Concepts related to the social sphere. Objects of the social sphere: list, classification, characteristics, purpose

The spheres of society are a set of relations of a stable nature between various social objects.

Each sphere of society includes certain types of human activity (for example: religious, political or educational) and the established relationships between individuals.

• social (nations, peoples, classes, gender and age groups, etc.);
• economic (productive relations and forces);
• political (parties, state, socio-political movements);
• spiritual (morality, religion, art, science and education).

Social sphere

The social sphere is a set of relations, enterprises, industries and organizations that are connected and determine the level and life of society and its well-being. This area primarily includes a range of services - culture, education, health care, physical education, social security, public catering, passenger transport, public services, and communications.

The concept of "social sphere" has different meanings, but they are all interconnected. In sociology, it is a sphere of society, which includes various social communities and close ties between them. In political science and economics, it is a set of industries, organizations and enterprises whose task is to improve the standard of living of society.

This sphere includes different social societies and relations between them. Occupying a certain position in society, a person enters into different communities.

Economic sphere

The economic sphere is a set of relations between people, the emergence of which is due to the creation and movement of various material goods; it is the area of ​​exchange, production, consumption and distribution of services and goods. The mode of production and distribution of wealth is the main factor that determines the specifics

The main task of this sphere of society is to solve such questions as: "what, how and for whom to produce?" and "how to harmonize the processes of consumption and production?".

The structure of the economic sphere of society consists of:

• - labor force (people), tools and objects of working life;
• production relations - this is the production of goods, its distribution, further exchange or consumption.

Political sphere

The political sphere is the relationship of people who, first of all, are directly connected with the authorities and are engaged in ensuring joint security. The following elements of the political sphere can be distinguished:

• political institutions and organizations - revolutionary groups, presidency, parties, parliamentarism, citizenship and more;
• political communications - forms and connections of interaction between various participants in the political process, their relations;
• political norms - moral, political and legal norms, traditions and customs;
• ideology and political culture - ideas of a political nature, political psychology and culture.

spiritual realm

This is the area of ​​non-material and ideal formations, which include various values ​​and ideas of religion, morality and art.

The structure of this sphere of society includes:

• morality - a system of ideals, moral norms, actions and assessments;
• religion - various forms of worldview, which are based on faith in the power of God;
• art - the spiritual life of a person, artistic perception and development of the world;
• education - the process of training and education;
• law - norms that are supported by the state.

All areas of society are closely interconnected.

Each sphere is inherent in independence, but at the same time, each of them is in close interaction with the others. The boundaries between the spheres of society are transparent and blurred.

SOCIAL SPHERE

SOCIAL SPHERE

a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being; consumption. The social sphere includes primarily the service sector (education, culture, health care, social security, physical culture, public catering, public services, passenger transport, communications).

Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: INFRA-M. 479 p.. 1999 .

Economic dictionary. 2000 .

See what "SOCIAL SPHERE" is in other dictionaries:

A set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption. In English: Social sphere See also: Social sphere Sectors of the economy ... ... Financial vocabulary

A set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being and consumption ... Wikipedia

Social sphere- (see Social sphere) ... human ecology

A set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. K S.s. concerns, first of all, the service sector (education, culture, health care, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

SOCIAL SPHERE- a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. The social sphere includes primarily the service sector, education, culture, ... ... Professional education. Dictionary

SOCIAL SPHERE- - branches of the national economy that do not participate in material production, but ensure the organization of service, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods, as well as the formation of the standard of living of the population, its well-being. To the social sphere... Economist's Concise Dictionary

SOCIAL SPHERE- - a system of social sectors and institutions, public relations that ensure the conservation, formation, development and maintenance of the necessary quality of the human potential of society ... Terminological juvenile dictionary

social sphere- a set of industries, enterprises, organizations that are directly related and determine the way and standard of living of people, their well-being, consumption. The social sphere includes primarily the service sector (education, culture, ... ... Dictionary of economic terms

social sphere- the wealth of poverty the wealth of poverty the rich poor rich poor bourgeois proletariat the beggarly luxury the poverty of wealth ... Dictionary of oxymorons of the Russian language

