geonym is a signature that masks the true place of birth or residence of the author.
A pseudonym is a female given name and surname adopted by a male author.
Pseudo-initials are letters that do not correspond to the true initials of the author. Some encrypted titlonims may look like initials.
Pseudotitlonim - a signature indicating the position, title or profession of the author, which does not correspond to the true ones.
Pseudophrenononym - a signature that gives such information about the character of the author that is contrary to the content of the work.
A pseudo-ethnonym is a signature that masks the true nationality of the author.
Stigmonim - a signature consisting of punctuation marks or mathematical symbols.
Tahallus is a literary name of the frenonym type among the writers of the peoples of the East.
A televerse is a poem in which the last letters of the lines form a word or phrase.
Titlonim - a signature indicating the title or position of the author.
Physionim - a pseudonym, which is based on the name of a natural phenomenon.
A phytonym is a pseudonym based on the name of a plant.
A frenonym is a pseudonym that indicates the main character trait of the author or the main feature of his work.
A chromatonym is an alias based on the name of a color.
Diphronim - a surname or initials encrypted by replacing letters with numbers. This group of pseudonyms was awarded the title of the most rare among known pseudonyms.
For example, the Roman numeral X was signedON THE. Dobrolyubov.
Eidonym - a pseudonym or nickname that characterizes the appearance of the author.
An entonym is a pseudonym based on the name of an insect.
An ethnonym is a pseudonym indicating the nationality of the author.
Among Russian writers and poets, whose work is studied at school, 17 groups of pseudonyms were distinguished according to the method of their formation. Here is some of them:
*aliases - characteristics
*literary masks
*joking aliases
*collective aliases
* not invented by themselves
* pseudonym that does not cause any associations
*pseudonyms associated with the true name
*pseudonyms not related to the true name
*pseudonyms replacing the real name.
As a result of the study of the types of pseudonyms, we found out that the pseudonyms of these people can be classified as follows:
A. P. Chekhov Apoconym: Anche; Paronym: Antosha Chekhonte
Paizonym: Man without a spleen, Doctor without patients, Champagne, Nut #6
M. Gorky - real name - A.M. Peshkov.Paizonym: Yehudiel Chlamys
Rasul Gamzatov - real name: Tsadasa Rasul Gamzatovich:Patronymic
Anna Akhmatova - real name: Anna Gorenko:Matronym
Sasha Cherny - real name - Glikberg A. M .:chromatonym
George Sand - real name - Aurora Dudevant:pseudoandronym
Erich Maria Remarque - real name - E. Kramer: palinonym
4 . Reasons for the emergence of pseudonyms
Most literary works have an author whose name is placed on the cover. But this is not always the true name of the writer.
There are cases when works are not signed, presented as a find or translation, attributed to another person, but more often, in order to hide authorship, they resort to a pseudonym. Why is an alias needed? Why are people not satisfied with their own names and surnames? There are many reasons for this phenomenon. Here is some of them:
* Silent, funny surname, real surname;
* pen test (fear of debut);
*fear of censorship the desire to avoid persecution for writing accusatory * character);
*social status;
* the presence of namesakes;
* the desire to mystify the reader;
* it was fashionable to write under a pseudonym;
* on the advice of other people;
*comic effect.
We have compiled a table in order to understand whether the reasons for using pseudonyms have been the same at all times. The pseudonyms of fifteen famous writers and poets of the 19th and 20th centuries were chosen for analysis.
19th century
20th century
Alexander N.k.sh.p –
A. S. Pushkin
L.- M. Yu. Lermontov
V. Alov -
N. V. Gogol
Antosha Ch.-
A. P. Chekhov
Nicholas Shchedrin -
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
Friend of Kuzma Prutkov - F.M.Dostoevsky
N.N. - N. A. Nekrasov
T. L. - I.S. Turgenev
L.N.- L. N. Tolstoy
Maksim Gorky –
A. M. Peshkov
Anna Akhmatova -
A.A. Gorenko
Alexander Green -
A. S. Grinevsky
Andrey Bely –
B. N. Bugaev
Demyan Bedny -
E. A. Pridvorov
A.A.B.- A. A. Blok
Igor Severyanin -
Igor Lotarev
Revealed whythe authors of the works turned to the choice of pseudonyms:
1 . Attempt at writing
Perhaps one of the most common cases. A rare aspiring author is one hundred percent sure of his success. Why not use a pseudonym or not subscribe at all.
Below are the names of poets that fall into this category and their pseudonyms relevant to this case.
S.A. Yesenin - 1) Meteor 2) Ariston
N.V. Gogol - V. Alov
I.A. Krylov - 1) unsigned 2) I.Kr. 3) Cr.
M.Yu. Lermontov - L.
V.V. Mayakovsky - 1) -b 2) V. 3) M. 4) V.M.
ON THE. Nekrasov - N.N.
A.S. Pushkin -1) Alexander N.k.sh.p. 2) P 3) 1…14-16
M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - S-v.
