Plan

Introduction

1. Definition of emergency

2. Volcano

2.1. Volcanic eruptions

2.2. Danger to humans during a volcanic eruption

2.3. Actions during a volcanic eruption :

INTRODUCTION

A modern person throughout his life is in various environments: social, industrial, local (urban, rural), domestic, natural, etc.

Man and his environment form a system consisting of many interacting elements, having order within certain boundaries and possessing specific properties. Such interaction is determined by many factors and affects both the person himself and the corresponding environment of his habitat. This influence can be, on the one hand, positive, on the other hand, it can be both negative (negative).

Negative impacts of environmental factors are manifested mainly in emergency situations. These situations can be the result of both natural disasters and human production activities. In order to localize and eliminate negative impacts arising in emergency situations, special services are being created, legal frameworks are being developed and material resources are being created for their activities. Of great importance is the training of the population in the rules of behavior in such situations, as well as the training of special personnel in the field of life safety.

1. DEFINITION OF EMERGENCY

EMERGENCY - this is the situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or has caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, as well as significant material losses and violation of living conditions.

Emergencies are classified according to the nature of the source and scale.

Consider an emergency - a volcanic eruption.

2. VOLCANO- This is a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments erupt onto the earth's surface. Distinguish between active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, and in form - central, erupting from the central outlet, and fissured, whose apparatuses look like gaping cracks and a number of small cones. The main parts of the volcanic apparatus:

magma chamber (in the earth's crust or upper mantle);

vent - an outlet channel through which magma rises to the surface;

cone - a hill on the surface of the Earth from the ejection products of a volcano;

· crater - depression on the surface of the cone of the volcano.

2.1 Volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are a sufficiently dangerous geological phenomenon. The processes occurring in the earth's thickness and causing eruptions are not yet fully understood.

It is generally accepted that the upper part of the mantle is in a state close to molten, so even a slight decrease in pressure leads to its complete melting. The molten rock (magma), being lighter than the surrounding rocks, slowly rises to the surface of the earth. Most often this occurs along the faults of the earth's crust.
The second reason causing eruptions is the presence of local radioactive sources. The few continental volcanoes located far from the boundaries of the lithospheric plates are caused by just such local sources of radioactive heat or hot spots in the mantle.

During eruptions, the following is most often observed: deformation and shaking of the earth's surface; ejection, fallout of eruption products; movement of lava, mud, stone flows; gravitational displacement of rocks. A large amount of vapors and gases escapes into the atmosphere, leading to chemical pollution of the environment, with the potential for the formation of large-scale fires. Often, lakes form in craters during the dormant period, then during the eruption, water-mud flows represent the main danger, even greater than lava flows (due to the high speeds of movement along the slopes).

Most often, volcanic eruptions begin with the release of a column of black smoke or ash up to 5 km high from the crater, which quickly spreads in the air in the form of a huge cloud; cracks appear on the slopes and on the crater, through which suffocating gases or hot water are released.

This is usually followed by torrential thunderstorms. At the same time, large and small hot fragments of rocks are ejected from the crater, ash falls from the clouds, which covers the slopes of the volcano and its surroundings.
Then the eruption of lava from the mouth of the volcano begins.

Over millions of years, volcanic mountains form from layers of lava. Often they are quite high and have the shape of a cone with a crater on top. Many volcanoes are on the seabed.

Volcanoes form in seismically active zones of the earth's crust. The lithosphere is split into huge blocks, or plates. Under the pressure of mighty underground forces, these plates are constantly moving. In some places, their movement leads to the emergence of mountain ranges, in other edges of the plates they are drawn into deep depressions.

Lava types. The temperature of the lava can reach 1000°C, and the flow speed is 165 m/sec. Not all volcanoes erupt in the same way. The nature of the eruption is determined by the types of gases and the amount of water contained in the magma.

The Hawaiian, or shield-shaped, type of volcano is distinguished by the calm nature of the eruptions. Red-hot liquid and flowing lava pours out of the crater. The gases contained in the magma easily escape to the outside, throwing out fiery fountains of shop lumps. This type of eruption is named after two Hawaiian volcanoes - Mauna Loa and Kilauea.

In the Strombolian type, gases are released into the atmosphere in small explosions. With each explosion, hot lumps of semi-liquid lava fly into the air, which fall like bombs to the ground and roll down the slopes, turning into a real rockfall. This type is named after the Italian volcano Stromboli, which erupts regularly to this day.

Vulcan type. Italy's Mount Vulcano gave its name to a much more dangerous type of eruption. The volcanic eruption scatters huge pieces of lava for several kilometers from the crater. The highly viscous magma prevents the gases from escaping freely, and they accumulate inside under such enormous pressure that powerful explosions are heard from time to time.

The Plinian type is considered the most explosive.

Deadly Dust. During Plinian eruptions, the underground forces escaping into the wild are able to overcome the sound barrier and throw out huge columns of ash, stones and gases, reaching a height of 30 km. These fragments, called pyroclasts, break into small particles in the air, covering everything around with a thick layer of deadly dust.

Sometimes a Plinian eruption reaches such power that it destroys the volcano itself. At best, the walls of the main vent sink inward, forming side craters, or calderas (Spanish for "boiling pot").

Volcanoes are divided into active, dormant and extinct .

To those who fell asleep Volcanoes are those whose eruptions are not known, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them.

Extinct volcanoes are various volcanoes without any volcanic activity.

Volcanic eruptions are either long-term or short-term. Eruption products (gaseous, liquid and solid) are ejected to a height of 1-5 km and are transported over long distances. The concentration of volcanic ash is sometimes so great that darkness sets in, like night. The volume of erupted lava reaches tens of cubic kilometers.

2.2 Danger to humans during a volcanic eruption

The danger to humans is magma (lava) flows, the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of the volcano, mud flows and flash floods. A volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake. The damaging factors during volcanic eruptions are: shock wave; flying fragments, stones, trees, parts of structures; ash; volcanic gases; lava moving along the slope at a speed of up to 80 km / h and burning everything in its path.

Secondary damaging factors: tsunamis, fires, explosions, floods and landslides. Most often, people and animals in areas of volcanic eruptions die from injuries, burns of the upper respiratory tract, asphyxia and eye damage. In areas of volcanic eruptions, epidemiological surveillance is established.