Social sphere of economy- a narrow area of ​​the economy, directly related to social phenomena and called the social sphere. It is customary to refer to the social sphere economic objects and processes, types of economic activities that are directly related to the image ... ... Terminological dictionary of a librarian on socio-economic topics

Books

• Social sphere in the modern economy. Questions of theory and practice, . The paper analyzes the role of the public sector in solving the social problems of modern society, the place of the state in the economy and social life of society, models of social…
• Remuneration of labor: production, social sphere, public service. Analysis, problems, solutions, N. A. Volgin. The book critically analyzes the existing schemes for organizing the remuneration of workers, engineers, managers, teachers, doctors, civil servants, top echelon managers ...

In social philosophy, sociology, and other social sciences, the concept of "the social sphere of society" is widely used. In assessing the essence of the social sphere of society and in its understanding, there are usually two perspectives - scientific and administrative and domestic. In science, first of all, in social philosophy and sociology, the social sphere of society is represented by the sphere of society, in which there is the whole palette subject social connections and relationships. In administrative terms, the social sphere includes various activities and relationships non-productive, public character as applied to a person. Because of this, it is worth understanding in detail what the social sphere of society's life really is.

We noted that society has a centuries-old structure and is a social space of society that changes historically as the social conditions of life change: natural, technical, social, environmental, and others. Two classical points of view can be cited here: Marxist and civilizational. In the concept of the socio-economic formation (the Marxist approach), the noted conditions were taken into account specifically: there was only one determination - the party-ideological one. In accordance with the civilizational approach to the development of society - the Western scientific paradigm of A. Toynbee, O. Spengler and other thinkers, the formation and functioning of society had other factors of determination, the basis of which were the features of being of a particular civilization.

Based on two concepts, it can be noted that each major stage in the history of society - a formation or civilization, must correspond to its own society, its own social type, its own social system, that is, the presence of a certain structured composition: social institutions and communities, social groups and strata, and most importantly - the connections and relationships between them and within them.

When it comes to a socio-economic formation or civilization, then the historically established type of society, a certain level of its development and, accordingly, a specific type of its society are presented. The change of one socio-economic formation to another, the dynamics of civilizations lead to essential changes in the social sphere, that is, changes in the content and forms of social relations and institutions. This process is natural and causes increased scientific interest, because the social sphere of society is not passive in relation to the objectively changing civilizational or socio-economic conditions of being. Its own dynamics is determined by a number of internal and external factors that have a certain stability and sufficient independence, in connection with the preservation of social relations of the previous social system (for example, in a feudal society - social groups of slaves and relations determined by their activities; in a post-industrial society - social groups hired workers with the functional features of their being). However, a more perfect mode of production in the formational construction of society (together with a number of other factors - political, territorial, ethnic, globalization, etc.) and the cultural factor in the civilizational approach are gradually replacing outdated (archaic) social formations and their inherent relationships. This process is not easy, but natural for the social sphere, that is, for society.

Important for understanding the essence of the social sphere of society and the process of its formation are such well-known categories as "social space", "social environment", "society", "society"; in addition, it is necessary to know the structure of social life, which spherally (structurally and functionally) determines the entire system of social relations: economic and environmental, managerial and pedagogical, scientific and artistic, medical and physical education, defense and public security. Here it is important to realize that the emergence of each system-forming institution of the life of society, that is, its sphere, was determined by the basic form of social activity that gave rise to these relations. Economy was formed as a sphere of social life, an independent system-forming institution of social life through a system of relations of production, consumption, distribution and exchange of goods and services through the activities necessary for the whole society. Ecology- through a system of relations that ensure the preservation of the environment, its restoration and selection improvement, as well as the protection of humans from the harmful effects of natural factors. Control- through a system of relations in the development, adoption, implementation and correlation of strategic, tactical and operational decisions, the need to bear responsibility for their results. Pedagogy- through relationships that arise in the process of activity in obtaining knowledge, skills and attitudes, that is, in the process of education, training and upbringing. The science- through a system of relations reflecting the activity of obtaining new knowledge, creating innovations. Art- through the specificity of relations between the artistic and artistic-applied spectrum of activity and the mutual connection of their creator and consumer. The medicine- through relationships in professional fields of activity for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of people. Physical Culture- through the relationship of harmonious physical development of a person using a modern physical culture base and the latest training methods. Defense- through a system of relations ensuring the use of the Armed Forces to protect society and its institutions from possible external armed aggression and equipping them with modern types of weapons and military equipment. public safety- through a system of relations that develop in the specifics of her multifaceted professional activities: police, judicial and legal, security, intelligence, diplomatic, customs, special, etc., guaranteeing the comprehensive protection of public institutions and the rights of people in the country and abroad. All of the above reflects the functional nature public relations, on the basis of which the spheral system of the life of society is built, in which a person, an individual, society plays a key role. The sphere of society is the social space of society with its inherent social relationships, which are "woven" into the whole variety of social relations. But the social sphere of society is not a system-forming institution of public life, since it is not built on the principle of the basic form of social activity, with its historical traditions, principles, norms, culture. It holistically reflects the social space of society with its social structure: individuals, social groups, social communities, social institutions and their inherent relationships. The "social sphere", in this sense, is not included in the typological range of "spheres of public life", the nature of the relations of which is determined by institutional activity and is presented above.