I.S. Turgenev - 1) ... in 2) T.L.
A.A. Fet - A.F.
2. Comic effect
Another case that occurs among poets - pseudonyms, the purpose of which was to create a comic effect, are called paizonyms (from the Greek paizein - to joke). As a rule, they were temporary and arose not so much to hide the real name as a joke, or to emphasize the satirical nature of the work.
V.A. Zhukovsky - Maremyan Danilovich Zhukovyatnikov, chairman of the commission on the construction of the Muratov house, author of a cramped stable, fire-breathing ex-president of the old garden, cavalier of three livers and commander of Galimatya.
N.A. Nekrasov - Bob Feklist, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum
A.S. Pushkin - Feofilakt Kosichkin.
They decided to combine the material in a table and find out the percentage of the reasons that prompted the authors of the works to use pseudonyms.
Attempt at writingAlexander N.K.Sh.P. -
A. S. Pushkin The first poem of Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) that appeared in print, “To a Poet Friend,” was secretly sent from the author to Vestnik Evropy by his lyceum comrade Delvig. No signature was given.
In 1814-1816. Pushkin encrypted his last name, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or - II -, or 1 ... 14-16.
V. Alov - N.V. Gogol
Antosha Ch. - A. P. Chekhov
The 19 year old did the same. Nekrasov, on the first book of poems "Dreams and Sounds" (1840) put only his initials N.N., following the advice of V.A. Zhukovsky, to whom he brought the manuscript to get his opinion. Zhukovsky positively evaluated only two poems, saying: "If you want to print, then publish without a name, later you will write better, and you will be ashamed of these poems."
My first fable Ivan Andreevich Krylov signed I. Kr., then either did not sign the fables at all, or put one letter under them To. And only at the age of 37 he began to sign his last name.
Under the first printed linesI.S. Turgenev (he was then 20 years old) - the poems "Evening" and "To the Venus of the Medicius" in "Contemporary" (1838) - stood ... in. Then the future author of the "Hunter's Notes" signed T.L. for a number of years, i.e. Turgenev - Lutovinov (his mother was nee Lutovinova). Under these initials, his first book was published - the poem "Parash" (1843).
20 year old A.A. Fet hid his name and surname on the first book of poems - "Lyrical Pantheon" (1840) underinitials A.F.
22 year old ON THE. Dobrolyubov in Sovremennik he published his 6 poems under the pseudonym Volgin, this was the first publication of his poetic heritage.
24 year old L.N. Tolstoy , then an officer, his first work - "The Stories of My Childhood" (this is how the editors of Sovremennik changed the name of "Childhood" without the knowledge of the author) - signed in 1852.L.N., those. Lev Nikolaevich.
A. M. Peshkov-
M. Gorky
Alexander Green-
A. S. Grinevsky
A.A.B.-
A. A. Blok
Andrey Bely-
B. N. Bugaev
Censorship
A.N. Radishchev
N. G. Chernyshevsky
Nikolai Shchedrin -
M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
T.L. - I.S. Turgenev
Dr. Friken-
S. Ya. Marshak
class prejudice
K.G. Paustovsky I had not yet finished high school when I brought my first story entitled “On the Water” to the Kyiv magazine “Lights”. This was in 1912. “Did you sign the story with your real name? the young author was asked. - Yes. - In vain! Our magazine is leftist, and you are a high school student. There may be trouble, come up with a pseudonym. Paustovsky followed this advice and appeared in print under the name K. Balagin, to which he subsequently did not revert.
Friend of Kuzma Prutkov
F.M. Dostoevsky
A. A. Akhmatova-
A.A. Gorenko
Anna Akhmatova
Other profession
A. I. Kuprin
A. A. Perovsky
Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were signed by Anthony Pogorelsky , by the name of his estate Pogoreltsy.
L.- Lermontov
Alexander Green
Andrey Bely-
B. N. Bugaev
comic effect
A. P. Chekhov
A. S. Pushkin
Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Feofilakt Kosichkin is the most expressive and significant.
N. A. Nekrasov - Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, stock broker Nazar Vymochkin.
ON THE. Nekrasov often signed with comic pseudonyms: Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky,Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.
I.S. Turgenev feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" signed: Retired teacher of Russian literature Platon Nedobobov.
Demyan Poor-
E.A. Courtyard
Presence of family members.
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
In the 80s of the XIX century, in the satirical magazines "Alarm clock", "Dragonfly", "Shards" began to appear stories signed by Antosha Chekhonte, Doctor without patients, Nut No. 6, Akaki Tarantulov, Someone, Brother of my brother, Nettle, Hot-tempered man .
Many do not know that Anton Pavlovich had brothers Mikhail and Alexander, who also acted in the literary field. (Michael signed
M. Bohemsky (under the influence of the legend that the Chekhovs come from the Czech Republic), in addition - Maxim Khalyava, Captain Cook, S. Vershinin, K. Treplev.
