Presentation "the state is the main object of the political map". Modern political map of the world

Lesson topic . The state is the main object of the political map.

Lesson goals. 1. Improve knowledge about the political map of the world. 2. Get acquainted with the main forms of government of states, forms of government. 3. Improve the ability to work with the political map of the world.

Lesson type : combined lesson.

Equipment : political map of the world, handout, grade 10 atlas, textbook.

Methodological comment . In the lessons of social science, students already got acquainted with the forms of government and forms of government. It is advisable for students to give the task to repeat this topic before the lesson. In this regard, the pace of the lesson should be fast enough.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

- Greetings;

- identification of absent students.

2. Checking homework (frontal survey).

Changes on the political map of the world are taking place at the present time. Remember what changes in character can be? Give country specific examples.Answer:

1. Quantitative changes - associated with changes in the territories of states (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the collapse of Yugoslavia, the collapse of Czechoslovakia, the annexation of Crimea to Russia ...) 2. Qualitative changes - the acquisition of independence, the introduction of a new state system, the formation of new unions, etc. (proclamation of sovereignty by South Ossetia, formation of the CIS, the European Union…) 3. What changes occur more often: qualitative or quantitative? Explain. 4. What is the "political map of the world"? Answer : image of states, their borders ...

3. Actualization of knowledge and definition of a new topic.

Guys, indeed, on the political map of the world, we can see the configuration of the state, i.e. its territory, state borders, neighboring countries. So what is the main object of the political map?Answer : state . Right.

A slide with the topic of the lesson is displayed on the board"The state is the main object of the political map" ( slide 1) . The topic is written in the student's notebook. - Today we will find out what the territory of the state, state borders are, what forms of government, forms of government are.

The lesson plan is displayed on the board and written in a notebook.(slide 2) 1. Territory and borders of states.
2. Forms of government.
3. Forms of government.

4. Learning new material.

Guys, look at the blackboard.(slide 3) I didn't choose this card by chance. Also on the board you see two terms:territory of the state and borders of the state . Try to define these terms yourself, based on the map. You can write your definitions in your notebook. Read the resulting definitions.

Now let's look at the board with the correct definitions(slide 4). You are great. In geography, there is a name for the territory -enclave (Explanation of the term by the teacher). Is there an enclave in our country?(Kaliningrad region)

Guys, there are more than 200 states in the world. The formation of the political map took place at various stages of the development of society. But any country is characterized by a form of government and a form of government(slide 5) .

The teacher explains the differences between the forms of government. Gives examples of states. Draws attention to slide 6.

What do you think, states with which form of government more?(from Republican). Do all continents have monarchies?(not available in America, Australia)

The teacher explains the differences between the forms of government. Gives examples of states. Draws attention toslides 7,8.

How do you figure out what form of government prevails in the world?(Unitary state)

5. Primary consolidation of the studied material. Work in pairs.

1) Geographical dictation. On the slide are the terms on the topic of the lesson. The teacher reads a short definition, students select terms from the proposedon slide 9 . The assignment is done orally.

A form of government in which the individual territories that make up the state have a certain independence (federation).

A form of government in which governments are elected for a fixed term (republic).

Lines defining the limits of the state territory (state borders).

A form of government in which the country has no autonomy, has one constitution, one government ... (unitary state).

A form of government in which power is inherited (monarchy).

The part of the planet that is under the sovereignty of a country (the territory of a state).

2) Exercise . Using the paragraph of the textbook, fill in the table "State system of the countries of the world." Each pair is given a table.

6. Reflection. Summarizing. Student assessment.

What new did you learn in the lesson? How can the knowledge gained in the lesson be useful to you?

7. Homework. Homework options. Mark on the contour map: Option 1 - countries - monarchies, sign their names, highlight the borders; Option 2 - countries - federations, sign their names, highlight the borders.

Additional task (optional): prepare a presentation about a country with a monarchical form of government.

