Penetrating to the depths of the soul shots of human compassion, made during hostilities. Legendary Katyusha

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Treatment of the wounded begins on the battlefield. As already mentioned above, first medical aid is provided by the company's health instructor, as well as in the order of self-help and mutual assistance.

The timing of first aid often decides the fate of the wounded. This primarily applies to those who have bleeding from the wound. That is why the training of military personnel in the provision of self-help and mutual assistance is the most important task of the medical service.

A sanitary instructor during a battle must, disguised, approach the wounded, cover him from enemy fire and immediately provide first aid to the wounded. The medical equipment of the sanitary instructor, completed in special bags, makes it possible to provide such assistance. For self-help and mutual assistance, all soldiers and officers are provided with individual dressing bags and first aid kits.

On the battlefield, it is possible to carry out the following medical measures:
1) temporary stop of external bleeding
2) dressing the wound and the burn surface,
3) immobilization of the damaged area
4) injection of an analgesic solution using a syringe tube,
5) dacha inside the tablet preparation of antibiotics,
6) fight against asphyxia.

The first step is to stop the bleeding. In case of severe external bleeding from the wounds of the limbs, press the blood vessel above the wound with your finger, then apply a tourniquet. Pressing a vessel with a finger is such a method of temporarily stopping bleeding, which can be carried out most quickly in self-help and mutual assistance. For a sanitary instructor, the possibility of using this method on the battlefield is very rarely created. It is necessary that all military personnel know how to use this method of stopping bleeding.

Stopping small external bleeding from wounds of the limbs and bleeding from wounds in other areas of the body is possible by applying a pressure bandage. Temporary stopping of bleeding by forced flexion of the limb does not always lead to the goal and is impossible with bone fractures.

It should be borne in mind that when assisting the wounded under enemy fire at night, even well-trained medical instructors will not be able to determine the nature of bleeding by the type of damaged vessel (arterial, venous, capillary). The need to apply a tourniquet to the wounded on the battlefield is determined by the intensity of bleeding.
At the same time, attention is drawn to the degree of wetting of clothing with blood (at night to the touch), the rate of bleeding from the wound and the degree of bleeding of the wounded. The experience of the Great Patriotic War showed that when using such signs of bleeding, hemostatic tourniquets were applied almost exclusively for arterial and arterio-venous bleeding, and only in a small number for venous bleeding.

Errors in the application of a tourniquet can be of two kinds: its addition in the absence of sufficient evidence and the rejection of the tourniquet if there is an unconditional need. The first mistake leads to unjustified ischemia of the limb, creates conditions for the development of a wound infection. Refusal to apply a tourniquet with ongoing arterial or arterio-venous bleeding is dangerous for the life of the wounded.

Clarification of indications for the application of a tourniquet and the need for its further stay on the limb is carried out at the death and regimental medical stations.

The applied tourniquet should be clearly visible, it should not be bandaged or covered with clothing. Be sure to note the time of application of the tourniquet in a note and put it under the tourniquet. The wounded, who have been put on a tourniquet, are the first to be removed from the battlefield.

The imposition of an aseptic bandage prevents secondary microbial contamination of the wound. Depending on the size of the wound, it is closed either with an individual dressing bag or with sterile dressings available in the bags of the sanitary instructors of the company. Before applying a bandage, the injury site is exposed. To do this, clothes in the wound area have to live with cotton-gauze pads of the dressing, without violating their sterility, and close the wound with it.

The protective bandage is also a hemostatic agent for venous and capillary bleeding. It can be pressing, but you can not turn it into a tourniquet.

For chest wounds with open pneumothorax, it is necessary to apply a hermetic aseptic bandage.
To cover extensive burns, it is very convenient to use contour dressings that are designed to be applied to a specific area of ​​the body (face, back, hand, etc.). They are prepared from sterile gauze in advance, during the inter-battle period. Contour dressings allow you to close an extensive burn in a short time and with the least consumption of dressings.

In order to prevent wound infection already on the battlefield, all the wounded and burned should be given antibiotics. To do this, there are tablets in the sanitary instructor's bag.

Transport immobilization should be carried out with the following injuries:
1) bone fractures,
2) joint injuries,
3) extensive damage to the soft tissues of the limbs,
4) injuries of the main blood vessels and nerves of the extremities,
5) thermal damage to the limbs.

Immobilization creates a resting position for the damaged area, prevents secondary tissue damage by bone fragments, prevents the spread of wound infection and prevents secondary bleeding.

In a combat situation, the possibilities for transport immobilization are rather limited. Of the standard means of immobilization in the bags of sanitary instructors, there are only scarves. It is recommended to use the so-called improvised means: sticks, boards, plywood, fighter's weapons, etc. In cases where improvised immobilization means are not at hand, it is not possible to look for them on the battlefield. However, this does not mean that immobilization of damaged areas should be abandoned.

Creation of rest for the upper limbs is possible by applying a scarf or bandaging the hand to the body (Fig. 1). Immobilization of the lower limb will be achieved if the injured leg is bandaged to the healthy limb (Fig. 2). Immobilization of the pelvis and spine bones is performed on a stretcher, on which a solid bedding of boards or ladder tires is laid.

