The problem of social inequality ("Garnet Bracelet" A.I. Kuprin) (USE in Literature)
Literary arguments for writing - reasoning. USE, Russian.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin - a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without labor
Until the age of twenty-six
Languishing in the idleness of leisure,
No service, no wife, no business
Couldn't do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?
3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembristism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.
1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.
2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live with their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the house-building.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.
3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.
1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.
9) Friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the terrifying world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the criminal's heart. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is the world, they live forever;
And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,
But everything is contained by a person,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11) Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, the readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.
13) Conscience.
1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough person. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.
3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. Its role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, the natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.
2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.
15) Officials. Power.
1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy "The Government Inspector", Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.
3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? There is!"
17) Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.
2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:
And the right place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Only to the workers - glory,
Only to them - a wreath for centuries!
19) The theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
Either shyness or jealousy torment ...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!
20) Purity of language.
1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the endXX- StartXXIcenturies, when we have witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that crowd out beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God forbid you be loved to be different!
21) Nature. Ecology.
1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about hercprotection, for purity, therefore, in his lyrics there are many bright, rich colors of love and hope. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes
Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...
In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.
2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafyev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art .
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:
And you can live without Pushkin
And without the music of Mozart too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
No doubt you can live.
Even better, calmer, easier
Without ridiculous passions and anxieties
And safer, of course,
But how to make this deadline? ..
23) About our smaller brothers .
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “In response to all whom she has tamed”, she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers”, towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .
2. In many works by Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Motherland. Small home.
Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:
Weaved over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls out to people.
Come on people never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
you happy to be
And motherland
Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.
26) Beauty.
Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, the physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers hewith such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the "firmament" of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,
Would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers of the USSR calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, a public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His best works are The Gulag Archipelago, Matryonin Dvor, The Cancer Ward...
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
The universal measure of all the values of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.
For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around" in order to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .
30) Freedom-non-freedom.
I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".
31) The problem of time .
During the long creative life of L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...
32) Morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin
For doubting God
He punished everyone with love,
What would have learned to believe in agony.
33) Space.
Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.
34 Favorite city.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:
And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin
Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Russia. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Russia, flap your wings":
Oh Russia, flap your wings,
Put another support!
With other names
Another steppe rises.
36) Historical memory.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unsubdued” by B. Gorbaty ...
I welcome everyone! This article is devoted to the most acute topic - social inequality in modern Russia. Who among us has not wondered why some people are rich and others are poor; why do some people survive from water to compote, while others drive Bentleys and don’t care about anything? I am sure that this topic worried you, dear reader! It doesn't matter how old you are. There is always a peer who is luckier, happier, richer, better dressed…. etc. What is the reason? What are the scales of social inequality in contemporary Russia? Read on and find out.
The concept of social inequality
Social inequality is the unequal access of people to social, economic and other benefits. By good we mean that (things, services, etc.) that a person considers useful for himself (a purely economic definition). You must understand that this concept is closely related to the term that we wrote about earlier.
Society is designed in such a way that people have unequal access to goods. The reasons for this state of affairs are varied. One of them is the limited resources for the production of goods. There are over 6 billion people on Earth today, and everyone wants to eat deliciously and sleep sweetly. And food, land, in the end, becomes extremely scarce and scarce.
It is clear that the geographical factor also plays a role. Russia, for all its territory, has only 140 million people, and the population is rapidly declining. But for example in Japan - 120 million - this is on four islands. With wildly limited resources, the Japanese live well: they build artificial land. China, with a population of over a billion people, is also, in principle, doing well. Such examples seem to refute the thesis that the more people, the less benefits and inequality should be greater.
In fact, it is influenced by many other factors: the culture of a given society, work ethic, the social responsibility of the state, the development of industry, the development of monetary relations and financial institutions, etc.
In addition, social inequality is strongly influenced by natural inequality. For example, a person was born without legs. Or lost his legs and arms. Here is an example of how this individual:
Of course, he lives abroad - and in principle, I think he lives well. But in Russia, I think he would not have survived. In our country, people with hands and feet are dying of hunger, and social services do not need anyone at all. So the social responsibility of the state is extremely important in smoothing out inequality.
Very often in my classes I heard from people that if they get sick more or less seriously, then the company in which they work offers them to quit. And they can't do anything. They don't even know how to protect their rights. And if they knew, then these companies would “hit” a decent amount and the next time they would think a hundred times whether it is worth doing this with their employees. That is, the legal illiteracy of the population can be a factor of social inequality.
It is important to understand that when studying this phenomenon, sociologists use the so-called multidimensional models: they evaluate people according to several criteria. These include: income, education, power, prestige, etc.
Thus, this concept covers many different aspects. And if you are writing an essay on social studies on this topic, then disclose these aspects!
Social inequality in Russia
Our country is one of those in which social inequality is manifested to the highest degree. There is a very big difference between the rich and the poor. For example, when I was still a volunteer, a volunteer from Germany came to Perm. Who does not know, in Germany, instead of serving in the army, you can volunteer for a year in any country. So, they put him to live in a family for a year. A day later, the German volunteer left. Because, according to him, even by the standards of Germany, this is a chic life: a chic apartment, etc. He cannot live in such chic conditions when he sees that the homeless and beggars are asking for alms on the streets of the city.
Plus, in our country, social inequality manifests itself in an extremely large form in relation to different professions. A school teacher receives 25,000 rubles for one and a half rates, God forbid, and some painter can receive all 60,000 rubles, the salary of a crane operator starts from 80,000 rubles, a gas welder - from 50,000 rubles.
Most scientists see the reason for such social inequality in the fact that in our country there is a transformation of the social system. It broke down in 1991, overnight, along with the state. A new one has not been built. Therefore, we are dealing with such a social inequality.
You can find other examples of social inequality and. And that's all for today - until new publications! Don't forget to like!
Sincerely, Andrey Puchkov
- A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes, not noticing his happiness, passes by. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This is what happened to Eugene Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. After meeting her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.
- M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". Pechorin's true love for Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.
- And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Yevgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life forced him to experience this true feeling for Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the mind and charm of this woman.