2.3 Actions in the event of a volcanic eruption :

If you receive a warning about a possible volcanic eruption, leave the dangerous area in a timely manner.

You need to get away from lava flows in the shortest way, that is, perpendicular to the direction of their movement

If the flight does not help (the average speed of the flow of hot magma is about 40 kilometers per hour, so it is quite possible to leave it, but here you also need to soberly assess your chances, if the lava catches up with you, then you are covered), then immediately look for shelter, not a basement type, although a cave located on a hill can pass for it. If this is not possible, stock up on self-powered sources of lighting and heat, water, food for 3-5 days;

Close all windows, doors and smoke dampers. Move animals indoors. To protect the respiratory tract from ash, use a moistened gauze bandage;

Put on goggles and clothing to protect the body and head from stones, ashes, burns; Dress like it’s 50 degrees outside, several layers of thick (overcoat, wadded blankets, etc.), preferably non-flammable clothing, will protect you from SO2, or rather from acid, which sulfur dioxide will form in huge quantities.

Avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to keep to elevated places, as flooding and mudflows are possible.

If you're lucky enough to survive the devastating effects of a volcanic eruption in your home, get ready to spend the next few days, if not the entire week, there. Do not open windows for as long as possible.

List of used literature

1. Emergencies and protection from them.

Comp. A. Bondarenko. Moscow, 1998

2. Emergencies.

Energy: economics, technology, ecology, 2000

3. Causes and consequences of natural disasters and catastrophes.

Meshkov N. Fundamentals of life safety. 1998

4. Problems of safety in emergency situations. 1999

VOLCANO- this is a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments erupt onto the earth's surface. There are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, and in shape - central, erupting from the central outlet, and fissures, whose apparatuses look like gaping cracks and a number of small cones. The main parts of the volcanic apparatus: magma chamber (in the earth's crust or upper mantle); vent - an outlet channel through which magma rises to the surface; cone - a hill on the surface of the Earth from the ejection products of a volcano; crater - depression on the surface of the cone of the volcano. Modern volcanoes are located along large faults and tectonically mobile areas. On the territory of Russia, active volcanoes are: Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Avachinskaya Sopka (Kamchatka). The danger to humans is magma (lava) flows, the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of the volcano, mud flows and flash floods. A volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A VOLCANO ERUPTION

· Watch for a warning about a possible volcanic eruption.
You will save your life if you leave the dangerous territory in a timely manner.
· If you receive an ash warning, close all windows, doors and smoke dampers.
· Put cars in garages.
· Keep animals indoors. W
Stock up on self-powered sources of lighting and heat, water, food for 3-5 days.

HOW TO ACT DURING A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Protect your body and head from stones and ashes.

Volcanic eruption can be accompanied by flash floods, mudflows, floods, so avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to stay on high places so as not to get into the flood zone or mudflow.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Cover your mouth and nose with gauze to prevent ash from breathing.

Wear protective goggles and clothing to prevent burns.

Do not try to drive the car after the ash has fallen - this will lead to its failure.

When forced to drive through volcanic ash, it is necessary to regularly clean the cooling surfaces of the radiator, pour water on the windshield to remove ash, but do not use the “wipers”, as this can scratch the glass. During ashfall, even at noon it can be very dark, drive slowly and carefully.

Clean the roof of the house from the ashes to prevent its overload and destruction.

If you find yourself in an open area in the zone of the fall of volcanic bombs, in no case should you turn and run away, instead you should look in the direction of the source of danger. Watch for flying bombs and dodge them only if you are sure that they are flying directly at you. Volcano bombs do not explode on impact

In itself, the eruption threatens only villages located within a radius of 12 kilometers from the volcano. The resort area is located at a safe distance from the crater, so even in the worst case scenario, magma flows will not reach there.

Steps to take if Mount Agung erupts

Worse - the fact that during the eruption a large amount of ash is thrown into the air. It gradually settles on all surfaces and clogs in the most inaccessible places. And just the same, the difficulties of getting rid of the ashes will be felt by all the inhabitants of the island.

Volcanic ash is a big problem. Penetrating into the premises, it damages electronic devices: TVs, computers, cameras and other equipment. Volcanic ash differs in structure from normal ash - it contains crystals that can leave deep scratches on surfaces. In addition, such ashes are very slippery, so care must be taken when cleaning them.

Below I have given instructions on what to do during the eruption of the Agung volcano, as well as how to prepare for it and what measures to take after the elements subside.

1. Before the eruption
2. During the eruption
3. After the eruption

Before the eruption

• First of all, you need to clean the room and the yard from volcanic ash.
• Don't panic and stay calm. Now many media outlets are spreading very distorted news about what is happening on the island. Look for information about volcano activity only in trusted and reputable sources.
• Find out where the nearest collection point is. From there, evacuation will be carried out during the eruption. Make a detailed itinerary plan for it.
• Prepare masks for the whole family. The #95 dust masks are the best to use because they fit the face more tightly than others and protect against the inhalation of volcanic ash.
• Prepare a home first aid kit.
• Check the balance on your SIM card and keep your mobile phone ready. Official warnings about the state of Mount Agung can be received via cellular communications.
• Prepare clean water and sufficient food for your pets, if any.
• If you have children, give them a detailed briefing and tell them about the evacuation plan in case of a disaster.
• Prepare toys and books for the kids to do at home.
• Close windows and doors tightly. Plug all cracks with wet rags or towels.
• Cover electronic devices (TVs, computers, radios) with something. If possible, put them in boxes.
• If you wear contact lenses, remove them to avoid damage to the cornea of ​​your eye.

During the eruption

• Try to remain calm.
• If you receive a volcanic ash warning while you are outside, return home as soon as possible.
• If volcanic ash has already begun to fall and you are not at home yet, stay where you are.
• If possible, leave the house and get to the collection point for evacuation
• Turn off electricity and gas. If you have a fire extinguisher at home, keep it with you.
• Indoors, avoid objects made of glass (windows, doors, etc.), stairs and elevators
• When outdoors, avoid trees, high voltage electrical poles, roofs that can fall
• Hide behind strong furniture (under the table, bed) or climb into the corner of the room, cover your head and face.
• Stay in cover until the eruption ends.
• If you live near the beach, find another place to hide, preferably away from the coast. During the eruption, a tsunami is possible.