The social sphere is a historically formed social space of people's lives, in which there are stable ties and relationships between various social elements of society: individuals, groups, communities, institutions. The social sphere is the sphere of society, subject human education, in which the social relations of people are structured. The social sphere is the historically established social space of society. It should not be confused with the ordinary and administrative understanding of the "social sphere", which is reduced to institutions of a non-productive nature, functionally designed to satisfy human needs in various areas of life: in the field of health care, in the field of education, in the field of employment, in the field of pensions, in the field of protection. the rights of children and motherhood, etc. They represent elements of a public, civil, administrative-legal, and not "purely" social nature. Specifically, the social in them is people, with their feelings, experiences, needs, relationships, activities. Therefore, the scientific - philosophical, sociological, pedagogical, historical concept of "social sphere" is not analogous to the administrative and everyday use of the term "social sphere" as a kind of "social sphere". In the first case, the "social sphere" is the sphere of society, covering the historically established social space of society with its inherent social relations and institutions generated by human activity; in the second case, the “social sphere” refers to the functioning of federal, regional and local administrative structures, which, according to their purpose, are obliged to deal with the vital problems of the population, that is, to fulfill official duties.

In this regard, it is advisable to determine the environment in which social relations are manifested, and for this it is necessary to understand the differences between the social sphere of society and social being. These differences are fundamental and are of an essential nature, although there are separate theoretical constructions that do not draw a line between them. Social sphere of society- this is the sphere of his social relations that arise in the process of activity and are human, that is, social in nature. These relations arise directly within and between social communities and individuals - people, personalities, persons, social structures: tribal, ethnic, demographic, stratification, settlement, national, family. social being- this is the whole space of human life with the inclusion in it of a full range of economic, environmental, managerial, pedagogical, scientific, artistic, medical, physical culture, defense and, carrying out the security of society, basic forms social activities, as well as filling them, subject species professional activities with their inherent relationships (for example, in the field of economics - financial and industrial; in the field of management - leadership and execution, etc.).

The public is always a more capacious concept than the social, although the latter is built into all types of public relations, characterizing them from the human, personal, personal side in the economic and scientific, managerial and pedagogical, defense and medical and other spheres, that is, the backbone institutions of society .

Here it is appropriate to recall the point of view of K. Marx and F. Engels on the explanation of the concepts of "public" and "social", which they signified in a number of their works when analyzing society, the processes taking place in it, and the relations that develop in this case. They used the concept "geBellschaftlich" - "public", to denote "public relations", "public needs", "public connection", etc. when it was necessary to speak about society as a whole in the interaction of all spheres of his life. The concept of "sozial" - "social", was used by them in the study the nature of people's relationships to each other, that is, "purely" human relations arising in the process of interaction between people, individuals and social groups.

