The concept of the language norm. Language norm

The language norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and fixed in the process of public communication.

The norm, as a set of stable and unified language means and rules for their use, consciously fixed and cultivated by society, is a specific feature literary language, since it is the norms that make the literary language generally understandable and generally accessible, contribute to its stabilization.

The question of the norm arises when the language offers a choice for codification (see p. 10 about this), and this choice is far from unambiguous. Not often now, but still can be heard kilometer, although in any orthoepic dictionary such pronunciation is accompanied by a mark simple, those. is colloquial, and therefore, is outside the norms of the Russian literary language. In this case, the stress on the 3rd syllable is considered normative - kilometer. Sounds much more contract. Thirty years ago, such stress was forbidden, now it is no longer strictly prohibited, it is considered acceptable in the colloquial speech of managers, although the stress on the 3rd syllable remains normative for the Russian literary language - contract. This indicates that the modern Russian literary language does not remain unchanged. It is constantly in need of regulation. If, however, one follows the once and for all established norms, then there is a danger that society will simply cease to reckon with them and will spontaneously establish its own norms.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena that have happened and are happening in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of the literary language. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of the announcers of the Central Television, the mass press, data from live and questionnaire surveys, and scientific research by linguists.

The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Language means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be ridiculous in another (official business communication). The norm indicates their communicative expediency. What is the main purpose of language norms?

As noted above, norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. In addition, the norms reflect what has developed in the language historically: the desire of speakers and writers to consciously preserve traditions in the use of language means gives subsequent generations a unique opportunity to understand the language of the "fathers" and more distant generations. This is an important task of the rules - the task of protecting the literary language.

However, the language norm is a socio-historical category in its nature, but dynamic in the nature of its functioning and development. It is stable and systemic and at the same time changeable and mobile. The change in literary norms is due to the constant development of the language. What was the norm in the last century, and even 15-20 years ago, today may become a deviation from it. For example, the word bankrupt was borrowed in the 18th century. from the Dutch language and originally in Russian it sounded like bankrut. Its derivatives had a similar pronunciation: bankrupt, bankrupt, go bankrupt. In the time of Pushkin, a pronunciation variant appears with "o" along with "y". You could say bankrupt and bankrupt. By the end of the XIX century. definitively defeated bankrupt, bankruptcy, bankrupt, go bankrupt. It has become the norm. Another example. In modern Russian, the train in the nominative plural has the ending -a, while in the 19th century. was the norm. “Trains on the railway stop due to heavy snowfall for four days,” wrote N.G. Chernyshevsky (1855).

The accents are also changing. So, in the late 90s, both pronunciation options were acceptable: m s whining and thinking e nie. In the modern dictionary (2005), only one form is given - thought e nie. Or another example. Compare pronunciation in the 40s. 20th century and today the following words:

So, the historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, the change in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions lead to the constant renewal of the literary language and its norms.

Allocate:

· orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language;

· accentological norms of the Russian literary language;

· lexical norms of the Russian literary language;

morphological norms of the Russian literary language,

syntactic norms of the Russian literary language.

Morphological and syntactic norms of the Russian literary language are called the general term grammatical norms. Let us consider in more detail the main types of language norms.

Question 2

Orthoepy (from Greek orthos - "right" and epos- "speech") is the science of correct literary pronunciation. Orthoepic norms These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over the centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Russia, the entire population who spoke Russian was Okalo, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (just as it happens today in the dialect dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, dr [o] va, p [o] i go etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. received many immigrants from the southern provinces and absorbed the features of the southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: v [a] yes, dr [a] va, p [a] go. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid .

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, the centers of the economic, political and cultural life of Russia, it turned out that the Moscow pronunciation was taken as the basis for the literary pronunciation, on which some features of the St.

Departure from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture. Work on one's own pronunciation, on improving the pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated side of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all. As a rule, we are uncritical in assessing our own pronunciation, we painfully perceive comments in this area. The rules and recommendations on orthoepy, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to many to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless. However, it is not. It is unlikely that incorrect pronunciation (for example: guardianship, [te]rmin) will contribute to the creation of a positive image of a person.