Alexander used other pseudonyms - A. Sedoy, A. Chekhov-Sedoy, Agafond Edinitsyn.)
They didn't come up with it themselves.
This is, for example, one of the signatures ON THE. Nekrasov, concealing a hint of censorship harassment. The poet was not allowed to publish the second edition of the poems for a long time. Finally, in 1860, one of the courtiers, Count Adlerberg, who enjoyed great influence, obtained the necessary visa from the censorship department, but subject to the introduction of numerous banknotes. “Still, they cut you off, put a muzzle on you! he said to the poet. “Now you can sign under comic verses like this: Muzzles.” Nekrasov followed this advice, signing his satirical poems Savva Namordnikov.
Sometimes its creator, in order to convince the public that the author he invented exists in reality, described his appearance in the preface (on behalf of the publisher) or even attached to the book his portrait, allegedly painted from nature. A classic example is Belkin's Tales. Acting as their publisher, Pushkin in the preface gives a verbal portrait I.P. Belkin, gives data about his parents, his character, lifestyle, occupations, circumstances of his death ...
So Pushkin tried to assure readers of the reality of the existence of the author he invented, whose name he put on the book instead of his own with the addition: “Published by A.P.”.
2. LITERARY PSEUDONYMS
2.1. Pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets
As already mentioned, aliases used by writers and poets, politicians and criminals, actors, directors and other people who would not like to know their autonym (the real name of the person hiding under pseudonym).
In this section, we consider the pseudonyms of Russian writers and poets.
Akhmatova Anna(1889-1966). In the notebooks of Anna Akhmatova there are entries: “Everyone considers me a Ukrainian. Firstly, because my father's surname is Gorenko, secondly, because I was born in Odessa and graduated from the Fundukleev gymnasium, thirdly, and mainly, because N. S. Gumilyov wrote: “From the city of Kyiv , // from Zmiev's lair, // I took not a wife, but a sorceress ... ”Shortly after the wedding in 1910, Nikolai Stepanovich and Anna Andreevna settled in Tsarskoye Selo in the house of Gumilyov's mother. In St. Petersburg, N. Gumilyov introduced his young wife to famous poets. She read poetry in their circle, began to publish under the pseudonym Anna Akhmatova, which later became her last name. In brief autobiographical notes, Anna Akhmatova writes: “They named me after my grandmother Anna Egorovna Motovilova. Her mother was the Tatar princess Akhmatova, whose last name, not realizing that I was going to be a Russian poet, I made my literary name. So Anna Gorenko, who was considered a Ukrainian, became a Russian poet with a Tatar surname.
Yesenin Sergey(1895-1925). He signed his first poetic experiments Meteor. And for the first publication (the poem "Birch" in the journal "Mirok", 1914), he chose a different pseudonym Ariston, although he was dissuaded from this in every possible way. In the future, he did not use pseudonyms.
Krylov Ivan(1769-1844). His first work - an epigram in the journal "The Cure for Boredom and Worries" (1786) - the future great fabulist signed I.Kr. And he printed the first fables without a signature at all, then put the letter under them TO. or Navi Volyrk. He began to sign with his full surname only at the age of 37.
Lermontov Mikhail(1814-1841). The first publication of Lermontov - the poem "Spring" - refers to 1830. Under the poem was the letter L. For the first time, the full name of the author appears five years later - "Khadzhi Abrek" was printed in the "Library for Reading". But this happened without the knowledge of the author: the poem was taken to the editor by one of his comrades at the cadet school.
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich(1799-1837). Alexander Sergeevich also often used pseudonyms, especially at the dawn of his creative biography.
A few more pseudonyms of Pushkin are associated with his lyceum past. it Arz. under the epigram in "Northern Flowers for 1830" and Art. under one article in the "Moscow Telegraph" (1825) - Arzamas and Stary Arzamas, respectively (in 1815-1818 Pushkin was a member of the literary circle "Arzamas"). As well as St ... ch.k under the poem "To the Dreamer" in "Son of the Fatherland" (1818) and Krs under the poems "Kalmychka" and "Answer" in the "Literary Gazette" (1830). The first stands for Cricket (nickname of Pushkin the lyceum student), the second is an abbreviated palinonym. The poem "Skull" in "Northern Flowers for 1828" was signed by the poet I.. Another playful pseudonym of Pushkin is known, with which he signed two articles in Telescope: Theophylact Kosichkin.
Nekrasov Nikolai(1821-1877/78). Nekrasov's first book of poems "Dreams and Sounds" (1840), signed with the initials NN. was received very coldly, in particular, by Zhukovsky and Belinsky. Nekrasov acted like Gogol: he collected all unsold copies from bookstores and burned them. Nekrasov actively resorted to pseudonyms while working at Literaturnaya Gazeta: he signed most of his articles Naum Perepelsky. He also used such humorous pseudonyms as Petersburg resident F. A. Belopyatkin(in the satirical poem "The Talker"), Feklist Bob, Ivan Borodavkin, Churmen(probably from "fuck me!"), Literary exchange broker Nazar Vymochkin.