After the eruption

• Use a mask to protect your airways from ash. If there is no mask, any cloth will do - it is advisable to moisten it with water.
• Ensure good ventilation before cleaning: open all doors and windows.
• Use a damp cloth or sponge to remove ashes. For best results, add detergent to the water. Glossy surfaces (glass, polished furniture) should be scrubbed gently, without pressure.
• Moisten contaminated surfaces with water. This will facilitate cleaning, ashes particles will not rise into the air.
• Do not drain the ashes down the sink as this will clog the pipes.
• Collect the ashes in a strong plastic bag. What could not be removed by hand (in hard-to-reach places) can be removed with a vacuum cleaner.
• Spray your yard with water to reduce the amount of ash in the air. But don't pour too much water, otherwise the ashes will harden and be very difficult to clean.
• Clear roof and gutters of ashes.
• If the ashes end up in drinking water, wait until it settles before drinking the clear liquid from the top of the bowl. Water with volcanic ash is not dangerous to health, but it tastes unpleasant.
• If ash gets into the plumbing, do not use the washing machine or dishwasher.
• If you have respiratory failure or respiratory disease (bronchitis, asthma, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections), stay indoors to avoid inhaling ash

Either way, you don't need to worry ahead of time. The Indonesian government is monitoring the status of the volcano. All measures for the evacuation of people from the island in the event of an eruption have already been thought out. And the very fact that numerous travel agencies sell tours to Bali every day suggests that there is nothing dangerous here.

A VOLCANO is a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments erupt onto the earth's surface. There are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes. On the territory of Russia, active volcanoes are: Klyuchevskaya Sopka and Avachinskaya Sopka (Kamchatka). The danger to humans is magma (lava) flows, the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of the volcano, mud flows and flash floods. A volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Watch for a warning of a possible volcanic eruption. You will save your life if you leave the dangerous territory in a timely manner. Close all windows, doors and smoke dampers when receiving an ash warning. Put cars in garages. Keep animals indoors. Stock up on self-powered sources of lighting and heat, water, food for 3-5 days.

HOW TO ACT DURING A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Protect your body and head from stones and ashes. Volcanic eruption can be accompanied by flash floods, mudflows, floods, so avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to stay on high places so as not to get into the flood zone or mudflow.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A VOLCANO ERUPTION

Cover your mouth and nose with gauze to prevent ash from breathing. Wear protective goggles and clothing to prevent burns. Do not try to drive the car after the ash has fallen - this will lead to its failure. Clean the roof of the house from the ashes to prevent its overload and destruction.

3. Rules of conduct during and after a strong snowstorm. Pre-measures

BLOWING - the transfer of snow by wind in the surface layer of air. Distinguish snowfall, grassroots and general blizzard. If you receive a severe blizzard warning, close windows, doors, attic hatches, and vents tightly. Paste the windows with paper tapes, close them with shutters or shields. Prepare a two-day supply of water and food, supplies of medicines, self-contained lighting (lanterns, kerosene lamps, candles. Remove things from balconies and window sills that can be captured by the air flow. Turn on radios and TVs - they may receive new important information. Prepare for Possible power outage Move from lightweight buildings to stronger buildings Have a snow removal tool ready

HOW TO ACT DURING A BIG STORM

Leave buildings only in exceptional cases. It is forbidden to go out alone. Let family members or neighbors know where you are going and when you will be back. The car can only move on major roads and highways. When exiting the vehicle, stay within sight of the vehicle. Stop on the road, sound the alarm with intermittent beeps, raise the hood or hang a bright cloth on the antenna, wait for help in the car. You can leave the engine running while opening the glass to provide ventilation and prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. If you have lost your bearings while walking outside the settlement, go to the first house you come across, specify your location and, if possible, wait for the blizzard to end. If your strength fails, seek cover and stay there. Be careful and careful when dealing with people you do not know, as during natural disasters, the number of thefts from cars, apartments and office premises increases sharply.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A BIG STORM

If you find yourself blocked indoors in conditions of strong drifts, carefully, without panic, find out if it is possible to get out from under the drifts on your own (using the available tools and available means). Inform the Civil Defense and Emergency Department or the administration of the locality about the nature of drifts and the possibility of their self-disassembly. If it is not possible to dismantle the snow drift on your own, try to establish contact with the rescue units. Turn on the radio broadcast receiver (TV) and follow the instructions of local authorities. Take steps to keep warm and save food supplies.

4. Rules of conduct during heat and drought. Previous action

Drought is a prolonged and significant lack of precipitation, often at elevated temperatures and low humidity.
STRONG HEAT - characterized by an excess of the average positive ambient temperature by 10 degrees or more for several days.
The danger lies in the thermal overheating of a person, i.e. the threat of an increase in his body temperature above 37.1 ° C or a heat disorder - the approach of body temperature to 38.8 ° C. A thermal emergency occurs when prolonged and/or severe overheating can lead to heat stroke or cardiac dysfunction. Symptoms of overheating are: redness of the skin, dry mucous membranes, intense thirst. In the future, loss of consciousness, cardiac and respiratory arrest is possible.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A DROUGHT (HIGH HEAT)

Stock up on additional containers and, if necessary, fill them with water in advance. Prepare clothes suitable for the heat conditions, electrical appliances (fans, air conditioners). If you are in a rural area - equip awnings, gazebos, wells, as well as shutters (blackout curtains) for windows. If possible, purchase an autonomous source of electricity to ensure the operation of electrical household appliances. Use water sparingly. Know how and teach your family members how to act properly in case of a heat injury.

HOW TO PROCEED IN DURING A DROUGHT (IN EXTREME HEAT)

Avoid exposure to elevated temperatures. Wear light-colored, breathable clothing (preferably cotton) with a hat. Remember that burned skin stops sweating and cooling. Move slowly, try to be in the shade more often. Do not drink beer and other alcoholic beverages, this will lead to a deterioration in the general condition of the body. Check with your doctor if you need extra salt during the heat. For heat damage, immediately move to shade, wind or shower, drink plenty of water slowly. Try to cool your body down to avoid heat stroke. In case of loss of consciousness by someone from those around you, carry out resuscitation measures (do a heart massage and artificial respiration). Remember that during a drought, the likelihood of fires increases.