- and A. Goncharov."Oblomov". Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilyinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the efforts of the lovers were in vain.
- A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama experienced by Katerina, the main character in A. N. Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm".
- I.A. Goncharov."Oblomov". The great power of love is the theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of a loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love he abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate "crawling from one day to another" turned out to be stronger for Ilya.
- L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this state can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, after the hardships of life, Prince Bolkonsky was convinced that he would never again experience happiness and joy. However, the meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.
- A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry disappears from our life, the magical beauty of love, that people's feelings are diminished. Faith in love still amazes readers with the story of A. Kuprin "Garnet Bracelet". It can be called an exciting hymn of love. Such stories help to keep the faith that the world is beautiful, and people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.
- I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality is a serious topic that worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolz, are shown in almost the same way: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend's sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After the death of Oblomov, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. That's what real friends do.
- I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Friendship is about mutual influence. Relationships are fragile if people do not want to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich's apathetic, difficult to lift nature and Andrey Stolz's young energy - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend's concern. But the desires and attempts of Stolz deserve respect.
- I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it rests on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel Fathers and Sons. Arkady Kirsanov was at first a fierce supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because friendship was not equal.
- N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (about friendship, partnership). The fact that "there is no holier than the bonds of partnership" is said in the story of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba".
Among the most important theoretical problems of social philosophy, one can single out the problem of social justice and social equality. So far, there is no real model of social structure in which full equality could be realized. People from birth are not equal in their abilities - this is not their fault or merit. Talent, giftedness - to a large extent not personal, but public property, but at the same time he has the right to greater material rewards. The whole question is how some should be rewarded, with their "talents, enterprise, initiative", and others, whom nature, society and, perhaps, fate have deprived of such qualities. The concept of social justice is always historically concrete. K. Marx said that people's intuitive consciousness in determining social justice comes from the real possibilities of society. It becomes especially painful when opportunities are used inefficiently or when a group appropriates more than it should. In this case, one can recall the painful reaction to all kinds of privileges that have become a system in the life of Russian, as well as Kyrgyz society, both past and present.
Since ancient times, scientists have thought about the nature of relations between people, about the plight of most people, about the problem of the oppressed and the oppressors, about the justice or injustice of inequality. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Plato reflected on the stratification of people into rich and poor. He said that the state is, as it were, two states. One is the poor, the other is the rich, and they all live together, plotting each other all sorts of intrigues. Plato was "the first political ideologue who thought in terms of classes," says K. Popper. In his work The Republic, Plato argued that the right state can be scientifically substantiated, and not groped, fearing, believing and improvising. Plato assumed that this new, scientifically designed society would not only implement the principles of justice, but also ensure social stability and internal discipline. This is how he imagined a society led by rulers (guardians).
Society, according to Plato, has a class character. All citizens are included in one of three classes - rulers, warriors and officials, workers (farmers, artisans, doctors, actors). The rulers were divided into ruling and non-ruling groups. All these main layers (classes) were assigned certain functions. Wise rulers acted as a parent in relation to the other two classes. Plato ruled out any possibility of inheriting class status and assumed full equality of opportunity for all children, so that each would have an equal chance to exercise their natural abilities and be trained to fulfill their own role in life. If such selection and training could be carried out to perfection, then it would be fair to recognize the absolute power of the winners. To avoid the influence of the family, Plato proposed the abolition of the family in the ruling class and established that members of this group should not own any private property other than the bare minimum, so that they would not protect their own interests. They should only focus on the public welfare.
So, in the idea of justice developed by Greek philosophy, the element of inequality prevails. In Plato's dialogues, "the rule that individuals should not take what belongs to another, and in turn not be deprived of what belongs to themselves" is recognized as fair. Justice consists, therefore, in "that every man should have and do what is his"; it is unfair to take on the work of another person.
So, Plato designed a highly stratified society in which the characteristic features of the ruling class are equality of opportunity (chance), the complete elimination of private property and a focus on the common welfare. Aristotle in "Politics" also considered the issue of social inequality. He wrote that now in all states there are three elements: one class is very rich; the other is very poor; the third is the middle one. This third one is the best, because its members are most ready to follow the rational principle according to the conditions of life. The rich and the poor, however, find it difficult to follow this principle. It is from the poor and the rich that some grow up as criminals, and others as swindlers. The best society is formed from the middle class, and the state, where this class is more numerous and stronger than both others put together, is best governed, for the social balance is ensured.
Aristotle's views on property developed in direct dispute with Plato, to whom he attributed the protection of public property. However, Platoy did not write anything like this - in his "Republic" farmers and artisans live in a system of private property, and only the ruling class is deprived of any means of production, consuming the fruits of agriculture and crafts, and leads an ascetic but noble life. According to Plato, private property would destroy the unity of the ruling elite and its devotion to the state, therefore he forbids its day of rulers. Aristotle did not believe that private property was injurious to moral perfection, proving this with four considerations:
Aristotle is aware of the troubles that accompany the system of private property, but believes that they are "caused by a completely different reason, the depravity of human nature." The imperfection of society is corrected not by the equalization of states, but by the moral improvement of people. It is necessary to start the reform not so much with the equalization of property, but rather with teaching noble souls to curb desires and force the ignoble ones to do so (that is, by interfering with them, but without using brute force). The legislator should strive not for equality, but for the equalization of property. What matters is not who owns the property, but how it is used.
Aristotle praises a society where the middle class is the strongest. Where some people have a lot, others have nothing, one can come to two extremes - a plutocratic regime ("oligarchy") in the interests of only the rich, or a proletarian regime ("democracy") - in the interests of the urban poor. Any extreme can lead to tyranny.
And to this day, the essence of all discussions of the problems of inequality and social justice comes down to the same questions that the great Greeks raised and discussed. That is why we paid so much attention to their reflections.
Of decisive importance for the formation of modern ideas about the essence, forms and functions of social inequality, along with K. Marx, was M. Weber, a classic of world sociological theory. The ideological basis of M. Weber's views is that the individual is the subject of action, and the typical individual is the subject of social action. He sought to develop an alternative analysis from the multiple sources of social hierarchy.
