The problem of disinterested arguments. Arguments from the literature in the direction of "Indifference and responsiveness

Trembling and twisted, leaning on two canes, he lingers on the edge of the sidewalk and does not dare to cross the street, because the traffic moves in an endless noisy stream. We young people are familiar with the noise and fuss. We, one might say, absorbed gasoline with mother's milk, and the horn accompanied our childhood games. And this old man's ability to navigate was formed in the calm, I would say even stagnant years of carriages drawn by gentle horses.

How pathetic he is when he stands like this and looks around, apparently waiting for help, and people pass by without paying the slightest attention to him. At such moments, beautiful and even sublime thoughts are born in my head. With my inner eye, I seem to see myself in the year 2000: leaning on a stick, I linger in indecision on the edge of the wide boulevard of the future, in fear of passing rockets and low-flying urban transport planes. Will no one give me a helping hand then?

I go up to the old man and take him by the elbow.

Come on, I say.

There was a clearing in the stream of cars. I drag him along.

Young man, he mutters.

Oh, the notorious old man's gratitude! On the way I nod to him and drag him on.

Calm down, I say. - We're almost there.

But my old man is simply bursting with gratitude.

Young man ... - he repeats.

I've already pulled him out onto the pavement and we're both safe and sound.

Nonsense, I say with a grin. - We must help each other, that's why we are people, right?

And I pat him on the shoulder in a friendly way, maybe too hard, because he somehow settles all over.

Then I turn and walk away. But he calls out to me, and when I look round, he makes me a sign to come back. I smile as I approach him. Someone, but I know what will follow: now he will offer me a cigar.

This is completely superfluous,” I declare magnanimously, stopping in front of him.

But the old man looks at me very angrily.

Young man, please take me back. I'm waiting for the bus.

The theme of selflessness in Russian literature of the second half of the 20th century

What is selflessness?

Selflessness - unwillingness to receive rewards for good deeds - is one of the highest feelings available to a person. Sometimes it is extremely difficult to follow the path of selflessness, to do something good just like that, having missed some benefit, but such actions are necessary, it is goodness without a reward that makes a person and the whole world better. This theme is eternal, it is reflected in the work of many writers. Modern authors also do not stand aside, because now, in the age of money and influence, it is especially important that something gratuitous remains.

The theme of selflessness in Shukshin's story "Master"

V. M. Shukshin created unpretentious, at first glance, stories. But all his works have a deep meaning. The story "Master" was no exception. The plot is simple: a carpenter with golden hands Syomka Rys lights up with the idea of ​​​​restoring the village church, but stumbles upon administrative obstacles (the regional executive committee reports that regional experts have already gone to see the Talitsky temple and came to the conclusion that it “is of no value as an architectural monument ... Nothing new for his time, some unexpected solutions or the search for such "master who built it did not show. The author of the church is a true master of his craft, like Semka, because the hero understood the true value of the temple, he wanted to make the world around him more beautiful, so that people passing by Church, admired and rejoiced. Unfortunately, the hero achieved nothing, his disinterested act remained without response, and Semka himself “did not stutter about the Talitsky church, never went to her, and if it happened to go along the Talitsky road, he turned his back on the slope church, looked at the river, at the meadows beyond the river, smoked and was silent. "Yes, the hero did not achieve anything, but his disinterestedness sinks into the soul, namely such caring people are trying to make the world more beautiful themselves, and do not expect any action from the administration.

Unselfishness in Rasputin's story "French Lessons"

V. G. Rasputin wrote on both topical and eternal topics, including selflessness. In one of his most famous short stories, French Lessons, he touches on this topic. The main character named Volodya is forced to leave home to study in the 5th grade, since there is only a 4th grade school in his native village. The boy lives from hand to mouth, is malnourished, so he begins to play for money in "chika". His French teacher Lydia Mikhailovna finds out about this and wants to help. Quite disinterestedly, the young woman pulls Volodya up in French and at the same time also plays with him for money in the "wall". But the teacher does not draw the student into a gambling game, but only wants him to have money, because the proud boy does not directly accept help. However, like Syomka Rys, Lidia Mikhailovna is not rewarded for her act: the director who fired her finds out about the game. But this support in the most difficult situation sunk into the soul of the hero, he carried the memories of Lydia Mikhailovna through his whole life, isn't this a reward?

Selflessness at the cost of heroism in Bykov's novel "Sotnikov"

The most difficult thing is to do kind and selfless deeds when you can pay for them with death. This is exactly the situation that happened in the life of Sotnikov, the hero of the novel of the same name by V. Bykov. He and his comrade-in-arms Rybak were partisans, but in another sortie, luck turned away from them. Sotnikov became seriously ill, and the Germans followed the partisans. The heroes came to the house of the mother of many children, Demichikha, a mortally tired and tortured woman, who, nevertheless, shared her last with the soldiers and hid Sotnikov and Rybak from the Germans in the attic. However, the sick hero betrayed himself, they were found, together with Demichikha they were sent to the police. Sotnikov was tormented by the thought that it was he who was to blame for everything, much more than the torture (and they broke his fingers and pulled out his nails because the hero did not give out the whereabouts of the partisans). The fisherman is tormented by the thought of suffering, so he betrays everyone he can betray in order to stay alive. Sotnikov's selfless act is that he took the blame on himself, because he wanted only him to die. However, the police had already heard Rybak's denunciation, so only the traitor was spared. Sotnikov and Demikha were hanged, but they were more alive than Rybak, who, for the sake of his self-interest and comfort, sold himself to the enemies, against whom he himself actively fought.

Thus, selfless deeds can cause not only a joyful reaction from others, sometimes the path of goodness becomes deadly. Everyone faces this choice at least once. And it is on goodness and unselfishness that our world still rests. Writers of the second half of the 20th century tell their readers about this, but it is also relevant in the 21st century.

Read also:

Brodsky and his "Beautiful" era

The author's style of Platonov on the example of the story "The Pit"

The problem of human responsiveness

favorite heroine of the writer - Natasha Rostova - definitely chooses to help wounded soldiers located in Moscow after the Battle of Borodino. She understands that they do not have enough strength to get out of the city, which will be captured by Napoleonic troops from day to day. Therefore, the girl, without regret, makes her parents give the wagons intended for sending numerous things from their home to the wounded. Her impulse, the vehemence with which she reprimands her mother that things are more important than people, make the elderly woman ashamed of her pettiness.

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examples of disinterestedness from literature

Disinterestedness in literature

In the Literature section, to the question Examples of disinterestedness in literature? the best answer given by the author Mikhail Panasenko is Savelyich in The Captain's Daughter, Stolz in Oblomov, Firs in The Cherry Orchard, Alik, Natasha in Sofya Petrovna, the Rostov family in War and Peace.

Primary source The list is endless.

The problem of disinterested help (according to the story of B. Ekimov How to tell.) (USE in Russian)

The problem of disinterested help (according to the story of Boris Ekimov "How to tell")

What are the origins of selflessness? Can you explain your need to selflessly help people? Boris Ekimov reflects on this in his work entitled "How to tell ...".

To draw our attention to the issues that concern him, he describes the annual trips of the hero of the story to the Don. Grigory tells his wife and factory friends that he is going to spring fishing, but in fact he is going to help the village aunt Varya, from whom he also hides the true reason for his arrival. Why is he doing this? Once Grigory saw how hard it was for an elderly woman to dig a garden, and since then for the fifth year he has been helping her plant potatoes and do some other housework. And although Aunt Varya is a completely alien person to him, and a sober voice stops: “You never know who suffers in this world,” “but the heart remembered, and did not want to forget Aunt Varya, and it ached for her.”

For the rest of his life he remembered a visit to the circus with a sailor and the pies of the controller Aunt Katya. Perhaps the memory of the actions of these people had such a beneficial effect on the formation of the character of the hero of the story? He does not tell anyone about the real purpose of his trips, all the time mentally repeating: "How to tell ...".

Grigory, dreaming of bringing his grown son to Aunt Varya to work, hopes that he will not have to explain anything: he will see and understand everything himself. After all, “it is necessary that he pity someone. Then there will be no violence."

The author of the story does not directly express his position, but we, the readers, understand it by analyzing the actions of the protagonist. Firstly, the writer, as it were, calls: sympathizing with a person, help him with deed and do not expect gratitude in return. And secondly, you don’t need to explain your “soul’s wonderful impulses”, because how many people, so many opinions.

Someone was kind to you

Do not forget his goodness all the time!

He himself did good to someone -

Don't mention it to him and forget it yourself!

