Permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb. Noun

In this article we will talk about such a part of speech as a noun. More specifically, we will talk about what are the grammatical features of a noun, what kind of part of speech it is, what is generally characteristic of it. Let's talk about how the morphological analysis of nouns is carried out, what cases they have, how to determine the declension of nouns. Of course, for each item we will give relevant examples that will help you understand the material.

Noun as a part of speech

A noun is a part of speech that answers questions about the subject - “Who?” and what?". The grammatical features of a noun just do include characteristic questions.

Let's make a quick note. A noun as a part of speech can be subdivided according to several criteria. It can be animate (people, animals, and so on) and inanimate (flowers, trees, and so on). In addition, nouns are divided into proper (names of people, names of animals, names of cities and other similar objects, rivers, mountains) and common nouns (words we use in everyday life, names of objects: mug, spoon, and so on). Ultimately, nouns are divided into three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. They have corresponding endings, but this will be discussed a little later.

A noun as a part of speech can be changed by cases. However, you cannot change the same word by gender. It is also possible to change by numbers: a noun can be singular, or it can be plural.

initial form

The grammatical features of a noun include several parameters. Among them are case and number. But according to these criteria, you can compose the initial form of a noun. To do this, the word must be put in the singular, as well as in the nominative case. That is, the initial form of a noun can be considered the words: bird, spoon, bed, and so on. All of them satisfy the requirements that apply to the initial form of a noun.

As mentioned earlier, the noun answers the questions “Who?” and what". In most cases, nouns in sentences express subjects and objects. Of course, they can also be expressed in other parts of speech, but it is the noun that accounts for the largest number of cases. A variant with a definition that is not isolated is also possible. It is possible that a circumstance will also be expressed by a noun.

Noun: proper and common noun

The grammatical features of a noun include division into proper and common nouns. Own type nouns are mostly names of persons. As a rule, these are single items. What can be attributed to proper nouns? Of course, first names, patronymics, last names of people, nicknames of pets, etc. This also applies to geographic features. For example, the Krasnodar Territory, Mount Everest, the Volga River. This list contains various astronomical names, for example, the names of stars and constellations, planets (Sun, Neptune, and so on). The list of proper names ends with the names of companies, works of art and culture, the names of magazines and newspapers, models of transport, and so on.

Turning to common nouns, we note that they can be obtained from proper ones by replacing them with synonyms. In addition, examples from physics can be given when the name of a scientist became a unit of measurement (while it is written with a small letter).

Noun: animate and inanimate

The grammatical features of a noun include a number of criteria. In their list and these factors. Animated nouns denote living beings, that is, they are applied to people, animals, and so on. Everything else - nature, plants, rivers, seas, planets - are inanimate nouns. They also include items that we use in everyday life: dishes, clothes, etc.

As we said earlier, the noun answers the questions “Who” and “What?”. The first question applies to animate nouns, the second - on the contrary, to inanimate ones.

Noun: singular and plural

If only one subject is spoken of, then the forms of the noun assume the singular. This is, in principle, logical. If it is said about several objects at once, for example, that there were “blue, white, red balls”, then in this case it is said about the plural of the noun “balls”.

There are cases when the forms of a noun suggest the use of a word in only one number. That is, it can only be singular or only plural, and nothing else.

Words used only in the singular

Examples include the so-called collective nouns. They can only have the singular form: children, humanity. In addition, the list of similar nouns includes such items that have a real meaning, such as iron, platinum, asphalt, steel, milk, and others. In the singular, signs and states are used: anger, joy, hatred, youth, darkness, burning, fulfillment. There are also exception words that are used only in the singular.

Words that are used only in the plural

The names of paired items are considered plural, such as shorts and trousers, pants and glasses. Materials and leftovers are also plural: sawdust, pasta, yeast, cream. The names of games, like blind man's buff, hide and seek, and periods of time - holidays, days - should also not be used in the singular. Complete the list of nouns that are used only in the plural, states of nature, exceptions to geographical names and names of actions: frosts, troubles, negotiations, Athens, Sokolniki, the Alps.

Noun: cases

The endings of nouns depend on the case in which the word is. There are 6 cases in total.

1. The nominative, which helps to form the initial form of a noun, answers the questions “Who?” and what?".
2. Genitive - to the questions “Who?”, “What?”.
3. The dative case answers the questions “To whom?” and “What?”.
4. Accusative - "a mixture" of the genitive and nominative case. His questions are “Who”, “What?”.
5. The instrumental case has the questions “By whom?”, “By what?”.
6. The list of cases ends with a prepositional one. Nouns put in this case answer the questions “About whom?” and “About what?”.