For successful mastering of orthoepic norms it is necessary:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study the exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word must master;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness two main styles of pronunciation: complete recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The full style is characterized by 1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic norms, 2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, 3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress, 4) moderate tempo, 5) correct speech pauses, 6) neutral intonation. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is 1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: right now(now), thousand(one thousand), kilogram tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc., 2) indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, 3) inconsistent tempo of speech, unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

These are the rules for the use of existing language means in a specific historical period in the evolution of the literary language (a set of rules for spelling, grammar, pronunciation, word usage).

The concept of a language norm is usually interpreted as an example of the generally accepted uniform use of such elements of the language as phrases, words, sentences.

The considered norms are not the result of fiction of philologists. They reflect a certain stage in the evolution of the literary language of an entire people. Language norms cannot simply be introduced or abolished, they cannot be reformed even administratively. The activity of linguists who study these norms is their identification, description and codification, as well as clarification and promotion.

Literary language and language norm

According to the interpretation of B. N. Golovin, the norm is the choice of the only one among the various functional variations of a linguistic sign, historically accepted within a certain linguistic community. In his opinion, she is the regulator of the speech behavior of many people.

The literary and linguistic norm is a contradictory and complex phenomenon. There are various interpretations of this concept in the linguistic literature of the modern era. The main difficulty in determining is the presence of mutually exclusive features.

Distinctive features of the concept under consideration

It is customary to distinguish the following features of language norms in literature:

1.Stability (stability), thanks to which the literary language unites generations due to the fact that the norms of the language ensure the continuity of linguistic and cultural traditions. However, this feature is considered relative, because the literary language is constantly evolving, while allowing changes in existing norms.

2. The degree of occurrence of the phenomenon under consideration. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that a significant level of use of the corresponding language variant (as a fundamental feature in determining the literary and linguistic norm), as a rule, also characterizes certain speech errors. For example, in colloquial speech, the definition of a language norm boils down to the fact that it is “frequently occurring”.

3.Compliance with an authoritative source(works of well-known writers). But do not forget that literary works reflect both literary language and dialects, vernacular, therefore, when delineating norms, based on observation of texts of predominantly fiction, it is necessary to distinguish between the author's speech and the language of the characters in the work.

The concept of a linguistic norm (literary) is associated with the internal laws of the evolution of a language, and on the other hand, it is determined by the purely cultural traditions of society (what is approved by it and protected, and what it fights and condemns).

Variety of language norms

The literary and linguistic norm is codified (acquires official recognition and is subsequently described in reference books, dictionaries that have authority in society).

There are the following types of language norms:

The types of language norms presented above are considered to be the main ones.

Typology of language norms

It is customary to distinguish the following norms:

• oral and written forms of speech;
• only oral;
• only written.

The types of language norms related to both oral and written speech are as follows:

• lexical;
• stylistic;
• grammatical.

Special norms of exclusively written speech are:

• spelling standards;
• punctuation.

The following types of language norms are also distinguished:

• pronunciation;
• intonation;
• accents.

They apply only to the oral form of speech.

The language norms that are common to both forms of speech relate mainly to the construction of texts and linguistic content. Lexical ones (a set of norms of word usage), on the contrary, are decisive in the issue of the correct choice of a suitable word among linguistic units that are close enough to it in form or meaning and its use in a literary meaning.

Lexical language norms are displayed in dictionaries (explanatory, foreign words, terminological), reference books. It is the observance of this kind of norms that guarantees the accuracy and correctness of speech.

Violation of language norms leads to numerous lexical errors. Their number is constantly growing. The following examples of language norms that have been violated can be cited:

Variants of language norms

They involve four steps:

1. The only form is dominant, and the alternative is considered incorrect, since it is beyond the boundaries of the literary language (for example, in the 18th-19th centuries the word "turner" is the only correct option).

