Reign of revenge. Mstislav and his personal life

Mstislav

Vladimirovich Tmutarakansky

OK. 983–1036

Battles and victories

The legendary ancient Russian commander of the X-XI centuries, awarded the nicknames "Brave" and "Remote".

Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich Tmutarakansky resembled his grandfather Svyatoslav Igorevich, the military leader of the times of military democracy and the great migration of peoples. Always in the saddle, always in pursuit of military victories, glory and booty.

On the X - the first half of the XI century. came the heroic period of ancient Russian history. It was the time of the formation and flourishing of Kievan Rus. Under Vladimir I (980-1015), nicknamed in the epics "Red Sun" and "Tender Prince", all the lands inhabited by East Slavic tribes came under the control of the Grand Duke of Kyiv. At the same time, there was a process of merging a conglomerate of East Slavic tribes and the Finno-Ugric, Letto-Lithuanian, North Iranian and other populations of the East European Plain and the Middle Dnieper region assimilated by the Slavs. The adoption of Christianity under Vladimir in 988 greatly contributed to the rallying of the people around the new faith and the formation of a special ancient Russian spiritual culture. Vladimir's son Yaroslav, called by the chroniclers "Wise", during the years of his great reign (1016-1054) expanded the borders of Russia, patronized the spread of literacy and bookishness, laid the foundation for written legislation.

Vladimir and Yaroslav were such bright rulers that other ancient Russian princes - their contemporaries - are lost against their background. Meanwhile, among the latter there were also many talented people, brave and successful generals, endowed with personal charisma. One of these princes was Mstislav Tmutarakansky. There are fragmentary reports of Russian chronicles and other sources about the life and work of Mstislav. This material does not allow us to completely reconstruct the biography of the prince, but we can talk about the most notable, and therefore remembered by the chroniclers, deeds of the prince.

Origin of Mstislav

Mstislav was the son of Vladimir I from the Polotsk princess Rogneda. (According to another version, his mother was a "Chekhina"). The year of his birth is unknown. Historians most often assume the 983rd and consider Mstislav the third son of Rogneda. His older siblings were Izyaslav (later the prince of Polotsk, the founder of the local dynasty of Rurikovich - the “Rogvolozh grandchildren”) and Yaroslav (at the end of his father's life - the prince of Novgorod). However, there is an opinion in the historical literature that Mstislav was older than Yaroslav.

Mstislav's paternal grandfather was the famous warrior prince Svyatoslav (the years of the great reign in Kyiv 945-972). Her paternal great-grandmother was Princess Olga, known for her wisdom. Maternal grandfather Mstislav had an independent ruler of Polotsk, Rogvolod, who, obviously, came from those husbands of Rurik, whom, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years", he "planted" in the Slavic cities. Rogvolod and his daughter Rogneda were most likely of the Varangian (Scandinavian) family.

In addition to his brothers, Mstislav also had 9 half-brothers, because before his baptism, Vladimir had 8 wives and countless "staff" of concubines. Most of the East Slavic tribes preferred polygamy before the adoption of Christianity, and an extensive harem was a status thing that emphasized the greatness and wealth of the monarch.

Under Vladimir, local princes, henchmen of the Grand Duke of Kyiv, gradually became a thing of the past. In various volosts, instead of them, governors began to rule on behalf of the Grand Duke. Initially, these were "husbands" (boyars), representatives of the senior princely squad. However, Vladimir early began to plant his numerous sons as governors. Most of them became princes-governors in childhood. Of course, they were helped to rule by the “breadwinners”, boyars, educators and advisers. So from a young age, the Rurikovichs were accustomed to carry their princely burden.

Mstislav and the Tmutarakan Principality

It is not known when Mstislav became the prince-viceroy of the Tmutarakan principality on the Taman Peninsula between the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea. Some historians believe that this happened around 987-988, when the prince was 4-5 years old. In the annals, the name of Mstislav is strongly associated with Tmutarakan, which indicates the long stay of the prince in this autonomous possession of Russia. Other researchers begin the Tmutarakan period of the prince's life from 990-1010.

Here, in Tmutarakan, the prince started a family. The name of his wife is known - Maria, most likely she was from a local noble Alanian family. In addition to the prefix "Tmutarakansky", Mstislav acquired other nicknames recorded in the sources - "Brave" and "Remote". In general, he was in many ways similar to his grandfather Svyatoslav Igorevich. Military campaigns, battles and personal fights were the passion of the prince. Like Svyatoslav, Mstislav Tmutarakansky often resembled not so much the prince of the era of the development of ancient Russian statehood, as the fighting leader of the times of military democracy and the great migration of peoples, who is always in the saddle in pursuit of military victories, glory and booty. Legends about those gray times painted the ideal prince-leader also generous. Mstislav, brought up in their atmosphere, clearly aspired to be like that. The latter was already rare among the monarchs of the 11th century. although, in part, generosity was not alien to Mstislav's father, the "affectionate prince" Vladimir.

Mstislav Tmutarakansky went down in history not with state achievements, but with military exploits.

However, before telling about them, we will explain what the Tmutarakan principality was like at the beginning of the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich there.

It was located on the Taman Peninsula near the two seas of the Black and Azov and the Kerch Strait connecting them. In ancient times, the Scythians lived here. In ancient times, Taman was part of the Bosporan kingdom, the population of which, in addition to the Scythians, was their relatives from the northern Iranian family of peoples - the Sarmatians, as well as Greeks, Jews and some other ethnic groups. The city of Tamatarkha on Taman, which the Russians later called Tmutarakan, was founded as a Greek colony. During the great migration of peoples in the IV century. AD here appeared the Turkic-Huns.

A little later, they were replaced by the Bulgar Turks. Taman was even the center of Great Bulgaria. But this state collapsed under the blows of the Khazar Turks, and from the 7th century. power over Tamanya passed to them. The Khazars created their own state in the Caspian and Black Sea steppes - the Khazar Khaganate. Although the Khazars were nomads, the Kaganate prospered thanks to the service of international transit trade that went through its possession. Therefore, Jewish merchants, experts in trade, gained great influence in it. From them, the kagan and the entire Khazar elite adopted Judaism, ordinary Khazars remained pagans. The Khaganate was a trade competitor of the Roman Empire (Byzantium) and the Arabs, waged wars with them. From the east, the primitive Turkic nomads of the Pechenegs pressed on Khazaria. From the 7th century Bulgaria, located on the Middle Volga, also made attempts to free itself from Khazar dependence. All this undermined the forces of the Kaganate, and the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav Igorevich dealt the last blow to him.

After the defeat of Khazaria by Svyatoslav, a strong Russian influence was established in its two former possessions Sarkel (Belaya Vezha) on the Don and in Tmutarakan. Although an autonomous Jewish state headed by David Tamansky existed on Taman for about 20 years, there was obviously a Russian garrison in Tmutarakan itself from the time of Svyatoslav. Under Vladimir I in the 980s, Kiev's influence increased, and the grand duke's son Mstislav was appointed governor in Tmutarakan. Thus, the Tmutarakan principality was finally formed, dependent on Russia, but very autonomous in all internal and external affairs. Tmutarakan was still inhabited by multinational people. In addition to Russians, Greeks, Khazars, Jews, Armenians, Kasogs and Yases lived here.