In support of what has been said, the following literary example can be cited. Let's remember A. Platonov's story "Yushka". How both children and embittered adults mock the blacksmith's assistant! And he believes that all people are kind and simply do not know how to express their love. He himself is ill with consumption, he is malnourished in order to save money and help an orphan. Nobody knows where Yushka goes every summer. And he went to the city on foot to carry money for the girl's living and education. Yushka's act bore fruit: the girl he helped grew up and became a doctor. She treated tuberculosis patients for free.

Here is another example from Russian literature. The heroine of V. Rasputin's story "French Lessons", a teacher Lidia Mikhailovna, knowing that she could lose her job, plays for money with her starving student, because out of modesty he rejects all the teacher's attempts to help him. And the director of the school, obviously, could not understand the motives of her noble deed, and Lidia Mikhailovna had to leave the school.

So, all of the above allows us to draw the following conclusion: the main thing is to do good, and not trumpet at every crossroads about your charity. And you don’t need to explain anything, because a person with a good heart will understand everything without words, but you won’t get through to a hard-hearted person with any words.

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Examples of selfless help in literature

For example, Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace.

Unheard-of kindness and spiritual generosity are shown

heroes of the work during the war of 1812.

Pierre Bezukhov equips everything with his own money

necessary a whole detachment of militias, and himself with them

goes to war with Napoleon.

After the defeat of our troops at Borodino, Kutuzov

invites everyone to leave Moscow, and the Rostov family

is going to leave for his estate, plunging the property

But when Natasha Rostova finds out that carts are needed

for the removal of the wounded from burning Moscow,

she immediately orders to release the carts and

give them to the wounded.

This novel is Crime and Punishment.

Rodion Raskolnikov, on the verge of poverty and insanity,

gives away almost all of his money sent to him by his mother

and sister, at the funeral of Marmeladov, crushed by a horse.

Pyotr Grinev gave Pugachev his rabbit sheepskin coat,

showing unparalleled generosity.

Sitting, and standing, and lying in a layer,

A dozen hares were saved on it

“I would take you - but sink the boat! “

It’s a pity for them, however, but it’s a pity for the find -

I got hooked on a knot

And dragged a log behind him.

It was fun for women, children,

How I rolled the village of bunnies:

“Look: what old Mazai is doing! “

without saying a word, it gets between me and my food. And here in my refectory at least roll a ball! Eat, pike, eat, shark!

I would like to know how many rows of teeth you have in your mouth? Eat, wolf cub! No, I take that word back - out of respect for

wolves. Swallow my food, boa constrictor! He worked and worked, but his stomach was empty, his throat was dry, there was pain in the pancreas, that's all.

bowels cramped; I worked until late at night - and this is my reward: I watch how the other eats. Well, let's do it, let's share a dinner

in half. He - bread, potatoes and lard, I - milk.

They are all one sample, worthless! As soon as you present what they want, they become silent.

The baby swallowed milk so hastily and with such greed dug into the artificial breast, extended to her by this

grouchy providence that coughed.

Yes, you will choke, - Ursus muttered angrily. - Look, you're a glutton too!

He took the sponge from her, waited until the cough had passed, then put the bottle back into her mouth, saying:

What does it mean to be a selfless person?

Selflessness is one of the best moral qualities. A selfless person does everything for others and does not require a reward for this work. It seems to me that in our world today, where money reigns, it is very difficult to find such a person who is ready to help at any moment and do something good and useful for free. Now almost everyone is concerned about material wealth and no one wants to spend mental and physical strength on something that will not bring them profit.

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© Sochinyashka.Ru: What does it mean to be a selfless person?

An example of selflessness

In the conditions of market relations, the life of people from year to year becomes more complicated. Unemployment is growing. The majority of the population barely makes ends meet, not receiving a salary for whole months, and the prices for food, manufactured goods, fees for various services rise to the ceiling. Under such conditions, offenses and crimes are on the rise. Orphanages are replenished with children - orphans, difficult to educate, left without parental care. But the world is not without good people. Everywhere you can meet disinterested, sincerely generous people who voluntarily take orphans from orphanages for education, give them a particle of spiritual warmth.

We would like to tell you about an amazing woman with an unusual fate, Valentina Vasilievna Barbakhtyrova, whose life is closely connected with orphans from an orphanage.

Valentina Vasilievna was born in the family of a collective farmer on December 20, 1946 in the village of Kyrgydai, Vilyuysky District, YASSR. For a long time she worked as a milkmaid at the Mastakhsky state farm, for 8 years she was the chairman of the local trade union of agricultural workers, an indispensable member of the women's council and the parent committee, she was repeatedly elected a deputy of the village council, actively participated and participates in the public life of the village.

Barbakhtyrova V.V. one of the first in the ulus, in the republic, on her own initiative, she took on the upbringing of orphans from an orphanage. This courageous woman alone raised 8 children left without parental care.

In 1991, having lost her only son, having experienced the bitter fate of loneliness, she decided to adopt a child from the orphanage in Vilyuysk. So the first son of Gene appeared in the family - the consolation of the mother. Following this, in 1994, she took 3 girls at once: Anya, Katya, Lisa Soykinykh. In 1996, eight-year-old Zhenya came to visit from the orphanage for the summer. The little boy liked the kind attitude of Valya's mother, the warm friendly atmosphere in the family. At his request, the children and Valentina Vasilievna decided to leave Zhenya. After 5 years, the family was replenished with two more children: brother and sister of the Soykin sisters: Ruslan and Lyudmila. The hard fate of the orphaned Zakhar did not leave the mother's heart indifferent. So the eighth child appeared in the family.

At first, Valentina Vasilievna encountered many difficulties: the children's lack of knowledge of the Yakut language, knowledge gaps, health status, adaptation to rural life, incompatibility of characters, financial difficulties in market relations, etc. The family overcame all these problems thanks to the support of fellow villagers, relatives, the school and the orphanage.

The international Barbakhtyrov family lives together under the motto “Kuha5antan kuot, vchvgeiten ver”, “Yle kihini kiergeter”. Work in this family is always held in high esteem. Like all the inhabitants of the village, they maintain a large subsidiary plot, take care of the garden in the summer, mow hay, pick mushrooms and berries in the fall, stock up on pickles and jam for the long winter. They generously share their supplies with the Vilyui orphanage and orphanage. Each child in the family has a certain responsibility, having his own "front of work": boys do men's work, girls milk cows, take care of calves, cook, sew, help their mother manage a large farm. Every year, Valentina Vasilievna organizes the Sayylyk summer labor camp; in 2000, at the competition of summer family labor camps, they took first place in the republic and were awarded a valuable prize - a personal computer. The children of Valentina Vasilievna Barbakhtyrova are also famous in their native village and ulus as active participants in sports competitions, various competitions, subject Olympiads, schoolchildren's conferences, and amateur performances.

A large family of Valentina Vasilyevna grew up: the older children have already matured and entered into an independent life, started families, grandchildren appeared. The eldest son Gena graduated from the Yakut vocational school No. 16, works as an electrician in his native school. Married, raising three children. Continuing the family tradition, he took care of the boy Vanya from the orphanage. Daughter Anya successfully studies in the third year of the Faculty of Economics of the YAGSHA, she is married. Son Zhenya is a third-year student of the Mirny Regional Technical College with a degree in electrician-mechanic of high-rise lines. Katya is a second-year student at the Yakutsk Medical College, she is married and has a daughter. Liza is a second-year student of the YSU Faculty of Law, married and has a son. Zakhar graduated from the Kyzyl-Syr Training and Production Plant and continues his studies at the Mirny Regional Technical College as a gas welder. Ruslan graduated from high school and is studying at DOSAAF as a driver, preparing to serve in the army. The youngest daughter, Luda, is in the ninth grade and is her mother's helper and supporter.

The rich experience of Valentina Vasilievna in raising orphans is widespread in the ulus, in the republic, published in many printed publications: in the books “Labor education of a child in the family”, “Baryta holumtantan sa5alanar”, “The book of the year of childhood and children's sports”, in the ulus newspaper "Olokh suola", the republican newspapers "Sakha Sire", "Keskil". Her long-term, conscientious work has been marked by many diplomas, the Certificate of Honor of the President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), letters of thanks. In 2003 she became a scholarship holder of the Bar5aryy Foundation, in 2004 she was awarded the Mother's Glory medal.

References.

1. Labor education of the child in the family. Yakutsk, 2002
2. Everything starts from the home. Vilyuysk, 2001
3. Newspaper "Caskil" No. 37, 2008

Let us first recall the lexical meaning of these words.

self-interest- benefit, material benefit.