2. An alternative variant sneaks into the literary language as an admissible one (marked “additional”) and acts either colloquially (marked “colloquial”) or equal in rights with respect to the original norm (marked “and”). Hesitation regarding the word "turner" began to appear at the end of the 19th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.

3. The original norm is rapidly fading away and gives way to an alternative (competing) one, it acquires the status of obsolete (marked “obsolete.”). Thus, the aforementioned word “turner”, according to Ushakov’s dictionary, is considered obsolete.

4. Competing norm as the only one within the literary language. In accordance with the dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language, the previously presented word "turner" is considered the only option (literary norm).

It is worth noting the fact that the only possible strict language norms are present in the announcer's, teaching, stage, oratorical speech. In everyday speech, the literary norm is freer.

The relationship between the culture of speech and language norms

Firstly, the culture of speech is the possession of the literary norms of the language in written and oral form, as well as the ability to correctly select, organize certain language means in such a way that in a particular situation of communication or in the process of observing its ethics, the greatest effect is ensured in achieving the intended objectives of communication. .

And secondly, this is the area of ​​linguistics, which deals with the problems of speech normalization and develops recommendations regarding the skillful use of the language.

The culture of speech is divided into three components:

Language norms are a hallmark of the literary language.

Language norms in business style

They are the same as in the literary language, namely:

• the word must be used according to the lexical meaning;
• taking into account the stylistic coloring;
• according to lexical compatibility.

These are the lexical language norms of the Russian language within the business style.

For this style, it is extremely important to match the qualities that determine the parameter of the effectiveness of business communication (literacy). This quality also implies knowledge of the existing rules of word usage, sentence patterns, grammatical compatibility, and the ability to delimit the scope of the language.

At present, the Russian language has many variant forms, some of which are used in the framework of book and written styles of speech, and some - in colloquial and everyday. In a business style, forms of special codified written speech are used due to the fact that only their observance ensures the accuracy and correctness of information transmission.

This may include:

• wrong choice of word form;
• a number of violations regarding the structure of the phrase, sentence;
• The most common mistake is the use of incompatible colloquial forms of plural nouns in written speech that end in -а / -я, instead of normative ones in -и / -ы. Examples are presented in the table below.

It is worth remembering that the following nouns have the form with a zero ending:

• paired items (boots, stockings, boots, but socks);
• names of nationalities and territorial affiliation (Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Kyivans, Armenians, British, southerners);
• military groups (cadets, partisans, soldiers);
• units of measurement (volt, arshin, roentgen, ampere, watt, micron, but grams, kilograms).

These are the grammatical language norms of Russian speech.

Sources of the language norm

There are at least five of them:

The role of the norms under consideration

They help to preserve the literary language its integrity, general intelligibility. Norms protect him from dialect speech, professional and social slang, and vernacular. This is what makes it possible for the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The norm depends on the conditions under which speech is realized. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may be unacceptable in official business. The norm does not distinguish between linguistic means according to the criteria "good - bad", but clarifies their expediency (communicative).

The norms under consideration are the so-called historical phenomenon. Their change is due to the continuous development of the language. The norms of the last century may now be deviations. For example, in the 30s and 40s. such words as diploma student and graduate student (a student who performs a thesis) were considered identical. At that time, the word "graduate student" was a colloquial version of the word "diploma student". Within the framework of the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a division of the meaning of the words presented: a diploma student is a student during the defense of a diploma, and a diploma student is a winner of competitions, competitions, reviews marked with a diploma (for example, a student of the International Review of Vocalists).

Also in the 30's and 40's. the word "applicant" was used to refer to persons who graduated from high school or entered a university. At present, those graduating from high school have begun to be called graduates, and the entrant in this sense is no longer used. They are called persons who take entrance exams to technical schools and universities.

Norms such as pronunciation are peculiar exclusively to oral speech. But not everything that is characteristic of oral speech can be attributed to pronunciation. Intonation is a rather important means of expressiveness, giving an emotional coloring to speech, and diction is not pronunciation.