Kasogs (kosogs) were of Abkhaz-Adyghe origin. In addition to the Taman Peninsula, they mostly lived in the steppes of the Kuban and in the North Caucasus. Yasy (ancestors of modern Ossetians) belonged to the North Iranian language family. They were part of the tribal unions of the Alans. The Yases were also often allies of the Kasogs. Outside of Taman, the Yas and Kasog tribes were going through a period of disintegration of the tribal system, the process of the emergence of their statehood was underway, accompanied by the rise of individual tribal leaders, surrounded by loyal combatants.

Tmutarakan by the end of the tenth century. conducted an active foreign trade, which competed with the Byzantine cities in the Crimea. In addition, the principality tried to extend its political and administrative influence to various regions of the North Caucasus. The military campaigns of Mstislav Tmutarakan became the main form of realization of these ambitions of the Tmutarakan land.

Mstislav and Rededya

The Laurentian edition of The Tale of Bygone Years and the Nikon Chronicle contain a detailed account of Mstislav's war with the tribal union of Yases and Kasogs, led by Rededey, in 1022.

The chroniclers focused on the personal duel of the leaders of the parties, which is also reflected in the Tale of Igor's Campaign:

Belt the song ... to the brave Mstislav, even the slaughter of Rededy in front of the kasozhskys.

The possibility of deciding the outcome of the war in this way speaks of the transitional era in which Prince Mstislav and his contemporaries lived. It is difficult to imagine the outcome of the Battle of Kulikovo as a duel between the Moscow prince Dmitry and the Horde temnik Mamai! And it's not a lack of personal courage. Statesmen of the 14th century and their subjects could no longer afford to entrust the fate of their countries to the vicissitudes of personal competition. And in those good old days, when Mstislav and the Kasozhsky prince Rededya lived, apparently, a similar old custom was still in use in Taman and the North Caucasus. He ordered to fight without weapons, although, obviously, he assumed the possibility of finishing off the loser with a dagger, as Mstislav did at the end of the battle. Apparently, this was part of the rules, because the squad of the slaughtered Rededi did not rush into battle, to avenge their treacherously killed leader, but recognized the victory of the Russian prince. The same applied to the family of the defeated Rededi. A worthy feat, and not a treacherous trick, is the outcome of the duel between Mstislav and Rededi in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.

Chronicles report that in 1022 the troops of the Yases and Kasogs met in the field with the squad of Mstislav Tmutarakansky. The Yasko-Kasozh leader Rededya suggested to Mstislav not to destroy the soldiers, but to resolve the dispute in a personal duel. Rededya was known as a powerful hero, was a fighter famous among his people. However, Mstislav was not inferior to him in personal courage. Russian chronicles emphasize the youth of the Russian prince and his lack of the experience that the mature Rededya had. Because of this remark, many historians do not recognize the birth date of Mstislav in 983. By 1022, Mstislav would have been under 40 years old, which in that time and in our time can in no way be considered youth. Prince Mstislav was quite an adult. He had children of his own - a son, Eustathius, and a daughter, Tatyana. As a politician, by 1016 he managed to subdue Tmutarakan all the Khazars around her.

The duel did not start in favor of Mstislav. Mighty Rededya began to crush him to the ground. Mstislav was already a Christian. His baptismal name is Konstantin. The Russian prince began to pray to the Mother of God to grant him victory. He promised to erect a temple in her honor in Tmutarakan. In the end, he won, managing to stab his opponent with a knife "in front of the Kasogian regiments."

Mstislav fulfilled his promise. Archaeologists have found in the place where Tmutarakan once stood, the remains of the foundation of the Mother of God Church.

And Mstislav began to grow weak, for Rededya was great and strong, and Mstislav said - “O Holy Mother of God, help me, if I overcome this, I will build a church in your name.” And lo and behold, strike the ground with it, and take out the knife and stab Rededya.

Tale of Bygone Years

The victory over Rededey put an end to the war of 1022. As the ancient custom required, the winner received power over the land and subjects of the loser Rededy. Mstislav also inherited the family of the Yasko-Kasozh leader, but he treated her like a knight. Rededi's wife and two sons lived under the prince and were part of the Tmutarakan elite. Mstislav became the godfather of Rededi's sons. In baptism, they took the names Yuri and Roman. The latter became Mstislav's son-in-law by marrying his daughter Tatyana. Several Moscow aristocratic families - Beleutovs, Dobrynskys, Sorokoumovs-Glebovs - originated from this couple (most likely mythical).

Mstislav's power over the yases and kasogs significantly increased the military capabilities of the Tmutarakan ruler, and he decided to intervene in the struggle for his father's grand ducal inheritance. Grand Duke Vladimir died in 1015. No clear order of succession to the throne in Russia has yet been developed; from the moment of the death of Vladimir and until 1019, there was a strife between his sons in Russia. Chronicles attribute to Svyatopolk, the eldest son or nephew of Vladimir, the murder of the brothers - Boris and Gleb, as well as the intention to exterminate all their rival brothers. However, Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, turned out to be more successful and stronger than Svyatopolk. In 1016 and in 1019 with the help of Novgorodians and Varangians, he defeated Svyatopolk, and he, having fled to the West, perished there.

Mstislav the Brave vs. Yaroslav the Wise

Until 1022, no one disputed the Kyiv table with Yaroslav, and he was considered the Grand Duke, although in 1021 he had to fight with his nephew Bryachislav Izyaslavich of Polotsk, who attacked the Novgorod lands. Perhaps this trick of the “Rogvolozhy grandson” prompted Mstislav Tmutarakansky to recall his rights as an heir. In 1023, Mstislav, at the head of the Tmutarakan squad and the Yasko-Kasozh army, appeared on the left Seversk side of the Dnieper. He captured Chernigov. Here his army was replenished with Chernigov regiments.

In 1023, Yaroslav did not resist Mstislav. He was distracted by the events that were unfolding in the North-East of Russia. In the Suzdal land, against the background of the famine, there were unrest and local uprisings, where pagan wise men ruled. In Kyiv, the Grand Duke was absent, and Mstislav considered this convenient for capturing the capital of Russia. However, the people of Kiev did not want to see the Tmutarakan prince as their ruler. They locked themselves in the city and did not let Mstislav in. He returned to Chernigov.