HOW TO ACT AFTER A DROUGHT (HIGH HEAT)

Contact your local government for information about the disaster and community assistance. Be prepared for disaster to happen again.

5. Rules of conduct during and after an earthquake.

EARTHQUAKES are earth tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Conventionally, earthquakes are divided into weak (1-4 points), strong (5-7 points) and destructive (8 or more points).

HOW TO PREPARE FOR AN EARTHQUAKE

Think in advance of a plan of action during an earthquake when you are at home, at work, in the cinema, theater, on transport and on the street. Explain to your family members what they should do during an earthquake and educate them on first aid. Keep documents, money, a flashlight, and spare batteries handy. Have at home a supply of drinking water and canned food for several days. Move beds away from windows and exterior walls. Fasten cabinets, shelves and racks in the apartments, and remove heavy objects from the upper shelves and mezzanines. Store hazardous substances (poisonous chemicals, flammable liquids) in a safe, well-insulated place. All residents should know where the switch, main gas and water taps are located in order to turn off electricity, gas and water if necessary.

HOW TO ACT DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

Feeling the vibrations of the building, seeing the swinging of lamps, falling objects, hearing the growing rumble and the sound of breaking glass, do not panic (from the moment you feel the first tremors to vibrations that are dangerous for the building, you have 15 - 20 seconds). Quickly exit the building, taking documents, money and essentials. When leaving the room, go down the stairs, not the elevator. Once on the street - stay there, but do not stand near buildings, but move to an open space. Stay calm and try to calm others down! If you are forced to stay indoors, then stand in a safe place: against an internal wall, in a corner, in an internal wall opening, or at a bearing support. If possible, hide under a table - it will protect you from falling objects and debris. Stay away from windows and heavy furniture. If you have children with you, cover them with yourself. Do not use candles, matches, lighters - if gas leaks, a fire may occur. Stay away from overhanging balconies, cornices, parapets, beware of broken wires. If you are in a vehicle, stay out in the open but do not leave the vehicle until the jolt has stopped. Be ready to help in saving others.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

Provide first aid to those in need. Free those caught in easily removable blockages. Be careful! Ensure the safety of children, the sick, the elderly. Calm them down. Don't pick up the phone unless absolutely necessary. Turn on the radio. Obey the instructions of the local authorities, the headquarters for the aftermath of a natural disaster. Check for damage to electrical wiring. Repair the problem or turn off the electricity in the apartment. Remember that in case of a strong earthquake, the electricity in the city is turned off automatically. Check for damage to the gas and water lines. Troubleshoot or disconnect networks. Do not use open fire. Going down the stairs, be careful, make sure it is strong. Do not approach obviously damaged buildings, do not enter them. Be prepared for strong aftershocks, as the first 2-3 hours after an earthquake are the most dangerous. Do not enter buildings unless absolutely necessary. Do not make up or pass on any rumors about possible aftershocks. Use official information. If you find yourself in a blockage, calmly assess the situation, if possible, provide yourself with medical assistance. Try to establish contact with people outside the blockage (voice, knock). Remember that you cannot light a fire, you can drink water from the toilet bowl, and pipes and batteries can be used to signal. Save your strength. A person can go without food for more than a crescent.

6. Rules of conduct during an avalanche.

AVALANCHE SNOW- this is a mass of snow falling or moving at a speed of 20 - 30 m / s. The fall of an avalanche is accompanied by the formation of an air pre-avalanche wave, which produces the greatest destruction. Avalanche regions of Russia are: the Kola Peninsula, the Urals, the North Caucasus, Eastern and Western Siberia, the Far East. The reasons for an avalanche are: prolonged snowfall, intense snowmelt, earthquake, explosions and other types of human activities that cause shaking of mountain slopes and fluctuations in the air.

HOW TO ACT IF YOU ARE IN A DANGER ZONE

Follow the basic rules of behavior in avalanche areas: do not go to the mountains in snowfall and bad weather; being in the mountains, watch the weather change; when going out into the mountains, know in the area of ​​\u200b\u200byour path or walk the places of possible avalanches. Avoid areas where avalanches may occur. They most often descend from slopes with a steepness of more than 30°, if the slope is without bushes and trees - with a steepness of more than 20°. With a steepness of more than 45 °, avalanches come down almost every snowfall. PREVENTIVE MEASURES

In conditions of the threat of avalanches, control over the accumulation of snow in avalanche-prone directions is organized, artificial descent of emerging avalanches is caused, protective structures are built in avalanche-prone directions, rescue equipment is prepared and rescue operations are planned. In any weather, one should not cross (cross) hollows with slopes of more than 30 °, and after a snowfall, it is possible to cross hollows with a steepness of slopes of more than 20 ° only after 2-3 days. Remember that the most dangerous period for avalanches is spring and summer, from 10 am to sunset.

HOW TO ACT IN THE EVENT OF AVALANCHE

If the avalanche breaks high enough, quickly move or run out of the path of the avalanche to a safe place or take cover behind a rock ledge, in a recess (you cannot hide behind young trees). If it is impossible to get away from the avalanche, get rid of things, take a horizontal position, pulling your knees to your stomach and orienting your body in the direction of the avalanche.

HOW TO ACT IF YOU HAVE AVALANCHED

Cover your nose and mouth with a mitten, scarf, collar; moving in an avalanche, try to keep on the surface of the avalanche with swimming movements of the hands, moving to the edge, where the speed is lower. When the avalanche has stopped, try to create space around your face and chest to help you breathe. If possible, move towards the top (the top can be determined with the help of saliva, letting it flow out of the mouth). Once in an avalanche, do not scream - the snow completely absorbs sounds, and screams and senseless movements only deprive you of strength, oxygen and heat. Do not lose your temper, do not let yourself fall asleep, remember that you are being searched for (there are cases when people were rescued from an avalanche on the fifth and even thirteenth day).

HOW TO ACT AFTER THE AVALANCHE

If you find yourself outside the avalanche zone, report the incident to the administration of the nearest settlement by any means and proceed to search and rescue the victims. Having got out from under the snow on your own or with the help of rescuers, examine your body and, if necessary, help yourself. When you reach the nearest settlement, report the incident to the local administration. Go to the first-aid post or see a doctor, even if you think you are healthy. Then proceed as directed by the doctor or the leader of the rescue team. Let your family and friends know about your condition and whereabouts.