As for stress, it refers to oral speech, however, despite the fact that this is a sign of a word or grammatical form, it still belongs to grammar and vocabulary, and does not act as a characteristic of pronunciation in its essence.

So, orthoepy indicates the proper pronunciation of certain sounds in the corresponding phonetic positions and in combination with other sounds, and even in some grammatical groups of words and forms or in individual words, provided that they have their own pronunciation features.

In view of the fact that language is a means of human communication, it needs to unify oral and written design. Just like spelling errors, mispronunciation draws attention to speech from its outer side, which acts as a hindrance in the course of language communication. Since orthoepy is one of the aspects of the culture of speech, it has the task of contributing to the raising of the pronunciation culture of our language.

The conscious cultivation of precisely literary pronunciation on the radio, in the cinema, the theater, and in school is of very significant importance in relation to the mastering of the literary language by the masses of many millions.

Vocabulary norms are such norms that determine the correct choice of a suitable word, the appropriateness of its use within the framework of a well-known meaning and in combinations that are considered generally accepted. The exceptional importance of their observance is determined by both cultural factors and the need for mutual understanding of people.

An essential factor determining the significance of the concept of norms for linguistics is the assessment of the possibilities of its application in various types of linguistic research work.

To date, there are such aspects and areas of research in which the concept under consideration can become productive:

1. Study of the nature of the functioning and implementation of various kinds of language structures (including the establishment of their productivity, distribution over various functional areas of the language).
2. The study of the historical aspect of language changes in relatively short time periods (“microhistory”), when both minor shifts in the structure of the language and significant changes in its functioning and implementation are revealed.

Degrees of normativity

1. A rigid, strict degree that does not allow for alternatives.
2. Neutral, allowing equivalent options.
3. A more mobile degree that allows the use of colloquial or obsolete forms.

These are the rules for the use of existing language means in a specific historical period in the evolution of the literary language (a set of rules for spelling, grammar, pronunciation, word usage).

The concept of a language norm is usually interpreted as an example of the generally accepted uniform use of such elements of the language as phrases, words, sentences.

The considered norms are not the result of fiction of philologists. They reflect a certain stage in the evolution of the literary language of an entire people. Language norms cannot simply be introduced or abolished, they cannot be reformed even administratively. The activity of linguists who study these norms is their identification, description and codification, as well as clarification and promotion.

Literary language and language norm

According to the interpretation of B. N. Golovin, the norm is the choice of the only one among the various functional variations of a linguistic sign, historically accepted within a certain linguistic community. In his opinion, she is the regulator of the speech behavior of many people.

The literary and linguistic norm is a contradictory and complex phenomenon. There are various interpretations of this concept in the linguistic literature of the modern era. The main difficulty in determining is the presence of mutually exclusive features.

Distinctive features of the concept under consideration

It is customary to distinguish the following features of language norms in literature:

1.Stability (stability), thanks to which the literary language unites generations due to the fact that the norms of the language ensure the continuity of linguistic and cultural traditions. However, this feature is considered relative, because the literary language is constantly evolving, while allowing changes in existing norms.

2. The degree of occurrence of the phenomenon under consideration. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that a significant level of use of the corresponding language variant (as a fundamental feature in determining the literary and linguistic norm), as a rule, also characterizes certain speech errors. For example, in colloquial speech, the definition of a language norm boils down to the fact that it is “frequently occurring”.

3.Compliance with an authoritative source(works of well-known writers). But do not forget that literary works reflect both literary language and dialects, vernacular, therefore, when delineating norms, based on observation of texts of predominantly fiction, it is necessary to distinguish between the author's speech and the language of the characters in the work.

The concept of a linguistic norm (literary) is associated with the internal laws of the evolution of a language, and on the other hand, it is determined by the purely cultural traditions of society (what is approved by it and protected, and what it fights and condemns).

Variety of language norms

The literary and linguistic norm is codified (acquires official recognition and is subsequently described in reference books, dictionaries that have authority in society).