Yaroslav the Wise
Reconstruction by M.M. Gerasimov based on the real skull of the prince

The fate of the grand princely Kyiv table was to be decided in the brothers' war. Yaroslav was already in a hurry to the Dnieper. Taking advantage of the help of the Novgorodians once again, Yaroslav hired a Varangian squad from overseas, led by Yakun. This Yakun in Russian sources is called the brother of the Varangian king Afrikan. The chronicle report and the testimony of the Kiev-Pechersk patericon state that Yakun was "blind" and wore "gold-woven lud". The image of a blind man does not fit well with the role of Yakun, who in 1024 became the chief commander of the Kiev-Varangian forces. V.N. Tatishchev and N.M. Karamzin assumed that Yakun's eyes were somehow damaged, which is why he wore a bandage (“lud”) on them. But from the context of the sources, "lud" is rather mentioned as clothing, it can be assumed that it was a cloak. Historian N.P. Lambin suggested that the word "blind" is a scribal error, which later authors began to replicate. The Varangian Yakun was not “blind”, but “with lep” (i.e. handsome) and wore a gold-woven “lud” (cloak). I.N. Danilevsky suggested that the chronicler, who wrote about Yakun that he was not just "stucco", but "with stucco", used a play on words, hinting at the shortcomings of the leadership of the Kiev-Varangian rati. Yaroslav was lame (he fell off his horse unsuccessfully as a child), and Yakun was “with lep”.

One way or another, but led by Yakun, the people of Kiev and the Varangians came out to protect the rights of Yaroslav to the Grand Duke's table. Yaroslav's troops went to Chernigov. Upon learning of this, Mstislav the Brave rushed to meet them. Near the town of Listven, not far from Chernigov, the opponents saw each other. It was getting dark, the weather was terrible. It rained like a wall, lightning flashed, thunder rumbled, and sharp gusts of wind carried its sounds away.

Despite the storm and the falling night, Mstislav decided to attack. For the first time in Russian history recorded in the sources, he applied a military innovation, breaking up a single system of his soldiers into a central regiment, regiments of the right and left hands, and also allocating his Tmutarakan squad to the reserve ("ambush"). Later, such a formation was used by all Russian princes, including Yaroslav in the battle with the Pechenegs near Kyiv in 1036.

Yakun built the forces of Grand Duke Yaroslav in one regiment, in the center of which were his Varangians. Mstislav dealt a powerful blow to the center with the forces of Chernigov, while his regiments of the left and right hands from jars and kasogs crushed the enemy from the flanks. And here stood the Kievans, who faltered, and soon the Chernigovites broke through the Varangian center. Kievans and Scandinavians began to retreat in a panic. The squad of Mstislav pursued and flogged them. During the battle, Yakun lost his "golden loot". Together with Yaroslav, the Varangian ran to Novgorod, and there he boarded a ship and sailed away to his homeland.

The battlefield was left to Mstislav. He, according to the chronicler, walked on it, saying:

Who wouldn't rejoice at this? Here lies a northerner (Chernigovets), here is a Varangian, and my squad is intact!

This phrase very clearly conveys the worldview of the Tmutarakan brave man, who clearly lacked the breadth of state thoughts, so characteristic of his brother "lame" Yaroslav the Wise. One can understand the inhabitants of Kyiv, who at one time preferred Yaroslav.

Duumvirate of Yaroslav and Mstislav

However, Mstislav was not a vicious and vengeful adversary. After the battle of Listven, he sent to Novgorod to Yaroslav to say:

Sit in your Kyiv: you are the elder brother, and let this side of the Dnieper be for me.

After a personal meeting between Yaroslav and Mstislav, a kind of duumvirate of brothers was established. Yaroslav the Wise was the Grand Duke of Kyiv, he ruled, as the supreme ruler, the Dnieper Right Bank, Novgorod and all other Russian lands, with the exception of the Chernigov-Seversk side and the Tmutarakan principality. Mstislav still obeyed yasy and kasogi. By the way, under Listven, the son of Rededi, the childless Roman, fell in battle. The son-in-law of Mstislav, Yuri, and his children, who are Mstislav's grandchildren, remained the heirs of the Kasogian "throne".

After 1024, the brothers Yaroslav the Wise and Mstislav the Brave no longer quarreled. Sometimes they went on campaigns together, and here the talent of Mstislav, as a brilliant governor, greatly helped the "lame" Yaroslav. So the brothers-co-rulers managed to win back the cities of Cherven from Poland.

These cities have long been a bone of contention between Russians and Poles. The historical region - Chervonnaya Rus, where they were located, was located in the west of modern Ukraine and the east, southeast of Poland. It bordered in the east on the ancient Russian Podolia, in the northeast it rested on Volhynia, in the west and southwest it neighbored Transcarpathia, in the south and southeast - with Bukovina, in the north - with Lithuania.

In 891-892. the Moravian king Svyatopolk I annexed the Cherven lands to the Great Moravian kingdom, and after civil strife weakened this power, the Hungarians captured the Cherven territories. In 979, Prince Mieszko, from the West Slavic (Polish) tribe of Polyans, conquered the Cherven cities, but did not keep them for the Piast state. The Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir I, the father of Yaroslav and Mstislav, together with his uncle, the Novgorod mayor Dobrynya Malkovich, conquered the Cherven cities. During the civil strife of the Vladimirovichs, the Polish prince Boleslav the Brave, who helped his son-in-law Svyatopolk Vladimirovich, occupied the Cherven cities (1018).

In the early 1030s, Yaroslav the Wise and Mstislav Tmutorakansky decided to correct this matter. Their campaign against Poland 1030-1031. turned out to be victorious, and Red Rus joined Kievan Rus. Yaroslav founded a new city in Chervonnaya Rus between the San and the Bug - Yaroslav.

Of the "Russian affairs" of Prince Mstislav Tmutarakansky, it is also worth noting the construction of a large stone Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior in Chernigov, where Prince Mstislav himself would later be buried.

In the late 1020s and early 1030s. Mstislav's activity continued in the North Caucasian and even Transcaucasian regions. In 1031, Mstislav, along with the Alans on boats, appeared near Baku. The Russian-Alanian army defeated the forces of the Shirvanshah. Mstislav undertook this expedition to help his ally, the Emir of Arran, Musa. Musa's throne was disputed by his brother, who enjoyed the support of the Shirvanshah. Later, the regiments of Mstislav, having passed through Armenia, fought on the territory of Byzantium. Probably, Mstislav hoped that Musa would give Mstislav some territory near the Kura River for his support. This, however, did not happen.

And soon the political situation in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia generally changed not in favor of Mstislav. Musa and some other allies of Mstislav found a compromise with the Shirvanshah. Musa married the daughter of the Shirvanshah. The ruler of Derbent, Emir Mansur, also took the side of the Shirvanshah. In 1032, the Derbents defeated the Russian-Alanian detachment sent by Mstislav to the mountains. Mstislav's attempt to counterattack Derbent in 1033 failed.