Mercy- willingness to help someone or forgive someone out of compassion, philanthropy.

benefactor- Someone who does charity work.

Charity- charity.

Charitable- 1.About actions, deeds: gratuitous and aimed at public benefit.2.Directed to provide material assistance to the poor.

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Daniil Aleksandrovich Granin (1919…) is a Russian writer and public figure.

Artworks:

• 1954 - novel "Searchers"

• 1962 - novel "I'm going into a thunderstorm"

• 1969 - the story "Someone must" (about scientists, about moral choice)

• 1977-1981 "Siege book" (chronicles of the blockade epic of Leningrad; co-authored with Ales Adamovich)

• 1987 - "Zubr" - a documentary biographical novel about N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky)

• 1994 - "Escape to Russia"

• 1997 - essay "Fear"

• 2000 - historical novel "Evenings with Peter the Great"

Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky (1900-1981) - biologist, geneticist. Main areas of research: radiation genetics, population genetics, problems of microevolution.

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additional information

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (1882-1969) - Russian Soviet poet, publicist, critic, translator and literary critic, children's writer.

• Crocodile (1916)

• Cockroach (1921)

• Moidodyr (1923)

• Fly-Tsokotuha (1924)

• Barmaley (1925)

• Telephone (1926)

• Fedorino grief (1926)

• Stolen Sun (1927)

• Aibolit (1929)

• The Adventures of Bibigon (1945-1946)

Preschool education:

• two to five

• The story of my "Aibolit"

• How "Fly-Tsokotuha" was written

• Chukokkala page

Anna Andreevna Akhmatova (Gorenko); (1889-1966) - Russian poet, writer, literary critic, literary critic, translator; one of the most famous Russian poets of the twentieth century.

Known for its tragic fate. Although she herself was not imprisoned or exiled, three people close to her were subjected to repression. Her husband N.S. Gumilyov in 1010-1918, was shot in 1921. Nikolai Punin, her life partner in the 30s, was arrested three times, died in the camp in 1953. The only son Lev Gumilyov was imprisoned in 1930-1940s and 1940-1950s. The experience of the wife and mother of "enemies of the people" is reflected in one of the most famous works of Akhmatova - the poem "Requiem".

Recognized as a classic of Russian poetry back in the 1920s, Akhmatova was hushed up, censored and harassed (including the “personal” resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 1946, which was not canceled during her lifetime). Many of her works were not published not only during the life of the author, but also for more than two decades after her death. At the same time, her name, right up to the end of her life, was surrounded by fame among a wide circle of admirers of poetry both in the USSR and in exile.

Artworks

• "Evening" 1912

• "Rosary 1914-1923.

• "White Pack" 1917, 1918, 1922

• "Plantain" 1921

• "Running Time" 1965

• "Requiem" 1935-1940

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additional information

Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninov (1873-1943) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor. In his work, he synthesized the principles of the St. Petersburg and Moscow composer schools (as well as the traditions of Western European music) and created his own original style, which subsequently influenced both Russian and world music of the 20th century.

Artworks:

• opera "The Miserly Knight"

• etudes-pictures for piano

• romances: “Do not sing, beauty, with me” (to the verses of A. Pushkin), “Spring Waters” (to the verses of F. Tyutchev), etc.

• Russian songs for choir and orchestra

• symphonic dances

Rimsky-Korsakov - Rachmaninov, Flight of the Bumblebee

additional information

Vladimir Alekseevich Gilyarovsky (1855-1935) - writer, journalist, everyday writer of Moscow.

Main works:

• "Slum People" (1887)

• "In the homeland of Gogol" (1902)

• "Moscow and Muscovites" (1926)

• "My Wanderings" (1928)

• "People of the Theater" (published 1941)

“Moscow and Muscovites” is the main, most famous book by V.A. Gilyarovsky. It consists of various essays and has absorbed more than half a century of impressions about Moscow and its inhabitants.

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additional information

In the mid-70s of the nineteenth century, I.S. Turgenev was for some time carried away by Baroness Yulia Petrovna Vrevskaya. When they met, he was already fifty-five, she was thirty-three. She lost her husband-general early, he was free, rich and famous, charming. The Baroness is enchanted, in love and waiting for a mutual feeling. But, alas, she did not wait for this. Turgenev was already privy to Y. Vrevskaya's plans to go as a sister of mercy to the Russian-Turkish war. Upon learning of the death of Vrevskaya, Turgenev wrote with pain in his heart: “She received that martyr's crown, to which her soul aspired, greedy for sacrifice. Her death saddened me deeply… Her life is one of the saddest I know.” I.S. Turgenev dedicated the poem “In Memory of Yu. Vrevskaya” to her, the main motive of which is the motive of mercy, sacrifice for the salvation of others.

Let the events you read about worthy people help you think about the life around you.

To expand the argumentation field in the process of preparing for the exam, we recommend visiting the pages:

We look forward to continuing our meetings!

For preparation for the exam You can use the tutorial " SEMI-FINISHED WORKS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE».

Essay 1 - about the work of a military plant during the war.

Usually human life passes without much upheaval and incident. Small misfortunes happen to a person, sometimes small joys fall to him - in general, he lives more or less measuredly, obeying the rules and customs established in society. But in the life of not one person, but entire tribes, peoples and states, there are periods when they have to exist in a rather unusual environment. Moreover, this situation is unusual most often from a negative side for a person. Famine, wars, droughts, revolutions... What should you do if such a misfortune happened to your country, tribe or nationality? The issue of actions to be taken in extreme circumstances is also discussed in Granin's text.

The text tells about the work of a tank plant that produces KV tanks in Chelyabinsk under the leadership of a certain Zaltsman during the Great Patriotic War. Specifically, the working conditions at the plant and episodes from its history are considered. The above conditions were difficult: the frost reached minus forty, due to the need to warm up the engines, the air in it was heavily polluted. Saltzman somehow drove the ventilation specialists away, giving them a day to solve the problem and threatening that if they didn’t meet, he would lock them in the shop and start all the engines until they died. The author notes that it was this severe condition that helped to ensure that the ventilation was adjusted, and proceeds to describe another episode. The plant worked very hard, especially during the battle for Moscow. Since, according to Stalin, who called him, the fate of Moscow depended on the Salzman tanks, the workers, including many old people and children of pre-conscription age, did not leave the factory for five days. As a result, three echelons of the tank went to Moscow, and later the fourth went: Zaltsman forced the chief engineer Gutin to fly after the radio equipment stuck somewhere with the train, despite the fact that it was not known exactly where the echelon was and how to get to it. Nevertheless, Saltzman rejected all objections with the words: “There are no impossible things!” Judging by the words of the author from the final paragraph, such methods used by factory directors were the norm during the war, although they were condemned after the war.

Knowing Granin's attitude towards Zaltsman - and he, apparently, treated him very respectfully - one can formulate the author's position. It, apparently, lies in the fact that an unusually difficult situation requires non-standard, even harsh methods of getting out of it. Sometimes even the suffering of people for the sake of achieving a result is justified by the result of their work.

It is difficult to argue with Granin, since in such extraordinary situations one has to make a choice between the bad - overstrain, overwork, injury and even death of people at work, and the very bad - in this case, the victory of the enemy. You can't let difficulties break you. When you try to act in inhuman conditions with human methods, you are very likely to fail, although few will condemn you for it.

As an illustration of the conclusions, it would be nice to start with some excerpt from a work about the Great Patriotic War, since war is one of the most critical situations that, in principle, a person can get into. In addition, this approach provides a certain continuity with Granin's text. Of the many possible works, I would consider Polevoy's The Tale of a Real Man, or rather, a certain Vasily Vasilyevich and other staff of the Moscow clinic where Meresyev was treated. This clinic was famous, with established traditions, with a high level of patient care. The war could not but affect her: the number of sick and wounded, as well as beds for them, increased significantly. The latter sometimes had to be put out in the corridor. In an extremely tense environment, the tired clinic staff, led by their boss, managed to maintain the same quality of patient care and more or less pre-war procedures. Why did they succeed? Because Vasily Vasilyevich, himself working furiously, did not allow others to relax, believing that right now, during the war, the hospital should have the most strict order. He did not accept any excuses from work and did not refuse it himself. Perhaps if the doctors, sisters and other employees of the hospital had worked less intensively, they would have looked better, healthier. But the price of this would be the life and health of the defenders of the Motherland, including the protagonist.