7. Rules of conduct during a thunderstorm.

LIGHTNING- this is a spark discharge of the electrostatic charge of a cumulus cloud, accompanied by a blinding flash and a sharp sound (thunder).
Where does lightning strike? A discharge of static electricity usually follows the path of least electrical resistance. Therefore, lightning will strike a tall object (mast, tree, etc.) first of all.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

To reduce the risk of lightning damage to economic facilities, buildings and structures, lightning protection is arranged in the form of grounded metal masts and wires stretched high above the facilities of the facility. Check the weather forecast before your trip. If a thunderstorm is predicted, then reschedule the trip to another day. If you notice a thunderstorm front, then first of all determine the approximate distance to it by the delay time of the first roll of thunder, the first flash of lightning, and also evaluate whether the front is approaching or receding. If the sound delay increases, then the storm front is receding, and if the sound delay is reduced, then the storm front is approaching.

HOW TO ACT DURING A STORM

Lightning is dangerous when a flash of thunder follows. In this case, take immediate precautions. If you are in a rural area: Close windows, doors, chimneys and vents. Do not fire up the stove because the high temperature gases coming out of the stovepipe have low resistance. Do not talk on the phone: lightning sometimes hits wires stretched between poles. During lightning strikes, do not come close to electrical wiring, lightning rods, roof drains, antennas, do not stand near a window, turn off the TV, radio and other electrical appliances if possible. If you are in a forest, then take cover in a stunted area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe forest. Stay away from tall trees, especially pines, oaks, and poplars. Do not stay in a body of water or on its shore. Move away from the shore, go down from an elevated place to a lowland. In the steppe, field or in the absence of shelter (building) do not lie down on the ground, exposing your whole body to an electric current, but squat in a hollow, ravine or other natural depression, clasping your legs with your hands. If a thunderstorm overtook you while playing sports, then immediately stop them. Put metal objects (motorcycle, bicycle, ice ax, etc.) aside, move away from them by 20-30 m. If a thunderstorm caught you in a car, do not leave it, close the windows and lower the radio antenna.

8. Flood preparation rules.

FLOODING is a significant flooding of the area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea during the period of snowmelt, heavy rains, wind surges of water, during traffic jams, blockages, etc. Floods can occur suddenly and last from a few hours to 2-3 weeks.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR A FLOOD

If your area often suffers from floods, study and remember the boundaries of possible flooding, as well as elevated, rarely flooded places located in the immediate vicinity of places of residence, the shortest routes to them. Familiarize family members with the rules of conduct during organized and individual evacuations, as well as in the event of a sudden and rapidly developing flood. Remember the places where boats, rafts and building materials for their manufacture are stored. Prepare in advance a list of documents, property and medicines taken out during the evacuation. Put valuables, necessary warm clothes, a supply of food, water and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack.

HOW TO ACT DURING A FLOOD

At the warning signal of the threat of flooding and evacuation, immediately, in accordance with the established procedure, leave (leave) the danger zone of possible catastrophic flooding to the designated safe area or to elevated areas of the area, taking with you documents, valuables, necessary things and a two-day supply of non-perishable food. Register at the final evacuation point. Before leaving the house, turn off the electricity and gas, put out the fire in the heating stoves, secure all floating objects that are outside the buildings, or place them in utility rooms. If time permits, move valuable household items to the upper floors or to the attic of a residential building. Close the windows and doors, if necessary and have time, board the windows and doors of the first floors from the outside with boards (shields). In the absence of an organized evacuation, stay on the upper floors and roofs of buildings, on trees or other towering objects until help arrives or the water subsides. At the same time, constantly give a distress signal: during the day - by hanging or waving a clearly visible panel lined with a pole, and in the dark - by a light signal and periodically by voice. When the rescuers approach, calmly, without panic and fuss, in compliance with the precautionary measures, go to the swimming facility. At the same time, strictly follow the requirements of the rescuers, do not overload the boats. During the movement, do not leave the assigned places, do not board the sides, strictly follow the requirements of the crew. It is recommended to get out of the flooded area on your own only if there are such serious reasons as the need to provide medical assistance to the victims, the continuing rise in the water level with the threat of flooding of the upper floors (attic).

HOW TO ACT AFTER A FLOOD

Before entering a building, check to see if it is in danger of collapsing or falling. Ventilate the building (to remove accumulated gases). Do not turn on electric lighting, do not use open flames, do not light matches until the room is completely ventilated and the gas supply system is checked for proper operation. Check the serviceability of the electrical wiring, gas supply pipelines, water supply and sewerage. Do not use them until you have checked their serviceability with the help of specialists. To dry the premises, open all doors and windows, remove dirt from the floor and walls, pump out water from the basements. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water. Organize the cleaning of wells from the applied dirt and remove water from them.

9. Rules of conduct during a landslide.

LANDSLIDE - sliding displacement (sliding) of masses of soils and rocks down the slopes of mountains and ravines, steep coasts of seas, lakes and rivers under the influence of gravity. The causes of a landslide are most often the erosion of the slope, its waterlogging by heavy rainfall, earthquakes or human activity (blasting, etc.). The volume of soil during a landslide can reach tens and hundreds of thousands of cubic meters, and in some cases even more.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Learn information about possible locations and approximate boundaries of landslides, remember the warning signals about the threat of a landslide, as well as the procedure for issuing this signal. Signs of an impending landslide are jamming of doors and windows of buildings, seepage of water on landslide-prone slopes. If there are signs of an approaching landslide, report it to the nearest post of the landslide station, wait for information from there, and act according to the situation yourself.

HOW TO PROCEED IN A LANDSLIDE

When receiving signals of the threat of a landslide, turn off electrical appliances, gas appliances and water supply, prepare for immediate evacuation according to pre-developed plans. Depending on the landslide displacement speed detected by the landslide station, act according to the threat. When evacuating, take documents, valuables with you, and, depending on the situation and instructions from the administration, warm clothes and food. Urgently evacuate to a safe place and, if necessary, help the rescuers in digging, extracting victims from the collapse and rendering assistance to them.