Mstislav Tmutarakansky met the last year of his life (1036) in his Chernigov possessions. Here he died, once going hunting. Some historians have suggested that Yaroslav the Wise could have been involved in the death of Mstislav, but this cannot be proven. In addition, Mstislav was under 60 years old, and for a person of that time, and besides, he spent most of his life in military campaigns and martial arts, this was not enough. Mstislav's son Evstafiy died three years earlier than his father. As a result, the warrior prince did not have direct heirs. The Chernigov-Seversk land and the Principality of Tmutarakan fell under the supreme authority of the great Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise. From 1036 until his death in 1054, Yaroslav single-handedly ruled the ancient Russian state.

CHERNIKOVA T.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, MGIMO (U)

Literature

PSRL. Ed. 2. L., 1926. T. 1

The Tale of Bygone Years. Preparation text, translation, articles and comments. D.S. Likhachev, ed. V.P. Adrianova-Peretz. SPb., 1996

Boguslavsky V.V. Slavic encyclopedia. Kievan Rus - Muscovy. M., 2001

Voitovich L. Genealogy of the Rurikovich and Gediminovich dynasties. Kiev, 1992

Grushevsky M.S. History of Ukraine-Rus. Kiev, 1992. Vol. 2

Danilevsky I.N. The Bible and the Tale of Bygone Years (On the problem of interpreting chronicle texts). National history. 1993. No. 1

Karamzin N.M. History of Russian Goverment. SPb., 1818. Vol. II

Lambin N.P. About the blindness of Yakun and his golden-woven lude: Historical and philological research. Journal of the Ministry of Public Education. 1858. Ch. 98

Likhachev D.S., with the participation of A.A. Alekseev and A.G. Bobrov. Textology (on the material of Russian literature of the X-XVII centuries). SPb., 2001

Lopatinsky L.G. Mstislav Tmutarakansky and Rededya according to the legends of the Circassians. Proceedings of the Baku state. university 1-2. 1921

Tatishchev V.N. History of Russia since the most ancient times. M., 1773. Book. II

Internet

Prophetic Oleg

Your shield is on the gates of Tsaregrad.
A.S. Pushkin.

Rurikovich (Grozny) Ivan Vasilyevich

In the variety of perceptions of Ivan the Terrible, they often forget about his unconditional talent and achievements as a commander. He personally led the capture of Kazan and organized military reform, leading the country, which simultaneously waged 2-3 wars on different fronts.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He led the armed struggle of the Soviet people in the war against Germany and its allies and satellites, as well as in the war against Japan.
He led the Red Army to Berlin and Port Arthur.

Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich

Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich

October 3, 2013 marks the 80th anniversary of the death in the French city of Cannes of a Russian military figure, commander of the Caucasian Front, hero of Mukden, Sarykamysh, Van, Erzerum (due to the complete defeat of the 90,000th Turkish army of Russia, Constantinople and the Bosphorus with the Dardanelles retreated), the savior of the Armenian people from the complete Turkish genocide, holder of three orders of George and the highest order of France, the Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor, General Nikolai Nikolayevich Yudenich.

Gagen Nikolai Alexandrovich

On June 22, trains with units of the 153rd Infantry Division arrived in Vitebsk. Covering the city from the west, the Hagen division (together with the heavy artillery regiment attached to the division) occupied a 40 km long defense zone, it was opposed by the 39th German motorized corps.

After 7 days of fierce fighting, the battle formations of the division were not broken through. The Germans no longer contacted the division, bypassed it and continued the offensive. The division flashed in the message of the German radio as destroyed. Meanwhile, the 153rd Rifle Division, without ammunition and fuel, began to break through the ring. Hagen led the division out of the encirclement with heavy weapons.

For the steadfastness and heroism shown during the Yelninskaya operation on September 18, 1941, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense No. 308, the division received the honorary name "Guards".
From 01/31/1942 to 09/12/1942 and from 10/21/1942 to 04/25/1943 - commander of the 4th Guards Rifle Corps,
from May 1943 to October 1944 - commander of the 57th Army,
from January 1945 - the 26th Army.

The troops under the leadership of N. A. Hagen participated in the Sinyavino operation (moreover, the general managed to break out of the encirclement for the second time with weapons in his hands), the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, battles in the Left-Bank and Right-Bank Ukraine, in the liberation of Bulgaria, in Iasi-Kishinev, Belgrade, Budapest, Balaton and Vienna operations. Member of the Victory Parade.

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Perhaps the most talented commander of the entire Civil War, even if compared with the commanders of all its sides. A man of powerful military talent, fighting spirit and Christian noble qualities is a real White Knight. Kappel's talent and personal qualities were noticed and respected even by his opponents. The author of many military operations and exploits - including the capture of Kazan, the Great Siberian Ice Campaign, etc. Many of his calculations, which were not evaluated in time and missed through no fault of his own, later turned out to be the most correct, which was shown by the course of the Civil War.

Because it inspires many by personal example.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

The great Russian naval commander, who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ioanian Islands) and Corfu. He discovered and introduced a new tactic of naval combat, with the rejection of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of "alluvial formation" with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792

Miloradovich

Bagration, Miloradovich, Davydov - some very special breed of people. Now they don't do that. The heroes of 1812 were distinguished by complete recklessness, complete contempt for death. And after all, it was General Miloradovich, who went through all the wars for Russia without a single scratch, who became the first victim of individual terror. After Kakhovsky's shot on Senate Square, the Russian revolution followed this path - right up to the basement of the Ipatiev House. Removing the best.

Spiridov Grigory Andreevich

Became a sailor under Peter I, participated in the Russian-Turkish war (1735-1739) as an officer, finished the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) as rear admiral. The peak of his naval and diplomatic talent reached during the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. In 1769, he led the first transition of the Russian fleet from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea. Despite the difficulties of the transition (among those who died from diseases was the son of the admiral - his grave was recently found on the island of Menorca), he quickly established control over the Greek archipelago. The Chesme battle in June 1770 remained unsurpassed in terms of loss ratio: 11 Russians - 11 thousand Turks! On the island of Paros, the Aouz naval base was equipped with coastal batteries and its own Admiralty.
The Russian fleet left the Mediterranean Sea after the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kaynardzhiysky peace in July 1774. The Greek islands and the lands of the Levant, including Beirut, were returned to Turkey in exchange for territories in the Black Sea region. Nevertheless, the activities of the Russian fleet in the Archipelago were not in vain and played a significant role in world naval history. Russia, having made a strategic maneuver with the forces of the fleet from one theater to another and having achieved a series of high-profile victories over the enemy, for the first time forced to talk about itself as a strong maritime power and an important player in European politics.

Minikh Khristofor Antonovich

Due to the ambiguous attitude to the period of the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the largely underestimated commander, who was the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops throughout her reign.

Commander of the Russian troops during the War of the Polish Succession and architect of the victory of Russian arms in the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

If someone has not heard, write to no avail

Suvorov, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilyevich

The greatest commander, a genius strategist, tactician and military theorist. Author of the book "The Science of Victory", Generalissimo of the Russian Army. The only one in the history of Russia that did not suffer a single defeat.