In contrast to K. Marx, M. Weber, in addition to the economic aspect of stratification, also took into account such aspects as power and prestige. Weber considered property, power and prestige as three separate, interacting factors that underlie hierarchies in any society. Differences in ownership give rise to economic classes; differences of power give rise to political parties, and differences of prestige give rise to status groupings or strata. From here he formulated his idea of "three autonomous dimensions of stratification". He emphasized that classes, status corpses and parties are phenomena related to the distribution of power within the community. One can reconstruct Weber's typology of classes under capitalism as follows:
- The working class dispossessed. He offers his services on the market and differentiates by skill level.
- The petty bourgeoisie is a class of small businessmen and merchants.
- Dispossessed white-collar workers, technicians and intellectuals.
- administrators and managers.
- Owners who also strive through education for the advantages that intellectuals have.
- The class of proprietors, that is, those who receive rent from the ownership of land, mines, etc.
- "Commercial class", that is, entrepreneurs.
M. Weber argued that owners are a positively privileged class. At the other extreme is the negatively privileged class, here it included those who have neither property nor qualifications to offer on the market. This is a lumpen-proletariat. Between the two poles there is a whole spectrum of so-called “middle classes”, which consist of both small proprietors and people who are able to offer their skills and abilities on the market (officials, artisans, peasants).
M. Weber did not accept the ideas about the harmony of class relations that were widespread in his time. For M. Weber, freedom of contract in the market meant the freedom of the owner to exploit the worker. However, there were significant differences between him and Marx on this issue. For M. Weber, class conflict over the distribution of resources was a natural feature of any society. He did not even try to dream of a world of harmony and equality. From his point of view, property is only one of the sources of differentiation of people, and its elimination will only lead to the emergence of new ones.
M. Weber considered it necessary to recognize the fact that the "law of domination" is an objective technological law, and that society, by virtue of this, turns out to be, in M. Weber's own words, a "house of slavery" for the poor working class. He emphasized that rationalization meant the division of society into a ruling class of owners, guided solely by their own interests, and a dispossessed working class, forced to resign itself to its lot under the threat of starvation. However, he never discussed the question of a possible revolutionary action by the masses. M. Weber, unlike K. Marx, doubted the likelihood that the workers would be able to rise to real class consciousness and unite in a common class struggle against the system that exploits them. This can happen, according to M. Weber, only when the contrast of life chances is no longer perceived by the workers as inevitable, and when they understand that the reason for this contrast is the unfair distribution of property and the economic structure as a whole.
According to his assumption, only one rational economy is conceivable, which is a technocratic system operating through the mechanism of property privileges and class domination. Therefore, no dichotomy of interests can exist there. In the rational society of M. Weber, those who find themselves in an unfavorable position become modest due to the need to be in agreement with reason. In this sense, class is a kind of reflection in society of the quantitative rationality of the market. Thanks to this, it becomes clear who is worth what and who does what in society. At the same time, what people get and what they do depends on their life chances. These odds are probabilistic estimates of the duration and quality of life. Social class is a function of the overall assessment of "life chances". For some, these chances are great, they are supported by high prestige in the rational system of capitalism, for others they are low, offending human dignity.
Thus, Weber's interpretation of social inequality suggests that three types of stratification hierarchies exist and interact in it on the same human material, appearing in different configurations. They are largely independent of each other and from different sides and on different principles streamline and stabilize the behavior of members of society. Such an approach, according to Weber, allows a better understanding of the patterns of development and structure of society than the assumption of a pure connection between them and dividing them into “primary” and “derivatives”, especially when it comes to freedom and social justice. This issue became key after the collapse of the USSR in the post-Soviet space.
Seventy-four years of Soviet power created distorted ideas about economic freedom and social justice among the majority of the population of the USSR. In the post-Soviet space, there is a collapse of old worldview stereotypes and the formation of new ones. This is not proof of ideas being implemented, but only evidence that people who grew up under Soviet rule transferred their ideas about capitalism to reforms in their sovereign states and partly realized these ideas.
Economic freedom must be considered in the context of the freedom of the human person, because freedom is not anarchy and permissiveness, nor is it the antonym of totalitarianism. We talk about freedom when we mean the democratic structure of society, when management is carried out in the interests of the absolute majority of the population, that is, about freedom as a balance of interests of various groups and social strata. Obviously, economic freedom should also be considered in the context of not only the maximum disclosure of the capabilities of the economic entity itself, but also the extent to which the entire economic community (in this case, within one country) loses or wins from its economic activity. Due to the above reasons, the post-Soviet states, which did not yet know democracy in their history, are constantly fluctuating between anarchy and totalitarianism, a vivid example of the above is the December “velvet” revolution in Georgia. After the fall of the USSR, all economic barriers to entrepreneurship were removed, which was deftly managed by the most enterprising part of society, namely: part of the party and Komsomol activists, which consisted of people adapted to work in conditions of change and having connections at all levels of government. It is no secret that the most ardent democrats were former party workers. It was they who were the conductors of the ideas of economic freedom, which brought its own specifics to the process of "democratization" in the post-Soviet space in the first five years of their independence.
After the euphoria of the first years of the new era, sobering came, the industry stopped working without government orders and subsidies, the economy was fueled only by external loans. The parity of national currencies formed in the process of market supply and demand has led to the fact that it has become more profitable to import from abroad than to produce in the country. The market began to go into the "shadow" with all the ensuing circumstances, which led to a decrease in the real level of income. The real level of income is not growing, because: a) there are almost no effective trade unions in the post-Soviet space, talks about rights end in dismissal; b) there is no labor market, since demand many times exceeds supply; c) there is very little real investment in the economy. Businesses are struggling to survive. Of the newly registered enterprises, 90% die within three years. Salary is determined by the level for which the average person with certain experience and qualifications is willing to work in the absence of unemployment benefits and other sources of livelihood. Social justice is unthinkable without the support of social programs.