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich(1826-1889) also began as a poet - with the poem "Lyra", signing it with the initials S-in. He was then 15 years old. The writer also had other pseudonyms - M. Nepanov(the first story "Contradictions") and M.S.(story "A Tangled Case").
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich(1820-1892). Under the first printed poems of Turgenev ("Contemporary", 1838) stood ... in. Then he began to subscribe T.L., i.e. Turgenev-Lutovinov (his mother is nee Lutovinova). Under these initials, his first book was published - the poem "Parash" (1843).
Chukovsky Roots(1882-1969). The pseudonym of the poet is very close to his real name (in fact, it is formed from him): Korneychukov Nikolay Vasilyevich. Anna Akhmatova at one time told how this pseudonym appeared: allegedly, in the heat of controversy, someone used the phrase "Korneichuk's approach."
Maksim Gorky (1868-1936) first story published in 1892 under a pseudonym Bitter, which characterized the hard life of the writer, this pseudonym was used in the future. At the very beginning of his literary career, he also wrote feuilletons in Samarskaya Gazeta under the pseudonym Yehudiel Chlamys. M. Gorky himself emphasized that the correct pronunciation of his surname is Peshkov, although almost everyone pronounces it as Peshkov.
The most inventive in inventing pseudonyms was Anton Pavlovich Chekhov(1860-1904). Over 50 known .
In the index of Chekhov's pseudonyms there are: A.P.; Antosha; Antosha Chekhonte; A-n Ch-those; An. Ch.; An, Ch-e; Anche; An. Che-in; A.Ch; A. Che; A. Chekhonte; G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; My brother's brother; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut No. 9; Rook; Don Antonio Chekhonte; Uncle; Kislyaev; M. Kovrov; Nettle; Laertes; prose poet; Colonel Kochkarev, Purselepetanov; Ruver; Ruver and Revoor; S. B. Ch.; Ulysses; C; C. B. S.; H. without S.; A person without a spleen; C. Honte; Champagne; Young old man; "... in"; Z. Chekhov's humorous signatures and pseudonyms: Akaki Tarantulov, Nekto, Schiller Shakespeare Goethe, Arkhip Indeikin; Vasily Spiridonov Svolachyov; Famous; Turkey; N. Zakharieva; Petukhov; Smirnova.
First in a row takes the signature Antosha Chekhonte. He became the main pseudonym of Chekhov the comedian. It was with this signature that the young medical student sent his first works to comic magazines. He not only used this pseudonym in magazines and newspapers, but also put it on the cover of the first two author's collections (Tales of Melpomene, 1884; Motley Stories, 1886). Researchers of the literary heritage of the writer believe that the pseudonym Antosha Chekhonte(options: Antosha Ch***, A-n Ch-te, Anche, A. Chekhonte, Chekhonte, Don Antonio Chekhonte, Ch. Khonte etc.) arose when Chekhov studied at the Taganrog gymnasium, where Pokrovsky, the teacher of the law of the gymnasium, liked to change the names of the students.
Chekhov signed a comic letter to the editors of "Oskolkov" Colonel Kochkarev(a hybrid of Colonel Koshkarev from Dead Souls and Kochkarev from Gogol's Marriage).
Origin of the pseudonym My brother's brother researchers attribute to the fact that since 1883 Chekhov began to publish in the same humorous magazines in which his older brother Alexander had spoken before him. In order not to create confusion, Chekhov on the title page of his book At Twilight (1887) wrote a surname with corrected initials: An. P. Chekhov. And then I started signing My brother's brother.
The rest of Chekhov's pseudonyms were, as a rule, short-lived and were used solely for comic effect. And only a pseudonym had a serious semantic component of a “medical” nature. Chekhov used it for more than ten years. Under this alias (and its variants: Ch. without S., Ch.B.S., S.B.Ch.) 119 stories and humoresques and 5 articles and feuilletons were published. The unusual Chekhov pseudonym, scientists believe, originated at the medical faculty of Moscow University, where the anatomy course was considered the most difficult course, with which, perhaps, the combination Man without a spleen
Thus, there are many reasons for the appearance and methods of formation of pseudonyms of writers and poets, their study, “decoding” is of particular interest.
3. Aliases in the modern world.
Most people have never heard of pseudonyms in their lives and don't need them. Only a narrow part - writers, poets, artists, scientists - know, use and understand a lot about pseudonyms. It is about them that the media always talk - TV, radio, the press, it is they who are always in sight, and as they have now begun to be expressed: "by ear!". With the spread of the Internet, the use of pseudonyms has never been moretopical : almost every web user has a pseudonym, which is usually called .
Conclusion
There is a Latin proverb: "Habent sua fata libelli" - "Every book has its own fate." We can say that each pseudonym has its own destiny. Often his life was short: a fictitious name, under which a novice author, out of caution or for other reasons, entered the literary field, turned out to be unnecessary and discarded. But sometimes, and not so rarely, a literary surname completely replaced the real one, both on the pages of books and in the lives of their authors.