ACTIONS AFTER A LANDSLIDE DISPLACEMENT

After the displacement of the landslide in the surviving buildings and structures, the condition of the walls, ceilings is checked, damage to the lines of electricity, gas, and water supply is revealed. If you were not injured, then, together with the rescuers, remove the injured from the rubble and provide assistance to them.

10. Rules of conduct during a forest and peat fire.

Mass fires in forests and peat bogs can occur in hot and dry weather from lightning strikes, careless handling of fire, cleaning the earth's surface by burning dry grass, and other causes. Fires can cause fires in buildings in settlements, wooden bridges, power lines and communications on wooden poles, warehouses for oil products and other combustible materials, as well as damage to people and farm animals.

When burning peat and plant roots, underground fires can occur, spreading in different directions. Peat can spontaneously ignite and burn without access to air and even under water. Above the burning peatlands, the formation of "columnar swirls" of hot ash and burning peat dust is possible, which can be transported over long distances in strong winds and cause new fires or burns in people and animals.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

To protect the population and reduce damage during massive fires, measures are taken in advance to lay and clear clearings and dirt strips 5-10 meters wide in continuous forests and up to 50 meters in coniferous forests. In settlements, ponds and reservoirs are arranged, the capacity of which is taken at the rate of at least 30 cubic meters per 1 hectare of the area of ​​a settlement or settlement. In case of fires in forests and peat bogs in settlements, fire-fighting units are on duty to monitor the fire situation in forests, near settlements; clearing of soil strips between buildings and adjoining forests; fire reservoirs are filled at the rate of at least 10 liters of water per 1 meter of the length of the forest edge adjacent to the boundaries of the development of settlements and summer cottages; wells and ponds are being restored; cotton gauze bandages, respirators and other means of respiratory protection are made; the mode of visiting forests during the dry season of summer is limited (especially by car).

IF YOU ARE NEAR A FIRE IN A FOREST OR PEAT

If you find yourself near the source of a fire in a forest or peat bog and you do not have the opportunity to cope with its localization, prevention of the spread and extinguishment of the fire on your own, immediately warn all people nearby about the need to leave the danger zone. Organize their exit to the road or clearing, a wide clearing, to the bank of a river or reservoir, in a field. Get out of the danger zone quickly, perpendicular to the direction of fire. If it is impossible to escape from the fire, enter a body of water or cover yourself with wet clothing. Going out into an open space or a clearing, breathe the air near the ground - there it is less smoky, while covering your mouth and nose with a cotton-gauze bandage or rag. After leaving the fire zone, report the location, size and nature of the fire to the administration of the settlement, the forestry or fire service, as well as to the local population. Know the warning signals about the approach of the fire zone to the settlement and take part in the organization of fire extinguishing. The flame of small ground fires can be knocked down by sweeping it with hardwood branches, flooding it with water, throwing wet soil, trampling it with your feet. Peat fires are extinguished by digging up burning peat with watering.

11. Rules of conduct during mudflow convergence.

Mudflow - a temporary flow of a mixture of water and a large number of rock fragments from clay particles to large stones and boulders, suddenly arising in mountain river beds and hollows. It arises suddenly, moves at high speed (up to 10 m/s or even more), and most often passes in several waves over a period of tens of minutes to several hours. HOW TO PREPARE FOR MUD

Usually, the places where mudflows can go are known. Before going to the mountains, study these places on your route and avoid them, especially after heavy rains. Always remember that it is almost impossible to escape when caught in a mudflow. You can save yourself from a mudflow only by avoiding it. Before leaving the house, in case of early evacuation, turn off electricity, gas and water supply. Close doors, windows and vents tightly.

EARLY MEASURES FOR THE PREVENTION OF MULDFLOWS

In mudflow-prone areas, anti-mudflow dams and dams are being built, bypass channels are being built, the level of mountain lakes is lowering, the land on the slopes is being strengthened by planting trees, observations are being made, a warning system is being organized and evacuation is planned.

HOW TO ACT WITH A DERBODOW

Hearing the noise of an approaching mudflow, you should immediately rise from the bottom of the hollow up the drain, at least 50-100 m. At the same time, you need to remember that stones of great weight that threaten life can be thrown out of the roaring stream for long distances.

ACTIONS AFTER THE DERUSSION FLOW

Provide assistance to the victims and assistance to the formations and bodies that disassemble blockages and drifts along the path of the mudflow and in places where the main mass of the mudflow is removed. If you are injured, try to get yourself first aid. The affected areas of your body, if possible, should be kept in an elevated position, put on them ice (wet matter), a pressure bandage. Contact your doctor.

12. Rules of conduct during a hurricane, tornado, storm.

HURRICANE- This is a large atmospheric vortex with a wind speed of up to 120 km/h, and in the surface layer - up to 200 km/h.
STORM- a long, very strong wind with a speed of more than 20 m/s, usually observed during the passage of a cyclone and is accompanied by strong waves at sea and destruction on land.
TORNADO- an atmospheric vortex that arises in a thundercloud and propagates downward, often to the very surface of the Earth in the form of a dark cloud sleeve or trunk with a diameter of tens and hundreds of meters. It does not exist for long, moving with the cloud.
The danger to people in such natural phenomena is the destruction of road and bridge surfaces, structures, overhead power lines and communications, ground pipelines, as well as the defeat of people by fragments of destroyed structures, glass fragments flying at high speed.

The main signs of the occurrence of hurricanes, storms and tornadoes are: increased wind speed and a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure; heavy rainfall and storm surge; heavy snowfall and ground dust.

After receiving a storm warning signal, proceed to: strengthening the roof, chimneys and ventilation pipes; sealing windows in attic spaces (shutters, boards or plywood shields); the release of balconies and the territory of the yard from fire hazardous objects; to collect stocks of food and water for 2-3 days in case of evacuation to a safe area, as well as autonomous lighting sources (lanterns, kerosene lamps, candles); move from light buildings to more durable buildings or to civil defense defenses.