The situation with social justice is evidenced by 600,000 abandoned children, progressive vagrancy and homelessness. The birth rate of 1.2 has led in recent years to a 2-fold excess of deaths over births. According to the State Statistics Committee, in the first 4 months of this year, the population decreased by almost 300,000 people. With this rate of loss, by 2025 the population will be reduced to 100 million people. As a result, there will be an excess of the number of people of retirement age over the number of people of active age. And the burden on taxpayers will increase even more. In terms of average life expectancy, Russia ranks 91st between Tunisia and Honduras. The estimated healthy life for women is 66.4 years, while for men it is only 56.1 years. Characteristically, the pension reform involves a gradual increase in the retirement age.
Thus, in Russia's current economic circumstances, the coexistence of economic freedom and social justice seems increasingly problematic. Moreover, the current situation is a humanitarian catastrophe. All that has been said about Russia is also applicable to many states of the post-Soviet space, and our sovereign Kyrgyzstan is no exception.
Justice is a concept of due, associated with historically changing ideas about inalienable human rights. Justice implies the requirement of correspondence between the practical role of a person or a social group in the life of society and their social position, between their rights and duties, deeds and rewards, labor and rewards, crime and punishment, people's merits and their public recognition. Justice always has a historical character, rooted in the conditions of life of people (classes). To illustrate such a definition, one should consider its evolution, which took place in parallel with the development and formation of legal and moral consciousness in a class society.
Anaximander interpreted the concept of justice as the rule "not to cross the boundaries established from the ages." Heraclitus claimed that "god" is the embodiment of cosmic justice. Justice for the Vedic understanding is the righteous law of human existence, consonant with the beautiful order in the natural world. Confucius believed that justice is dictated by tradition, embodied in ritual and ethics, and is a manifestation of the will of "heaven". Mo Di - what is useful to people is fair. According to Socrates, justice is following wisdom, true knowledge, the order of things, laws. Plato's justice is the crown of the four virtues of an ideal state: justice - wisdom - courage - prudence. Aristotle states: "The concept of justice is connected with the idea of the state ...". Justice is an amazing virtue, a common good, an acquired property of the soul, by virtue of which people become capable of fair actions, consistent with the law and the right of the state. Epicurus said: "Justice is a kind of agreement not to harm each other and not to endure harm."
For a long period, the concept of justice was included in the framework of the theological worldview. Justice was associated in the public mind as a fixation of "God's order", an expression of the will of God. The theological worldview was replaced by a legal worldview as capitalist relations developed. F. Bacon argued that justice is what unites people and creates the basis for law. T. Hobbes in Leviathan writes as follows: “Justice, i.e. compliance with agreements is a rule of reason that forbids us to do anything that is harmful to our lives, from which it follows that justice is a natural law. B. Spinoza argued that "justice and injustice can only be represented in the state." I. Kant writes that "the consciousness of the justice of the action that I want to take is an unconditional duty." G.W.F. Hegel argues that the constitution is "existing justice, as the reality of freedom in the development of its reasonable definitions." Marxism claims that justice is an expression of existing economic relations wrapped in an ideological shell, its content and condition depend on the existing mode of production, therefore, everything that does not correspond to this mode of production is unfair.
Such an evolutionary transformation of the concept of justice has led to the now known, above, which defines justice as, first of all, the concept of due. In my opinion, we should stop here and consider some properties of the modern definition. From the many definitions of justice known to history and partially given above, it follows that justice is a relative (and indefinite) concept - with respect to the person expressed about it, it is also relatively (indefinitely) in relation to historical conditions, at the time of which the definition appeared.
The existence of such unacceptable properties for determining justice, such as uncertainty and relativity, gives the right to conclude that the goal of social policy is extremely large (since it is indefinite) and has no center because it is relative. It turns out that there is no point of application of force, which is in the hands of the ruling social group, there is no definition of the place where the energy of the ruling classes can be directed - all this leads to discoordination of the activities of the subjects of social policy and to a response - a reaction of protest from the object of social policy .
But after all, every source of energy must have a point of application of its power, otherwise it loses its meaning. What will bring meaning to social policy? There is only one answer: fairness. To create a concept of something, it is necessary to compare the object of our consideration with the object we have already understood, which acts as a standard. What can be taken as a standard with which to compare "Justice"? According to our research, this standard is social policy. Social policy is politics, that is, the activity of a social group in power, primarily a politician, and "Politics" (Greek politike - the art of government) is an activity whose core is the conquest, retention and use of state power. Hence, power is a tool for achieving welfare in society. Then what is power. Power is a form of social relations characterized by the ability to influence the nature and direction of the activities and behavior of people, social groups and classes through economic, ideological and organizational-legal mechanisms, as well as with the help of authority, traditions, violence. Agreeing with this position, society becomes dependent on the will of the ruling social group in the same way that the human body is dependent on the central nervous system. The human brain affects the nature and direction of activity and behavior of the cells (in terms of power - people) of our body.
The brain is the most authoritative, as the most aware of the surrounding and inner world part of the human body. If we consider the traditions of society as a set of rules-conclusions that have emerged from the experience of generations, then in the human body genetic information is a "tradition" known and executed by all cells of our body, it is hereditary information - a set of "rules-conclusions" that have emerged from the phylogenetic experience of our ancestors. Thus, the "tradition" by which brain cells perform their function is the genotype of the organism, which is the same for all cells - both subordinate and guiding. All this is a considerable arsenal, but still for the whole arsenal. The brain applies “violence” to its subordinate, although there are reasons - “justifications” that, at the material level, at the level of reflexes, “force” him to give such commands, but all this does not make pain - a signal of violence - a feeling of pleasure. The brain can cause pain in its own body, just as a ruling social group can cause protest in the society it rules. In my opinion, here the analogy is proven, and this will help us in the search for methods to achieve social justice, which is the goal of social policy.
The methods of social policy should be similar to the "methods" of the activity of the brain of the human body, since there is a parallel between the brain, in relation to the body, and social policy, in relation to society. Just as protest is incompatible with the state of justice in society, pain is incompatible with the state of health of the human body.
Two years ago, my students and I compiled these arguments for Option C.
1) What is the meaning of life?