In this regard, when characterizing the social in the public, it is advisable to apply the concept society, which is the human (social) basis of society and one of its three subsystems. Along with society, the society system includes an industrial-technical subsystem (man-made artificial environment) and an ecological subsystem (human-modified natural environment). society - these are people included in the process of social relations through their own activities, with their own specific social formations (family, team, group), as well as needs and abilities. The components of society - needs, abilities, activities, relationships, institutions - form its structure. The structure of society reflects the content and form of the social space, where various social relations of people are formed, function and develop: individuals, personalities, persons, social groups. Society is the social space of a society in which all its social relations are integrated.

The basis of social relations there are needs determined by individual or group material and spiritual factors. Therefore, the regulation of social relations is objectified, for the most part, by traditional (moral) rules and norms of people's lives, which are implemented on the basis of the principles of formal equality, freedom and justice. The basis of public relations the institutional needs of society, regulated mainly by legal norms - laws, decrees, resolutions. That's why social relations are personified, and social relations are institutionalized.

The social sphere (social space) includes all elements of the social structure of society - individuals, social communities and groups, social institutions and strata, and most importantly - the relations existing between them and within them. Because of this, it seems appropriate to dwell in more detail on the social structure of society.

The social structure of society is the integrity of all social formations functioning in it, taken in the totality of connections and relations. The social structure also represents the historical type of society's relations. In relation to Marxism - primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, industrial. A different approach is the regional type of social relations, reflecting national specifics, socio-economic and political characteristics: Latin American, European, Asian, African. The social structure of society presupposes the unity of the territory, the common language, the unity of economic life, the unity of social norms, stereotypes and values ​​that allow groups of people to interact sustainably. An important factor is the mentality of the nation. Therefore, the social structure represents the qualitative certainty of society, which combines social institutions and formations, the relations inherent in them, as well as generally valid norms and values.

The central link in the social structure of society is a person, an individual, a personality, as a subject of social relations, as a person. He is a concrete representative of each element of the social structure. He is included in the system and the performance of a wide variety of statuses and social roles, while simultaneously carrying out his activities as a family member, and as a professional, and as a city dweller or villager, and as an ethnic, confessional or party representative of society.

The modern social structure of society is quite diverse. It can be represented as follows:

• - ethnic component (ethnic structure);
• - demographic component (demographic structure);
• - settlement component (settlement structure);
• - stratification component (stratification structure).

The components of the social structure are heterogeneous, dependent on the level of development of society. For example, in the primitive communal society, not only the stratification component, but also the settlement component was absent, because the appearance of the latter is associated with the allocation of the city as a central place for crafts and trade, its separation from the village. In this archaic social system, there was no ranking on economic, professional and other grounds.

The process of improving the components of the social structure of society and their correlation is also historical. In particular, the stratification component, if approached from the point of view of P.A. Sorokin, includes three layers: economic, political and professional, which are vertically ranked. It seems to be very dynamic. For example, ranking by education: if at the beginning of the 20th century. Since there were several hundred specialties in which higher education was taught, at the beginning of the 21st century there were already several thousand specialties in demand by society, respectively, and the stratification structure requires correlation.