The main objects of the political map are sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

sovereign states These are sovereign states. The number of such states is growing. Thus, in 1900 there were only 55 sovereign states on the globe. On the eve of World War II, there were 71 of them, in 1947 - 81, and by 2000 more than 190 countries already had sovereignty.

State sovereignty means the fullness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state in its territory, excluding any foreign power. It also implies disobedience to the authorities of foreign states in the field of international communication, except in cases of explicit and voluntary consent on the part of the state to limit its sovereignty.

In principle, the sovereignty of a state is always complete and exclusive. The concept of sovereignty underlies such universally recognized principles of international law as the principle of sovereign equality of states, the principle of mutual respect for state sovereignty, the principle of non-interference of states in each other's internal affairs, etc.

Along with sovereign states in the modern world, there are also about 30 non-self-governing territories. They can be roughly divided into two groups:

colonies officially included in the UN list (a list of territories specifically subject to the UN requirement for independence);

territories not included in the UN list, because, according to the states administering them, they are "overseas departments", "overseas territories" or "freely associated" states with them, etc.

Some Non-Self-Governing Territories on the modern political map of the world:

• 1. UK dominions: Gibraltar (disputed territory with Spain); Virgin (British) Islands and Cayman Islands (Caribbean); Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (disputed territory of Great Britain and Argentina) and Bermuda (Atlantic Ocean), etc.
• 2. French possessions: ( the "overseas departments" are administered by a commissioner or prefect of the French Republic appointed by the government: French Guiana (South America); Guadeloupe and Martinique (Caribbean); Reunion Island (Indian Ocean, near Madagascar); "overseas territories" in Oceania: Fr. New Caledonia; French Polynesia: Society Islands, Tuamotu, Marquesas Islands, Tubuai, Bass, etc.
• 3. Dominions of the Netherlands: Antilles (Netherlands) Islands: Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, etc. (Caribbean Sea); about. Aruba (sovereignty is possible in the near future).
• 4. US dominions: Virgin (US) Islands (in the northern part of the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea); Puerto Rico since 1952 the state "freely joined" to the USA (Caribbean Sea); Eastern Samoa - "unincorporated (unattached) territory" of the United States (Oceania); military bases in the Pacific Islands: Guam, Midway Johnston "and Send, Palmyra, Jarvis, Kingman Reef, Howland and Baker (Oceania); Federated States of Micronesia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Republic of Palau (Oceania) -" associated states with the USA.

The formation and development of states is the most complex historical process, determined by many internal and external factors: political, social, economic, and ethnic. Specialists in international problems currently count more than 200 objects on the globe on which there are disputes: territorial, ethnic, religious, border, including several dozen of those where there is an acute conflict situation. Many sovereign states have pockets of separatism. Currently, experts note the presence of about 50 such conflicts.

The most acute conflicts of our time:

In Europe

Northern Ireland;

Basque Country, Galicia and Catalonia in Spain;

Corsica and Wallonia in France, etc.

Balkan conflict.

In Asia:

Kurdistan (the territory of this mountainous region in Southwest Asia, which has no fixed borders, is part of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria);

Gorny Badakhshan in Tajikistan;

Pakistani province of Balochistan;

South Yemen;

Chittagong region in Bangladesh;

Indian states of Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir;

Northern regions of Sri Lanka;

Tibet and Xinjiang (Uiguristan) in China, etc.

Conflict between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

Afghanistan.

The conflict in the Persian Gulf (Iraq, Kuwait).

Taiwan Strait.

On the American continent:

Canadian province of Quebec.

Mexican state of Chiapas;

self-governing territory of Denmark is the island of Greenland.

On the African continent:

West Sahara.

The dispute between Spain and the UK over the sovereignty of Gibraltar.

In South America:

There was an armed conflict (1982) between Great Britain and Argentina over possession of the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands off the coast of Argentina.

Military operations took place on the border between Peru and Ecuador.

The collapse of the colonial system of imperialism after the Second World War, the rapid growth of national liberation movements (the struggle of peoples for independence) radically changed the political map of the world. Thus, on the eve of World War II there were 71 sovereign states in the world, in 1947 there were 81 of them, and by 1995 about 190 had sovereignty.