There are the following types of language norms:

The types of language norms presented above are considered to be the main ones.

Typology of language norms

It is customary to distinguish the following norms:

• oral and written forms of speech;
• only oral;
• only written.

The types of language norms related to both oral and written speech are as follows:

• lexical;
• stylistic;
• grammatical.

Special norms of exclusively written speech are:

• spelling standards;
• punctuation.

The following types of language norms are also distinguished:

• pronunciation;
• intonation;
• accents.

They apply only to the oral form of speech.

The language norms that are common to both forms of speech relate mainly to the construction of texts and linguistic content. Lexical ones (a set of norms of word usage), on the contrary, are decisive in the issue of the correct choice of a suitable word among linguistic units that are close enough to it in form or meaning and its use in a literary meaning.

Lexical language norms are displayed in dictionaries (explanatory, foreign words, terminological), reference books. It is the observance of this kind of norms that guarantees the accuracy and correctness of speech.

Violation of language norms leads to numerous lexical errors. Their number is constantly growing. The following examples of language norms that have been violated can be cited:

Variants of language norms

They involve four steps:

1. The only form is dominant, and the alternative is considered incorrect, since it is beyond the boundaries of the literary language (for example, in the 18th-19th centuries the word "turner" is the only correct option).

2. An alternative variant sneaks into the literary language as an admissible one (marked “additional”) and acts either colloquially (marked “colloquial”) or equal in rights with respect to the original norm (marked “and”). Hesitation regarding the word "turner" began to appear at the end of the 19th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.

3. The original norm is rapidly fading away and gives way to an alternative (competing) one, it acquires the status of obsolete (marked “obsolete.”). Thus, the aforementioned word “turner”, according to Ushakov’s dictionary, is considered obsolete.

4. Competing norm as the only one within the literary language. In accordance with the dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language, the previously presented word "turner" is considered the only option (literary norm).

It is worth noting the fact that the only possible strict language norms are present in the announcer's, teaching, stage, oratorical speech. In everyday speech, the literary norm is freer.

The relationship between the culture of speech and language norms

Firstly, the culture of speech is the possession of the literary norms of the language in written and oral form, as well as the ability to correctly select, organize certain language means in such a way that in a particular situation of communication or in the process of observing its ethics, the greatest effect is ensured in achieving the intended objectives of communication. .

And secondly, this is the area of ​​linguistics, which deals with the problems of speech normalization and develops recommendations regarding the skillful use of the language.

The culture of speech is divided into three components:

Language norms are a hallmark of the literary language.

Language norms in business style

They are the same as in the literary language, namely:

• the word must be used according to the lexical meaning;
• taking into account the stylistic coloring;
• according to lexical compatibility.

These are the lexical language norms of the Russian language within the business style.

For this style, it is extremely important to match the qualities that determine the parameter of the effectiveness of business communication (literacy). This quality also implies knowledge of the existing rules of word usage, sentence patterns, grammatical compatibility, and the ability to delimit the scope of the language.

At present, the Russian language has many variant forms, some of which are used in the framework of book and written styles of speech, and some - in colloquial and everyday. In a business style, forms of special codified written speech are used due to the fact that only their observance ensures the accuracy and correctness of information transmission.

This may include:

• wrong choice of word form;
• a number of violations regarding the structure of the phrase, sentence;
• The most common mistake is the use of incompatible colloquial forms of plural nouns in written speech that end in -а / -я, instead of normative ones in -и / -ы. Examples are presented in the table below.

It is worth remembering that the following nouns have the form with a zero ending:

• paired items (boots, stockings, boots, but socks);
• names of nationalities and territorial affiliation (Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Kyivans, Armenians, British, southerners);
• military groups (cadets, partisans, soldiers);
• units of measurement (volt, arshin, roentgen, ampere, watt, micron, but grams, kilograms).

These are the grammatical language norms of Russian speech.

Sources of the language norm

There are at least five of them:

The role of the norms under consideration

They help to preserve the literary language its integrity, general intelligibility. Norms protect him from dialect speech, professional and social slang, and vernacular. This is what makes it possible for the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.