1. The author writes about the meaning of life, and Eugene Onegin comes to mind in the novel of the same name by A.S. Pushkin. Bitter is the fate of the one who has not found his place in life! Onegin - a gifted man, one of the best people of that time, but he did nothing but evil - he killed a friend, brought misfortune to Tatyana who loved him:
Having lived without a goal, without labor
Until the age of twenty-six
Languishing in the idleness of leisure,
No service, no wife, no business
Couldn't do anything.
2. People who have not found the purpose of life are unhappy. Pechorin in M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" is active, smart, resourceful, observant, but all his actions are random, activity is fruitless, and he is unhappy, none of the manifestations of his will has a deep purpose. The hero bitterly asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born?
3. Throughout his life, Pierre Bezukhov tirelessly searched for himself and the true meaning of life. After painful trials, he became able not only to reflect on the meaning of life, but also to perform specific actions that require will and determination. In the epilogue of Leo Tolstoy's novel, we meet Pierre, who is carried away by the ideas of Decembristism, protests against the existing social system and fights for the just life of the very people, of which he feels himself a part. According to Tolstoy, in this organic combination of the personal and the national, there is both the meaning of life and happiness.
2) Fathers and children. Upbringing.
1. It seems that Bazarov is a positive character in I.S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”. Clever, bold, independent in judgment, an advanced person of his time, but readers are confused by his attitude towards his parents, who love their son madly, but he is deliberately rude to them. Yes, Eugene practically does not communicate with the elderly. How sad they are! And only to Odintsova did he say beautiful words about his parents, but the old people did not hear them themselves.
2. In general, the problem of "fathers" and "children" is typical for Russian literature. In the drama of A.N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”, it acquires a tragic sound, as young people who want to live with their own minds emerge from blind obedience to the house-building.
And in the novel by I.S. Turgenev, the generation of children in the person of Yevgeny Bazarov is already resolutely going his own way, sweeping away established authorities. And the contradictions between the two generations are often painful.
3) Insolence. Rudeness. behavior in society.
1. Human incontinence, disrespectful attitude towards others, rudeness and rudeness are directly related to improper upbringing in the family. Therefore, Mitrofanushka in D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth” speaks unforgivable, rude words. In the house of Mrs. Prostakova, rude abuse, beatings are a common occurrence. Here mother says to Pravdin: “... now I scold, now I fight; That's how the house holds up."
2. Famusov appears before us as a rude, ignorant person in A. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit". He is rude to dependent people, speaks grouchily, rudely, calls servants in every possible way, regardless of their age.
3. You can bring the image of the mayor from the comedy "The Government Inspector". A positive example: A. Bolkonsky.
4) The problem of poverty, social inequality.
1. With stunning realism, F.M. Dostoevsky depicts the world of Russian reality in the novel "Crime and Punishment". It shows the social injustice, hopelessness, spiritual impasse that gave rise to the absurd theory of Raskolnikov. The heroes of the novel are poor people, humiliated by society, the poor are everywhere, suffering is everywhere. Together with the author, we feel pain for the fate of children. To stand up for the disadvantaged - that's what ripens in the minds of readers when they get acquainted with this work.
5) The problem of mercy.
1. It seems that from all the pages of F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”, disadvantaged people ask us for help: Katerina Ivanovna, her children, Sonechka ... The sad picture of the image of a humiliated person appeals to our mercy and compassion: “Love your neighbor …” The author believes that a person must find his way “to the realm of light and thought”. He believes that the time will come when people will love each other. He claims that beauty will save the world.
2. In the preservation of compassion for people, a merciful and patient soul, the moral height of a woman is revealed in A. Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin Dvor". In all degrading ordeals, Matryona remains sincere, sympathetic, ready to help, able to rejoice in someone else's happiness. This is the image of the righteous, the keeper of spiritual values. This is without it, according to the proverb, "there is no village, city, all our land"
6) The problem of honor, duty, feat.
1. When you read about how Andrei Bolkonsky was mortally wounded, you experience horror. He did not rush forward with the banner, he simply did not lie down on the ground like the others, but continued to stand, knowing that the core would explode. Bolkonsky could not help it. He, with his sense of honor and duty, noble valor, did not want to do otherwise. There are always people who cannot run, be silent, hide from dangers. They die before others, because they are better. And their death is not meaningless: it gives birth to something in the souls of people, something very important.
7) The problem of happiness.
1. L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" brings us, readers, to the idea that happiness is not expressed in wealth, not in nobility, not in glory, but in love, all-consuming and all-encompassing. Such happiness cannot be taught. Prince Andrei before his death defines his state as “happiness”, which is in the intangible and external influences of the soul, - “the happiness of love” ... The hero seems to return to the time of pure youth, to the ever-living springs of natural being.
2. To be happy, you need to remember five simple rules. 1. Free your heart from hatred - forgive. 2. Free your heart from worries - most of them do not come true. 3. Lead a simple life and appreciate what you have. 4. Give back more. 5. Expect less.
8) My favorite work.
They say that every person in his life should raise a son, build a house, plant a tree. It seems to me that in the spiritual life no one can do without Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. I think this book creates in the soul of a person that necessary moral foundation on which one can already build a temple of spirituality. The novel is an encyclopedia of life; the fates and experiences of the heroes are relevant to this day. The author encourages us to learn from the mistakes of the characters in the work and live a “real life”.
9) The theme of friendship.
Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are people of "crystal honest, crystal soul." They constitute the spiritual elite, the moral core to the "marrow of the bones" of a rotten society. These are friends, they are connected by liveliness of character and soul. Both hate the "carnival masks" of high society, complement each other and become necessary to each other, despite the fact that they are so different. Heroes seek and learn the truth - such a goal justifies the value of their lives and friendship.
10) Faith in God. Christian motives.