State sovereignty- the completeness of the legislative, executive and judicial power of the state on its territory, excluding any foreign power; non-subordination of the state to the authorities of foreign states in the sphere of international communication, with the exception of cases of express and voluntary consent on the part of the state to limit its sovereignty.

In principle, the sovereignty of a state is always complete and exclusive. This is one of the inalienable properties of the state.

The concept of state sovereignty underlies such universally recognized principles of international law as the principle of sovereign equality of states, the principle of mutual respect for state sovereignty, the principle of non-interference of states in each other's internal affairs, etc.

Along with sovereign states, there are more than 30 Non-Self-Governing Territories in the modern world. They can be roughly divided into two groups:

Colonies officially included in the list (a list of territories that are specifically subject to the UN requirement to grant them independence);

Territories, in fact, colonies, however, are not included in the UN list, since, according to the states administering them, they are: “overseas departments”, “overseas territories”, “freely associated states”, etc.

The status of Western Sahara (which until 1976 was a colony of Spain in Western) has not yet been determined. After many years of armed struggle between various political groups for power in the West, since 1989, a truce has practically been established. Here, under the auspices of the UN and the OAU, a peaceful referendum is to be held on the question of self-determination of the people of Western Sahara (independence or integration with).

The issue of granting independence to all modern colonies is complicated: many of them are important for the mother countries as military-strategic objects or are of other interest. For example, dozens of US military and naval bases are located on the islands in the Pacific and. So, (Caroline, Mariana) are of great military-strategic importance in. Many American military installations are located on the islands. On a number of atolls, tests of atomic and hydrogen bombs, intercontinental missiles, etc. were carried out.

The formation and development of states is the most complex historical process, determined by many internal and external factors: political, social, economic, and ethnic.

Specialists in international problems currently count about 300 objects on the globe on which there are disputes: territorial, ethnic, border; including more than 100 such, where there is an acute conflict situation.

The dispute between Spain and sovereignty over Gibraltar continues. There was an armed conflict (1982) between Great Britain and because of the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands. Since 1947, the question of the borders of the state and the creation of a Palestinian state has been raised, only in 1993 was autonomy granted to the Palestinian lands occupied by Israel in 1967. We are talking about the transfer of broad administrative powers to Palestinian self-government bodies. At the intermediate stage of the settlement, the treaty does not provide for the proclamation of a Palestinian state, but the first ever elections to Palestinian self-government bodies were held. The list of examples of this kind could be continued. This is the struggle of the people for self-determination and the formation of the state of Kurdistan; border conflicts between and (especially in the states of Jammu and Kashmir); conflicts on the territory of the republics of the former SFRY (Yugoslavia), in (Ulster); on the territory of the republics (); in African states, etc.

Reference materials (terms):

The colony- (from lat. colonia - settlement) a country or territory under the rule of a foreign state (metropolis), deprived of political and economic independence and governed on the basis of a special regime.

Protectorate- one of the forms of colonial dependence, in which the protected state retains only some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc., are carried out at its discretion by the metropolitan state.

Dominion- (English dominion - possession, power), states within the British Empire that recognized the head of the English king (since 1867, since 1901, since 1907, the Union of South Africa since 1910). After the formation of the Commonwealth (Commonwealth), the term "dominion" fell into disuse.

Mandatory (mandatory) territories- the general name of the former colonies and some possessions of the Ottoman Empire, transferred after the 1st World War by the League of Nations under the control of the victorious countries on the basis of a mandate. After the 2nd World War, the mandate system was replaced by the UN trusteeship system.

Trust Territories- dependent territories, the management of which was transferred by the UN to any state ("international trusteeship" - a management system carried out on behalf and under the leadership of the UN). Examples: before these territories gained independence - the Caroline, Marshall Islands - were under the tutelage of the United States, part of the Caroline Islands - were under the tutelage of the UN.

Condominium- co-ownership, joint exercise of supreme power over the same territory by two or more states (from 1899 to 1956 - Anglo-Egyptian co-ownership was).