Of course, the heads of factories, hospitals, and other logistics agencies are not the only people on earth who make important choices in terrible conditions. Moreover, not only in war, people have to make superhuman efforts to help themselves and others get out of a difficult situation. It was precisely such efforts, in the literal sense, that Danko from Gorky's "Old Woman Izergil" had to undertake. To begin with, he turned out to be the only strong-willed person in the tribe to offer to look for a way out of the forests and swamps, despite all the threatening dangers. It wasn't that the other members of his tribe were particularly weak-willed, just that they were overwhelmed by a terrible life without a sky above their heads, with poisonous fumes that they had to inhale, and a terrifying roar of the wind. One way or another, Danko led them. The tribe, exhausted from fatigue along the way, losing people, began to grumble at Danko, and then even threatened to kill him. His explanations did nothing to improve the situation. Then, realizing that without his help they would die, Danko decided to sacrifice himself for the sake of others, and, tearing out his heart burning like a torch from his chest, illuminating their path, he led them further and led them out into the open space, where he soon fell dead with a smile on your lips. Had he taken some other decision, he would have died anyway, and so he at least saved his fellow tribesmen, who, alas, did not appreciate his feat.

It can be seen from the examples given that unusual difficulties do require unusual measures to be taken to overcome them. But remember, trying some of these methods in a calm environment is very likely to be ineffective. They can even worsen the situation, which should not be allowed. After all, almost every method has its limitations and disadvantages.

Essay 2 - about the children of war.

Children are our future. A lot depends on how they grow up, which is why parents pay so much attention to their upbringing. It is easy to explain to children what good and evil are in ordinary life, but war changes everything. It is difficult to say how the children of the war will grow up, who have been deprived of their childhood and brought down on them by the fear and horror of battles, which not all adults can endure. In his text, the author raises the problem of the impact of war on children.

At the beginning of the text, the narrator talks about the children who were brought from Leningrad by train. Everyone on the platform knew what the blockade of Leningrad was, and at first no one reacted to the announcement of their arrival. But people began to stop and look at them, despite the fact that they saw a lot in the war. The narrator notes that all the children were different, but they had one thing in common: they were children of war. These two words are absolutely unnatural and express the most destructive essence of war. But the main thing is that the children survived and bring people hope for the future. Apparently, when all the children were dropped off, they went somewhere after the woman, and the narrator compared them to a living stream, in which, according to him, there was an inextricable connection with their neighbors. The narrator ends his text with a question about the future of these children, which remains unanswered.

According to A. Pristavkin, the brought children looked very pitiful, but it did not matter, because they were alive and gave hope for rebirth: ; children saved and carried out from the fatal flame, and this meant rebirth and hope for the future, without which these people, also different on the platform, could not go on living.” In addition, the author believes that they had one common distinguishing feature: their behavior: “... which was expressed in how they behaved towards each other and towards adults, how they stood, how they held hands, lined up in a column ... ”, - the author described it with one expression “children of war”.

I cannot but agree with the opinion of the author. Children in the war are extremely hard. They are forced to grow up ahead of time and do things that are unusual for children. At the same time, they are the future and hope of our country, so adults should protect them, try to protect them at least a little from the horror that war brings with it.

The work of L. Kassil "The Story of the Absent" is a vivid example, confirming the position of the author. The action takes place in wartime. The Germans cut off a small military unit from the main army, and it fell into a trap. It was impossible to get out without preliminary reconnaissance. One of the soldiers volunteered himself and went. He was walking through a ravine in which he saw a child. The soldier found out that the boy had been watching the Germans all day and knew all their positions. They were about to climb out of the ravine and return to the rest, but a mine exploded next to them, and the soldier's leg was injured. They heard that the Germans were coming towards them, then the boy, without hesitation, got out of the ravine and went towards the enemy. He ran along the road in the other direction to distract the Germans from the wounded soldier. The child was shot, but the fighter returned to his own and led the entire unit out of the forest through the ravine, so that not a single person died. This boy, whose name has remained unknown, saved an entire military unit with his heroic deed. The child accomplished a feat that is beyond the power of every adult - this suggests that the war forced him to grow up ahead of time. An innocent child gave his life for the lives of other soldiers and other children.

Another example is the story of L. Kassil "Marks of Rimma Lebedeva". The village where Rimma and her mother lived was close to the front line, so they moved to the city with their aunt. Rimma went to school, but her aunt did not let her study properly, arguing that she was almost at war and now she should not overexert herself. At first, the girl resisted, but then she herself began to tell everyone that they had not been at war, they did not know how it was, and stopped studying. There was a hospital next to the school where children went to help the wounded. Rimma made it with her own hands and brought one of the soldiers a pouch, which looked more like a mitten. The wounded man asked Rimma to write a letter, but the girl wrote very illiterately, and the soldier did not like it. He decided to write letters to her every day and teach her literacy. At the end of the term, Rimma brought him a report card with grades, which was "excellent" for the Russian language. The war could be an excuse not to get an education. She changed Rimma's attitude towards the people around her: she looked down on them, because her classmates were not at war. She was lucky that the soldier intervened and helped her become more literate. But it is easy to imagine how many children could not gain knowledge during the war, because they had to fight not for grades, but for life.

In conclusion, I want to say that war never brings anything good with it. Children who grew up during the war years are very different from the rest, because they did not have a childhood. Someone didn’t get an education, someone didn’t get parental love, someone just had to fight for their life every day - all this changes consciousness, and it is very important to try to explain to such children what is bad in this world and what - good.

• Theme of nature.

Essay 3 - about chamomile.

Human life has always been strongly dependent on nature. Despite the fact that now humanity has achieved great results in its development, it is still an inseparable part of it. In his text, the author raises the problem of the responsibility of generations to their descendants for the conservation of nature.

Yu. Yakovlev's text tells how children found an unusual flower near their house. At first they asked their parents about him, but they did not give an answer. Neighbors came, looked at it, and everyone had their own version of the appearance of the flower, but no one could say for sure. Then everyone remembered their grandmother and decided to turn to her. The author says that people now know about the time in which she lived only from books. She gave the answer: it was a camomile. Grandmother said that before there were a lot of these flowers, but they were plucked all in a row, and they were gone. The text ends with a statement from the grandmother, who accuses her generation of not saving the dearest flower of our land. Modern children do not know about its existence. Yakovlev ended his text with such sad words, in order for the reader to think about the fact that each of our actions has its own consequences that our descendants will feel.

According to the author, chamomile is the most native flower of our land: "From childhood to old age, a small sun with white rays shone on a person." Yu. Yakovlev believes that previous generations are to blame for the modern ones for not treating nature with care, and because of this, some plant species have not survived to this day: “We are to blame for you, children! Did not save the chamomile. The most native flower of our land was not saved, and it became alien to you, like an alien.

The work of R. Bradbury "Smile" describes the events of the future. Mankind survived the war, as a result of which the entire civilization disappeared, and people returned to the traditional way of life. Not only the achievements of science suffered, but also nature and the environment: the roads were like a saw, up and down, from the bombings, the fields glowed at night from radiation. It is difficult to say what harm this war did to the environment, but, of course, children born after these terrible events saw a completely different world. All this happened due to the fact that someone did not share something. People in the past acted irresponsibly and selfishly, and the consequences have to be dealt with by the younger generations, who inherited only a tiny part of the natural wealth.

Another example confirming the words of the author is the work of A.P. Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard". The estate of the landowner Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya had a huge cherry orchard, which was the pride and just a favorite place of the Ranevsky family. Unfortunately, the beautiful garden was soon to be sold for debt. Lyubov Andreyevna always overspent money, and for the last five years she lived abroad and did not look after the estate. Ranevskaya receives a proposal to cut down the garden and give the land for summer cottages in order to avoid selling the estate. Lyubov Andreevna is horrified by this offer, and she refuses it. It turns out that she does not want to cut down the garden, but she allowed to bring it to such a state. Gaev, Ranevskaya's brother, is trying to make some plans to save the garden, he even asks an aunt from Yaroslavl for money, but all in vain. It was already too late, and on August 22, on the day of the auction, the estate was sold to Lopakhin, who had previously persuaded Ranevskaya to cut down the garden. So he was going to do after his purchase. Thus, the family did not preserve this wonderful garden for future generations. Due to the negligence of the Ranevsky family, no one else will be able to admire it, walk between the trees and pick cherries. Descendants learn about him only from stories.

In conclusion, I want to say that nature undoubtedly plays a key role in human life. People must understand that nature is very fragile, and we must protect it not only for ourselves, but also for our children, for the sake of the future of all mankind.

Essay 4 is about animals.

Pets have always been people's friends. Therefore, they deserve proper treatment. Despite the fact that a person has great power over domestic animals, he should not treat them as he wants. People must take care of their pet, groom and cherish it, and only in this case the pet will respond in kind. It is the problem of the attitude of people towards animals that the author raises in his text.