In case of damage to the pelvic bones, the lower limbs of the wounded person must be bent at the joints, tie the knees with a bandage or scarf, and put a rolled overcoat under them. In case of damage to the head during the transportation of the wounded, it is not so much the immobilization of the head that is required, but depreciation to prevent gross concussions of the brain. The wounded in the head should be evacuated by placing an overcoat or any soft lining on his head.

Rice. 1. Immobilization of the upper limb (bandaging to the body)

Rice. 2. Immobilization of the lower limb without spikes.

On the battlefield, the medical instructor concentrates the seriously wounded in the nearest places of shelter (“nests of the wounded”) and marks their location with clearly visible signs in order to facilitate the subsequent search for the orderlies from the unit for collecting and evacuating the wounded. In this work, the sanitary instructor is assisted by the lightly wounded.

The scene of the Rostovs' departure from Moscow occupies several chapters of the third volume of the novel. The Rostov family is slowly and listlessly preparing to leave Moscow. Carts with the wounded are driving along the streets of Moscow. Natasha sees them from the window and invites the officers to stay at their house, since they are leaving Moscow soon anyway. The wounded are located in the Rostovs' house. The countess begs her husband to go tomorrow to take Petya away from Moscow and thereby prevent him from participating in the battle. The Rostovs' servants receive another wounded man. It turns out to be Andrei Bolkonsky, who, according to his valet, is very weak. The good Count Rostov releases several carts from the property so that the wounded soldiers can leave on the carts. Countess Rostova is angry with the Count for his act, because she believes that the Count's kindness is ruining their family. Natasha asks her mother to allow more wounded soldiers to be taken away from Moscow instead of things. The Rostovs leave Moscow and take the wounded with them. The wounded Bolkonsky is riding in one of the carriages. At a difficult dramatic moment for Moscow, Russia, the family of Natasha Rostova saves her own property - her marriageable daughter. Nobody understands the drama of the situation. And only Natasha, with her inner instinct, guesses the unnaturalness of her actions, actions and understands what is happening and what needs to be done: she “screamed”, her throat trembled from convulsive sobs”, “afraid to weaken and release a charge of her anger for nothing, she turned and quickly rushed up the stairs "," like a storm burst into the room and with quick steps approached her mother. "Natasha rushed to her mother demanding to give carts for the wounded: This is impossible ... this is not like anything, you just look in the yard ... Mommy! This cannot be "But for some reason the count is silent. The culmination of the episode is the scene where the count, hiding tears of pride for his daughter, hides his face and says: -Eggs... Eggs teach a chicken... Ellipsis... And a pause... A pause that says a lot, sometimes more than words... like three dots. it is necessary to understand, to comprehend the count (“through happy tears he hugged his wife, who was glad to hide her ashamed face ...), the countess’s words, the behavior of Natasha, who turned out to be wiser, stronger in this life situation and experience a sense of pride and happiness for raising her daughter. In the final scene, the author resorts to comparison. "Sonya, who did not stop fussing, also fussed: but the purpose of her troubles was the opposite of Natasha's. She put away those things that should have been left; tried to grab as much as possible", and "wounded with pale joyful faces" surrounded the carts, men with a changed mood helping to unload things, and Natasha, who skillfully disposed of all this. Comparison in Tolstoy, as well as the technique of psychologism, is not a speech manner, but a means of conveying a specific idea. In comparison and in the depiction of the inner world of the hero, there is a final assessment of the idea of ​​the episode. The writer shows in Natasha a person who is able to understand with his heart and mind the threat hanging over his homeland without lofty words and does what this situation requires.

] and his departure to Belaya Tserkov, where this regiment was formed, the countess found fear. The thought that both of her sons are at war, that both of them have left under her wing, that today or tomorrow each of them, and perhaps both together, like the three sons of one of her acquaintances, can be killed, in for the first time now, this summer, came to her mind with cruel clarity. She tried to get Nikolai to her, she wanted to go to Petya herself, to find him somewhere in Petersburg, but both turned out to be impossible. Petya could not be returned otherwise than together with the regiment or by transfer to another active regiment. Nikolai was somewhere in the army and after his last letter, in which he described in detail his meeting with Princess Marya, he did not give a rumor about himself. The countess did not sleep at night, and when she fell asleep, she saw her murdered sons in a dream. After many councils and negotiations, the count finally came up with a means to calm the countess. He transferred Petya from the Obolensky regiment to the Bezukhov regiment, which was being formed near Moscow. Although Petya remained in military service, but with this transfer, the countess had the consolation to see at least one son under her wing and hoped to arrange her Petya so that she would no longer let him out and always enroll in such places of service where he could not get in any way. into battle. While Nicolas alone was in danger, it seemed to the countess (and she even repented of this) that she loved her elder more than all the other children; but when the smaller one, a naughty fellow who had studied badly, broke everything in the house and bored everyone with Petya, this snub-nosed Petya, with his merry black eyes, fresh blush and slightly piercing down on his cheeks, got there, to these big, terrible, cruel men who there they fight something and find something joyful in it - then it seemed to the mother that she loved him more, much more than all her children. The closer the time approached when the expected Petya was supposed to return to Moscow, the more the countess's anxiety increased. She already thought that she would never wait for this happiness. The presence of not only Sopi, but also her beloved Natasha, even her husband, irritated the countess. “What do I care about them, I don’t need anyone but Petya!” she thought.