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

The author and initiator of the creation of technical means of the Airborne Forces and methods of using units and formations of the Airborne Forces, many of which embody the image of the Airborne Forces of the USSR Armed Forces and the Russian Armed Forces that currently exists.

General Pavel Fedoseevich Pavlenko:
In the history of the Airborne Forces, and in the Armed Forces of Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, his name will remain forever. He personified a whole era in the development and formation of the Airborne Forces, their authority and popularity are associated with his name, not only in our country, but also abroad ...

Colonel Nikolai Fedorovich Ivanov:
Under more than twenty years of Margelov's command, the landing troops became one of the most mobile in the combat structure of the Armed Forces, prestigious service in them, especially revered by the people ... The photograph of Vasily Filippovich in demobilization albums went from the soldiers at the highest price - for a set of badges. The competition for the Ryazan Airborne School exceeded the numbers of VGIK and GITIS, and applicants who failed their exams for two or three months, before snow and frost, lived in the forests near Ryazan in the hope that someone would not withstand the stress and it would be possible to take his place .

Chuikov Vasily Ivanovich

Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1955). Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).
From 1942 to 1946 he was the commander of the 62nd Army (8th Guards Army), which distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad. He took part in defensive battles on the distant approaches to Stalingrad. From September 12, 1942 he commanded the 62nd Army. IN AND. Chuikov received the task of defending Stalingrad at any cost. The front command believed that Lieutenant General Chuikov was characterized by such positive qualities as decisiveness and firmness, courage and a broad operational outlook, a high sense of responsibility and consciousness of his duty. The army, under the command of V.I. Chuikov, became famous for the heroic six-month defense of Stalingrad in street battles in a completely destroyed city, fighting on isolated bridgeheads, on the banks of the wide Volga.

For unparalleled mass heroism and steadfastness of personnel, in April 1943, the 62nd Army received the guards honorary title of Guards and became known as the 8th Guards Army.

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich

Gathered and coordinated a team of talented military leaders

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

"As a military figure I.V. Stalin, I studied thoroughly, since I went through the whole war with him. I.V. Stalin mastered the organization of front-line operations and operations of groups of fronts and led them with full knowledge of the matter, well versed in large strategic questions...
In leading the armed struggle as a whole, JV Stalin was assisted by his natural mind and rich intuition. He knew how to find the main link in a strategic situation and, seizing on it, to counteract the enemy, to conduct one or another major offensive operation. Undoubtedly, he was a worthy Supreme Commander"
Vadim Zavyalov

Uvarov Fedor Petrovich

At the age of 27 he was promoted to general. Participated in the campaigns of 1805-1807 and in the battles on the Danube in 1810. In 1812 he commanded the 1st artillery corps in the army of Barclay de Tolly, and later - the entire cavalry of the combined armies.

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

Successfully commanded the Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War. Among other things, he stopped the Germans near Moscow, took Berlin.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, F.F. Ushakov made a serious contribution to the development of the tactics of the sailing fleet. Based on the totality of the principles of training the forces of the fleet and military art, having absorbed all the accumulated tactical experience, F. F. Ushakov acted creatively, based on the specific situation and common sense. His actions were distinguished by decisiveness and extraordinary courage. He did not hesitate to reorganize the fleet into battle formation already at a close approach to the enemy, minimizing the time of tactical deployment. Despite the established tactical rule of finding the commander in the middle of the battle formation, Ushakov, implementing the principle of concentration of forces, boldly put his ship in the forefront and at the same time occupied the most dangerous positions, encouraging his commanders with his own courage. He was distinguished by a quick assessment of the situation, an accurate calculation of all success factors and a decisive attack aimed at achieving complete victory over the enemy. In this regard, Admiral F.F. Ushakov can rightfully be considered the founder of the Russian tactical school in naval art.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

Certainly worthy, explanations and proofs, in my opinion, are not required. It's amazing that his name isn't on the list. was the list prepared by representatives of the USE generation?

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

During his short military career, he practically did not know failures, both in battles with the troops of I. Boltnikov, and with the Polish-Liovo and "Tushino" troops. The ability to build a combat-ready army practically from scratch, train, use Swedish mercenaries on the spot and during the time, select successful Russian command personnel to liberate and protect the vast territory of the Russian northwestern region and liberate central Russia, persistent and systematic offensive, skillful tactics in fight against the magnificent Polish-Lithuanian cavalry, undoubted personal courage - these are the qualities that, despite the obscurity of his deeds, give him the right to be called the Great Commander of Russia.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Dovator Lev Mikhailovich

Soviet military leader, major general, Hero of the Soviet Union. Known for successful operations to destroy German troops during the Great Patriotic War. The German command appointed a large reward for the head of Dovator.
Together with the 8th Guards Division named after Major General I.V. Panfilov, the 1st Guards Tank Brigade of General M.E. Katukov and other troops of the 16th Army, his corps defended the approaches to Moscow in the Volokolamsk direction.

Stessel Anatoly Mikhailovich

Commandant of Port Arthur during his heroic defense. The unprecedented ratio of losses of Russian and Japanese troops before the surrender of the fortress is 1:10.

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Full Knight of the Order of St. George. In the history of military art, according to Western authors (for example: J. Witter), he entered as the architect of the strategy and tactics of "scorched earth" - cutting off the main enemy troops from the rear, depriving them of supplies and organizing a guerrilla war in their rear. M.V. Kutuzov, after taking command of the Russian army, in fact, continued the tactics developed by Barclay de Tolly and defeated Napoleon's army.

Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (September 18 (30), 1895 - December 5, 1977) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), chief of the General Staff, member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. During the Great Patriotic War, as Chief of the General Staff (1942-1945), he took an active part in the development and implementation of almost all major operations on the Soviet-German front. From February 1945 he commanded the 3rd Belorussian Front, led the assault on Königsberg. In 1945, he was commander-in-chief of the Soviet troops in the Far East in the war with Japan. One of the greatest commanders of World War II.
In 1949-1953 - Minister of the Armed Forces and Minister of War of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), holder of two Orders of Victory (1944, 1945).

Vatutin Nikolai Fyodorovich

Operations "Uranus", "Little Saturn", "Jump", etc. etc.
A true war worker

John 4 Vasilyevich

Markov Sergey Leonidovich

One of the main characters of the early stage of the Russian-Soviet war.
Veteran of Russian-Japanese, World War I and Civil War. Cavalier of the Order of St. George 4th class, Orders of St. Vladimir 3rd class and 4th class with swords and bow, Orders of St. Anna 2nd, 3rd and 4th class, Orders of St. Stanislaus 2nd and 3rd th degrees. The owner of the St. George's weapon. Outstanding military theorist. Member of the Ice Campaign. Son of an officer. Hereditary nobleman of the Moscow province. He graduated from the Academy of the General Staff, served in the Life Guards of the 2nd Artillery Brigade. One of the commanders of the Volunteer Army at the first stage. Died a heroic death.