Goncharova begins her text by introducing the main character, Seraphim, a Chernivtsi veterinarian who adores his patients. A man communicates exclusively with those people who treat their pets well, he does not want to know the rest. For example, Seraphim stopped communicating with Leva Gold, from whom the turtle ran away. For the veterinarian, this person automatically became bad: “Goodbye, Leva Gold, you are an animal.” Further, the writer talks about a beautiful cat that was fed by the owners so that she stopped moving and showing activity. Such hosts are not Seraphim's friends either. The next pet is a parrot. He behaves horribly, steals and swears. The veterinarian explains that the bird, unlike its owner, can be pointed out once to mistakes, and she will immediately understand them. The first to receive positive feedback is the donkey Socrates. Seraphim says that he is smart and very quick-witted, although sometimes he still shows his donkey, stupid qualities. Seraphim says about Osadchikh's goat that she is amorous, stupid and importunate. In her tobacco addiction, he blames the owners, whom he considers animals. The veterinarian also talks about Fedor the pig, who, according to Seraphim, does not get fat, because everything goes to his mind. The owners of the piglet are evil people, they want to kill him. The owners are to blame for the loss of hearing in the dog of the Tomultsovs, who ruined their talent by taking the dog hunting in the winter. Seraphim himself does not have his own pet, because he devotes all his time to others: not only animals, but also their owners. For example, a recently familiar lady brought puppies. Seraphim spends every day with her, but not only because of the puppies, but because the owners are people. Goncharova, completing her text, writes what exactly Seraphim will be able to tell: what kind of person is good, and what kind of person should not be communicated with.

The author believes that the habits of pets can be said about the nature of their owners, which is why people should treat animals well. According to the author, well-mannered and smart pets can only be with decent and intelligent owners.

I cannot but agree with the author. In my life, I have faced similar situations many times. It seems to me that pets, like children, they take an example from people and imitate their behavior, so the owners should monitor their behavior, pay attention to pets and educate them.

A striking example is the story of Kazakov Yu. "Arcturus - the hound dog". It speaks of a hound dog who was born blind. For his handicap, his owners threw him out into the street, where he grew up very shy because people kept kicking him and yelling at him. Once a doctor who was returning from duty saw him, he took him to his home, washed him and fed him. After that, the doctor wanted to drive the dog away, but he rested and did not go. So a new inhabitant appeared in the house. Kazakov describes Arcturus as an unusual dog. The animal loved its owner passionately, with all his soul. The Doctor is the only one who treated Arcturus kindly, so the dog was incredibly devoted to him. After some time, Arcturus began to spend a lot of time in the forest, hunting instincts made themselves felt. One day he came across a fox and chased it through the whole forest. Rumors about the unusual dog quickly spread, and people came to the doctor who offered big money for the dog. The doctor flatly refused, he loved Arcturus very much, he did not need any money. It seems to me that Arcturus understood everything and therefore did not even think about leaving the owner or betraying him. Probably, if it were not for the accident in the forest, they would have lived in perfect harmony with the doctor. This story is the best way to show that the relationship of a person to an animal is directly related to the relationship of an animal to a person.

Another, no less striking, example is the work of K. Paustovsky "The Gray Gelding". The story tells about a horse that has worked for people all its life. When she could no longer work, the chairman of the collective farm wanted to send her to the horse-dresser, but the groom Petka took pity on the horse and took it for himself. That is why the gelding followed him when Petya and Reuben went to the river. The horse felt a good attitude towards himself from Petka, and therefore treated him the same way.

In conclusion, I want to say that many people treat animals as stupid creatures, treat them badly and allow themselves to be pushed around, but even pets understand everything, and therefore become the same as their owners, they imitate them in everything, in including behavior.

• Art theme.

Essay 5 - about books.

Lots of people read books every day. At the same time, they relate very differently to both the information they read and the book itself. Some consider literary works noble food for the mind, spiritual mentors. Others perceive reading as a good way to kill time and disperse boredom. Some individuals generally think that books are only good for kindling a stove. So how should books be treated? This issue is considered, among other things, in the text of V. Soloukhin.

The text is a dialogue between two friends. To be more precise, most of it is the story of one of the interlocutors about the incident that occurred in the city of K. This incident was connected with the library, namely, with the old books in it. The librarian Valentina Filippovna, with whom the narrator was on good terms, suggested that he take and drive a truck in order to choose any books from the available ones. She still needed to hand over these works to waste paper by order of the city authorities, and she hoped that he, her acquaintance, as the only professional writer in the city, would at least save something. By the way, among these books were the original editions of Radishchev, Derzhavin, Baratynsky and Batyushkov, the first books in French by Dumas and Balzac, the Bible illustrated by Doré ... The writer did not take all these rarities, because he had a lousy mood because of a quarrel with his wife and he was too lazy to hire a truck. Apparently, such an attitude towards really valuable books offended the librarian. The narrator subsequently condemned himself, comparing himself with a fool to whom the treasure is given.

Apparently, the position of the author is that books should be treated with care and valued. Some books, from the point of view of Soloukhin, are really a treasure. Those who pass by this wealth, the author condemns.

It is difficult to disagree with Soloukhin, because there is a lot of knowledge in books that can be useful to us in life. Reading books also teaches us how to work with information. Finally, by reading books, we can touch the beautiful, discover a whole world of new emotions and impressions.

In literature, as in life, alas, quite often there is a type of people who do not appreciate books and do not like to read. Some prefer to replace the knowledge gleaned from books with something pseudo-scientific. If such people make up the majority in society, which, fortunately, is rather difficult to imagine, such a society will degrade. Let's take, for example, some miserable remnants of humanity from the story of K. Simak "The Generation That Achieved the Goal". These people, having been flying for a long time on a spaceship that carried them off the earth, have already forgotten how to control it and what it is intended for. Reading books eventually fell under their ban. They considered their ship to be a whole separate world, and not one of hundreds of the same. The development of science stopped, the society was dominated by a religious view of the world. On the whole ship, fortunately, there was one single person named John Hoff, to whom the ancestor bequeathed a manual for managing the ship and various books. Having read far from everything that was bequeathed to him, John sharply realized that the picture of the world that all the inhabitants of the ship imagine is strikingly different from the true one. Moreover, he discovered that the ship was rushing to the star and they were all in danger of death. Looking ahead, I’ll say that if he didn’t dare, despite the ban, to pick up a book, people would die without even knowing what killed them. No one would change the course of the ship, and people would burn in the flames of the star. By the way, on realizing the truth, Hoff's adventures are far from over. He was left almost alone with his truth. He also had to make sure that, in addition to books, it was not in vain that his ancestors bequeathed him a gun ...

Naturally, the literary example of degrading humanity, ceasing to appreciate books, is quite vivid. Another thing, as experience shows, in the near future, hardly anyone will forbid reading books in general. Reading books for the younger generation will slowly be replaced by a computer and TV. Such an undesirable development of events was also noticed by the physicist Georgy Andreevich from the story of F. Iskander "Authority", and the general trend directly affected his youngest son. The latter, capturing the formal meaning of the books, did not understand the deeper meanings laid down in them by the author. In addition, he himself did not like to read books, and he was reluctant to listen to his father's reading. Neither Shot, nor The Captain's Daughter, nor Hadji Murad touched him particularly. Realizing that by not reading books, his son would miss something very important in his life and move away from him, Georgy Andreevich decided to put his son to a book, arguing with him that he would beat him in badminton. It turned out to beat my son in badminton, albeit with great difficulty. The reader is left with the hope that for the latter, at least in this way, the wonderful world of literature will open.

In conclusion, I would like to say that a good attitude towards books, the ability to appreciate them, of course, is not yet a guarantee of education and success in life. But in itself this quality is very worthy. Too bad it's getting rarer and rarer...

• The theme of Motherland and childhood.

Essay 6 - about the grandfather's house.

People relate to places differently. Saying the word “place”, I mean not just a geographical coordinate, but something related to my own human memories, like the playground where you played as a child, school, home ... The latter, for example, can be remembered with warmth every day. But not for everyone it plays such an important role - others consider it only the first place of residence. So how should you relate to the place where you spent your childhood? This issue is also discussed in Iskander's text.