1. In the image of Sonya, F.M. Dostoevsky personifies the “Man of God”, who in the cruel world has not lost his connection with God, the passionate desire for “Life in Christ”. In the terrifying world of Crime and Punishment, this girl is a moral light beam that warms the criminal's heart. Rodion heals his soul and returns to life with Sonya. It turns out that without God there is no life. So thought Dostoevsky, so Gumilyov later wrote:
2. The heroes of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" read the parable of the resurrection of Lazarus. Through Sonya, the prodigal son - Rodion returns to real life and God. Only at the end of the novel does he see "morning", and under his pillow lies the Gospel. Biblical stories became the basis of the works of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol. The poet Nikolai Gumilyov has wonderful words:
There is God, there is the world, they live forever;
And the life of people is instantaneous and miserable,
But everything is contained by a person,
Who loves the world and believes in God.
11) Patriotism.
1. True patriots in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" do not think about themselves, they feel the need for their own contribution and even sacrifice, but do not expect rewards for this, because they carry in their souls a genuine holy feeling of the Motherland.
Pierre Bezukhov gives his money, sells the estate in order to equip the regiment. True patriots were also those who left Moscow, not wanting to submit to Napoleon. Petya Rostov rushes to the front, because "the Fatherland is in danger." Russian peasants, dressed in soldier's overcoats, fiercely resist the enemy, because the feeling of patriotism is sacred and inalienable for them.
2. In Pushkin's poetry we find sources of the purest patriotism. His "Poltava", "Boris Godunov", all appeals to Peter the Great, "slanderers of Russia", his poem dedicated to the Borodino anniversary, testify to the depth of popular feeling and the strength of patriotism, enlightened and sublime.
12) Family.
We, the readers, are especially sympathetic to the Rostov family in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", whose behavior shows high nobility of feelings, kindness, even rare generosity, naturalness, closeness to the people, moral purity and integrity. The feeling of the family, which the Rostovs sacredly take in peaceful life, will turn out to be historically significant during the Patriotic War of 1812.
13) Conscience.
1. Probably, we, readers, least of all expected from Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" an apology to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough person. This surprised Bezukhov. We, as it were, see Dolokhov from the other side and one more time we will be surprised when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, releases a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be, when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.
2. Conscientious means a decent, honest person, endowed with a sense of dignity, justice, kindness. The one who lives in harmony with his conscience is calm and happy. Unenviable is the fate of the one who missed it for the sake of momentary gain or renounced it out of personal egoism.
3. It seems to me that the issues of conscience and honor for Nikolai Rostov in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" are the moral essence of a decent person. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. And once Rostov surprised me when he entered into an inheritance and accepted all the debts of his father. This is usually done by people of honor and duty, people with a developed sense of conscience.
4. The best features of Grinev from A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", due to upbringing, appear in moments of severe trials and help him get out of difficult situations with honor. In the conditions of rebellion, the hero retains humanity, honor and loyalty to himself, he risks his life, but does not deviate from the dictates of duty, refusing to swear allegiance to Pugachev and make compromises.
14) Education. Its role in human life.
1. A.S. Griboyedov, under the guidance of experienced teachers, received a good initial education, which he continued at Moscow University. The writer's contemporaries were struck by the level of his education. He graduated from three faculties (the verbal department of the philosophical faculty, the natural-mathematical and law faculties) and received the academic title of candidate of these sciences. Griboyedov studied Greek, Latin, English, French and German, and was fluent in Arabic, Persian and Italian. Alexander Sergeevich was fond of the theater. He was one of the finest writers and diplomats.
2.M.Yu. Lermontov, we refer to the number of great writers of Russia and the progressive noble intelligentsia. He was called a revolutionary romantic. Although Lermontov left the university because the leadership found his stay there undesirable, the poet was distinguished by a high level of self-education. He began to write poetry early, drew beautifully, played music. Lermontov constantly developed his talent and left a rich creative heritage to his descendants.
15) Officials. Power.
1.I.Krylov, N.V.Gogol, M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin in their works ridiculed those officials who humiliate their subordinates and please their superiors. Writers condemn them for rudeness, indifference to the people, embezzlement and bribery. No wonder Shchedrin is called the prosecutor of public life. His satire was full of sharp journalistic content.
2. In the comedy "The Government Inspector", Gogol showed the officials inhabiting the city - the embodiment of the passions rampant in it. He denounced the entire bureaucratic system, depicted a vulgar society plunged into general deception. Officials are far from the people, they are busy only with material well-being. The writer not only exposes their abuses, but also shows that they have acquired the character of a "disease". Lyapkin-Tyapkin, Bobchinsky, Strawberry and other characters are ready to humiliate themselves in front of the authorities, but they do not consider ordinary petitioners to be people.
3.Our society has switched to a new round of management, so the order has changed in the country, the fight against corruption, checks are being carried out. It is sad to recognize in many modern officials and politicians an emptiness covered with indifference. Gogol's types have not disappeared. They exist in a new guise, but with the same emptiness and vulgarity.
16) Intelligence. Spirituality.
1. I evaluate an intelligent person by his ability to behave in society and spirituality. Andrei Bolkonsky in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is my favorite character who can be imitated by young men of our generation. He is smart, educated, intelligent. He has such character traits that make up spirituality, such as a sense of duty, honor, patriotism, mercy. Andrey is disgusted by the world with its pettiness and falseness. It seems to me that the feat of the prince is not only that he rushed with a banner to the enemy, but also that he deliberately abandoned false values, choosing compassion, kindness and love.
2. In the comedy "The Cherry Orchard" A.P. Chekhov denies intelligence to people who do nothing, are not capable of work, do not read anything serious, they only talk about the sciences, but understand little in art. He believes that humanity should improve its strength, work hard, help the suffering, strive for moral purity.
3. Andrei Voznesensky has wonderful words: “There is a Russian intelligentsia. Do you think no? There is!"
17) Mother. Motherhood.
1. With trepidation and excitement, A.I. Solzhenitsyn recalled his mother, who sacrificed a lot for the sake of her son. Persecuted by the authorities because of her husband's "White Guard", her father's "former wealth", she could not work in an institution where they paid well, although she knew foreign languages very well, studied shorthand and typewriting. The great writer is grateful to his mother for the fact that she did everything to instill in him versatile interests, to give him a higher education. In his memory, his mother remained a model of universal moral values.