Pseudonyms deserve to be studied as one of the important factors in the literary life of all times and peoples. We think that acquaintance with such an interesting topic will broaden the horizons of literature lovers.
The name has a greater influence on the life and character of its bearer. And when adopting fake names, a certain personality is formed, associated with a combination of surname, name and patronymic. That is, it turns out that by choosing a pseudonym for himself, the writer himself chooses his fate, first of all, in writing. For someone, a name change will bring success and fame, for someone, on the contrary, it will turn out to be a fatal step in their career.
When we hear a person's pseudonym, we learn much more about him than when we hear just a name. After all, a pseudonym characterizes a person, carries a large flow of information about him.
It was very interesting for us to conduct this study, it makes us want to look into the mystery of the name, to understand the reasons that encourage people to take this or that pseudonym.
On the example of studying the pseudonyms of some Russian writers, we can draw the following conclusions.
The main reasons by which people use pseudonyms are:
1) In the 19th century, it was, first of all, censorship, the first literary experience and class prejudices.
2) In the 20th century - fear of persecution, a test of the pen, dissonance of a name or surname.
3) In the 21st century - the influence of social status, another profession, the first literary experience.
4) For satirists and humorists at all times - to produce a comic effect.
With the help of the definition of classification, we learned what an amazing variety of aliases exists in a world that we did not even know existed.
12. http://litosphere.aspu.ru/sections/
13.
24.
APPENDIX No. 1
Comparative table "Reasons for the use of pseudonyms in different periods of time"
A. S. PushkinThe first poem of Pushkin (then a 15-year-old lyceum student) that appeared in print, “To a Poet Friend,” was secretly sent from the author to Vestnik Evropy by his lyceum comrade Delvig. No signature was given. In 1814-1816. Pushkin encrypted his last name, signing Alexander N.K.Sh.P., or - II -, or 1 ... 14-16.
N. V. Gogol
20-year-old Gogol, embarking on the literary path as a poet, released the idyll "Hanz Kühelgarten" signed by V. Alov. But when negative reviews appeared in the Northern Bee and the Moscow Telegraph, Gogol bought up all the remaining copies of the idyll from the booksellers and destroyed them.
A. P. Chekhov
20-year-old A.P. Chekhov's humoresques in "Dragonfly", "Spectator" and in "Alarm Clock" were signed by Antosha Ch., An. Ch. and A. Chekhonte. A comic letter to the editors of "Oskolkov" Chekhov signed "Colonel Kochkarev."
M. Gorky
M. Gorky, under the notes in Samarskaya Gazeta and Nizhny Novgorod Sheet (1896), put Pacatus (peaceful), and in the Red Panorama collection (1928) he signed Unicus (the only one). In Samarskaya Gazeta, the feuilletons Samara in All Relationships, with the subtitle Letters from a Knight-Errant, were signed by Don Quixote (1896). Gorky in his captions to feuilletons often used the incognitonym N. Kh., which should have read: "Someone X."
A. Gaidar
The author himself did not write unequivocally and clearly about the origin of the pseudonym "Gaidar". The name "Gaidar" reminded the writer of his school years, meaning that "G" in this name meant "Golikov", "ay" - "Arkady", and "dar", as if echoing the hero of Alexander Dumas D'Artagnan, "in the French manner" meant "from Arzamas". Thus, the name "Gaidar" stands for "Golikov Arkady from Arzamas".
A. S. Grinevsky
Alexander Stepanovich Grinevsky, inventing a pseudonym for himself, shortened his surname so that it acquired a foreign, exotic sound, like the names of many of his characters, like the names of alluring cities and lands that he describes. He also called himself Grin Grinych Grinevsky: "I am three times as I am."
Kir Bulychev
Mozheiko Igor Vsevolodovich (1934-2003)
Russian science fiction writer, screenwriter, historian-orientalist (candidate of historical sciences). Author of scientific papers on the history of Southeast Asia (signed with his real name), numerous fantastic novels, stories (often combined into cycles), the collection "Some Poems" (2000). The pseudonym is composed of the name of the wife (Kira) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. As the writer admitted, the idea of a pseudonym arose long ago, when he was still a graduate student at the Institute of Oriental Studies and wrote the first fantastic story. He was afraid of criticism, ridicule: “I skipped the vegetable base! He didn’t show up for the trade union meeting… And he also indulges in fantastic stories.” Subsequently, the name "Kirill" on the covers of books began to be abbreviated - "Kir."
Grigory Gorin
Ofshtein Grigory Izrailevich (1910-2000)
Russian writer-satirist, as well as the author of feuilletons, plays, monologues. When asked about the reason for choosing such a pseudonym, Grigory Izrailevich answered that it was just an abbreviation: "Grisha Ofshtein Decided to Change Nationality".