The norm depends on the conditions under which speech is realized. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may be unacceptable in official business. The norm does not distinguish between linguistic means according to the criteria "good - bad", but clarifies their expediency (communicative).

The norms under consideration are the so-called historical phenomenon. Their change is due to the continuous development of the language. The norms of the last century may now be deviations. For example, in the 30s and 40s. such words as diploma student and graduate student (a student who performs a thesis) were considered identical. At that time, the word "graduate student" was a colloquial version of the word "diploma student". Within the framework of the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a division of the meaning of the words presented: a diploma student is a student during the defense of a diploma, and a diploma student is a winner of competitions, competitions, reviews marked with a diploma (for example, a student of the International Review of Vocalists).

Also in the 30's and 40's. the word "applicant" was used to refer to persons who graduated from high school or entered a university. At present, those graduating from high school have begun to be called graduates, and the entrant in this sense is no longer used. They are called persons who take entrance exams to technical schools and universities.

Norms such as pronunciation are peculiar exclusively to oral speech. But not everything that is characteristic of oral speech can be attributed to pronunciation. Intonation is a rather important means of expressiveness, giving an emotional coloring to speech, and diction is not pronunciation.

As for stress, it refers to oral speech, however, despite the fact that this is a sign of a word or grammatical form, it still belongs to grammar and vocabulary, and does not act as a characteristic of pronunciation in its essence.

So, orthoepy indicates the proper pronunciation of certain sounds in the corresponding phonetic positions and in combination with other sounds, and even in some grammatical groups of words and forms or in individual words, provided that they have their own pronunciation features.

In view of the fact that language is a means of human communication, it needs to unify oral and written design. Just like spelling errors, mispronunciation draws attention to speech from its outer side, which acts as a hindrance in the course of language communication. Since orthoepy is one of the aspects of the culture of speech, it has the task of contributing to the raising of the pronunciation culture of our language.

The conscious cultivation of precisely literary pronunciation on the radio, in the cinema, the theater, and in school is of very significant importance in relation to the mastering of the literary language by the masses of many millions.

Vocabulary norms are such norms that determine the correct choice of a suitable word, the appropriateness of its use within the framework of a well-known meaning and in combinations that are considered generally accepted. The exceptional importance of their observance is determined by both cultural factors and the need for mutual understanding of people.

An essential factor determining the significance of the concept of norms for linguistics is the assessment of the possibilities of its application in various types of linguistic research work.

To date, there are such aspects and areas of research in which the concept under consideration can become productive:

1. Study of the nature of the functioning and implementation of various kinds of language structures (including the establishment of their productivity, distribution over various functional areas of the language).
2. The study of the historical aspect of language changes in relatively short time periods (“microhistory”), when both minor shifts in the structure of the language and significant changes in its functioning and implementation are revealed.

Degrees of normativity

1. A rigid, strict degree that does not allow for alternatives.
2. Neutral, allowing equivalent options.
3. A more mobile degree that allows the use of colloquial or obsolete forms.

Language norms(norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of language means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, generally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

Compliance with the structure of the language;

Mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speaking people

Public approval and recognition.

Language norms are not invented by philologists, they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the whole people. The norms of the language cannot be introduced or canceled by decree, they cannot be reformed by administrative means. The activity of linguists who study the norms of a language is different - they identify, describe and codify linguistic norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of the language norm are:

Works of classical writers;

Works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;

Media publications;

Common modern usage;

Linguistic research data.

The characteristic features of language norms are:

relative stability;

prevalence;

general use;

general obligation;

conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.

Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.

A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and enshrined in

the process of public communication.

The normalization of speech is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.

In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:

norms of written and oral forms of speech;

norms of written speech;

oral language norms.

The norms common to oral and written speech include:

Lexical norms;

Grammar norms;

Stylistic norms.

The special rules of writing are:

Spelling standards;

Punctuation rules.

Applies to spoken language only:

Pronunciation norms;

Norms of stress;

intonation norms.