HOW TO ACT DURING A HURRICANE, STORM, STORM

If a hurricane (storm, tornado) caught you in a building, move away from the windows and take a safe place near the walls of the interior, in the corridor, near built-in wardrobes, in bathrooms, toilets, pantries, in strong cabinets, under tables. Put out the fire in the stoves, turn off the electricity, close the taps on the gas networks. At night, use lanterns, lamps, candles; turn on the radio to receive information from the Civil Defense and Emergency Department and the Commission for Emergency Situations; if possible, stay in a recessed shelter, in shelters, cellars, etc. If a hurricane, storm or tornado caught you on the streets of a settlement, stay as far as possible from light structures, buildings, bridges, overpasses, power lines, masts, trees, rivers, lakes and industrial facilities. To protect against flying debris and glass fragments, use plywood sheets, cardboard and plastic boxes, boards and other improvised means. Try to quickly take cover in basements, cellars and anti-radiation shelters available in settlements. Do not enter damaged buildings, as they can collapse with new gusts of wind. During a snowstorm, take cover in buildings. If you find yourself in a field or on a country road, go out onto the main roads, which are periodically cleared and where it is more likely that you will be helped. During a dust storm, cover your face with a gauze bandage, a scarf, a piece of cloth, and your eyes with glasses. When a signal is received that a tornado is approaching, it is necessary to immediately go down to the shelter, the basement of the house or cellar, or take cover under the bed and other durable furniture. If a tornado catches you in an open area, take cover at the bottom of a road ditch, in pits, ditches, narrow ravines, tightly pressing against the ground, covering your head with clothes or tree branches. Do not stay in the vehicle, get out and take cover as above.

13. Rules of conduct during a tsunami.

TSUNAMI is a dangerous natural phenomenon, which is sea waves, arising mainly as a result of the upward or downward displacement of extended sections of the seabed during underwater and coastal earthquakes. The tsunami-prone regions of our country are the Kuriles, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and the Pacific coast. Huge masses of water thrown ashore lead to flooding of the area, destruction of buildings and structures, power transmission and communication lines, roads, bridges, piers, as well as to the death of people and animals. An air shock wave propagates in front of the water shaft. It acts like a blast wave, destroying buildings and structures. The tsunami wave may not be the only one. Very often it is a series of waves rolling ashore with an interval of 1 hour or more. The possible scale of destruction is determined by the range of the tsunami: weak (1-2 points); average (3 points); strong (4 points); destructive (5 points).

SIGNS OF A TSUNAMI

An earthquake is a natural tsunami warning signal. Before the start of a tsunami, as a rule, the water recedes far from the coast, exposing the seabed for hundreds of meters and even several kilometers. This low tide can last from a few minutes to half an hour. The movement of the waves may be accompanied by thunderous sounds that are heard before the arrival of the tsunami waves. Sometimes, before a tsunami wave, the coast is flooded with a water "carpet". The appearance of cracks in the ice cover off the coast is possible. A sign of an approaching natural disaster may be a change in the usual behavior of animals that sense danger in advance and tend to move to higher places.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Follow the tsunami forecast messages, remembering their harbingers. Memorize and explain to your family the tsunami warning signals for your area. Plan ahead for what to do during a tsunami. Make sure that all your family members, co-workers and acquaintances know what to do during a tsunami. Assess if your home or place of work is located in a tsunami-prone area. Remember that the most dangerous places are river mouths, narrowing bays, straits. Know the boundaries of the most dangerous areas and the shortest routes to safety. Make a list of documents, property and medicines taken out during the evacuation. It is advisable to put property and medicines in a special suitcase or backpack. Think about the evacuation order in advance. Decide where your family members will meet if there is a tsunami alert. In the course of daily activities at home and at work, do not clutter the corridors and exits with bulky things, closets, bicycles, strollers. Keep all aisles clear for quick evacuation. Learn the rules of conduct in case of a tsunami hazard. Prepare a place in your apartment in advance, in which, in case of a quick evacuation, put the necessary documents, clothes, personal belongings, a two-day supply of non-perishable food. Support public tsunami preparedness programs, actively participate in planting windbreaks along the coast.

WHAT TO DO DURING A TSUNAMI

When a tsunami warning is given, react immediately. Use every minute to ensure your personal safety and the protection of those around you. You can have time from a few minutes to half an hour or more, so if you act calmly and thoughtfully, you can increase your chances of being protected from the effects of a tsunami. If you are indoors, immediately leave it, after turning off the light and gas, and move to a safe place. Take the shortest route to an elevated place 30-40 m above sea level or quickly move 2-3 km from the coast. If you are driving, drive in a safe direction, picking up running people along the way. If it is impossible to hide in a safe place, when there is no time left for moving, climb as high as possible to the upper floors of the building, close windows and doors. If possible, move to the most secure building. If you will be sheltering indoors, remember that the safest areas are considered to be places

Plan

Introduction

1. Definition of emergency

2. Volcano

2.1. Volcanic eruptions

2.2. Danger to humans during a volcanic eruption

2.3. Actions during a volcanic eruption:

INTRODUCTION

A modern person throughout his life is in various environments: social, industrial, local (urban, rural), domestic, natural, etc.

Man and his environment form a system consisting of many interacting elements, having order within certain boundaries and possessing specific properties. Such interaction is determined by many factors and affects both the person himself and the corresponding environment of his habitat. This influence can be, on the one hand, positive, on the other hand, it can be negative (negative) at the same time.

Negative impacts of environmental factors are manifested mainly in emergency situations. These situations can be the result of both natural disasters and human production activities. In order to localize and eliminate negative impacts arising in emergency situations, special services are being created, legal frameworks are being developed and material resources are being created for their activities. Of great importance is the training of the population in the rules of behavior in such situations, as well as the training of special personnel in the field of life safety.

1. DEFINITION OF EMERGENCY

EMERGENCY - this is the situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or has caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, as well as significant material losses and violation of living conditions.

Emergencies are classified according to the nature of the source and scale.

Consider an emergency - a volcanic eruption.

1. VOLCANO- This is a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which molten rocks (lava), ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments erupt onto the earth's surface. Distinguish between active, dormant and extinct volcanoes, and in form - central, erupting from the central outlet, and fissure, whose apparatus looks like gaping cracks and a number of small cones. The main parts of the volcanic apparatus:

• magma chamber (in the earth's crust or upper mantle);
• vent - an outlet channel through which magma rises to the surface;
• cone - a hill on the surface of the Earth from the ejection products of a volcano;
• crater - depression on the surface of the cone of the volcano.

2.1 Volcanic eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are a sufficiently dangerous geological phenomenon. The processes occurring in the earth's thickness and causing eruptions are not yet fully understood.