The first question of each case is given to the animate noun. The second, therefore, inanimate. You can determine the case of a noun by asking a question. To do this, first the word is searched for, with which the necessary noun is associated, and then the corresponding question is already asked.

noun: declension

The endings of nouns also depend on the case, but not only on it. Along with number and case, gender, there is another factor on which they depend. In general, it in some way itself consists of separate criteria. This factor is the declension of nouns.”

You can decline a noun by changing it in cases. There are three declensions in Russian. The first includes nouns related to the feminine gender. They must be singular and end in -а or -я. This also includes masculine nouns that denote people. They have the same endings.

The second declension includes masculine and neuter nouns in its list. At the same time, masculine nouns must end in -o, -e or have a zero ending. Neutral nouns in the nominative case must also end in -o and -e.

The third declension has in its composition nouns related to the feminine gender. They have a null ending, being singular and nominative.

Noun: dissimilar words

In Russian, there are nouns that are called heterogeneous. These are ten neuter nouns (burden, time, seed, crown, flame, stirrup, banner, tribe, name, udder). It also includes the noun "way". In certain cases (namely, in the dative, prepositional), these words have endings that are characteristic of nouns of the third declension. But if you put them in the instrumental case, then they will take the endings of the second declension.

noun: indeclinable words

If, when placed in all cases, a noun has only the same ending, then this is an indeclinable noun. Examples: radio, coffee, jury, Sochi.

Noun: morphological analysis

The first point in morphological analysis is the establishment of the part of speech. The second part includes an indication of morphological features. This is the setting of the word in the initial form, the indication of such constant features as a proper or common noun, animation or inanimateness, an indication of the gender of the noun, its declension. The next sub-item of indicating morphological features is non-permanent characteristics. This is the case and the number of the word. Well, the morphological analysis consists in indicating the syntactic role of the word.

Conclusion

The presence of almost all the analyzed criteria that determine this part of speech is characteristic of many languages, one of which is ours, Russian. The noun in it occupies a very important place and plays a big role.

noun e is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) have a generalized meaning of objectivity and answer the questions who? or what?;

2) are proper or common nouns, animate or inanimate, have a permanent gender and non-permanent (for most nouns) signs of number and case;

3) in the proposal most often act as subjects or additions, but can be any other members of the proposal.

Noun- this is a part of speech, in the selection of which the grammatical features of words come to the fore. As for the meaning of nouns, this is the only part of speech that can mean anything: an object (table), a person (boy), an animal (cow), a sign (depth), an abstract concept (conscience), an action (singing) , relation (equality). In terms of meaning, these words are united by the fact that you can ask them the question who? or what?; this, in fact, is their objectivity.

Common nouns designate objects without distinguishing them from the class of the same type (city, river, girl, newspaper).

Proper nouns designate objects, distinguishing them from the class of homogeneous objects, individualizing them (Moscow, Volga, Masha, Izvestia). Proper names must be distinguished from proper names - ambiguous names of individualized objects ("Evening Moscow"). Proper names do not necessarily include a proper name (Moscow State University).

Animate and inanimate nouns

Nouns have a permanent morphological sign of animation.

The sign of animateness of nouns is closely connected with the concept of living / inanimate. Nevertheless, animation is not a rank in meaning, but a proper morphological feature.

Animation as a morphological feature also has formal means of expression. First, animateness / inanimateness is expressed by the endings of the noun itself:

1) animate nouns have the same endings. numbers V. p. and R. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number;

2) inanimate nouns have matching endings. numbers V. p. and I. p., and for nouns husband. genus, this also applies to units. number.

The animateness of most nouns reflects a certain state of affairs in extralinguistic reality: animate nouns are mainly called living beings, and inanimate - inanimate objects, however, there are cases of violation of this pattern:

Nouns have a constant morphological gender and refer to male, female or neuter.

The masculine, feminine and neuter gender includes words with the following compatibility:

Some nouns with the ending -a, denoting signs, properties of persons, in I. p. have a double characterization by gender, depending on the gender of the designated person:

your ignoramus has come

your-I'm ignorant came-a.

Such nouns belong to the common gender.

Nouns only plural (cream, scissors) do not belong to any of the genders, since in the plural formal differences between nouns of different genders are not expressed (cf .: desks - tables).

Nouns change by numbers and cases. Most nouns have singular and plural forms ( city ​​- cities, village - villages). However, some nouns have either only the singular form (for example, peasantry, asphalt, burning), or only the plural form (for example, scissors, railings, weekdays, Luzhniki).