Censorship
A.N. Radishchev
The first book that denounced the horrors and barbarism of the serfdom, the famous "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev was published in 1790 without indicating the name of the author, under a deliberately harmless title. But never before has such a bold protest against slavery been issued in Russia. The book remained banned, "dangerous" for over 100 years.
P. V. Dolgorukov
Prince Pyotr Vladimirovich Dolgorukov published in Paris in French, on behalf of Count Almagro, the brochure Notes on Noble Russian Families, which contained incriminating materials about high-ranking persons. The pseudonym did not help the author: upon his return to Russia, he was arrested and, by order of Nicholas I, exiled to Vyatka. Later he became a political emigrant.
N. G. Chernyshevsky
N.G. Chernyshevsky, the author of the novel “What is to be done?”, which thundered in his time, was sent by the authorities to hard labor, and then into exile with a ban on appearing in the press, still sometimes managed to smuggle his works into the wild and abroad. So, in the London printing house of Russian emigrants, the first part of the novel "Prologue", written by Chernyshevsky in hard labor, was anonymously published. After the exile, the disgraced writer, whose name was forbidden to be mentioned, was able to publish a number of articles under the pseudonyms Andreev and the Old Transformist.
S. Ya. Marshak
Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak, being in the years of the civil war on the territory of the White Guards, was published in the journal "Morning of the South" under the pseudonym Dr. Friken. Only a pseudonym, carefully guarded by the editors, helped Marshak avoid reprisal for making fun of the tyrant generals.
Julius Kim
- Julius Mikhailov
In the late 60s, Russian poet, composer, playwright, screenwriter, bard.
due to participation in the human rights movement, Yuli Chersanovich Kim was "recommended" to stop public concerts; from the posters of performances, from the credits of television and films where his songs were used, his name disappeared. Later, Kim was allowed to collaborate with film and theater, provided that he uses a pseudonym. And right up to perestroika, he signed the name of Julius Mikhailov.
Arkady Arkanov
Steinbock Arkady Mikhailovich (born 1933)
Russian satirist. In the early 1960s, Arkady Steinbock began to engage in literary activities, but not everyone liked his surname - it was too Jewish. As a child, Arkady was simply called Arkan - hence the pseudonym.
Eduard Limonov
Savenko Eduard Veniaminovich (born 1943)
The infamous writer, journalist, public and political figure, founder and head of the liquidated National Bolshevik Party. Since July 2006, he has been an active participant in the Other Russia movement, opposition to the Kremlin, and the organizer of a number of Marches of Dissent. The pseudonym Limonov was invented by the artist Vagrich Bakhchanyan (according to other sources - Sergey Dovlatov).
class prejudice
A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky
Prince A.M. Beloselsky-Belozersky - Unprinceetranger. Under this name ("Foreign Prince") he released in 1789. his French poetry.
E. P. Rostopchina
K. K. Romanov
K. R. is the pseudonym of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov. For the first time this pseudonym appeared in 1882 in the Vestnik Evropy under the poem "Psalmist David", in order to then enter Russian poetry for three decades.
Anna Akhmatova Gorenko Anna Andreevna (1889-1966)
Russian poet. With her pseudonym, Anna Gorenko chose the surname of her great-grandmother, who was descended from the Tatar Khan Akhmat. She later said: “Only a seventeen-year-old crazy girl could choose a Tatar surname for a Russian poetess ... Therefore it occurred to me to take a pseudonym for myself, because dad, having learned about my poems, said:“ Don’t shame my name. ”-“ And I don’t need yours name!" I said.
Other profession
A. I. Kuprin
Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, at the age of nineteen, being a cadet of the Alexander Military School, published the story “The Last Debut”, signing it Al. future officer with paperwork.
A. A. Bestuzhev
The stories of the Decembrist Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev were published under the pseudonym Marlinsky (after the name of the Marley Palace in Peterhof, where his regiment was stationed). Marlinsky enjoyed great success as a novelist; in it, according to Belinsky, "they thought to see Pushkin in prose."
A. A. Perovsky
Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky served as a trustee of the educational district. His novels were signed by Anthony Pogorelsky, after the name of his estate Pogoreltsy.
B. Bugaev
The son of a Moscow professor of mathematics, Boris Bugaev, as a student, decided to publish his poems and met with opposition from his father. The pseudonym Andrei Bely was invented by Mikhail Sergeevich Solovyov, guided only by a combination of sounds.
K. Bulychev
Kir (Kirill) Bulychev - Igor Mozheiko. Science fiction writer Doctor of Historical Sciences, member of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He published his fantastic works exclusively under a pseudonym, which was composed of the name of his wife (Kira) and the maiden name of the writer's mother. The writer kept his real name secret until 1982, because he believed that the leadership of the Institute of Oriental Studies would not consider science fiction a serious occupation, and was afraid that after revealing the pseudonym, he would be fired.
Irina Grekova
Elena Sergeevna Wentzel (1907 - 2002).