General Ermolov

Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich

Kovpak Sidor Artemevich

Member of the First World War (he served in the 186th Aslanduz Infantry Regiment) and the Civil War. During the First World War, he fought on the Southwestern Front, a member of the Brusilov breakthrough. In April 1915, as part of the guard of honor, he was personally awarded the St. George Cross by Nicholas II. In total, he was awarded St. George's crosses III and IV degrees and medals "For Courage" ("George" medals) III and IV degrees.

During the Civil War, he led a local partisan detachment that fought in Ukraine against the German invaders together with the detachments of A. Ya. .Denikin and Wrangel on the Southern Front.

In 1941-1942, Kovpak's formation carried out raids behind enemy lines in the Sumy, Kursk, Oryol and Bryansk regions, in 1942-1943 - a raid from the Bryansk forests to the Right-Bank Ukraine in the Gomel, Pinsk, Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions; in 1943 - the Carpathian raid. The Sumy partisan formation under the command of Kovpak fought over 10 thousand kilometers in the rear of the Nazi troops, defeated the enemy garrisons in 39 settlements. Kovpak's raids played a big role in the deployment of the partisan movement against the German occupiers.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union:
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of May 18, 1942, for exemplary performance of combat missions behind enemy lines, courage and heroism shown in their performance, Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 708)
The second medal "Gold Star" (No.) Major General Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich was awarded by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 4, 1944 for the successful conduct of the Carpathian raid

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

The Soviet people, as the most talented, have a large number of outstanding military leaders, but the main one is Stalin. Without him, many of them might not have been in the military.

Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich

Field Marshal General (1828-1901) Hero of Shipka and Plevna, Liberator of Bulgaria (a street in Sofia was named after him, a monument was erected). In 1877 he commanded the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. To quickly capture some of the passes through the Balkans, Gurko led an advance detachment, composed of four cavalry regiments, an infantry brigade and a newly formed Bulgarian militia, with two batteries of horse artillery. Gurko completed his task quickly and boldly, won a series of victories over the Turks, ending with the capture of Kazanlak and Shipka. During the struggle for Plevna, Gurko, at the head of the troops of the guard and cavalry of the western detachment, defeated the Turks near Gorny Dubnyak and Telish, then again went to the Balkans, occupied Entropol and Orkhanie, and after the fall of Plevna, reinforced by the IX Corps and the 3rd Guards Infantry Division , despite the terrible cold, he crossed the Balkan Range, took Philippopolis and occupied Adrianople, opening the way to Constantinople. At the end of the war, he commanded military districts, was a governor-general, and a member of the state council. Buried in Tver (settlement Sakharovo)

He was a consistent champion of strict discipline, but an enemy of shouting. Rudeness in general was organically alien to him. True military intellectual, b. colonel in the imperial army.

Brusilov Alexey Alekseevich

An outstanding commander of the First World War, the founder of a new school of strategy and tactics, who made a huge contribution to overcoming the positional impasse. He was an innovator in the field of military art and one of the most prominent military leaders in Russian military history.
Cavalry General A. A. Brusilov showed the ability to manage large operational military formations - the army (8th - 05.08. May 21, 1917), a group of fronts (Supreme Commander-in-Chief - May 22, 1917 - July 19, 1917).
The personal contribution of A. A. Brusilov manifested itself in many successful operations of the Russian army during the First World War - the Battle of Galicia in 1914, the Battle of the Carpathians in 1914/15, the Lutsk and Czartoryi operations in 1915 and, of course, in the Offensive of the South-Western Front in 1916 city ​​(the famous Brusilovsky breakthrough).

Mstislav Vladimirovich (Mstislav the Great) - Prince of Kyiv, son of an Old Russian prince.

The years of Mstislav's life - 1076-1132.

Brief biography of Mstislav the Great

Mstislav was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and the English princess Gita of Wes. In Europe, Mstislav was called Harold (in honor of the grandfather of Harold 2nd Godwinson), and at baptism he received the name Theodore.

Mstislav was supposed to inherit the throne and become the Grand Duke of Kyiv after his father, but his ascent to power was not easy for him - he encountered among the Svyatoslavichs and changed the place of his reign several times before the death of Vladimir Monomakh.

After the death of Yaropolk Izyaslavich, his brother Svyatopolk was to become prince in Novgorod for life, but he broke his promise and Mstislav came to reign in Novgorod, who made a similar vow of lifelong reign. In 1094, Vladimir, then reigning in Chernigov, clashed with the Svyatoslavichs, who presented their claims to Chernigov, Smolensk and Novgorod and successfully captured them. Mstislav was sent to reign in Rostov, where he remained from 1094 to 1095, and then went to Smolensk.

In 1096, Mstislav, together with the Novgorodians, organized resistance to Oleg Svyatoslavich, who wanted to capture Rostov, Mur and Ryazan. Mstislav and his brother Vyacheslav became the head of the army, which Vladimir Monomakh sent to help his sons, and together they were able to defeat Oleg on the river. Koloksha.

In 1102, the prince of Kyiv Svyatopolk decided to replace Mstislav as prince of Novgorod with his son, but the people of Novgorod did not accept the new prince. Under Mstislav, this principality was significantly strengthened: the lands were expanded, the city became stronger, could defend itself and defend itself from invasions.

However, Mstislav, like his predecessor, had to break his vow: in 1117, his father transferred him to reign in Belgorod, the place of Mstislav himself in Novgorod was taken by his son Vsevolod.

Great reign

In 1125, Vladimir Monomakh dies, and Mstislav becomes the great prince of Kyiv. Despite fears, his appointment is accepted calmly, the Svyatoslavichs do not see anything wrong with Mstislav becoming the next Grand Duke. The brothers of Mstislav also unconditionally recognized the seniority of their brother and his right to the throne. Despite this, at the very beginning of his reign, Mstislav owned only Kyiv, but not all of Russia.

The opportunity to subjugate other Russian lands opened up before Mstislav in 1127, when a struggle for power began in Chernigov. Mstislav opposed Vsevolod, who gathered an army and seized power in Chernigov, and defeated him, taking a number of lands. In the same year, Mstislav sent his son to reign in Smolensk.

Later, Mstislav continued his conquests: he made a campaign against the Principality of Polotsk, as a result of which many Polotsk cities were taken and plundered. In 1128, the campaign against the Polovtsy was repeated, this time he managed to subjugate the Polotsk land to the power of Russia, the local princes were captured, and Izyaslav was transferred to reign.

However, Mstislav's foreign policy was not always successful, he often suffered defeats in the Baltic states, reached Lithuania several times, but on the way back his troops were defeated.

Mstislav died on April 14, 1132, passing his throne to his brother Yaropolk. After his death, another large-scale civil strife unfolded in Russia.

Family and Children

Mstislav married in 1095 the daughter of the Swedish king Inga the 1st, Princess Christina, who bore him ten children, among whom were four boys: Vsevolod (became the prince of Novgorod), Izyaslav (prince of Kursk, Volyn and later - the great prince of Kyiv), Rostislav (prince of Smolensk), Svyatopolk (prince of Polotsk, Pskov, Novgorod, Vladimir-Volyn).