Case as a morphological feature of nouns

Nouns change in cases, that is, they have a non-permanent morphological sign of number.

There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative (I. p.), genitive (R. p.), dative (D. p.), accusative (V. p.), instrumental (T. p.), prepositional (P. p.). P.). These case forms are diagnosed in the following contexts:

I. p.who is this? what?

R. p. no one? what?

D. p.glad to whom? what?

V. p. see who? what?

T. p.who am I proud of? how?

P. p. thinking about whom? how?

The endings of different cases are different depending on which declension the noun belongs to.

Noun declension

Changing nouns in cases is called declension.

To I declension include nouns husband. and wives. genus with the ending I. p. units. numbers -а(-я), including words ending in -iya: mom-a, dad-a, earth-i, lecture-i (lectij-a). Words with a stem ending in a hard consonant (hard variant), a soft consonant (soft variant) and with a stem in - and j have some differences in endings, for example:

Co. II declension include nouns husband. gender with a zero ending I. p., including words in -y, and nouns m. and cf. kind with the ending -o (-e), including words in -ie: table-, genius-, small town-o, window-o, floor-e, peni-e (penij-e).

To III declension include nouns of women. gender with zero ending in I. p .: dust-, night-.

In addition to nouns that have endings in only one of these declensions, there are words that have some endings from one declension, and some from another. They are called dissimilar. These are 10 words for -mya (burden, time, stirrup, tribe, seed, name, flame, banner, udder, crown) and path.

In Russian there are so-called indeclinable nouns. These include many common nouns and own borrowings (coat, Tokyo), Russian surnames in -y, -ih, -vo (Petrovykh, Dolgikh, Durnovo). They are usually described as words without endings.

Morphological analysis of a noun

The noun is parsed according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. General value. Initial form (nominative singular).

II. Morphological features:

1. Permanent signs: a) proper or common noun, b) animate or inanimate, c) gender (male, female, neuter, general), d) declension.
2. Variable signs: a) case, b) number.

III. syntactic role.

Sample morphological parsing of a noun

Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him up; he began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm (according to V. Nabokov).

I. Ladies- noun;

initial form - lady.

II. Permanent signs: narits., odush., wives. genus, class I;

non-permanent signs: pl. number, I. p.

III. ran up(who?) ladies (subject part).

I.(to) Luzhin- noun;

initial form - Luzhin;

II. Permanent signs: own, soul, husband. genus, class I;

non-permanent features: units. number, D. p.;

III. ran up(to whom?) .underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to Luzhin(addition).

I. palm- noun;

initial form - palm;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, class I;

non-permanent features: units. number, etc.;

III. Began to shoot down(how?) palm(addition).

I. Dust- noun;

initial form - dust;

II. Constant signs: narits., inanimate., wives. genus, class III;

non-permanent features: units. number, V. p.;

III. Began to shoot down(what?) dust(addition).

I. Coat- noun;

initial form - coat;

II. Constant signs: nav., inanimate, cf. genus, uninclined;

non-permanent signs: the number is not determined by the context, R. p .;

III. Began to shoot down(why?) with a coat(addition).

Noun is a part of speech that names an object and answers questions "who what?". Nouns have a number of features with which you can classify all nouns by type.

The main features of the noun.

• The grammatical meaning of a noun- the general meaning of the subject, everything that can be said about this subject: this what ? Or who ? This part of speech can mean the following:

1) The name of objects and things ( table, ceiling, pillow, spoon);

2) Names of substances ( gold, water, air, sugar);

3) Names of living beings ( dog, person, child, teacher);

4) Names of actions and states ( murder, laughter, sadness, sleep);

5) The name of the phenomena of nature and life ( rain, wind, war, holiday);

6) Names of features and abstract properties ( white, fresh, blue).

• Syntactic sign of a noun is the role it occupies in the sentence. Most often, the noun acts as a subject or object. But in some cases, nouns can also act as other members of the sentence.

Mother cooks delicious borscht (subject).

Borscht is prepared from beets, cabbage, potatoes and others vegetables (addition).

Beet is vegetable red, sometimes purple (nominal predicate).

Beet from the garden- the most useful (definition).

Mother- chef knows how to surprise his household at the table, mom- friend able to listen and comfort (Appendix).

Also, a noun in a sentence can act as appeals:

Mother, I need your help!

• By lexical Nouns can be of two types:

1. Common nouns- these are words that mean general concepts or name a class of objects: chair, knife, dog, earth.

2. Proper names- these are words meaning single objects, which include names, surnames, names of cities, countries, rivers, mountains (and other geographical names), animal names, names of books, films, songs, ships, organizations, historical events, and the like: Barsik, Weaver, Titanic, Europe, Sahara and etc.