Russian prose writer, mathematician. Doctor of Technical Sciences, author of numerous scientific papers on problems of applied mathematics Efim Alekseevich Pridvorov (1883-1945), university textbook on probability theory, books on game theory, etc. Like Lewis Carroll, she published her scientific works under her real name, and novels and stories under a “mathematical” pseudonym (from the name of the French letter “y”, which goes back to Latin). As a writer, she began to publish in 1957 and immediately became famous and loved, her novel "The Department" was literally read to the holes.
Alexander Green
G. N. Kurilov
He began to write his first poems in 1961. He wrote under the pseudonym UluroAdo.
D. Dontsova
Journalist Agrippina Vasilyeva, having married, changed her occupation, her last name and first name, and became Daria Dontsova.
Discordant name or surname
F.K. Teternikov
In the editorial office, where he took his first works, he was advised to choose a pseudonym. And then Teternikov was chosen a pseudonym - Fedor Sologub. With one "l", so as not to be confused with the author of "Tarantas".
Sasha Black
- Glikberg Alexander Mikhailovich.
1880-1932.
Poet.
The family had 5 children, two of whom were named Sasha. The blond was called "White", the brunette - "Black". Hence the pseudonym.
Demyan Bedny
Pridvorov Efim Alekseevich (1883-1945)
Russian and Soviet poet. The surname of Yefim Alekseevich is by no means suitable for a proletarian writer. The pseudonym Demyan Poor is the village nickname of his uncle, a people's fighter for justice.
B. Akunin
Boris Akunin - Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili. As the writer himself admitted in an interview, the merchandisers of bookstores would never pronounce Chkhartishvili's name anyway. And Boris Akunin speaks easily, and immediately sets the reader who has graduated from school to the classics of the 19th century.
comic effect
A. P. Chekhov
Numerous pseudonyms of Chekhov, used exclusively for comic effect: G. Baldastov; Makar Baldastov; Doctor without patients; Hot-tempered person; Nut No. 6; Nut number 9 and others.
A. S. Pushkin
Among the journalistic pseudonyms of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Feofilakt Kosichkin is the most expressive and significant.
N. A. Nekrasov
ON THE. Nekrasov - Bob Feklist, Ivan Borodavkin, Naum Perepelsky, Churmen, broker Nazar Vymochkin of the literary exchange.
M. Gorky
To make readers laugh, Gorky invented comic pseudonyms, choosing old names that had long been out of use, combined with an intricate surname. He signed Yehudiel Khlamida, Polycarp Unesibozhenozhkin. On the pages of his home hand-written journal Sorrento Pravda (1924), he signed Metranpage Goryachkin, Disabled Muses, Osip Tikhovoyev, Aristid Balyk.
30 .
SIX-YEAR-OLD DISCOVERER
Mm. years! Allow the happy and proud parent to address you, gentlemen, publishers of the highly respected Iskra magazine!
In our time, when the most incredible miracles of civilization are being performed with such speed, so to speak, with such rapidity, when the development of progress is so rapid, these miracles, this development should have been reflected in all modern personalities, and especially in the impressionable personalities of children! All children, I am sure, are imbued with progress, but not everyone is given the opportunity to embody their feelings! With involuntary pride, albeit with humility, I declare publicly: I have a son who has been given this high ability; he is a poet ... but as a true child of modernity - a poet is not a lyricist, a poet-satirist, a poet-denunciator.
He is six years old. He was born on November 27, 1853. He grew up remarkably strange. Until the age of two, he was breastfed and seemed weak and even an ordinary child, he suffered greatly from scrofula; but already from the age of three a change took place in him: he began to think and sigh; a bitter smile appeared on his lips and left them no more; he stopped crying - but irony snakes through his features, even when he sleeps. In his fourth year he was disappointed; but he soon realized the backwardness of this moment of self-consciousness and rose above it: a cold, bilious calmness, occasionally interrupted by outbursts of energetic sarcasm, was the usual state of his spirit. I must agree with him that life is hard... But it is not easier for him to live either. He learned to read - and greedily threw himself on books; not many of our domestic authors have earned his approval. According to his ideas, Shchedrin is one-sided and weak in satire; Nekrasov is too soft, Mr. Elagin is not quite frank and has not mastered the secret, as he put it, of "icy-burning mockery"; he is quite pleased with Mr. Bov's articles alone in Sovremennik; they constitute, together with Herr Rosenheim's praises, the subject of his constant study. "-bov and Rosenheim," he once exclaimed at the table, having previously thrown a spoonful of porridge at my forehead (I tell you these details, because I think that in time they will have a great price in the eyes of literary historians), - -bov and Rosenheim they are at enmity with each other, and yet they are flowers growing on the same branch!
I frankly admit that I do not always understand him, and my wife, his mother, simply trembles before him; but, gentlemen, the feeling of reverent admiration for one's own product is a lofty feeling!