The story is told in the first person. The narrator describes his longing for his grandfather's house and its causes. Already in the second paragraph, he says that now that this house is gone, he feels robbed. It seems to him that some main root of his is chopped off. Explaining his thought, the narrator describes to us all the charm of a place dear to him. Of course, it lies partly in the beauty of both the nature of the courtyard and the interior of the house, but more important for a person who is familiar with all this is the memories associated with these beautiful objects and objects of nature. About how he listened to hunting stories in the kitchen, how many unripe apples he knocked from the apple tree, and so on. The most important thing, probably, was that the house, with its hearth smoke and the kind shade of trees, supported the narrator and made him bold and confident.

The position of the author, apparently, is that one should treat one's home with indifference, with respect and care, because it is important for you, it can help you in your life. The memories associated with him are of great value.

It is difficult to argue with Iskander, because in difficult times happy memories help a lot to dispel sadness and longing for a while. I think many people have plenty of those related to their home. In addition, this house is your fortress, a place where you almost always feel comfortable, a place that is almost alive for you. Perhaps, for someone, he is even almost a full-fledged interlocutor ...

There are many works in literature where the main characters somehow realize the value of their home. In Bradbury's Strawberry Window, for example, a family that has moved to Mars experiences homesickness on Earth. This is especially evident in the example of Kerry. She lacked, it would seem, all the little trinkets that created comfort in an old house, like an Armenian carpet or Swedish mirrors. The earthly house itself was very different from her and Bob's now - it was wooden, and the sounds generated by the tree gave it something like a soul. He seemed to soak up the years. The current house made only tin sounds, as if it did not matter to him whether the owner lived in it or not. Bob, understanding all this, but at the same time believing that humanity should spread throughout the universe for the purpose of self-preservation, in order to settle down well somewhere by the time the sun explodes, decides to spend the savings accumulated over ten years in order to transport some of the cute to the heart of things on Mars, making living on it at least a little more comfortable. His decision was understandable, but hasty: Kerry and the children were hardly happy to spend money so quickly, and without their knowledge. However, this is not directly related to the issue we are considering ...

Naturally, the theme of loving the place where you spent your youth is not limited to science fiction literature. For example, in Chekhov's Cherry Orchard, she is one of the main ones. Ranevskaya and Gaev have warm feelings towards the garden itself, the estate, the children's rooms and the old closet. The reason is simple: these things remind them of childhood - that glorious time when life was easy, when they did not feel any responsibility for their action or inaction. Alas, these personalities remained as infantile as they were, so they could not save the garden from being sold under the hammer - instead of taking decisive action, they talked about the beauty of the garden, the fate of Russia, and also had fun. Ironically, the garden went to a person who did not understand its value, but offered the most real ways to save it, that is, Lopakhin. As a result, the cherry orchard was cut down, the house was boarded up along with the footman Firs, forgotten by his masters. The former owners were hardly happy about the fate of the estate, where they spent their best years.

In conclusion, I would like to say that, of course, your home is unlikely to be the only memorable place in your life. There are cases when a person initially does not have a place that he could call home - and nothing, he lives! But in most cases, it is best to remember where you come from, where you grew up, how your life journey began.

• The theme of life values.

Essay 7 - about spiritual and material values.

In the modern world, people attach great importance to their material well-being, which determines their status in society. Spiritual values ​​sometimes fade into the background, but still people need them to satisfy their internal aesthetic needs. What does a person need more in life: material or spiritual values? This is the question raised by the author in the text.

The story is told in the first person. The narrator begins by describing the events that take place. He was on a business trip in Italy, where he met an Italian millionaire, who at the end of the evening invited him to his house for dinner. At first glance, this man was a typical bourgeois millionaire with the appropriate behavior and manners. However, at home, the millionaire said that he loves poetry very much and released a small collection for friends. The narrator was struck by the beauty of this collection: it was made from expensive materials, and at the same time with great taste. Then he notices how the Italian has changed when talking about poetry: he has become softer. The millionaire read him a short poem that had come together during the evening, and the narrator noted that it made sense, although he did not expect this from the owner of the factory. The text ends with a speech by an Italian millionaire who says that he is unhappy because he has to work in a factory, that is, his unloved business, but without a factory, he says, he would be even more unhappy.

The author's opinion is expressed in the text through the words of an Italian millionaire: "I am unhappy, God knows ... But without the factory, I would be even more unhappy!" These words make it clear that, according to the author, material values ​​play a dominant role in our lives, but we cannot do without spiritual values.

I cannot but agree with the author that most people now do not do what they want, do not satisfy their spiritual needs, but do everything in order to become rich, because money can buy everything, including what is needed for the soul.

An example of this problem is the work of N.V. Gogol "Portrait". The work tells about a young artist who had a talent for drawing, but at the very beginning of his journey, he stared at the life of the rich and dreamed of joining their ranks. And he had such an opportunity: by the will of fate, the artist Chartkov got the money, with the help of which he was transformed and became famous. Of course, his first thought was to buy everything that is necessary for practice, and work out his skills for several years, but still the craving for fame turned out to be stronger. In the end, he became very rich and famous, had a certain authority in society, but his portraits were similar to each other, did not contain anything special. Chartkov did not notice this until a picture of his old acquaintance, who had gone to Italy to develop his skills, was brought to the city. The artist was amazed by the painting to the core, so he rushed home to try to draw a fallen angel, but nothing came of it. Then he realized that he could not do anything, because he did not know the very beginnings, he had ruined his talent and nothing could be changed. Chartkov, in a fit of envy and anger, began to buy up paintings and destroy them. He eventually died of insanity. This example shows that spiritual values ​​are still more important than material ones. For Chartkov, wealth was the main thing in life, of course, he realized that this was wrong, but it was too late to change anything.

Another example is the work of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych". The protagonist of the story, zemstvo doctor Dmitry Ionovich Startsev, comes to work in the provincial city of S. He is an open person, ready to communicate, and soon the doctor meets the Turkin family and goes to visit them. He liked their company: each family member had his own talents. Resuming an acquaintance a year later, he falls in love with Kotik, the daughter of the Turkins. Having called the girl to the garden, Startsev tries to declare his love and unexpectedly receives a note from Kotik, where he is assigned a date at the cemetery. Startsev is almost sure that this is a joke, but he still goes to the cemetery at night and waits for Ekaterina Ivanovna for several hours to no avail, indulging in romantic daydreams. The next day, dressed in someone else's tailcoat, Startsev goes to propose to Ekaterina Ivanovna, and is refused. We see that for the zemstvo doctor, spiritual values ​​are in the first place, he is passionate about communicating with people, his feelings for Kotik, but her refusal hurt his pride. Four years later, Startsev has a lot of practice and a lot of work. He visits the Turkins again, but, remembering his love for Kotik, he is embarrassed, and the talents of the Turkins are no longer so attractive to him. Over time, Ionych only increases his practice, from greed he cannot quit his job. Startsev's life is boring, nothing interests him, he is lonely. It is easy to see that at the beginning of the story, when spiritual values ​​were important for Ionych, he was a more pleasant and cheerful person than at the end, when he became interested only in money. It turns out that spiritual values ​​are needed in a person's life, because they give him the strength to live and develop.

In conclusion, I want to say that one must be able to combine material wealth and spiritual needs. Sometimes without money it is impossible to fulfill your spiritual dreams, but we must not forget that it is the inner human values ​​that help us to remain human. It seems to me that everything is important: both material and spiritual values, the main thing is not to forget that one contributes to the development of the other.

Essay 8 is about selfless help.

In modern society, people do everything for a fee, no one will make an extra effort to help a person, although before there was nothing special about coming to the aid of other people and not demanding anything in return. That is why in his text the author raises the problem of disinterested help to people.

The story is told in the first person. The narrator begins by describing the situation that is being discussed in the text. He says that once his son was very ill, and one of those days Arkady Gaidar came to see him. The narrator's family could not get a rare medicine for their son, so Gaidar called his house and asked to send all the boys from their yard. When they arrived, he sent them all over Moscow in search of this medicine. Gaidar was sitting by the phone, and when someone called and said that there was no medicine in the pharmacy, he sent this boy on. In the end, the necessary medicine was found in Maryina Grove. The narrator says that Gaidar could not be thanked, he did not like it, since he considered any help to be the norm of life. Further, he describes another case, how they, together with Gaidar, walked along the street, on which a pipe faucet burst. People had already run to block it, but the water was still pouring and washing the earth out from under the small garden. Then Arkady Petrovich, without hesitation, ran up to the pipe and blocked it with his hand. Despite the fact that he was in great pain, he held her until the tube was closed. He was glad that he managed to save the little garden. The narrator ends his text with warm words about Gaidar.