Sorokin Pitirim Alexandrovich(1889-1968), the largest sociologist of the planet, thinker. Born in the village of Turya, Yarensky district, Vologda province, now Zheshart, Komi Republic. He studied at the church teacher's seminary, for social revolutionary views (in the Socialist-Revolutionary Party with 1904 G.) in 1906 G. expelled from the seminary. His mother died when he was already a young man, his father began to drink heavily, and Pitirim, together with his brother, became laborers. He became interested in reading the most diverse literature that could be obtained. In 1907 he became a student of courses in St. Petersburg, after which he passed the exams as an external student for 8 years of the gymnasium. In 1909, he entered the Psychoneurological Institute, which had a department of sociology, headed in turn by P.I. Kovalevsky and De Roberti, and in 1910 he transferred to the law faculty of St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1914. He worked as Kovalevsky's personal secretary, whose views largely determined his scientific activity as a sociologist. In 1917, he was the editor of the right-wing Socialist-Revolutionary newspaper Volya Naroda, personal secretary to the chairman of the Provisional Government of Russia, A.F. Kerensky. Actively participated in the convocation of the Constituent Assembly of Russia (late 1917 - early 1918). G.), was elected a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. One of the initiators of the "Union of the Revival of Russia", the idea of ​​which was practically leveled by the Bolsheviks. The Cheka was arrested several times, was sentenced to death, but by a lucky chance (or pattern) this did not happen. At the exit of P.A. Sorokin from the conclusion of A.V. Lunacharsky, People's Commissar of Education, offered him a job in the apparatus of the People's Commissariat, but Sorokin refused, saying that he would be engaged in science. This statement, reported to Lenin, was followed by his immediate reaction, who wrote the article "Valuable Confessions of Pitirim Sorokin," in which Lenin, with unambiguousness characteristic of the Bolsheviks, criticized Sorokin's position. Since 1918, Sorokin taught at Petrograd University, the scientific result of his work was the work - "The System of Sociology", which he defended as a doctoral dissertation. At the same time, he worked on "The History of the Sociology of Russia in the 19th century to the present day." He was the founder and head of the first department of sociology in Russia at this university, professor of sociology. An employee of the magazines "Economic revival", "Artel business". In 1922 in in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, he was expelled from the country with a large group of outstanding thinkers of Russia - prominent scientists, teachers, writers, artists who did not recognize the October Revolution 1917 He spent about a year together with his wife in Berlin and Prague, lectured on the current situation in Russia and worked on the Sociology of the Revolution. In the autumn of 1923, at the invitation of the American sociologists E. Hayes and E. Ross, he moved to the United States. AT 1924-1929 gg. Professor of Sociology at the University of Minnesota, where he wrote the classic Social Dynamics. AT 1929 was invited to Harvard University and founded the Faculty of Sociology there in 1931, which he headed for 11 years and worked on it until his retirement in 1959. During this time, the sons of the 32nd President of the United States F Roosevelt, the future 35th President of America John F. Kennedy. In 1960, Sorokin was elected president of the American Sociological Association, which is quite natural. He is a prominent scientist, world-famous sociologist, author of many works and theoretical developments, including the concepts of social stratification and social mobility. Book "5ocia1 and cultural mobility" (1927 G., 1959) and now remains a classic work in which a scientific study of social relations in various spheres of society is carried out and the reasons for their changes are revealed. There are theoretical works devoted to the analysis of Russian problems: "Russia and the USA" (1944), "Main Features of the Russian Nation in the 20th Century" (1967). Once Pitirim Sorokin tried to get permission for a short visit to the Motherland by asking the members of the Soviet delegation (in particular, Osipov), who had come to the United States for a sociological conference, to do so. Osipov tried to humanly contribute to this through the ideological department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, but after viewing his personal file by the General Secretary of the Party L. Brezhnev, on the title of which an entry was made by V. Lenin, categorically (under the sign of the death penalty) forbidding P. Sorokin to be in Russia, was refused and never returned to this issue.

Until the end of his days, Pitirim Alexandrovich lived with his family - his wife and two sons - Sergei (Professor, Doctor of Biology) and Peter in his house in Princeton, where he died after an illness on February 11, 1968.

The development of any society directly depends on the activities of its members in any of the spheres - economic, social, cultural, spiritual, domestic, scientific, political, industrial or others. Depending on which industry people belong to, they are in a relationship with each other, being within their social space.

As a result of this interaction, the social sphere of society is formed. In the past, each of its layers was fenced off from the others by its own traditions, rules or rights. For example, it was previously possible to get into the noble strata of society only by birthright.

social system

Each society develops according to systems peculiar to it. It consists not only of social subjects, but also contains all forms of human life. Society is a very complex organization, which includes numerous subsystems, which together represent the spheres of social activity of its members.

When stable relations are established between its subjects, a social life is formed, which includes:

• numerous types of human activity (religious, educational, political and others);
• social institutions such as parties, schools, churches, families, etc.;
• different directions of communication between people, for example, in economic, political or other spheres;

A modern person can be in different social areas at the same time and come into contact with other people in some aspects of life.

For example, a waiter (lower social class) in an expensive restaurant is associated with members of the noble elite, serving them at the table.