In the last days of August, the Rostovs received a second letter from Nikolai. He wrote from the Voronezh province, where he was sent for horses. This letter did not reassure the countess. Knowing one son was out of danger, she became even more worried about Petya.

Despite the fact that already on the 20th of August almost all the Rostovs' acquaintances left Moscow, despite the fact that everyone persuaded the countess to leave as soon as possible, she did not want to hear anything about leaving until her treasure returned, beloved Petya. Petya arrived on August 28. The painfully passionate tenderness with which his mother greeted him did not please the sixteen-year-old officer. Despite the fact that his mother hid from him her intention not to let him out now from under her wing, Petya understood her intentions and, instinctively afraid that he would not become tender with his mother, not get offended (as he thought with himself), he coldly treated her, avoided her, and during his stay in Moscow exclusively kept company with Natasha, for whom he always had a special, almost amorous, brotherly tenderness.

Due to the count's usual carelessness, on August 28 nothing was yet ready for departure, and the carts expected from the Ryazan and Moscow villages to lift all the property from the house did not arrive until the 30th.

From August 28 to August 31, all of Moscow was in trouble and in motion. Every day, thousands of the wounded in the Battle of Borodino were brought into and transported around Moscow to the Dorogomilovskaya outpost, and thousands of carts, with residents and property, went to other outposts. In spite of Rostopchin's billboards, or independently of them, or because of them, the most contradictory and strange news was broadcast around the city. Who spoke about the fact that no one was ordered to leave; who, on the contrary, said that they had taken all the icons from the churches and that they were all forcibly expelled; who said that there was another battle after Borodino, in which the French were defeated; who said, on the contrary, that the entire Russian army was destroyed; who talked about the Moscow militia, which will go ahead with the clergy to the Three Mountains; who quietly told that Augustine was not ordered to leave, that traitors were caught, that the peasants rebelled and robbed those who leave, etc., etc. But this was only said, and in fact, by those who were traveling, and those who remained (despite the fact that there had not yet been a council in Fili, at which it was decided to leave Moscow), - everyone felt, although they did not show it, that Moscow would certainly be surrendered and that it was necessary to get out and save as soon as possible your property. It was felt that everything should suddenly be torn apart and changed, but until the 1st, nothing had changed yet. Just as a criminal who is being led to execution knows that he is about to die, but still looks around him and adjusts his badly worn hat, so Moscow involuntarily continued its usual life, although it knew that the time of death was near, when the all those conditional relations of life to which we are accustomed to submit.

During these three days preceding the capture of Moscow, the entire Rostov family was in various everyday troubles. The head of the family, Count Ilya Andreich, constantly traveled around the city, collecting rumors from all sides, and at home made general superficial and hasty orders about preparations for departure.

The countess watched the cleaning of things, was dissatisfied with everything and went after Petya, who was constantly running away from her, jealous of him for Natasha, with whom he spent all the time. Sonya alone was in charge of the practical side of the matter: packing things. But Sonya has been especially sad and silent all this lately. Nicolas' letter, in which he mentioned Princess Marya, evoked in her presence the Countess's joyful reflections about how she saw God's Providence in Princess Marya's meeting with Nicolas.

I was never happy then, - said the countess, - when Bolkonsky was Natasha's fiancé, but I always wanted, and I have a premonition that Nikolinka will marry the princess. And how good it would be!

Sonya felt that this was true, that the only way to improve the affairs of the Rostovs was to marry a rich woman, and that the princess was a good match. But she was very sad about it. In spite of her grief, or perhaps precisely because of her grief, she took upon herself all the difficult cares of the arrangements for cleaning and packing things, and was busy all day long. The count and countess turned to her when they needed to order something. Petya and Natasha, on the contrary, not only did not help their parents, but for the most part they annoyed and interfered with everyone in the house. And all day long their running, screams and causeless laughter were almost audible in the house. They laughed and rejoiced not at all because there was a reason for their laughter; but their hearts were joyful and cheerful, and therefore everything that happened was for them a cause of joy and laughter. Petya was happy because, having left home as a boy, he returned (as everyone told him) a fine man; it was merry because he was at home, because he had come from Belaya Tserkov, where there was no hope of falling into battle soon, to Moscow, where they would fight one of these days; and most importantly, cheerful because Natasha, whose spirit he always obeyed, was cheerful. Natasha, on the other hand, was cheerful because she had been sad for too long, and now nothing reminded her of the cause of her sadness, and she was healthy. She was also cheerful because there was a person who admired her (the admiration of others was that wheel grease that was necessary for her car to move completely freely), and Petya admired her. Most importantly, they were cheerful because the war was near Moscow, that they would fight at the outpost, that they were handing out weapons, that everyone was running away, leaving somewhere, that something extraordinary was happening in general, which is always joyful for a person, especially for young.

Berg, the son-in-law of the Rostovs, was already a colonel with Vladimir and Anna around his neck, and occupied the same calm and pleasant position of assistant chief of staff, assistant to the first department of the chief of staff of the second corps. On September 1, he came from the army to Moscow.

He had nothing to do in Moscow; but he noticed that everyone from the army asked to go to Moscow and did something there. He also considered it necessary to take time off for household and family affairs.