After the death of his first wife in 1122, Mstislav married a second time, in this marriage two children were born - Vladimir and Efrosinya.

The results of the reign of Mstislav the Great

In general, the reign of Mstislav was quite successful. He managed, albeit for a short time, but still to unite Russia, again make it a single state and restrain the princes from civil strife (which resumed only after his death). Under him, Russia made a number of victorious military campaigns in neighboring territories, defeated the Polovtsy and conquered new lands. Under Mstislav, cities began to expand, this is especially noticeable in Novgorod and the Novgorod principality. Many new churches were built.

Historians note that Mstislav received his nickname precisely because he managed to pacify the princes, forcing them to reckon with the opinion of the Grand Duke again and not to wage constant wars. Under Mstislav, there was also a fairly honest and moderate tax collection policy: although there were taxes, they were not so high as to ruin the peasants and feudal lords.

Birth of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich and reign in Novgorod

“He knew how to rule, kept order within the state, and if he had lived to the age of his father, he could have established the tranquility of Russia for a long time,” Nikolai Karamzin wrote about the Grand Duke of Kiev Mstislav Vladimirovich in the History of the Russian State. Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the guise of holy noble princes, this is another from a long list.

Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, who laid the foundation, was born in 1076. The great-grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, he was the eldest son and his wife Gita, daughter of the last Anglo-Saxon king Harold II, who died in 1066 in a battle with the Normans of Duke William at Hastings.

Already at the age of 12, Mstislav's grandfather, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vsevolod Yaroslavich, sent him to reign in Novgorod. Young Mstislav Vladimirovich liked the people of Novgorod, and in subsequent years they twice insisted on his presence in the city. In 1095, the townspeople "did not want" David Svyatoslavich, "officially" appointed by Kyiv, asking them to return Mstislav, who reigned at that moment in Rostov. The second case is even more revealing.

In 1102, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Svyatopolk Izyaslavich conceived, by the right of the eldest, to take Novgorod for himself and plant his son there. The Novgorod ambassadors who arrived in Kyiv behaved very independently - they said to Svyatopolk:

“We do not want either Svyatopolk or his son. But if your son has two heads, send him; and this was given to us by Vsevolod, they themselves brought up the prince ... "

Of course, the candidate for the reign of Novgorod did not have two heads, and Svyatopolk, after fierce disputes, resigned himself to the will of the Novgorodians: Mstislav remained in Novgorod for another fifteen years.

Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich in the struggle for the unity of Russia

Not limited solely to Novgorod affairs, Prince Mstislav actively participated in all-Russian politics.

It is indicative of his behavior in the conflict between Vladimir Monomakh and his cousin, Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich, for the restless temper and troubles brought to the Russian land, nicknamed by the people "Gorislavich". In 1094, Oleg, who always thought that his “seniority” was being infringed upon, took Chernigov from Vladimir Monomakh, and two years later he captured Rostov and Suzdal, while Vladimirov’s son Izyaslav died in the battle near Murom. Prince Mstislav persuaded Oleg, his godfather, to end the matter with a just peace, but when he tried to treacherously attack him, he defeated Oleg's army and forced his uncle to flee. At the same time, he was against revenge and asked his father, Vladimir Monomakh, to forgive Oleg Svyatoslavich. The famous "Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh" includes a letter from Vladimir to Oleg with the following confession:

“I wrote this to you because my son, who was baptized by you, who sits close to you, compelled me. He sent me his husband and a letter, with the words: “We will agree and make peace, and God’s judgment has come to my brother. And we will not be avengers for him, but we will put it on God when they stand before God; but we will not destroy the Russian land.” And when I saw the humility of my son, I took pity, and being afraid of God, I said: “Because of his youth and foolishness, he humbles himself so much, he puts it on God; but I am a man, more sinful than all men.” I listened to my son, wrote you a letter ... "

The consequence of all this was the congress of princes in Lyubech in 1097, which established, in order to avoid civil strife, the principle of inheritance: "Let everyone keep his fatherland." Three years later, another congress of princes took place - in Uvetichi - condemning Davyd Igorevich, who violated the Lyubech decision.

In the conditions of constant Polovtsian raids, the princely peace was most welcome - it allowed us to jointly avert the Polovtsian threat. Mstislav Vladimirovich participated in almost all campaigns against the Polovtsy, earning the fame of a skilled and brave military leader. In 1129, already being the Grand Duke of Kyiv, he "driven" the Polovtsy as far as the Don and the Volga - since then, the steppes were careful not to disturb and irritate their Russian neighbors too much.

Mstislav "went" to the Chud and to Lithuania. These invasions were largely forced in nature - they were required to ensure the security of Russian borders.

Mstislav Vladimirovich Prince of Kyiv

In 1117, Mstislav Vladimirovich left Novgorod, leaving his son Vsevolod in his place. He himself, called by his father, who then occupied the grand prince's table, sat down in Belgorod-Kiev, a town not far from Kyiv, and became co-ruler of Vladimir Monomakh. And eight years later, after the death of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav received the grand ducal title. It was, it seems, the only transfer of the great reign in the history of Ancient Russia, which did without disputes and bloodshed. Solovyov in "History of Russia from ancient times" wrote:

“Rivals could not be terrible for Mstislav with the popular disposition towards the Monomakhov family, especially since Mstislav was like his famous father in everything.”

Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich gained even greater popular love during the events of 1027, when the son of "Gorislavich" Vsevolod expelled his uncle from Chernigov, the legitimate Chernigov prince Yaroslav. The clergy begged Mstislav not to shed Christian blood in vain, and Mstislav left Vsevolod in Chernigov, although later he cried until his death that he had violated the kiss of the cross for loyalty to the principle of inheritance of destinies.

How Mstislav Vladimirovich became the Great

Even during his lifetime, Mstislav Vladimirovich was called the Great - not by the title of the Grand Duke of Kyiv, but by his glorious deeds. After his death, which followed in 1132, the idea of ​​Russian unity, unfortunately, collapsed, falling in the struggle of princely pride and civil strife that destroyed Russia.

Prince Mstislav always fulfilled the behest of his father, preserved in the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh:

“Honor bishops, priests and abbots, and lovingly accept blessings from them, and do not move away from them, and love and care for them according to your strength, so that you receive from God through their prayer ... And here is the basis for everything: the fear of God have above all."

Mstislav tirelessly built temples: in 1103 he erected the Church of the Annunciation on Gorodishche in Novgorod, for which the famous Mstislav Gospel was created; in 1113 he founded the St. Nicholas Cathedral; in 1116, during the reconstruction of the Novgorod citadel, he equipped the bishops' chambers; at the same time, on his orders, a fortress was laid in Ladoga (from 1703 - Staraya Ladoga) with St. George's Church; he continued church construction in Kyiv, having already become the Grand Duke of Kyiv.