Features of proper names in Russian:

1. Proper names are always capitalized.
2. Proper names have only one number form.
3. Proper names can consist of one or more words: Alla, Viktor Ivanovich Popov, "Loneliness in the Net", Kamensk-Uralsky.
4. Titles of books, magazines, ships, films, paintings, etc. written in quotation marks and capitalized: "Girl with Peaches", "Mtsyri", "Aurora", "Science and Technology".
5. Proper names can become common nouns, and common nouns can move into the category of proper names: Boston - Boston (a type of dance), though - the Pravda newspaper.

• By type of item nouns are divided into two categories:

1. Animated nouns- those nouns that denote the names of wildlife (animals, birds, insects, people, fish). This category of nouns answers the question "who?": father, puppy, whale, dragonfly.

2. Inanimate nouns- those nouns that refer to the real and answer the question "what?": wall, board, machine, ship and etc.

• By value Nouns can be divided into four types:

Real- kind of nouns naming substances: air, dirt, ink, sawdust etc. This kind of nouns has only one form of number - the one that we know. If a noun is singular, then it cannot be plural, and vice versa. The number, size, volume of these nouns can be adjusted using cardinal numbers: few, many, few, two tons, cubic meter and etc.

Specific- nouns that name specific units of objects of living or inanimate nature: man, pole, worm, door. These nouns change in number and combine with numerals.

Collective- these are nouns that generalize many identical objects into one name: many warriors - an army, a lot of leaves - foliage etc. This category of nouns can exist only in the singular and cannot be combined with cardinal numbers.

Abstract (abstract)- these are nouns that name abstract concepts that do not exist in the material world: suffering, joy, love, grief, fun.

Noun Parsing Plan

You can download separately the memo "Plan of morphological analysis of nouns" in our VK group in the album "Russian language in tables and diagrams": https://vk.com/izdat_licey

Noun parsing patterns

On the mail train from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a young lieutenant Klimov rode in the smoking section(Chekhov).

(AT) train

1. in what?
2. N. f. - train.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   

(walking) (of) Petersburg

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question Of what?
2. N. f. - Petersburg.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the genitive case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(walking) (in) Moscow

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question into what?
2. N. f. - Moscow.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, feminine, 1st declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the accusative case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(driving) to department

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question in what?
2. N. f. - department.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, neuter gender, noun in -i: 2nd declension, but in the prepositional case the ending is -i, as in nouns of the 3rd declension.
   B) Non-permanent features: used in the singular, prepositional case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(in department) (for) smokers

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question for whom?
2. N. f. - smoking.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, animated, given noun - substantiated participle, therefore it changes by gender ( smoking, smoking) and is declined as a full participle.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the plural, genitive; there is no gender, as in full participles in the plural.
3. In the proposal, it plays the role of an inconsistent definition.

(driving) lieutenant

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - lieutenant.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   
3. In the proposal, it acts as an application.

(driving) Klimov

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - Klimov.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the singular, nominative case.
3. It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Exercise for the topic “3.2.3. Morphological analysis of nouns "

• 3.2.1. The concept of a noun. Morphological features of nouns. Noun ranks
• 3.2.3. Morphological analysis of nouns

Signs of nouns are grammatical categories inherent in the words of a given part of speech. Allocate permanent and non-permanent signs of a noun - 4 permanent and 2 non-permanent.

In Russian, nouns have permanent and non-permanent features in different ways, depending on the characteristics of each individual word and its use in speech.

Permanent signs of nouns

Permanent features of a noun are a number of morphological categories that do not change depending on the context of speech and are inherent in all nouns.

Constant signs of nouns with examples:

Animation - indicates whether this noun belongs to the class of “living” or “non-living” objects.
Animated; Inanimate.

Gender - denotes the generic affiliation of the object that names the noun.

Male; Female; Average.

Declension - indicates the type of change of nouns in numbers and cases.

1st declension; 2nd declension; 3rd declension; Differing.

Common nouns and own.

common nouns; Own.

Number - acts as a constant feature for words that do not change in numbers.

Non-permanent signs of nouns

Non-permanent features of a noun are changeable grammatical features that appear in nouns depending on the context of speech and the position of the word in the sentence.

Inconstant signs of nouns with examples:

Number - indicates the quantitative characteristic of the called object.
The only thing; Plural.
Nominative; Genitive; Dative; Accusative; Instrumental; Prepositional.

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