Berg, in his neat little droshky, on a pair of well-fed, savras little ones, exactly the same as one prince had, drove up to his father-in-law's house. He looked attentively into the yard at the carts and, entering the porch, took out a clean handkerchief and tied a knot.

From the ante-room Berg, with a floating, impatient step, ran into the drawing-room and embraced the count, kissed the hands of Natasha and Sonya, and hurriedly asked about mother's health.

What is health now? Well, tell me, - said the count, - what about the troops? Are they retreating or will there be more fighting?

One eternal God, father, - said Berg, - can decide the fate of the fatherland. The army is burning with the spirit of heroism, and now the leaders, so to speak, have gathered for a meeting. What will happen is unknown. But I’ll tell you in general, dad, such a heroic spirit, the truly ancient courage of the Russian troops, which they - it is, - he corrected, - showed or showed in this battle on the 26th, there are no words worthy to describe them ... I’ll tell you I’ll tell you, dad (he hit himself in the chest in the same way as one general who spoke in front of him hit himself, although a little late, because it was necessary to hit himself in the chest at the word “Russian army”) - I’ll tell you frankly that we, the commanders, not only were not supposed to urge the soldiers or anything like that, but we could hardly hold on to these, these ... yes, courageous and ancient feats, ”he said quickly. - General Barclay de Tolly sacrificed his life everywhere in front of the troops, I'll tell you. Our body was placed on the slope of the mountain. Can you imagine! - And then Berg told everything that he remembered from the various stories he had heard during this time. Natasha, not lowering her gaze, which confused Berg, as if looking for the solution of some question on his face, looked at him.

Such heroism in general, which the Russian soldiers showed, cannot be imagined and deservedly praised! - said Berg, looking back at Natasha and as if wanting to appease her, smiling at her in response to her stubborn look ... - “Russia is not in Moscow, it is in the hearts of her sons!” So, papa? Berg said.

At that moment, the Countess came out of the sofa-room, looking tired and displeased. Berg hastily jumped up, kissed the countess's hand, inquired about her health, and, expressing his sympathy by shaking his head, stopped beside her.

Yes, mother, I will truly tell you, hard and sad times for every Russian. But why worry so much? You still have time to leave...

I don’t understand what people are doing,” said the countess, turning to her husband, “they just told me that nothing is ready yet. After all, someone has to take care of it. So you will regret Mitenka. This will not end!

The count wanted to say something, but apparently refrained. He got up from his chair and walked to the door.

Berg at this time, as if to blow his nose, took out a handkerchief and, looking at the bundle, thought, shook his head sadly and significantly.

And I have a big request for you, dad, - he said.

Hm? .. - said the count, stopping.

I'm driving past Yusupov's house now," Berg said, laughing. - The manager is familiar to me, ran out and asked if you could buy something. I came in, you know, out of curiosity, and there was only a wardrobe and a toilet. You know how much Verushka wanted this and how we argued about it. (Berg involuntarily turned into a tone of joy about his well-being when he began talking about a chiffonier and a toilet.) And such a charm! comes forward with the English secret, you know? And Verochka has long wanted to. So I want to surprise her. I saw so many of these men in your yard. Give me one, please, I'll pay him well and...

The Count winced and sighed.

Ask the countess, but I do not order.

If it’s difficult, please don’t,” Berg said. - I would only really like for Verushka.

Oh, get out of here, all of you, to hell, to hell, to hell, to hell! .. - shouted the old count. - My head is spinning. And he left the room.

The Countess wept.

Yes, yes, mama, very hard times! Berg said.

Natasha went out with her father and, as if thinking something with difficulty, first followed him, and then ran downstairs.

On the porch stood Petya, who was engaged in arming people who were traveling from Moscow. In the yard, the laid wagons were still standing. Two of them were untied, and an officer, supported by a batman, climbed onto one of them.

Do you know what for? - Petya asked Natasha (Natasha realized that Petya understood: why father and mother quarreled). She didn't answer.

For the fact that papa wanted to give all the carts for the wounded, - said Petya. - Vasilich told me. To my mind...

In my opinion, - Natasha suddenly almost screamed, turning her embittered face to Petya, - in my opinion, this is such disgusting, such an abomination, such ... I don’t know! Are we some kind of Germans? .. - Her throat trembled from convulsive sobs, and she, afraid of weakening and releasing a charge of her anger for nothing, turned and quickly rushed up the stairs. Berg sat beside the countess and kindly and respectfully consoled her. The count, pipe in hand, was walking around the room when Natasha, with a face disfigured by anger, burst into the room like a storm and quickly approached her mother.

This is disgusting! This is an abomination! she screamed. - It can't be what you ordered.

Berg and the countess looked at her in bewilderment and fear. The count stopped at the window, listening.

Mother, this is impossible; look what's in the yard! she screamed. - They stay!

What happened to you? Who are they? What do you want?

Wounded, that's who! It's impossible, mother; it's not like anything ... No, mama, my dear, it's not that, please forgive me, my dear ... Mama, what do we need, what we will take away, you just look at what is in the yard ... !.. It can't be!..

The count stood at the window and, without turning his face, listened to Natasha's words. Suddenly he sniffled and put his face close to the window.