7. Imperative norms and variant

Language norms, especially the norms of such a developed literary language as the Russian language, are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, reflecting both social and aesthetic views on the word, and internal, independent of the taste and desire of the speakers, the laws of the language system in its continuous development and improvement.

At the same time, the culture of speech presupposes the observance of these norms with varying degrees of obligation, rigor, fluctuations in the norms are noted, which is reflected in the assessment of speech, which occurs on a scale correct/permissible/incorrect. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between two types of norms - imperative (mandatory) and dispositive (additional). Violations of imperative and dispositive norms can be understood as gross and non-coarse.

Imperative norms in language- these are rules that are mandatory for implementation, reflecting the laws of the functioning of the language. An example of imperative norms are the rules of conjugation, declension, agreement, etc. Such norms do not allow variants (non-variable norms), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect, inadmissible. For example: alphabet ( not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken ( not chicken), thanks what ( not thanks to what).

Linguists note that the variation of the norm is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. The presence of variance, i.e., the stage of coexistence of the old and the new quality, from their point of view, is even useful, expedient: variants allow you to get used to the new form, make the change in the norm less tangible and painful, (for example , waves - waves, Sparkling - sparkling, herbal - herbal). These options cover different levels of the language: there are orthoepic variants of the norm ( weekdays [w] ny and weekdays [h "] ny), morphological and derivational ( spasm husband. gender and spasm female genus, leprosy and play pranks), variants of grammatical forms ( tea and tea, caplet and dripping), syntax options ( executed than and full of what, waiting for a letter and waiting for a letter).

Shape variation- this is not a constant property of specific language units. The fluctuation continues for a more or less long period, after which the variants diverge in meaning, acquiring the status of independent words. For example, in the past of an uneducated person ( ignoramus) could be called ignorant.(At I. A. Krylov: The ignoramuses judge exactly that. What they don’t understand, then everything is a trifle with them.) In another case, a productive variant completely displaces its competitor (this happened, for example, with the variant turner and normative in the XVIII-XIX centuries. turner).

Language norms (norms of the literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of language means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is an example of a uniform, universally recognized use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:

- compliance with the structure of the language;

- mass and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers;

- public approval and recognition.

Language norms are not invented by philologists, they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the whole people. The norms of the language cannot be introduced or canceled by decree, they cannot be reformed by administrative means. The activity of linguists studying the norms of a language is different - they identify, describe and codify linguistic norms, as well as explain and promote them.

The main sources of the language norm are:

works of classical writers;


works by contemporary writers who continue the classical traditions;


media publications;


common modern usage;


linguistic research data.


The characteristic features of language norms are:


relative stability;


prevalence;


general use;


general obligation;


conformity with the use, custom and possibilities of the language system.


Norms help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.
A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and fixed in the process of public communication.
Normalization of speech - this is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.


The dynamism of language development and the variability of norms.


“The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it ... What is new in speech experience, which does not fit into the framework of the language system, but works, is functionally expedient, leads to a restructuring in it, and each next state of the language system serves as a basis for comparison in the subsequent processing of speech experience. Thus, the language in the process of speech functioning develops, changes, and at each stage of this development, the language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change. Therefore, various fluctuations, variations are inevitable in any language.
The constant development of the language leads to a change in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, before the word acoustic, toy, bakery, everyday, on purpose, decent, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs pronounced with the sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in the words on purpose, scrambled eggs. In words bakery, good along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], the new pronunciation [ch] was recognized as acceptable. In words everyday, apple the new pronunciation is recommended as the main choice, while the old one is accepted as an option. In the word creamy pronunciation [shn] is recognized, although acceptable, but obsolete, and in words diner, toy the new pronunciation [ch] became the only possible normative option.


This example clearly shows that in the history of the literary language the following are possible:


- preservation of the old norm;


- competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;


- competition of options, in which dictionaries recommend a new option;


- Approval of the new version as the only normative one.