It is generally accepted that the upper part of the mantle is in a state close to molten, so even a slight decrease in pressure leads to its complete melting. The molten rock (magma), being lighter than the surrounding rocks, slowly rises to the surface of the earth. Most often this occurs along the faults of the earth's crust.
The second reason causing eruptions is the presence of local radioactive sources. The few continental volcanoes located far from the boundaries of the lithospheric plates are caused by just such local sources of radioactive heat or hot spots in the mantle.

During eruptions, the following is most often observed: deformation and shaking of the earth's surface; ejection, fallout of eruption products; movement of lava, mud, stone flows; gravitational displacement of rocks. A large amount of vapors and gases escapes into the atmosphere, leading to chemical pollution of the environment, with the potential for the formation of large-scale fires. Often, lakes form in craters during the dormant period, then during the eruption, water-mud flows represent the main danger, even greater than lava flows (due to the high speeds of movement along the slopes).

Most often, volcanic eruptions begin with the release of a column of black smoke or ash up to 5 km high from the crater, which quickly spreads in the air in the form of a huge cloud; cracks appear on the slopes and on the crater, through which suffocating gases or hot water are released.

This is usually followed by torrential thunderstorms. At the same time, large and small hot fragments of rocks are ejected from the crater, ash falls from the clouds, which covers the slopes of the volcano and its surroundings.
Then the eruption of lava from the mouth of the volcano begins.

Over millions of years, volcanic mountains form from layers of lava. Often they are quite high and have the shape of a cone with a crater on top. Many volcanoes are on the seabed.

Volcanoes form in seismically active zones of the earth's crust. The lithosphere is split into huge blocks, or plates. Under the pressure of mighty underground forces, these plates are constantly moving. In some places, their movement leads to the emergence of mountain ranges, in other edges of the plates they are drawn into deep depressions.

Lava types. The temperature of the lava can reach 1000°C, and the flow speed is 165 m/s. Not all volcanoes erupt in the same way. The nature of the eruption is determined by the types of gases and the amount of water contained in the magma.

The Hawaiian, or shield-shaped, type of volcano is distinguished by the calm nature of the eruptions. Red-hot liquid and flowing lava pours out of the crater. The gases contained in the magma easily escape to the outside, throwing out fiery fountains of shop lumps. This type of eruption is named after two Hawaiian volcanoes - Mauna Loa and Kilauea.

In the Strombolian type, gases are released into the atmosphere in small explosions. With each explosion, hot lumps of semi-liquid lava fly into the air, which fall like bombs to the ground and roll down the slopes, turning into a real rockfall. This type is named after the Italian volcano Stromboli, which erupts regularly to this day.

Vulcan type. Italy's Mount Vulcano gave its name to a much more dangerous type of eruption. The volcanic eruption scatters huge pieces of lava for several kilometers from the crater. The highly viscous magma prevents the gases from escaping freely, and they accumulate inside under such enormous pressure that powerful explosions are heard from time to time.

The Plinian type is considered the most explosive.

Deadly Dust. During Plinian eruptions, the underground forces escaping into the wild are able to overcome the sound barrier and throw out huge columns of ash, stones and gases, reaching a height of 30 km. These fragments, called pyroclasts, break into small particles in the air, covering everything around with a thick layer of deadly dust.

Sometimes a Plinian eruption reaches such power that it destroys the volcano itself. At best, the walls of the main vent sink inward, forming side craters, or calderas (Spanish for "boiling pot").

Volcanoes are divided into active, dormant and extinct.

To those who fell asleep Volcanoes are those whose eruptions are not known, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them.

Extinct volcanoes are various volcanoes without any volcanic activity.

Volcanic eruptions are either long-term or short-term. Eruption products (gaseous, liquid and solid) are ejected to a height of 1-5 km and are transported over long distances. The concentration of volcanic ash is sometimes so great that darkness sets in, like night. The volume of erupted lava reaches tens of cubic kilometers.

2.2 Danger to humans during a volcanic eruption

The danger to humans is magma (lava) flows, the fall of stones and ash ejected from the crater of the volcano, mud flows and flash floods. A volcanic eruption may be accompanied by an earthquake. The damaging factors during volcanic eruptions are: shock wave; flying fragments, stones, trees, parts of structures; ash; volcanic gases; lava moving along the slope at a speed of up to 80 km / h and burning everything in its path.

Secondary damaging factors: tsunamis, fires, explosions, floods and landslides. Most often, people and animals in areas of volcanic eruptions die from injuries, burns of the upper respiratory tract, asphyxia and eye damage. In areas of volcanic eruptions, epidemiological surveillance is established.

2.3 Actions in the event of a volcanic eruption:

If you receive a warning about a possible volcanic eruption, leave the dangerous area in a timely manner.

You need to get away from lava flows in the shortest way, that is, perpendicular to the direction of their movement

If the flight does not help (the average speed of the flow of hot magma is about 40 kilometers per hour, so it is quite possible to leave it, but here you also need to soberly assess your chances, if the lava catches up with you, then you are covered), then immediately look for shelter, not a basement type, although a cave located on a hill can pass for it. If this is not possible, stock up on self-powered sources of lighting and heat, water, food for 3-5 days;

Close all windows, doors and smoke dampers. Move animals indoors. To protect the respiratory tract from ash, use a moistened gauze bandage;

Put on goggles and clothing to protect the body and head from stones, ashes, burns; Dress like it’s 50 degrees outside, several layers of thick (overcoat, wadded blankets, etc.), preferably non-flammable clothing, will protect you from SO2, or rather from acid, which sulfur dioxide will form in huge quantities.

Avoid the banks of rivers and valleys near volcanoes, try to keep to elevated places, as flooding and mudflows are possible.

If you're lucky enough to survive the devastating effects of a volcanic eruption in your home, get ready to spend the next few days, if not the entire week, there. Do not open windows for as long as possible.

List of used literature

1. Emergencies and protection from them.

Comp. A. Bondarenko. Moscow, 1998

2. Emergencies.

Energy: economics, technology, ecology, 2000

3. Causes and consequences of natural disasters and catastrophes.

Meshkov N. Fundamentals of life safety. 1998

4. Problems of safety in emergency situations. 1999