2. V.Ya. Bryusov connects the theme of motherhood with love and composes an enthusiastic glorification of a woman-mother. Such is the humanistic tradition of Russian literature: the poet believes that the movement of the world, of humanity comes from a woman - a symbol of love, self-sacrifice, patience and understanding.
18) Labor is laziness.
Valery Bryusov created a hymn to labor, which also contains such passionate lines:
And the right place in life
Only to those whose days are in labor:
Only to the workers - glory,
Only to them - a wreath for centuries!
19) The theme of love.
Every time Pushkin wrote about love, his soul was enlightened. In the poem: "I loved you ..." the poet's feeling is disturbing, love has not cooled down yet, it lives in him. Light sadness is caused by an unrequited strong feeling. He confesses to his beloved, and how strong and noble his impulses are:
I loved you silently, hopelessly,
Either shyness or jealousy torment ...
The nobility of the poet's feelings, colored with light and subtle sadness, is expressed simply and directly, warmly and, as always with Pushkin, charmingly musically. This is the true power of love, which opposes vanity, indifference, dullness!
20) Purity of language.
1. Over its history, Russia has experienced three eras of clogging the Russian language. The first happened under Peter 1, when there were more than three thousand marine terms of foreign words alone. The second era came with the 1917 revolution. But the darkest time for our language is the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st centuries, when we witnessed the degradation of the language. What is worth only one phrase that sounds on television: “Do not slow down - snickers!” Americanisms have overwhelmed our speech. I am sure that the purity of speech must be strictly monitored, it is necessary to eradicate clericalism, jargon, an abundance of foreign words that crowd out beautiful, correct literary speech, which is the standard of Russian classics.
2. Pushkin did not have a chance to save the Fatherland from enemies, but it was given to decorate, elevate and glorify his language. The poet extracted unheard-of sounds from the Russian language and "hit the hearts" of readers with unknown force. Centuries will pass, but these poetic treasures will remain for posterity in all the charm of their beauty and will never lose their strength and freshness:
I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,
How God forbid you be loved to be different!
21) Nature. Ecology.
1. For the poetry of I. Bunin, a careful attitude to nature is characteristic, he worries about its preservation, for purity, therefore there are many bright, juicy colors of love and hope in his lyrics. Nature feeds the poet with optimism, through her images he expresses his philosophy of life:
My spring will pass, and this day will pass,
But it's fun to wander around and know that everything passes
Meanwhile, as the happiness of living forever will not die ...
In the poem "Forest Road" nature is a source of happiness and beauty for a person.
2. The book by V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish" consists of many essays, stories and short stories. The chapters "Dream of the White Mountains" and "King-Fish" describe the interaction of man with nature. The writer bitterly names the reason for the destruction of nature - this is the spiritual impoverishment of man. His combat with the fish has a sad outcome. In general, in his reasoning about man and the world around him, Astafyev concludes that nature is a temple, and man is a part of nature, and therefore is obliged to protect this common home for all living things, to preserve its beauty.
3. Accidents at nuclear power plants affect the inhabitants of entire continents, even the entire Earth. They have long-term consequences. Many years ago, the worst man-made disaster occurred - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The territories of Belarus, Ukraine and Russia suffered the most. The consequences of the disaster are global. For the first time in the history of mankind, an industrial accident has reached such a scale that its consequences can be found anywhere in the world. Many people received terrible doses of radiation and died a painful death. Chernobyl pollution continues to cause an increase in mortality among the population of all ages. Cancer is one of the typical manifestations of the consequences of radiation exposure. The accident at the nuclear power plant led to a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality, genetic disorders ... People should remember Chernobyl for the sake of the future, be aware of the danger of radiation and do everything so that such disasters never happen again.
22) The role of art.
My contemporary, poet and prose writer Elena Takho-Godi, wrote about the influence of art on a person:
And you can live without Pushkin
And without the music of Mozart too -
Without everything that is spiritually dearer,
No doubt you can live.
Even better, calmer, easier
Without ridiculous passions and anxieties
And safer, of course,
But how to make this deadline? ..
23) About our smaller brothers.
1. I immediately remembered the amazing story “Tame Me,” where Yulia Drunina talks about an unfortunate, trembling from hunger, fear and cold, an unneeded animal in the market, which somehow immediately turned into a domestic idol. He was joyfully worshiped by the whole family of the poetess. In another story, the title of which is symbolic, “In response to all whom she has tamed”, she will say that the attitude towards “our smaller brothers”, towards creatures that are completely dependent on us, is a “touchstone” for each of us .
2. In many works by Jack London, man and animals (dogs) go through life side by side and help each other in all situations. When for hundreds of kilometers of snowy silence you are the only representative of the human race, there is no better and more devoted assistant than a dog, moreover, unlike a person, it is not capable of lies and betrayal.
24) Motherland. Small Motherland.
Each of us has our own small homeland - the place from which our first perception of the world begins, the comprehension of love for the country. The poet Sergei Yesenin has the most precious memories associated with the Ryazan village: with the blue that fell into the river, the raspberry field, the birch grove, where he experienced “lake melancholy” and aching sadness, where he overheard the cry of the oriole, the conversation of sparrows, the rustle of grass. And I immediately imagined that beautiful dewy morning that the poet met in childhood and which gave him a holy “feeling of the homeland”:
Weaved over the lake
Scarlet light of dawn...
25) Historical memory.
1.A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls out to people.
Come on people never
Let's not forget about this.
2. The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of the experience does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must keep the peace so that the descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
you happy to be
Thanks to them, the heroes of the war, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for the motherland.
26) The theme of beauty.
Sergei Yesenin in his lyrics sings of everything beautiful. Beauty for him is peace and harmony, nature and love for the motherland, tenderness for his beloved: “How beautiful the Earth and the man on it!”
People will never be able to overcome the sense of beauty in themselves, because the world will not change endlessly, but there will always be something that pleases the eye and excites the soul. We freeze with delight, listening to eternal music born of inspiration, admiring nature, reading poetry... And we love, worship, dream of something mysterious and beautiful. Beauty is everything that gives happiness.
27) Philistinism.