The countess looked at her daughter, saw her face, ashamed of her mother, saw her excitement, understood why her husband did not look back at her now, and looked around her with a bewildered look.

Ah, do as you please! Am I bothering anyone! she said, not yet suddenly, giving up.

Mother, dove, forgive me!

But the countess pushed her daughter away and went up to the count.

Mon cher, you dispose of it as it should... I don't know that, - she said, lowering her eyes guiltily.

Eggs ... eggs teach a chicken ... - the count said through happy tears and hugged his wife, who was glad to hide her ashamed face on his chest.

Papa, mama! Can you arrange? Is it possible? .. - Natasha asked. “We’ll still take everything we need,” Natasha said.

The count nodded his head in the affirmative, and Natasha, with the quick run with which she ran into the burners, ran down the hall into the hall and up the stairs to the courtyard.

People gathered near Natasha and until then could not believe the strange order that she transmitted, until the count himself, in the name of his wife, confirmed the orders to give all the carts under the wounded, and take the chests to the pantries. Having understood the order, people with joy and trouble set to a new business. Not only did this not seem strange to the servant now, but, on the contrary, it seemed that it could not be otherwise; just as a quarter of an hour before, not only did it not seem strange to anyone that they were leaving the wounded and taking things, but it seemed that it could not be otherwise.

All the households, as if paying for the fact that they had not taken up this earlier, set about the new business of accommodating the wounded with caress. The wounded crawled out of their rooms and surrounded the wagons with joyful pale faces. A rumor also spread in the neighboring houses that there were carts, and the wounded from other houses began to come to the Rostovs' courtyard. Many of the wounded asked not to take things off and only to put them on top. But once the business of dumping things had begun, it could no longer stop. It was all the same to leave all or half. In the yard lay uncleaned chests with crockery, with bronze, with paintings, mirrors, which had been so painstakingly packed the previous night, and everyone was looking for and finding an opportunity to put this and that and give more and more carts.

You can still take four, - said the manager, - I give my wagon, otherwise where are they?

Yes, give me my wardrobe, - said the countess. - Dunyasha will sit in the carriage with me.

They also gave a dressing wagon and sent it for the wounded through two houses. All the household and servants were merrily animated. Natasha was in an enthusiastically happy animation, which she had not experienced for a long time.

Where to tie it? - people said, fitting the chest to the narrow back of the carriage, - you must leave at least one cart.

What is he with? Natasha asked.

With graph books.

Leave. Vasilyich will remove it. It is not necessary.

The cart was full of people; doubted where Pyotr Ilyich would sit.

He's on the goats. After all, you are on the goats, Petya? Natasha screamed.

Sonya busied herself without ceasing, too; but the aim of her troubles was the opposite of Natasha's. She put away those things that should have been left; wrote them down, at the request of the countess, and tried to take with her as much as possible.

With God! said Yefim, putting on his hat. - Pull it out! - Postilion touched. The right drawbar fell into the yoke, the high springs crunched, and the body swayed. The footman on the move jumped on the goats. The carriage shook as it left the yard onto the shaking pavement, the other carriages shook in the same way, and the train moved up the street. In the carriages, the carriage and the britzka, everyone was baptized at the church, which was opposite. The people who remained in Moscow walked on both sides of the carriages, seeing them off.

Natasha rarely experienced such a joyful feeling as the one she now experienced, sitting in the carriage next to the countess and looking at the walls of abandoned, alarmed Moscow slowly moving past her. From time to time she leaned out of the carriage window and looked back and forth at the long train of wounded that preceded them. Almost in front of everyone she could see the closed top of Prince Andrei's carriage. She did not know who was in it, and every time, thinking about the area of ​​\u200b\u200bher convoy, she looked for this carriage with her eyes. She knew that she was ahead of everyone.

In Kudrin, from Nikitskaya, from Presnya, from Podnovinsky, several trains of the same type as the Rostov train had arrived, and carriages and carts were already traveling along Sadovaya in two rows.

Driving around the Sukharev Tower, Natasha, curiously and quickly examining the people riding and walking, suddenly cried out with joy and surprise:

Fathers! Mom, Sonya, look, it's him!

Who? Who?

Look, by God, Bezukhov! - said Natasha, leaning out the window of the carriage and looking at a tall, fat man in a coachman's caftan, obviously a well-dressed gentleman in gait and posture, who, next to a yellow, beardless old man in a frieze overcoat, approached under the arch of the Sukharev Tower.

By God, Bezukhov, in a caftan, with some old boy! By God, - said Natasha, - look, look!

No, it's not him. Is it possible, such nonsense.

Mom, - Natasha shouted, - I'll give you a head to cut off, that it's him! I assure you. Stop, stop! she shouted to the coachman; but the coachman could not stop, because more carts and carriages drove out of Meshchanskaya, and they shouted at the Rostovs to move off and not detain others.

Indeed, although much further away than before, all the Rostovs saw Pierre or a man unusually resembling Pierre, in a coachman's caftan, walking down the street with his head bowed and a serious face, next to a little beardless old man who looked like a footman. This old man noticed a face sticking out at him from the carriage and, respectfully touching Pierre's elbow, said something to him, pointing to the carriage. For a long time Pierre could not understand what he was saying; so he seemed to be immersed in his own thoughts. Finally, when he understood him, he looked at the instructions and, recognizing Natasha, at that very moment, surrendering to the first impression, quickly went to the carriage. But after walking ten paces, he, apparently remembering something, stopped.