Like his father, the prince also had obvious literary abilities: it was on his order and under his “watch” that the last, third, edition of the Tale of Bygone Years was created in 1118.

Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the guise of holy noble princes, Mstislav is significant.

- (June 1, 1076 April 14, 1132), Old Russian prince, Grand Duke of Kyiv (since 1125), eldest son of Vladimir Monomakh (see VLADIMIR Monomakh) and Gita, daughter of the English king Harald II. In 1088 1093 and 1095 1117 he was the prince of Novgorod, in 1093 ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1.6.1076 ≈ 14.4.1132), an ancient Russian prince, the eldest son of Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh and Gita, the daughter of the English king Harald II. In 1088≈1093 and 1095≈1117 he ruled the Novgorod land, in 1093≈95 the Rostov and Smolensk lands. In 1117≈25 ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Big biographical encyclopedia

- (Christian name Gabriel) Grand Duke of Kyiv, the eldest son of Monomakh. Genus. in 1075 in Smolensk, from the marriage of Vladimir with Guida Garaldovna, Queen of England; reigned in Rostov and Novgorod; successfully fought with the restless Oleg of Chernigov, ... ...

- (Christian name Gabriel) Grand Duke of Kyiv, the eldest son of Monomakh. Genus. in 1075 in Smolensk, from the marriage of Vladimir with Guida Garaldovna, Queen of England; reigned in Rostov and Novgorod; successfully fought with the restless Oleg of Chernigov, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great- (1076 1132) led. book. Kyiv (1125 32), the eldest son of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1088 1117 he reigned in Novgorod, Rostov and Smolensk. In 1117 25 co-ruler of his father on the Kiev throne and Prince of Belgorod. M. V. V. took part in Lyubechsky, Vitichevsky ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

Mstislav Vladimirovich is the name of several princes: Mstislav Vladimirovich the Brave (d. 1036) son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, prince of Tmutarakan and Chernigov Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great (1076 1132) son of Vladimir Monomakh, great ... ... Wikipedia

Grand Duke of Kyiv (1076-1132), son of Vladimir Monomakh. Several times he was a prince in Novgorod, acting in full unity with the Novgorodians and contributing to the strengthening and decoration of the city. He married a Novgorod woman, the daughter of a posadnik. When in 1125… … Biographical Dictionary

- (died 1036), an ancient Russian prince, the son of Vladimir Svyatoslavich (see VLADIMIR Svyatoslavich) and the Polotsk princess Rogneda (see ROGNED). Around 988 he was planted by his father to reign in Tmutarakan. In 1016 he fought the Khazars, in 1022 he conquered the Kasogs and imposed on them ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1076 1132) Grand Duke of Kyiv (since 1125), son of Vladimir Monomakh. From 1088 he reigned in Novgorod, Rostov, Smolensk, etc. Member of princely congresses and campaigns against the Polovtsians. He organized the defense of Russia from its Western neighbors ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Dynasties in novels (set of 26 books), . This set presents the history of the Russian state in the artistic biography of monarchs and representatives of the ruling dynasties ...
• History of the Russian state in 12 volumes (DVDmp3), Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich. The publication contains the famous "History of the Russian State", written by an outstanding Russian poet, prose writer and historian, a member of the Russian Academy (1818), an honorary member of the St. Petersburg ...
• History of Russian Goverment. Volume 2. From Grand Duke Svyatopolk to Grand Duke Mstislav Izyaslavovich, Nikolai Karamzin. Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766–1826), Russian historian, writer, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy (1818). Creator of the History of the Russian State (vols. 1-12, 1816-29), one of…

Mstislav is a Slavic male name. The origin of the name is connected with two ancient Russian words: “revenge”, which means “revenge, revenge” and “glory”. Therefore, its meaning can be interpreted as "glorious defender." This is one of the few Slavic names that are found in the Orthodox church calendar.

Name astrology

• Zodiac sign: Aries
• Ruler Planet: Mars
• Talisman Stone: Bloodstone
• Color: red
• plant: hawthorn
• Animal: tapir
• Favorable day: Wednesday

Character traits

The secret of the name Mstislav hides a person who has a desire to be somehow special. He uses all means for this, skillfully adjusting to the circumstances. Depending on them, a guy can be kind and tolerant, aggressive and despotic, and his energy is enough to really “turn mountains”.

The name Mstislav gives a man a gentle character, but sometimes he is able to "explode" out of the blue. He loves the praise that his inflated self-esteem requires. Perhaps that is why he always sets difficult goals for himself. The owner of the name may seem arrogant, even too proud, and this opinion is entirely justified. But most often it is a way not to appear weak and vulnerable. He is really afraid of this, he tries with all his might to always be “on top” and create the impression of a confident, strong person.

Mstislav does not like conflicts too much, on the contrary, he tries to act as a truce and mediator in these situations. The gift of diplomacy is his forte, he does not feel envy of others and does not harbor resentment for the whole world, he perceives life as it really is. This philosophical attitude allows him to cope with many difficult situations. But it may seem to those around him that he is too indifferent and indifferent.

He has a lively, vivid imagination, excellent memory, intuition, ingenuity and the ability to manipulate people. He does this so subtly that relatives and colleagues do not even realize that they are simply being used as puppets. Mstislav knows the value of money well, many consider him stingy, and he really has a certain "non-spending". But he does not pay attention to this, he feels like a true master of life.

A representative of this name is ready to protect those who need his protection, come to the rescue and share their successes. He openly admits weaknesses and wants to be loved with all his might. He has a very powerful instinct for self-preservation. But many take it for luck, perhaps because a man always manages to realize the talents that nature rewards him with. Despite the fact that luck accompanies him, the guy often has to solve financial problems. This is most often associated with his high life demands.

Hobbies and profession

Mstislav is the name of a person who can become a good teacher, teacher, business coach, because in these specialties he can fulfill his desire to “teach life” to others. His magnificent, natural artistry allows him to realize himself on stage as a musician, composer, conductor, and a magnificent, lively fantasy can make him choose the profession of a writer, designer, artist. Also, he is suitable for those areas where the ability to communicate with people is required. It can be personnel management, advisory work with clients, trade. He manages to quickly captivate customers and get them to make unmotivated purchases.

Love and family

Mstislav has an enviable sexual temperament, girls from adolescence begin to reach out to him. Of all the applicants, he chooses only a strong, strong-willed and sexually liberated woman who is ready to take on household chores and share material worries with him. It is important for him to feel constant support. The chosen one should help keep the self-esteem of the beloved at a high level, at least recognizing his superiority in the sexual sphere.

In family life, this person often finds himself between mother and wife. But he manages not to take sides, but tries to "split" them in different corners, showing amazing diplomacy. After all, he loves both of these women and does not want to let go of either one or the second.

In sex, Mstislav is the leading partner, who tries to take into account the girl's desires (even those about which she is silent). If he becomes uninteresting with his companion, he begins to look for a new passion on the side, because the process of conquering a woman is of great importance to him.