1. In the satirical comedies "Klop" and "Bath" V. Mayakovsky ridicules such vices as philistinism and bureaucracy. In the future, there is no place for the protagonist of the play "The Bedbug". Mayakovsky's satire has a sharp focus, reveals the shortcomings that exist in any society.
2. In the story of the same name by A.P. Chekhov, Jonah is the personification of a passion for money. We see the impoverishment of his spirit, the physical and spiritual "renunciation". The writer told us about the loss of personality, the irreparable waste of time - the most valuable asset of human life, about personal responsibility to oneself and society. Memories of credit papers he with such pleasure he takes it out of his pockets in the evenings, extinguishing in him feelings of love and kindness.
28) Great people. Talent.
1. Omar Khayyam is a great, brilliantly educated person who lived an intellectually rich life. His rubaiyat is the story of the ascent of the poet's soul to the high truth of being. Khayyam is not only a poet, but also a master of prose, a philosopher, a truly great person. He died, and his star has been shining in the "firmament" of the human spirit for almost a thousand years, and its light, alluring and mysterious, does not grow dim, but, on the contrary, becomes brighter:
Be I the Creator, the Ruler of heights,
Would incinerate the old firmament.
And I would pull on a new one, under which
Envy does not sting, anger does not scurry.
2. Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn is the honor and conscience of our era. He was a participant in the Great Patriotic War, was awarded for the heroism shown in battles. For disapproving remarks about Lenin and Stalin, he was arrested and sentenced to eight years in labor camps. In 1967, he sent an open letter to the Congress of Writers of the USSR calling for an end to censorship. He, a famous writer, was persecuted. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The years of recognition were difficult, but he returned to Russia, wrote a lot, his journalism is considered to be a moral sermon. Solzhenitsyn is rightly considered a fighter for freedom and human rights, a politician, an ideologist, a public figure who served the country honestly, selflessly. His best works are The Gulag Archipelago, Matryonin Dvor, The Cancer Ward...
29) The problem of material support. Wealth.
The universal measure of all the values of many people, unfortunately, has recently become money, a passion for hoarding. Of course, for many citizens this is the personification of well-being, stability, reliability, security, even a guarantor of love and respect - no matter how paradoxical it sounds.
For such as Chichikov in N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" and many Russian capitalists, it was not difficult at first to "curry favor", flatter, give bribes, be "pushed around" in order to "push around" themselves and take bribes, live luxuriously .
30) Freedom-Unfreedom.
I read E. Zamyatin's novel "We" in one breath. Here one can trace the idea of what can happen to a person, society, when they, obeying an abstract idea, voluntarily renounce freedom. People turn into an appendage of the machine, into cogs. Zamyatin showed the tragedy of overcoming the human in a person, the loss of a name as the loss of one's own "I".
31) The problem of time.
During the long creative life of L.N. Tolstoy was constantly running out of time. His working day began at dawn. The writer absorbed the morning smells, saw the sunrise, awakening and .... created. He tried to be ahead of time, warning mankind against moral catastrophes. This wise classic either kept pace with the times, or was one step ahead of it. Tolstoy's work is still in demand all over the world: Anna Karenina, War and Peace, Kreutzer Sonata...
32) The theme of morality.
It seems to me that my soul is a flower that leads me through life so that I live according to my conscience, and the spiritual power of a person is that luminous matter that is woven by the world of my sun. We must live according to the commandments of Christ in order for humanity to be humane. To be moral, you need to work hard on yourself:
And God is silent
For a grave sin
For doubting God
He punished everyone with love,
What would have learned to believe in agony.
33) Space theme.
Hypostasis of T.I. Tyutchev is the world of Copernicus, Columbus, a daring personality, going out to the abyss. This is what makes the poet close to me, a man of the age of unheard-of discoveries, scientific daring, and the conquest of the cosmos. He instills in us a sense of the infinity of the world, its greatness and mystery. The value of a person is determined by the ability to admire and be amazed. Tyutchev was endowed with this "cosmic feeling" like no other.
34) The theme of the capital is Moscow.
In the poetry of Marina Tsvetaeva, Moscow is a majestic city. In the poem "Over the blue of the groves near Moscow ....." the ringing of Moscow bells pours like a balm on the soul of the blind. This city is sacred for Tsvetaeva. She confesses to him the love that she absorbed, it seems, with her mother's milk, and passed it on to her own children:
And you do not know that the dawn in the Kremlin
Breathe easier than anywhere else on earth!
35) Love for the Motherland.
In the poems of S. Yesenin, we feel the complete unity of the lyrical hero with Russia. The poet himself will say that the feeling of the Motherland is the main thing in his work. Yesenin does not doubt the need for changes in life. He believes in future events that will wake dormant Russia. Therefore, he created such works as "Transfiguration", "O Russia, flap your wings":
Oh Russia, flap your wings,
Put another support!
With other names
Another steppe rises.
36) The theme of the memory of the war.
1. “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, “Sotnikov” and “Obelisk” by V. Bykov - all these works are united by the theme of war, it bursts into an inevitable disaster, dragging into the bloody whirlpool of events. Its horror and senselessness, bitterness was clearly shown by Leo Tolstoy in his novel "War and Peace". The writer's favorite heroes are aware of the insignificance of Napoleon, whose invasion was only the entertainment of an ambitious man who found himself on the throne as a result of a palace coup. In contrast, he is shown the image of Kutuzov, who was guided in this war by other motives. He fought not for glory and wealth, but for the sake of loyalty to the Fatherland and duty.
2. 68 years of the Great Victory separate us from the Great Patriotic War. But time does not reduce interest in this topic, draws the attention of my generation to the distant front-line years, to the origins of the courage and feat of the Soviet soldier - a hero, a liberator, a humanist. When the cannons thundered, the muses were not silent. While instilling love for the Motherland, literature also instilled hatred for the enemy. And this contrast carried the highest justice, humanism. The golden fund of Soviet literature included such works created during the war years as “The Russian Character” by A. Tolstoy, “The Science of Hatred” by M. Sholokhov, “The Unsubdued” by B. Gorbaty ...
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