Natasha's face, leaning out of the carriage, shone with a mocking caress.

Pyotr Kirilych, come on! After all, we found out! It is amazing! she cried, holding out her hand to him. - How are you? Why are you like this?

Pierre took the outstretched hand and on the move (as the carriage continued to move) awkwardly kissed her.

What's the matter with you, Count? asked the Countess in a surprised and condoling voice.

What? What? What for? Don’t ask me, ”said Pierre and looked back at Natasha, whose radiant, joyful look (he felt it without looking at her) showered him with its charm.

What are you, or are you staying in Moscow? Pierre was silent.

In Moscow? he said inquiringly. - Yes, in Moscow. Farewell.

Ah, if I wished to be a man, I would certainly have stayed with you. Ah, how good it is! - said Natasha. - Mom, let me stay.

Pierre looked absently at Natasha and wanted to say something, but the countess interrupted him:

You were at the battle, did we hear?

Yes, I was, - answered Pierre. “Tomorrow there will be another battle ...” he began, but Natasha interrupted him:

What about you, Count? You don't look like yourself...

Ah, don't ask, don't ask me, I don't know anything myself. Tomorrow... No! Farewell, farewell, he said, terrible time! - And, lagging behind the carriage, he moved to the sidewalk.

Natasha still leaned out of the window for a long time, beaming at him with an affectionate and slightly mocking, joyful smile.

Topic: Analysis of the episode "The Scene of the Rostovs' Departure from Moscow"

(based on the novel "War and Peace" by L.N. Tolstoy)

Episode analysis is a way of educating a reader capable of co-creation...

The purpose of the lesson: deepening the knowledge of the image of Natasha Rostova, the formation of her spiritual development, character through people's relationships.

Tutorial:

Check students' knowledge of the factual material, their ability to evaluate what they read and express their thoughts, draw conclusions, generalizations.

Developing:

R to develop the creative abilities of students, monologue speech.

Develop the ability to highlight the main thing from the material being studied.

To develop creative and imaginative thinking, a culture of communication.

Educational:

To reveal the essence of human morality in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy.

Cultivate a desire for spirituality.

Type of lesson:study lesson.

Methods: teacher's word, heuristic conversation, creation of a problem situation, experience of problem analysis (group and individual work of students).

Equipment: L. Tolstoy's novel “War and Peace”, presentation on the topic “The Image of Natasha Rostova”, illustrations by A.V. Nikolaev.

Episode Analysis Plan:

1. The place of the episode in the development of the plot and composition of the work.

2. Speech system (description, narration, reasoning, the presence of the author's reasoning)

What events take place in the episode?

What aspects of the character of the characters are revealed?

What figurative and expressive means of artistic speech does the writer use?

For what purpose?

3. The theme and problem of the episode of the work, which were developed here.

4. The meaning of the episode for revealing the idea of ​​the work.

I. Performance of the 1st group.

In Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, the great Russian writer-philosopher, it is difficult to find a work where the episode would be static.

Dynamism is one of the essential features of Tolstoy's realism, and it is in the depicted subject that the principle of the artistic method is manifested. A huge place is occupied in the novel by the most important historical events. On a broad historical background with great depth, Tolstoy reveals throughout the novel, in a chain of episodes, the characters of the heroes of the novel, drawing their inner world in development, with all their doubts, mistakes, repentance, searches, contradictions. The narration is the main principle of the composition of the novel, and this is what achieves dynamism in the disclosure of images in episodes.

The action of the heroine Natasha Rostova, her speech, active manifestations of character are the decisive side of the artistic image. The writer introduces the reader into the cycle of events from the first pages of the novel, from the first episodes.

Joint work with students: an episode of hunting, Christmas time.

How does Natasha appear in these episodes?

What character traits did you notice in Natasha? (discussion, recording)

II. 1. Joint analysis of the episode (volume 3, part 3, chapter 13). Reading individual fragments, discussion. The second group is working.

How does Natasha behave during the period when Napoleon invaded Russia?

Conclusions (notebook entry).

Natasha leaves the stage, like many other heroes. The protagonist of the epic, the people, comes to the fore. L.N. Tolstoy prepares the heroine to solve the main question: “What should I do, how to use my will!”

2. Joint analysis of the episode (volume 3, part 1, chapter 16). The third group is working.

Reading and discussion

In a small, everyday episode (volume 3, part 1, chapter 16), L.N. Tolstoy reveals high spiritual qualities in Natasha - humanity, compassion, generosity. The whole panorama of the national disaster opens up before her, and it was this that turned out to be the force that brought her back to life.

“In “War and Peace” it is not the environment, not the relationships between people that are revealed through the characters, but the characters are revealed through the relationships of people,” and this we see, we observe in the disclosure of the image of Natasha.

The attention of all the characters in this episode is aimed at saving their belongings. This is Berg "... he considered it necessary to take time off from the army to Moscow to solve household chores ..." and "he looked after a chiffonier and a toilet with an English secret for his Verusha." The countess-mother arranges a scene for Ilya Andreevich, who agreed to give up the carts to the wounded.