According to the author, helping other people should become the norm for every person. The author's opinion is confirmed by the words of the narrator about Gaidar: “It was impossible to thank him. He became very angry when he was thanked for his help. He considered helping a person the same thing as, say, greeting. K. Paustovsky believes that selfless help brings joy to both those who have been helped and those who have helped.

An example of this problem is the work of M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". The third part tells about how a tribe lived in the old days, which was strong, cheerful and courageous, but other tribes came and drove the former ones away. They began to wander through the forests in search of a new place of residence, but it was impossible to live in the forests, since the sun did not break through there, and a terrible stench emanated from the swamps. When people were already desperate, Danko appeared. He led them through the forest, and the people followed him. It was a difficult journey with no end in sight. When everyone was completely exhausted, they blamed Danko for all their troubles. People wanted to kill him, but Danko tore out his heart, which lit up the entire forest. People again followed Danko, enchanted by the radiance of his heart. In the end, the forest ended, and the steppe spread out before everyone. Danko proudly looked at this and died. People immediately forgot about him, one even stepped on Danko's heart, but he never asked for something in return. His love for people was so great that he was able to sacrifice his life to save his tribe and did not even demand gratitude in return.

Another example is the story of L. Kassil "Marks of Rimma Lebedeva". The action takes place during the war. Rimma and her mother spent some time near the front line, and then went to her aunt. In the new place, Rimma again went to school, but her aunt did not allow her to exert herself much, because she said that she had not yet recovered from what she had experienced. Over time, Rimma herself began to think the same way, so she did not do her homework and studied poorly. All the children in their class went to the hospital. The girls embroidered pouches for the wounded, and Rimma also sewed it, although it did not turn out very foldable. The soldier to whom she gave it asked me to write the letter for him, as his arm was injured. When the wounded man began to check for Rimma, he saw a large number of errors. Since then, Rimma came to the soldier every day, and they wrote letters, and then sorted out the mistakes. At the end of the quarter, the girl brought the wounded man a sheet with grades, for the Russian it was "excellent". She asked the soldier to sign as a tutor, and the wounded man was very surprised at this. So Lieutenant Tarasov helped the girl correct her grades and learn how to write correctly. It is easy to understand that he did this out of the kindness of his heart, because he wanted to help the girl. Of course, she was very grateful to him, but it was enough for him to see her grades, the wounded man realized that his work had not been in vain, and was very glad about it.

In conclusion, I want to say that selfless help should come from the heart and be done by every person. The person who provided this help will feel joy himself. People should make every effort to ensure that mutual assistance becomes the norm again in our lives.

Essay 9 is about happiness.

By the word "happiness" each person means something different: for some it is a big family, for others - wealth, for others - the opportunity to travel the world. Of course, it is not easy to find your own happiness. So how do you become happy? It is this question that the author raises in his text.

The text begins with a description of the main character - a boy whose name is Genya Pirap-pilots. The author lists all the physical ailments that made this child unhappy and lonely, other children even threw clods of dirt at him. But one day everything changed. Gena had a birthday, and his mother forced him to invite his classmates and children from the yard to the holiday, although he did not communicate with anyone. The boy's favorite pastime was to fold various figures from newspapers. When the guests entered the house, he was doing just that, so after a few minutes everyone was bending over the table. Genya only had time to make new figures, everyone wanted to get something, because the events took place in wartime, and there were almost no toys then. The children smiled at Gene, were drawn to him, and he experienced real happiness, because he was in a team, he made friends. The author ends his text with the words that the mother at that time was washing the dishes, smiling and crying. Genya was truly happy for the first time in his life.

According to L. Ulitskaya, in order to become happy, you need to be useful to society: this will help you join the team and overcome loneliness. The author's opinion is directly expressed in the text: "They stretched out their hands to him, and he gave them his paper miracles, and everyone smiled, and everyone thanked him ... He was happy." And also the position of the author is contained in the last sentence of the text: "The happy boy gave away paper toys."

I cannot but agree with the opinion of the author, because any person needs communication and a team. The best way to join the team is to be useful, so a person must definitely have some kind of occupation: this is how he becomes happy.

A striking example confirming the position of the author is R. Bradbury's story "The Strawberry Window". The work speaks of a family whose head was a builder. He wanted to work on new cities on Mars, so they had to leave their earthly home and move to the red planet. It was deserted and uncomfortable on Mars, the builder's wife, Kerry, constantly cried and really wanted to return home, but could not leave her husband. Despite the unattractiveness of Mars, Bob felt truly happy there. He talked about what gives the future to new generations: when it will be impossible to live on Earth, everyone will move to Mars, and he is one of those people who will help make this happen. Thus, Bob benefits people, not only now living, but also in the future - this thought inspires him and makes him happy.

Another example is the work of M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". The third part tells about how a tribe lived in the old days, which was strong, cheerful and courageous, but other tribes came and drove the former ones away. They began to wander through the forests in search of a new place of residence, but it was impossible to live in the forests, since the sun did not break through there, and a terrible stench emanated from the swamps. When people were already desperate, Danko appeared. He led them through the forest, and the people followed him. It was a difficult journey with no end in sight. When everyone was completely exhausted, they blamed Danko for all their troubles. People wanted to kill him, but Danko tore out his heart, which lit up the entire forest. People again followed Danko, enchanted by the radiance of his heart. In the end, the forest ended, and the steppe spread out before everyone. Danko proudly looked at this and died. People immediately forgot about him, one even stepped on Danko's heart, but he died happy, because his love for people was boundless. He brought great benefits to the whole tribe, Danko saved them all from death, he knew this, so he was happy.

In conclusion, I want to say that there are many different ways to find happiness, but the surest way is to bring benefit and joy to other people, because if you do this from a pure heart, then you yourself involuntarily become happy.

Essay 10 is about complaining about your time.

People often say that in the days of their parents life was better or, conversely, that now everyone is trying for future generations, and only they will have a good life. Few people notice that there are many advantages in the present tense compared to the past and future. In this text, the author raises the problem of complaining about his time.

Degoev begins his text with the argument that people constantly complain about their time and each generation has its own reasons for this. This is especially pronounced at turning points, for example, during the revolution, although later this unfortunate time becomes an object of admiration for posterity. The author says that our time is no exception, many are dissatisfied with their lives, and they have reason for this. The parties in power offer people the shortest path to happiness, but in the end it drags on for a long time, and everyone runs out of patience. The history of the twentieth century is full of terrible moments, in comparison with which our time no longer seems so bad, although the 20th century is remembered for other events. The author ends the text by saying that people no longer want the past or the future, they just want to live in peace, live in the moment. And this does not prevent them from knowing their time, as well as looking into the future.

The author's opinion on this problem is directly expressed in the text: "Each generation has reasons to complain about its own time ..." He believes that people are always more attracted to other people's times. Although he has a separate opinion about modern people: “However, people no longer want to live in either a blessed past or a promised future. They just want to live, without wars, upheavals and poverty.”

I cannot but agree with the author that people dream of getting into the past or the future. It seems to me that this happens because, when studying history, we pay more attention to its positive aspects, often forgetting about the serious problems of those times. Probably, now people have already come to terms with the fact that they cannot get to another time, and therefore they wish themselves a quiet life, devote time to the present, live in the moment.

An example of this problem is the work of R. Bradbury "Smile". There was a war in the world, during which almost the entire civilization was destroyed, and what little was left of it was now purposefully exterminated by the survivors. The action takes place in a small town, where they were supposed to bring a picture into which each of the inhabitants could spit. There was a big queue for this. In the queue, people discussed the upcoming event, and also discussed the time in which they live. Someone was indignant that after the war they had almost nothing left. But for the most part, people hated the past, because because of the people who ruled then, they now live practically among the ruins, among the radioactive fields. There was only one person who noted that civilization had its advantages. And yet people hated their time, because they lived in the ruins of the past, although on the other hand, they have a chance to start all over again. Maybe the boy from the queue, who could not spit in the picture, will become the very person who will create a new civilization without flaws.

Another example is R. Bradbury's story "The Strawberry Window". Events are developing in the future, on Mars. The family moved there because the father was a worker and he wanted to build cities on Mars. Unfortunately, his wife absolutely did not like it there, and she really wanted to return to Earth, but she could not leave her husband. Bob said that soon there would be a big city here, she would make new friends, and this place would no longer be distinguishable from Earth. He did a good deed, built a place of residence for future generations. Bob lived with dreams of a brighter future, but his wife did not share his inspiration. She did not like the situation in which they lived at that moment, and every night she wanted to pack her things and go back. For her, their former home on Earth was the best place, she lived in thoughts about it. At the end of the story, Bob takes the whole family to the spaceport, he spent all the money and moved part of their house from Earth to Mars. The wife's reaction is ambiguous, and we cannot say for sure whether she is happy about it or not. Thus, Bob lived in dreams of the future, and his wife lived in thoughts of the past, none of them could say that the time in which they live in the present moment is the best.