In the history of the language, not only orthoepic, but also all other norms change.
An example of a change in the lexical norm is the words student and enrollee. At the beginning of the 20th century word student denoted a student doing a thesis, and the word graduate was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diploma. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a distinction in the use of these words: the word graduate began to be called the student during the preparation and defense of the thesis (it lost the stylistic coloring of the colloquial word), and the word student began to be used to name the winners of competitions, reviews, competitions awarded with a diploma of the winner.
Word enrollee was used as a designation for those who graduated from high school and those who entered the university, since both these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century the word was assigned to those graduating from high school graduate, and the word enrollee has fallen into disuse in this sense.
Changes in the language and grammatical norms. In the literature of the XIX century. and colloquial speech of that time, the words were used dahlia, hall, piano Those were feminine words. In modern Russian, the norm is the use of these words as masculine words - dahlia, hall, piano.
An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialect and vernacular words, for example, bully, whiner, background, pandemonium, hype.
Each new generation relies on already existing texts, stable turns of speech, ways of thinking. From the language of these texts, it selects the most suitable words and turns of speech, takes from what was developed by previous generations what is relevant for itself, introducing its own in order to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations refuse what seems archaic, not consonant with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitude to people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new perspectives of understanding.
In every historical era, the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.


Norm types.


In the literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:


1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;


2) norms;


3) norms.


The norms common to oral and written speech include:


- lexical norms;


- grammatical norms;


- stylistic rules.


The special rules of writing are:


- norms;


- norms.


Applies to spoken language only:


- pronunciation standards;


- stress norms;


- intonation rules.


The norms common to oral and written speech relate to the linguistic content and construction of texts. Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.
Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.
Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.


Their violation leads to lexical errors of various types (examples of errors from the essays of applicants):


- wrong choice of a word from a number of units, including confusion, inaccurate choice, wrong choice of unit
(bone type of thinking, analyze the life of writers, the Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);


- violation of the norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, rooted foundations, went through all stages of human development);


- a contradiction between the speaker's intention and emotional-evaluative words (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an unbearable contribution to the development of Russia);


- use
(Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);


- mixing
(Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);


- incorrect use of phraseological units ( Youth bubbled up from him; Gotta take it out to fresh water.


Grammar norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.
Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or context-inappropriate inflectional form (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. In these phrases, a morphological error was made - the gender of nouns was incorrectly formed.
Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. The pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:

Stunning voiced consonants at the end of words : du[n], bread[n].


Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)


Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced consonants are pronounced before voiced consonants, only deaf ones are pronounced before deaf ones: furnish - about [p] set, run away - [h] run, fry - and [f] fry.


Loss of some sounds in consonant combinations: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday - pra[zn]ik, the sun - so[nc]e.


Compliance with orthoepic norms is an important part of the culture of speech, because. their violation creates an unpleasant impression on the listeners about the speech and the speaker himself, distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are fixed in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and stress dictionaries.


Pronouncing dictionary.
The orthoepic dictionary fixes the norms of pronunciation and stress.


This dictionary mainly includes words:


- the pronunciation of which cannot be unambiguously established on the basis of their written appearance;


- having a mobile stress in grammatical forms;


- forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;


- words that experience stress fluctuations in the entire system of forms or in separate forms.


The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is recognized as the main one, and the other is acceptable. The dictionary also contains notes indicating the pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.


The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation marks:


- softening of consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation of consonants influenced by subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, -and;


- changes that occur in consonant clusters, such as pronunciation stn like [sn] (local);


- the possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, -a [ P]; Effect, -a [f b];


- hard pronunciation of consonants followed by a vowel uh in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign origin, for example hotel, -I [ te];


- the absence of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowels in place of letters oh, uh, uh, which does not follow the rules of reading, for example: bonton, -a [ bo]; nocturne, -a [optional but];


- features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with the syllable division in words with side stress, for example head of laboratory [zaf/l], non-cl. m, f.

Word formation in English. Devlin D. Types of phonoscopic examinations conducted during the preliminary investigation and in court