The ideological meaning of stories about sinners (based on the poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Who should live well in Russia”)

Not dull obedience - Friendly strength is needed. In the poem by N. A. Nekrasov, three chapters: “About an exemplary serf - Jacob the faithful”, “About two great sinners”, “Peasant sin” - are united by the theme of sin. The author himself considered these parts of the work to be very important and vigorously objected to the prohibition by the censor of the story "About the exemplary serf - Jacob the faithful." Here is what Nekrasov wrote to the head of the press department V.V. Grigoriev: “... made some sacrifices to the censor Lebedev, excluding a soldier and two songs, but I can’t throw out the story about Yakov, which he demanded under the threat of arrest of the book, I can’t - the poem will lose its meaning.

This chapter shows two images - Mr. Po-livanov and his faithful servant Yakov. The landowner was "greedy, stingy ... he was ... cruel with the peasants ...". Despite this, Yakov “had only ... joys: grooming, protecting, appeasing the master,” and not seeing any gratitude from the owner (“In the teeth of an exemplary slave, faithful Jacob, Like he blew with his heel” ). Yakov forgave everything to his master:

People of the servile rank

Real dogs sometimes:

The more severe the punishment

So dear to them, gentlemen.

He could not stand it only when the master recruited his nephew, seeing him as a rival. The author shows that the conflict that exists between the landowner and the peasant cannot be resolved peacefully:

No matter how uncle asked for his nephew,

The master of the opponent in recruits sold out.

The arbitrariness of the landowners is so cruel that even Yakov, slavishly devoted to his master, having lost his human dignity, decides on revenge. Revenge cruel, terrible:

Yakov spun on a tall pine tree,

The reins at the top strengthened it,

Crossed himself, looked at the sun,

Head in a noose - and lowered his legs! ..

Yakov did not "dirty his hands with the murder", but committed suicide in front of the decapitated master. Such a protest made the landowner realize his sin:

The master returned home, lamenting:

"I'm a sinner, a sinner! Execute me!"

In the chapter "On Two Great Sinners" we are talking about two sinners: the robber Kudeyar and Pan Glukhovsky. Kudeyar was the leader of twelve thieves, together they "shed a lot ... the Blood of honest Christians." But "suddenly the Lord awakened the conscience of the fierce robber."

Hearing pleas for forgiveness, God showed the way to salvation: with the knife with which he killed, cut off the centuries-old oak. Years later, pan Glukhovsky meets Kudeyar at this oak. Hearing the old man's story"Mr.

salvation

I haven't had tea for a long time

In the world I honor only a woman,

Gold, honor and wine.

You need to live, old man, in my opinion:

How many slaves I destroy

I torture, I torture and hang,

And I would like to see how I sleep!

The hermit, seized with anger, kills the pan. What made the robber, who repented of his previous murders, take up the knife again? His anger was born of sympathy for the peasants of Pan Glukhovsky, who are forced to endure the bullying of their master. The theme of ill-treatment of the peasants reappears. But the solution to this problem is different. After killing the pan, Kudeyar receives forgiveness:

Just pan bloody

Fell head on the saddle

A huge tree collapsed

The echo shook the whole forest.

The tree collapsed, roll the moose

From a monk the burden of sins! ..

The repentant sinner found his salvation by embarking on the path of intercession for the people.

The hero of the story "Peasant Sins" is the same: the master ("ammiral-widower") and the peasant (his servant, Gleb). But here the master had already done a good deed before his death, signing the freedom to all his peasants:

"From chains-supports to freedom

Eight thousand souls are released!”

But Gleb, tempted by the promises of the heir, "ruined" eight thousand souls of peasants: he allowed the will to be burned.

In this chapter, the theme of peasant sin is already considered. Headman Gleb, for his own benefit, betrays his fellow countrymen, dooming them to slavery:

For decades, until recently

Eight thousand souls were secured by the villain,

With the clan, with the tribe; what to the people!

What the people! With a stone in the water!

And this sin - the sin of betraying the interests of the people in the peasant environment itself - turns out to be the most serious. The author shows that the people will not see “freedom”, “forever toil” as long as there are traitors among them and as long as the peasants tolerate them:

Oh man! Man! You are the worst of all

And for that you always toil!

N. A. Nekrasov, trying to answer the question of how to throw off the chains of slavery and oppression, turns to the Orthodox religion, attributing to Christian ethics completely different features than the official church. The author does not call for forgiveness of enemies, to live in fear and humility, but blesses the great anger of man, born of compassion and sympathy for the oppressed. Having considered the internal unity of all three chapters, one can see the central problem of the poem: the way out of the peasants to freedom and happiness. These chapters contain the main idea that the author wanted to convey to the reader: it is necessary to fight for freedom and rights..

One of the main characters of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" - Savely - the reader will recognize when he is already an old man who has lived a long and difficult life. The poet draws a colorful portrait of this amazing old man: With a huge gray ...

N.A. Nekrasov wrote a wonderful poem “Who should live well in Russia”. Its writing began in 1863, two years after the abolition of serfdom in Russia. It is this event that stands at the center of the poem. The main question of the work can be understood from ...

Nekrasov conceived the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” as a “folk book”. He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry. In the center of the poem is a collective image of the Russian...

The changes that take place with the seven peasants in the process of their search are extremely important for understanding the author's intention, the central idea of ​​the entire work. Only wanderers are given in the course of gradual changes, in evolution (the rest of the characters are depicted ...