Spheres of public life

There are many types of human activity, but all of them can be divided into 4 main categories:

• the social sphere concerns the relationships between different strata of society;
• economic - is related to actions related to material wealth;
• the political sphere is characterized by movements of various classes within the framework of their civil rights and preferences;
• the spiritual consists of people's attitudes to various types of material, intellectual, religious and moral values.

Each of these categories is subdivided into its own spheres, in each of which human activity takes place, limited by its scope. In modern society there are no sharp boundaries between different social areas, so the same individual can be in several of them at once.

For example, during the times of slavery or serfdom, these boundaries existed, and what the master could do was not allowed to smerd. Today, a person can work in different areas, adhere to certain political views, choose a religion and have conflicting opinions about material wealth.

Economic area of ​​public activity

The socio-economic sphere is engaged in the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of various material goods. At the same time, human activity is aimed at implementing scientific and technological achievements through inter-production relations of people, the exchange of experience and information, and the redistribution of values.

This sphere is the space within which the economic life of society is formed, based on the interaction of all sectors of both the domestic and international economy. In this area, both the material interest of the individual in the results of his work and his creative abilities are realized under the guidance of management institutions.

Without this sphere development of any country is impossible. As soon as the economy declines, other areas of public life begin to collapse.

Political sphere

In any society, at whatever stage of development it is, there are political confrontations. They are the result of the fact that various parties, social groups and national communities strive to occupy the dominant step on the political ladder.

Each individual individually seeks to influence the processes that take place in the country. In order to be able to do this, they unite in parties that correspond to their civic position and embody their political will.

This area of ​​public life plays an important role in the formation of healthy competition between different parties, and thus affects the democratic development of countries where people openly express their opinions.

Area of ​​spiritual activity

The spiritual sphere is the attitude of people in society to those values ​​that are created, distributed and assimilated by all its members. These include not only material objects (painting, sculpture, architecture, literature), but also intellectual ones (music, scientific achievements, human knowledge and moral norms).

The spiritual sphere accompanied man throughout the development of civilizations and manifested itself in art, education, religions and much more.

Man in the structure of society

The social sphere is the area of ​​relations between people belonging to various class and national groups. Their integrity is determined by demographic (old people, youth), professional (doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.) and other signs, whose social security must be respected, taking into account the rights of all members of society.

The main direction in this area is the creation of optimal living conditions for each person, his health, education, work and social justice for all segments of the population, no matter what class division exists in the country.

Depending on how satisfied the needs of each individual individually, as well as families, national minorities, religious and work groups, one can judge the well-being of society as a whole.

Main items of expenditure in the social sphere

The budget of any country consists of many articles that regulate where taxpayers' money goes and how it is distributed, but only in highly developed societies does most of this money go to social programs.

The main items of expenditure that should be included in the budget are:

• healthcare;
• education;
• culture;
• housing and communal facilities;
• social programs to protect the rights and provide for citizens.

With the advent of the first communities, and later states, primitive systems were formed to protect and support the poor.

For example, in some countries of antiquity it was customary to give part of the harvest or produced goods to the general treasury. These funds were distributed among the poor during difficult times, for example, in lean years or during war.

Social models of the countries of the world

Depending on how much the state has or does not have influence on the distribution of benefits in all sectors of society, it is divided into several models:

1. A paternalistic system in which the population is completely dependent on the state and obeys its will. The social sphere of life of people in such a country can be extremely low (Cuba, Russia, North Korea and others), and people are perceived as "cogs" in the system that can be punished, destroyed, encouraged. In this model of society, the population completely shifts the responsibility for their lives to the government.
2. The Swedish model is considered one of the most progressive in the world, since the economy in it is 95% built on private capital, but the social sphere is completely controlled by the state, which distributes most of the budget to healthcare, education and social programs. In Sweden, not only schools and higher educational institutions are free, but also medicine for children and young people under 21. Therefore, this country has some of the highest taxes in the world (60%) and the best quality of life.
3. Socially tuned models are characterized by a fairly large influence of the state on the support and regulation of social programs. In such countries, special conditions are created for the conduct of small and medium-sized businesses, tax incentives are introduced for entrepreneurs, since the main direction in the development of such a model is to encourage people to take the initiative to improve the quality of life in their own hands. A striking example of such societies are Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal.