Tolstoy always strives to show the most important stages in the life of a hero, to reveal the process of becoming a human personality through ups and downs, but there comes a moment, the main and decisive one, which determines the future direction of life. Therefore, in Tolstoy, the development of the image has its culmination.

At a difficult dramatic moment for Moscow, Russia, the family of Natasha Rostova saves her own property - her marriageable daughter. Nobody understands the drama of the situation. And only Natasha, with her inner instinct, guesses the unnaturalness of actions, actions and understands what is happening and what needs to be done.The emotional state of the heroine is conveyed by the author in detail: she “screamed”, “her throat trembled from convulsive sobs”, “afraid to weaken and release a charge of her anger for nothing, she turned and quickly rushed up the stairs”, “like a storm burst into the room and quickly approached to mother."Natasha rushed to her mother with a demand to give carts for the wounded: “This is impossible ... this is not like anything, you just look in the yard ... Mommy! It can't be!"

Why is the count silent? Why, without turning his face, listens to Natasha's words.

Why "without turning his face", "why is he silent"?

The episode culminates in a scene where the count, hiding his tears of pride for his daughter, hides his face and says:

Eggs ... Eggs teach a chicken ...

Three dots... And a pause...

What do you think the pause is for? A pause that says a lot, sometimes more than words ... like the three dots ...

Probably, this is a necessary artistic device in order to understand, comprehend the count (“through happy tears he hugged his wife, who was glad to hide her shamefaced face ...), the countess’s words, the behavior of Natasha, who turned out to be wiser, stronger in this life situation and experience a sense of pride and happiness for raising a daughter.

What is the climax of this episode

Yes, because the development of the climax of the image in Tolstoy is the development and culmination of the inner spiritual life of the heroine.

Conclusions, writing in a notebook)

III. The fourth group is working. Final scene.

“Sonya, who did not stop fussing, also fussed: but the purpose of her troubles was the opposite of Natasha's. She put away those things that should have been left; I tried to grab as much as possible, "and the wounded" with pale joyful faces "surrounding the carts, the men with a changed mood helping to unload things, and Natasha, who skillfully disposed of all this. Comparison in Tolstoy, as well as the technique of psychologism, is not a speech manner, but a means of conveying a specific idea. In comparison and in the depiction of the hero's inner world, there is a final assessment of the episode's intention.

The writer shows in Natasha a person who is able to understand with his heart and mind the threat looming over his homeland without lofty words and does what the situation requires. The meeting with Andrei Bolkonsky completes the formation of her spiritual world, and she was ready to “give herself all” to help him. “Not a single thought about herself, about her relationship to him, was in Natasha's soul” (vol. 4, part 1, ch. 14). The personal is relegated to the background, Natasha's inner conscious impulse is to help alleviate the suffering of Andrei, the mother, the defenders of the Motherland.

Conclusions, writing in a notebook.

IV. What is the role of the episode in the "novel War and Peace"?

How is the image of Natasha Rostova shown by L.N. Tolstoy in this episode?

How can this lesson on the Unified State Examination in Russian language and literature help you?

V. Homework: Write an essay-reasoning: “Natasha Rostova is the favorite heroine of Leo Tolstoy”, “The Spiritual Development of Natasha Rostova”. .

1. htt||warland.org|school|s cat=13794$rade=0

2. Publishing houses of Moscow University, 1959, A.A. Saburov., p. 197.

3. The novel "War and Peace".

four . Materials of the article by T.I. Shevchenko "The Image of Natasha Rostova"

Back to the origins

Her gray hair had long since gone silver, and her face was lined with wrinkles. And memory is timeless. The interlocutor remembers everything in the smallest detail, does not get confused in dates, names. He quotes Simonov, recalls "Hot Snow" by Yuri Bondarev, retells his favorite war films ...

For most of her life, Anna Lebedeva lives in the city above the Neman. For many years, she has become attached to Grodno with all her heart, but even today she remembers her small homeland with genuine warmth. There, in the Danilovka settlement, in the Stalingrad region (now the working settlement of Danilovka, Volgograd region), it often happens that he returns in his thoughts. Her childhood and youth passed there, in her parents' house it was always warm and cozy, it smelled deliciously of bread and milk. There Anna graduated from high school and joined the Komsomol. From a young age, she dreamed of becoming a historian, therefore, having received a certificate, she became a student at the Faculty of History of the Stalingrad Pedagogical Institute. But I didn’t study even two courses, when big changes broke out. In 1940, education at the institute became paid, students were left without scholarships, and non-residents also without a hostel. Anna had to go home. She transferred to the correspondence course and got a job in her native school. She was entrusted with teaching ancient history in two 5th grades, moreover, the young teacher combined her lessons with work in the school library.

trial by fire

The war found Anna Lebedeva an eighteen-year-old girl.

- As soon as they announced on the radio that the war had begun, they heard “Get up, huge country, get up, to a mortal battle! ..”, everyone realized it, - the interlocutor recalls, shaking her head.