Colonial possessions, non-self-governing territories in the modern political

(Colonies, condominiums, trust territories):

Great Britain:

1. Gibraltar (disputed territory with Spain)
2. Saint Helena (Atlantic Ocean)
3. Anguilla ()
4. Virgin (British) Islands (Caribbean)
5. Cayman Islands (Caribbean)

1. Montserrat (Caribbean)
2. Terke and Caicos (Caribbean)
3. Pitcairn (Oceania)
4. Bermuda (Atlantic Ocean)

10. Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (disputed territory of Great Britain and)

Note: The "Overseas departments" are administered by a commissioner or prefect of the French Republic appointed by the government.

1. French Guiana - "overseas department" (South America)
2. Guadeloupe - "overseas department" (Caribbean)
3. Martinique - "overseas department" (Caribbean)
4. Maore island - "special territorial entity" (, in a group, off Madagascar)
5. island of China) USA:
   1. Virgin Islands (Caribbean)
   2. Puerto Rico - since 1952, the status of a state "freely joined" to the United States (Caribbean)
   3. Eastern Samoa - "unincorporated" territory (Oceania)
   4. Guam (Pacific Ocean, in the Mariana Islands group)

   1. Cocos (Killing) Islands (Oceania) - "free association" with

   1. Tokelau Islands (Oceania) - "Non-Self-Governing Territory of New Zealand"

   2. the islands and Niue - "internal self-government within the framework of free association with" (Oceania).

political map– geographical map of the globe, continent or region, which reflects the territorial and political division. The main elements of the content of the map are the borders of states and dependent territories, capitals, large cities, sometimes routes of communication are displayed on a political map, the boundaries of autonomous entities within states with a federal structure, capitals and centers of units of administrative-territorial division.

In today's world, there are more 250 countries. They are diverse in terms of their place in the international division of labor and in international relations, in terms of economic development, in size of territory, in population, in its ethnic and national composition, in geographical location, and in many other indicators. 193 states are members of the United Nations(as of 01.01.2018) and 2 observer states: Holy See (Vatican) and the State of Palestine.

The diversity of the countries of the modern world.

The countries of the world are grouped according to different criteria. For example, stand out sovereign, independent countries (about 193 out of 250) and dependent countries and territories. Dependent countries and territories may have different names: possessions - the term " colonies» not used since 1971 (there are very few left), overseas departments and territories, self-governing territories. So, Gibraltar is a British property; island reunion in the Indian Ocean Guiana in South America, the overseas departments of France; island country Puerto Rico declared a "state freely affiliated with the United States."

Grouping countries by area:

• very large countries(territory over 3 million sq. km): Russia(17.1 million sq. km), Canada(10 million sq. km), China(9.6 million sq. km), USA(9.4 million sq. km), Brazil(8.5 million sq. km), Australia(7.7 million sq. km), India(3.3 million sq. km);
• major countries(have an area of ​​more than 1 million km2): Algeria, Libya, Iran, Mongolia, Argentina, etc.;
• medium and small countries: these include most of the countries of the world - Italy, Vietnam, Germany, etc.
• micro-states: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican. They also include Singapore and the island states of the Caribbean and Oceania.

According to the population, they are 10 largest countries in the world : China (1318 million people); India (1132 million people); USA (302 million people); Indonesia (232 million people); Brazil (189 million people); Pakistan (169 million people); Bangladesh (149 million people); Nigeria (144 million people); Russia (142 million people); Japan (128 million people). The population of countries is constantly changing, so this "big ten" is also changing. Most of the world's countries are middle-sized states (less than 100 million people): Iran, Ethiopia, Germany, etc. The smallest countries in terms of population are micro-states. For example, 1,000 people live in the Vatican.

State system, forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world.

The countries of the world also differ in forms of government and by forms of territorial-state structure.

There are two main forms of government: republics , where the legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power to the government (USA, Germany), and monarchy where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited (Brunei, UK).