I am reporting to you, as a test, a few poems of my son: I ask you to notice in them the gradual maturation of thought and talent. 1st and 2nd No-ra were written by him about two years ago; they are still reminiscent of the naivete of the first childhood impressions, especially the 1st No, in which the way of immediately explaining the accusatory thought by means of a commentary recalls the manner of painters of the thirteenth century; 3rd No produced in the age of melancholic disillusionment, which I have already mentioned in my letter; The 4th and last No came out of my son's chest recently. Read and judge! With perfect respect and the same devotion I abide, mm. years,
Your most obedient servant,
Platon Nedobobov, retired teacher of Russian literature.
My son's name is Jeremiah... a significant fact! Amazing, though, of course, unconscious foresight of his future calling!
cat and mouse
A mouse sits on the floor
Cat on the window...
Comment:
(I brought out the people in a mouse,
Stanovoy in a cat.)
Cat - jump! Mouse - in the hole,
But he lost his tail...
Comment:
(This means that the official
He took advantage of the bribe.)
Papa took a cane and a cat
Carving without mercy...
Comment:
(Give praise to the authorities
We are always happy!)
Angry cat bitten
Daddy near the thigh ...
Comment:
(Predatory deadlift recently
The buckle has served ...)
But the poet castigates him
In a word of rejection...
Nanny! lay down for it
Jam in my mouth!
Absolute irony
Filled with stern pride,
I look sternly at Russia ...
The barman carries two melons -
Good, I mutter, you goose!
Pouring darkens in the bottle...
I think: oh, stupidity sign!
The man scratched his head -
What a fool you are, I whisper!
Pop strokes the filly on the belly -
And he, I sighed, man!
The teacher gave me a plop -
I didn't say anything here.
Sigh
(Elegy)
Oh, why from the baby diaper
Sorrow about bribes crept into my soul!
The sad fact of bribes and bribes
Poisoned sensitive child
Like a sheepfold with the smell of a goat!
Talk
You are boring today, my son.
Nurse's milk doesn't taste good?
2 year old son
Give me a dime.
Here is a piglet.
No more.
Let's; sting is disgusting.
Copper?!?
No, you know, silver.
But why do you...
Not for good.
I want to bribe the footman
So that he dad, not shy ...
Understand; give me a piglet;
I'll do it right my friend.
(leaves)
son (one)
Bribe! Mother!! Father!!! Oh age! Oh manners!!!
Robespierre and you, Marat - you are right!
Jeremiah Nedobobov
Notes
Published according to the text of the first publication: "Iskra", 1859, No. 50, pp. 513-515 (censorship permission December 21, 1859).
Included in the collected works for the first time.
Autograph unknown.
The belonging of the feuilleton-parody directed against N. A. Dobrolyubov to the pen of Turgenev is proved in the detailed article by G. F. Perminov "Turgenev about N. A. Dobrolyubov. Unknown feuilleton-parody of Turgenev in Iskra" , pp. 106-118). The basis for such an attribution is, first of all, the memoirs of P. I. Pashino, published during Turgenev’s lifetime: “In Iskra, both Messrs. Turgenev and Saltykov tried their pen” (St. Petersburg, Ved, 1881, No 319, December 20 / January 1, 1882); elsewhere: "There are also poems by Jeremiah Nedobobov, belonging to<...>I. S. Turgenev" - and further: "hiding under the pseudonym of Nedobobov," Turgenev wanted to "sting Dobrolyubov" ("Minute", 1882, No. 121, May 13). None of these instructions raised objections from Turgenev or his friends In the book "Satiric Journalism of the 1860s" (M., 1964, pp. 113-114), I. G. Yampolsky considers the feuilleton "Six-year-old accuser" as written by Turgenev.
The feuilleton could have been written by Turgenev in St. Petersburg between November 27 (the date of Ieremia Nedobobov's "birth", indicated in the feuilleton) and December 21, 1859 (the date of the Iskra's censorship). A few months before that, Herzen's article "Very dangerous!!!" in "Whistle" - mainly in the speeches of N. A. Dobrolyubov. This article became known to Turgenev at the very moment of its appearance (he was in London and spoke with Herzen from June 1 to June 8, N.S., 1859); its orientation is the same as that of Turgenev's feuilleton. It is also possible to outline points of contact between the parodic image of the "six-year-old accuser" and the interpretation of Hamlet in Turgenev's speech.
The entire argumentation of Perminov in the above-mentioned article, presented here briefly, in its most significant moments, allows us to consider Turgenev's authorship for the feuilleton-parody in Iskra as proven.
Behind the big names of personalities known to us, less well-known, not always easy to remember and beautiful names and surnames can be hidden. Someone has to take a pseudonym solely for security reasons, someone believes that fame can only be achieved with a short or original pseudonym, and some change their last name or first name just like that, in the hope that this will change their life. Literary pseudonyms are popular with many authors, both domestic and foreign. Moreover, not only writers starting their careers, but also recognized writers, such as JK Rowling and the “great and terrible” Stephen King himself, hide behind fictitious surnames.
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