In conclusion, I want to say that you don’t need to dream about everything being the same as before, you need to look for the pluses in your time and try to make it better and more comfortable. We must not forget about the future, because our children will live in it, but we should not think that our time is bad, because time is always good.

• Acts performed out of mercy, at first glance, may seem ridiculous and meaningless.
• A person can show mercy even in the most difficult situations for him
• Actions related to helping orphans can be called merciful
• The manifestation of mercy often requires sacrifices from a person, but these sacrifices are always justified by something.
• People who show mercy are worthy of respect

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Natasha Rostova shows mercy - one of the most important human qualities. When everyone begins to leave Moscow, captured by the French, the girl orders to give carts to the wounded, and not to carry her own things to them. Helping people for Natasha Rostova is much more important than material well-being. And it does not matter at all that among the things that should have been taken away, the dowry is part of her future.

M. Sholokhov "The fate of man." Andrei Sokolov, despite the difficult life trials, has not lost the ability to show mercy. He lost his family and home, but could not help but pay attention to the fate of Vanyushka, a little boy whose parents died. Andrei Sokolov told the boy that he was his father and took him to him. The capacity for mercy made the child happy. Yes, Andrei Sokolov did not forget his family and the horrors of the war, but he did not leave Vanya in trouble. This means that his heart is not hardened.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The fate of Rodion Raskolnikov is difficult. He lives in a miserable, dark room, malnourished. After the murder of the old pawnbroker, his whole life resembles suffering. Raskolnikov is still poor: he hides what he took from the apartment under a stone, and does not take it for himself. However, the hero gives the last to Marmeladov's widow for the funeral, he cannot get past the misfortune that has happened, although he himself has nothing to exist. Rodion Raskolnikov turns out to be capable of mercy, despite the murder and the terrible theory he created.

M.A. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita". Margarita is ready to do anything to see her Master. She makes a deal with the devil, agrees to be the queen at Satan's terrible ball. But when Woland asks what she wants, Margarita only asks that Frieda stop serving a handkerchief with which she gagged her own child and buried him in the ground. Margarita wants to save a completely alien person from suffering, this is where mercy is manifested. She no longer asks for a meeting with the Master, because she cannot but take care of Frida, pass by someone else's grief.

N.D. Teleshov "Home". Little Semka, the son of migrants who died of typhus, most of all wants to return to his native village of Beloye. The boy escapes from the barracks and hits the road. On the way he meets an unfamiliar grandfather, they go together. Grandpa also goes to his native land. On the way, Semka falls ill. Grandfather takes him to the city, to the hospital, although he knows that he cannot go there: it turns out that he has escaped from hard labor for the third time. There, grandfather is caught, and then sent back to hard labor. Despite the danger to himself, grandfather shows mercy towards Semka - he cannot leave a sick child in trouble. Own happiness becomes less significant for a person than the life of a child.

N.D. Teleshov "Yelka Mitrich". On Christmas Eve, Semyon Dmitrievich realized that everyone would have a holiday, except for eight orphans living in one of the barracks. Mitrich at all costs decided to please the guys. Although it was hard for him, he brought a Christmas tree, bought a fifty-kopeck piece of candy, issued by a resettlement official. Semyon Dmitrievich cut each of the children a piece of sausage, although sausage was his favorite delicacy. Sympathy, compassion, mercy pushed Mitrich to this act. And the result turned out to be really beautiful: joy, laughter, enthusiastic cries filled the previously gloomy room. The children were happy from the holiday arranged by him, and Mitrich from the fact that he had done this good deed.

I. Bunin "bast shoes". Nefed could not help fulfilling the wish of a sick child who kept asking for some red bast shoes. Despite the bad weather, he went on foot for bast shoes and fuchsin to Novoselki, located six miles from home. For Nefed, the desire to help the child was more important than ensuring his own safety. He turned out to be capable of self-sacrifice - in a sense, the highest degree of mercy. Nefed is dead. The men brought him home. In the bosom of Nefed they found a vial of fuchsin and new bast shoes.

V. Rasputin "French Lessons". For Lydia Mikhailovna, a French teacher, the desire to help her student turned out to be more important than maintaining her own reputation. The woman knew that the child was malnourished, which is why she gambled. So she invited the boy to play for money with her. This is unacceptable for a teacher. When the director found out about everything, Lidia Mikhailovna was forced to leave for her homeland, for the Kuban. But we understand that her act is not bad at all - it is a manifestation of mercy. The seemingly unacceptable behavior of the teacher actually brought kindness and care for the child.

In today's work, we will present arguments for the problem of gratitude. As you know, essays on the unified state exam are written according to a special algorithm. The more you cover a topic, the more points you can get.

What are the most common topics? This is the problem of love for mother and motherland, inhumanity, nobility, inner culture of a person and, of course, the problem of gratitude. Examples in the essay must be cited from literature, cinema or life. Now we will simplify the task for you and describe in detail some of them.

Composition of the exam

In the article we will consider the problem of gratitude. An essay on a unified state exam should begin with a reference to the words of the author, because we write creative work from an excerpt where some problems are clearly visible.

In tickets for the unified state exam, this topic is often touched upon by I. Ilyin. You can start your essay like this: the problem is touched upon by the well-known critic I. Ilyin. Next, you need to express your thoughts on the problem. Example: gratitude is an incredible feeling that is inherent in all living beings of our planet ... In our creative work, the problem of gratitude is touched upon, it is definitely worth giving the most revealing of its essence.

After you have reflected your point of view on this one, you need to write one short paragraph, where you explain whether you agree with the author or not and why. Below you will see an example of this paragraph. I fully agree with the author, the feeling of gratitude gives people joy and love. The latter are our passing tickets to a brighter future. Surely, each of us aspires to go there. It is unfortunate that not all people are able to experience this feeling.

Only after these words it is necessary to proceed to the arguments of the problem of gratitude.

"French lessons"

A good and striking example is the work of Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin, which is called "French Lessons". The main character is a kind, sympathetic, compassionate and disinterested person Lidia Mikhailovna, who in every way helps her student to survive the terrible hungry times.

An English teacher invents more and more new ways to help a fifth grader. An attempt to send a package of groceries was unsuccessful, because the boy rejected her help. Then the inventive Lydia Mikhailovna offers to play an invented game for money, which is called “zameryashki”. The boy thinks that the game is an honest way to earn money and agrees with the teacher's proposal.

Upon learning of this incident, the school principal fires the English teacher. Only the whole problem lies in the fact that he did not understand the reason for such an act by Lydia Mikhailovna.

After this incident, the woman goes to her homeland, but her feelings for the boy are so deep that she seeks to help him, even being many kilometers away from him. This is a very powerful argument for the problem of gratitude. The boy will remember these lessons of kindness and his teacher for the rest of his life. Lidia Mikhailovna experiences only positive feelings and never blames the boy for losing her job. In the package she sent to a student from the Kuban, there were apples that the boy saw only in pictures in books.

"Captain's daughter"

The argument for the problem of gratitude can be cited from Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's novel The Captain's Daughter. This work describes the events taking place at the time of the uprising of E. Pugachev. In the story, we see gestures of gratitude from two characters at once. Let's start from the very beginning.

The protagonist (Peter) goes to the place of service, accompanied by Savelich. On their way there is a strong snowstorm, as a result of this incident, the heroes go astray. Then a man comes to their aid, who simply shows them the way. Grinev was very happy with the help and wanted to thank the peasant, then Peter decides to give him his hare sheepskin coat.

The same man who once directed Grinev in the direction he needed is Pugachev. Further in the novel, there is a scene of the capture of the Belogorodskaya fortress, where Pugachev recognizes Peter and gives him life, canceling the death sentence. What prompted him to do this act? Of course, thanks to the main character for the service provided by Grinev to Rasputin, who at that moment was on the run from "his ailments."

Despite the fact that Pugachev made him such as saving his life, he offered to enter his service. Even after the refusal, he does not let the hero go empty-handed, but gives a horse, a nag and a fur coat. Pugachev is an ambiguous person who is capable of noble deeds.

"For my name"

You can bring a rather striking argument even from feature films. For example, the film "For My Name" very well illuminates the essence of the problem. It is worth noting that even children are capable of such an incredible feeling. The main character Anya is grateful to the clergyman for giving her this name. She completely trusts this person and reveals all her innermost secrets.