Most countries in the world have a republican form of government. There are presidential republics, where the president heads the government and has great powers (USA, Guinea, Argentina, etc.), and parliamentary republics, where the role of the president is less, and the head of the executive branch is the prime minister appointed by the president. The monarchy is currently 29 .

Monarchies are constitutional and absolute. At constitutional monarchy the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and the activities of parliament: the real legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive - to the government. The monarch at the same time "reigns, but does not rule", although his political influence is quite large. Such monarchies include Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, etc.

At absolute monarchy The power of the ruler is not limited by anything. There are only six states in the world with this form of government: Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the Vatican.

Of particular note are the so-called theocratic monarchies , i.e. countries where the head of state is also its religious head (Vatican and Saudi Arabia).

There are countries that have a specific form of government. These include states that are part of the so-called commonwealth (until 1947 it was called the "British Commonwealth of Nations"). The Commonwealth is an association of countries that includes Great Britain and many of its former colonies, dominions and dependent territories (total 50 states). It was originally created by Great Britain to preserve its economic and military-political positions in previously owned territories and countries. AT 16 Commonwealth countries formally considered the head of state british queen. The largest of them include Canada, Australia, New Zealand. In them, the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General, and the legislature is Parliament.

Territory and borders of the state

The territory of the state is a part of the globe that is under the sovereignty of a certain country.

State borders are lines that define the boundaries of the state territory.

Enclaves - islands remote from the main territory, surrounded by the territory of other states

Main forms of government

Republican

monarchical

Republic- a form of government in which the supreme legislative power belongs to the parliament, and the executive - to the government. The birthplace of the republican system is Europe.

Monarchy- a form of government in which the head of state is the emperor, king, duke, prince, sultan, etc. This sovereignty is hereditary.

Ancient Republic of San Marino (301 AD)

It is located in Southern Europe, surrounded by the territory of Italy. The heads of state are two captain-regents appointed by the Grand General Council. They are elected for a term of 6 months. The area of ​​the state is 60.57 km².

Ethiopia

Republics were proclaimed and such thousand-year monarchies as:

Iran

Egypt

Republics are divided into:

Presidential –

in them, the president is endowed with very great rights, he heads the government, such are Brazil, the USA, Argentina, Iran, Pakistan.

Parliamentary –

in them the main figure is the head of the government, such as Germany, Italy, Israel, India.

Monarchy

constitutional

Absolute

The power of the monarch is almost unlimited, there are only a few such countries, mainly in the Persian Gulf region, such as Saudi Arabia.

A monarchy where the real legislative power belongs to the parliament, and the executive power to the government, while the monarch himself reigns, but does not rule, for example, Great Britain, Japan.

Theocratic

The monarch is both a secular sovereign and the head of the church.

Great Britain is the oldest constitutional monarchy in the world.

The King, now Queen Elizabeth II, is considered the head of state, as well as the British-led Commonwealth, whose members are more than 50 countries that were previously part of the British Empire.

Prior to the adoption of the constitution of 1947, Japan was an absolute monarchy, whose laws endowed the emperor with unlimited power and attributed to him divine origin. The highest body of state power and the only legislative body in Japan is the Parliament.

Akihito

Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy

The head of state (the king) exercises legislative and executive power, while simultaneously being the prime minister, commander-in-chief of the armed forces and supreme judge, as well as the spiritual ruler. The government is formed from members of the royal family.

Now the royal family has about 5 thousand males of various degrees of kinship, and all government posts are divided between them.

Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz Al Saud

Absolute theocratic monarchy ruled by the Holy See. The Sovereign of the Holy See, in whose hands absolute legislative, executive and judicial power is concentrated, is the Pope, who is elected by the cardinals for life.

Forms of administrative-territorial structure

unitary

Federal

The state has such a form of administrative-territorial structure, in which the country has a single legislative and executive power, such are Japan, Sweden, France and most countries of the world.

The state has such a form of administrative-territorial structure, in which, along with uniform laws and authorities, there are separate self-governing units that have their own legislative, executive and judicial powers, such as Russia, the USA, India, etc.

• mark all monarchies on the contour map of the world