Later, she, along with other girls, was sent to a six-month course to train surgical nurses. And already in April 1942, they were called to the military registration and enlistment office, and soon sent to the front. We stopped nearby, in the Stalingrad suburb of Bekhetovka. A two-week quarantine, taking an oath ... So Anna Lebedeva became liable for military service, ended up in the anti-aircraft artillery regiment 1080, or rather, in the regimental medical unit. It was based on several floors of the local school number 21. Doctors, sisters of mercy and orderlies guarded the city, helped the needy, saved the wounded. In the summer, German planes began to reach the territory of Stalingrad, and in August the raids became massive. Anna Nikolaevna especially remembered August 22 and 23, 1942, when the planes took off in groups of 10-15 times a day.

“These days, the wounded were constantly brought to us, the medical unit turned into an emergency room,” the woman recalls. - It was terrible to watch: someone's arm was torn off, someone was left without part of his leg ... God forbid.

She, a young girl, of course, was scared. But the chief physician Nikolai Prokofievich Kovansky quickly brought the youth to their senses, they say, you are Komsomol members, you took the oath, then forget about “Oh!” and about “Ai!”.

These two days in August were truly a baptism of fire for medical officer Anna Lebedeva.

jubilant may

In October, the medical unit, where Anna Lebedeva served, was relocated to dugouts, because it was not safe to stay in the school building: shells were constantly exploding, doctors and orderlies walked along the corridors in helmets. The dugouts, according to Anna Nikolaevna's stories, were soundly equipped, and were connected to each other by special passages. Once, on the eve of February 23, the head physician suggested that the workers make a kind of forced march to Stalingrad: medical instruments, dressings, syringes and much more were running out.

The picture that they saw in Stalingrad was shocking: not a single remaining building, destroyed houses, burnt walls ... Anna, together with colleagues from the medical unit, went into the buildings marked with a red cross, in search of the necessary supplies for work. And somewhere nearby explosions were heard - it would shoot there, that one would rumble there ...

In Bekhetovka, the regimental medical unit of the anti-aircraft artillery regiment 1080 stood until the end of 1943, then doctors, including Anna Lebedeva, were sent to Rostov-on-Don. In November of the 44th, an order was received to head to Hungary. We traveled by train, the road was long. We didn’t get to Budapest right away, we first stopped in a small town nearby. In 1945, after the Soviet soldiers liberated the city, the medical unit was located on the island of Csepel, where it was located until the victory.

When Anna Lebedeva recalls the victorious May of 1945, her mood immediately rises, her eyes light up with joy. The soul rejoiced, like spring in Budapest, which came there earlier than usual: everything was in bloom, fragrant. It seemed that even nature rejoiced at the Great Victory.

The way home was long, it took almost a month to get there by train. Anna brought home awards, including the Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree, medals "For the Defense of Stalingrad" and "For Military Merit".

Love through the years

In September, Anna came to get a job at her native school in Danilovka, but she was offered a position in the district committee of the Komsomol. She did not work there for long, because fate finally gave her a long-awaited meeting.

They met their future husband Ivan Lebedev before the war. By the way, he was also from the local, Danilov. We first met at a club where Anna and her students took part in a concert dedicated to March 8th. Ivan then just served, returned home. Warm feelings literally from the first meeting connected their hearts. But then the war broke out, Ivan was called to the front on the very first day. They did not lose touch, wrote warm letters to each other.

The lovers met in February 1946, when Ivan Lebedev came home on vacation. He immediately insisted that the wedding should not be postponed - he was afraid to lose his beloved again.

The Lebedevs registered their union a month later and almost immediately left for Romania. Ivan served there, and his wife, of course, went after him. Then they were transferred to Moscow, and in 1956 the family settled in Grodno. For ten years, Hero of the Soviet Union Ivan Danilovich Lebedev was the military commissar of the Grodno region, and Anna Nikolaevna guarded the family hearth and raised children.

When they grew up, she got a job as a librarian in school No. 10. She liked the work, she was familiar with librarianship, and she loved literature very much. She tried to instill a love of reading in schoolchildren, and relied on the patriotic education of young people. It turned out, for which Anna Nikolaevna was repeatedly awarded with diplomas.

Doesn't give up

The family union of Anna and Ivan Lebedev was strong and happy, they lived together for 68 years.

- Ivan Danilovich was a very serious person, I am also stubborn to some extent, - the interlocutor recalls. - But I thought so: he is older, which means that life knows better. And he also listened to me, yielded to each other. Once I was asked if it was hard to be the wife of a Hero, and I answered no. It's much harder to be a hunter's wife.

It turns out that Ivan Danilovich had such a passion, and she worried about him every time. Four years ago, her husband passed away, but he was always a real man for her, a man with a capital letter, her Hero. It remains so in her heart to this day. Photos of him are neatly hung next to her sofa.
- The trouble is that there is no outline by which you live your life. Everything on the way meets, - the war veteran notes.

In recent years, due to illness, Anna Nikolaevna has been bedridden. Vision also fails, and hearing is not the same. For the 95th anniversary, the chairman of the Grodno city branch of the NGO "Union of Poles in Belarus" Kazimir Znaidinsky presented the birthday girl with a modern hearing aid. Even earlier - a special stroller. The students and staff of the Kupalovsky University, as well as the activist of the women's movement Tereza Belousova, do not let you get bored. Every day, a social worker comes to Anna Lebedeva, who will cook, wash, and do the housework, and most importantly, talk heart to heart. So life is more fun.

Photo by Nikolai Lapin