The development of the social sphere in any of these models directly depends on the structure and state of the economy that exist in the country.

Sphere of culture

Depending on the stage of development of the socio-cultural sphere of the country, one can generally judge the well-being of its citizens. It is in this area that all industries important for the quality of life of people are located:

• health care - the number of free hospitals and clinics compared to paid medical care and its quality;
• culture - visiting objects with objects of the heritage of the people should be available to all segments of the population. It is also important to protect the intellectual property of cultural figures and decent remuneration for their work and creativity;
• education - the availability and level of free school and higher education for all segments of the population;
• sports and physical education is an area of ​​culture, the main task of which is to maintain health and beauty, increase the life expectancy of the population;
• social security is a program aimed at helping poor people or large families.

If in the domestic policy of the state, both the cultural and social spheres occupy a leading place, then its population flourishes.

Purpose of social activity

The management of the social sphere is carried out by the institutions of power and institutions located in their departments. Objects that control the organization and implementation of programs necessary to improve the quality of life of members of society are divided into regional, regional or local.

The purpose of the social activities of these institutions:

• protection of health and life of people;
• providing them with housing;
• equal rights for all to education and work;
• provision after retirement;
• the right to self-expression and creative development.

The economy of the social sphere directly depends on how the distribution of goods and services is carried out by various governments. In developed countries, this is done by the state, tracking the standard of living of all segments of the population.

Purpose of social activities

The social sphere in its intended purpose is:

• in the development of human resources;
• servicing the population at the household, commercial, housing and other levels;
• social protection in the system of material assistance, insurance, provision of working and living conditions.

Particular attention and support should be given to those authorities and organizations that are engaged in the distribution of social benefits in society.

Acquisition territorial community of a stable nature is directly related to the social life of people in a certain space. For example, this means the connection of forms of ownership with the village, township and city, the organization of power and the activities of various infrastructures.

Demographic

AT demographic the factor of the social sphere includes the birth rate, mortality, sex ratio, the study of the sex and age composition, taking into account the degree of population increase, as well as the activities of management institutions in this area.

ethnic

Ethnic forms, starting with the clan, as the first organizational form of the Society, cover the tribe, nationality, nation, and in modern conditions the formed community of the people.

As part of the social sphere ethnic forms themselves form a relatively large sphere. Of these, the clan was the first social community and had a long history of the entire period of the primitive system. As a result of the evolution of clans, a tribal community appears, and later a union of tribes. Those, in turn, create a prerequisite for the emergence of the following communities - nationalities and nations. In modern conditions, when there is an accelerated process of rapprochement in interethnic and interstate relations, the people began to form as a special community.

class

Class stratification of society(typically organizationally manifested in Europe) occupies an important place in the social sphere.

Classes are a characteristic of large groups of people according to a number of basic indicators. The existence of classes is primarily associated with forms of ownership and the division of labor. In modern developed countries, class distinction is increasingly losing its former indicators. The place of classes is occupied by social groups that have a different attitude towards existing welfare states, a high level of education, a common way of life, etc.

Vocational education

Distinguishing people by degree of education(for example, elementary, middle or high school) and the nature of socio-professional characteristics(a specific profession, people of mental or physical labor), also refers to the social sphere, because here the qualitative state of a certain part of the population is expressed.

Economic

The economic structure of society is based on the degree of income of people (within the subsistence level, medium or high income). It is also an integral part of the social sphere.

Family marriage

Speaking about the composition of the social sphere in the life of society, it is impossible not to mention marriage and family. Because marriage, being a legal contract, governs the relationship between husband and wife, children and relatives. And the family, as a small group and how, is based on marriage, kinship, community of everyday life, morality and responsibility, mutual assistance. material from the site

If we consider social groups according to socially significant criteria of human community, then we can distinguish social status position, place of a person in society. This can be seen in the following example: the same person can be considered by profession- teacher, employee, receiving a salary - an economic sign, man 50 years old- demographic indicator, political party member- social position, etc.

Based on the social status, one can, for example, single out labor collectives - people working in certain industries, such as farmers, brokers, different kind tenants and etc.