Nekrasov's poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" was, as it were, a departure from the general idea of ​​many works of that time - the revolution. In addition, in almost all the works, the main characters were representatives of the upper classes - the nobility, merchants, philistinism ....

The Russian people are gathering strength And learning to be a citizen... N. A. Nekrasov One of the most famous works of N. A. Nekrasov is the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”, glorifying the Russian people. It can rightfully be called the pinnacle of creativity ...

In 1866, the prologue of Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" appears in print. This work, published three years after the abolition of serfdom, immediately caused a wave of discussion. Leaving aside the political criticism of the poem, let's focus on the main question: what is the meaning of the poem "Who should live well in Russia"?

Of course, the reform of 1861 served as part of the impetus for writing the poem to Nekrasov. Russia, which had lived for centuries at the expense of the labor of serfs, was reluctant to get used to the new system. Everyone was at a loss: both the landlords and the serfs themselves, which Nekrasov masterfully portrays in his poem. The first simply did not know what to do now: accustomed to living exclusively on the labor of others, they were not adapted to an independent life. They sing to the landowner: Work hard, but he “thought to live like this for a century” and is no longer ready to reorganize in a new way. For some, such a reform is literally like death - the author shows this in the chapter "Last Child". Prince Utyatin, her main character, has to be deceived until his death, claiming that serfdom in Russia is still in effect. Otherwise, the prince will have a blow - the shock will be too strong.

The peasants are also confused. Yes, some of them dreamed of freedom, but soon they are convinced that they received the rights only on paper:

“You are good, royal letter,
Yes, you are not written with us ... "

The village of Vahalaki has been suing for years for its lawful meadows on the Volga with the former owners of the land, the landowners, but it is clear that the peasants will not see this land during their lifetime.

There is another type of peasant - those who were taken by surprise by the abolition of serfdom. They are accustomed to pleasing their landowner and treat him as an inevitable and necessary evil for life, moreover, they cannot imagine their life without him. “You have fun! / And I am the Utyatin princes / Serf - and that's the whole story! This is their point of view.

Such is the serf, proud of the fact that all his life he drank and ate after the master. Faithful serf Yakov, who gave his whole life to an absurd master, on the contrary, decides to rebel. But let's see how this rebellion is expressed - in depriving oneself of life in order to leave the landowner alone, helpless. This, as it turned out, is an effective revenge, but it will no longer help Yakov ...

The meaning of "Who is living well in Russia", according to Nekrasov's plan, was precisely the image of the country immediately after the abolition of serfdom from various points of view. The poet wanted to show that the reform was carried out largely thoughtlessly and inconsistently, and brought with it not only the joy of liberation, but also all sorts of problems that needed to be addressed. Poverty and lack of rights, a huge lack of education for the common people (the only school in the village is "crammed tightly"), the need for honest and smart people who would hold responsible positions - all this is said in the poem in a simple, folk language. Rus itself seems to speak with the reader in many voices, begging for help.

At the same time, it would be wrong to reduce the meaning of the work “Who Lives Well in Russia” solely to the consideration of the current political problems of Russia. No, when creating the poem, Nekrasov put into it a different, philosophical meaning. It is already expressed in the very title of the poem: “Who in Russia should live well”. Indeed, to whom? - this is the problem that the author, and with him the reader, has to solve. Peasants in their wanderings will ask a variety of people, from a priest to a simple soldier, but none of their interlocutors can boast of happiness. And this is to some extent natural, because each of the heroes of the poem is looking for his own, personal happiness, without thinking about the universal, the people. Even the honest burgomaster Yermil cannot stand it and, in an attempt to benefit his family, forgets about the truth. Happiness, according to Nekrasov, can only be found by those who forget about personal things and take care of the happiness of their homeland, as Grisha Dobrosklonov does.

“Nekrasov, in his last work, remained true to his idea: to arouse the sympathy of the upper classes of society for the common people, their needs and needs,” the Russian critic Belinsky spoke of Nekrasov’s work. And indeed, this is the main meaning of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” - not only and so much to point out current problems, but to affirm the desire for universal happiness as the only possible way for the further development of the country.

Artwork test

The meaning of the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is not unambiguous. After all, the question is: who is happy? - causes others: what is happiness? Who is worthy of happiness? Where should you look for it? And the Peasant Woman not so much closes these questions as it opens them up, leads to them. Without The Peasant Woman, everything is not clear either in the part of The Last Child, which was written before The Peasant Woman, or in the part of The Feast for the Whole World, which was written after it.
In "The Peasant Woman" the poet raised the deep layers of the life of the people, their social being, their ethics and their poetry, making clear what the true potential of this life, its creative beginning. Working on heroic characters (Savely, Matrena Timofeevna), created on the basis of folk poetry (song, epic), the poet strengthened his faith in the people.
This work became a pledge of such faith and a condition for further work already on the actual modern material, which turned out to be a continuation of the “Last Child” and formed the basis of the part called by the poet “A Feast for the Whole World”. "Good time - good songs" - the final chapter of "Feast". If the previous one was titled "Both the old and the new," then this one could be titled "Both the present and the future." It is the striving for the future that explains a lot in this chapter, which is not accidentally called “Songs”, because they are the whole essence of it.
There is also a person who composes and sings these songs - Grisha Dobrosklonov. Much in Russian history pushed Russian artists to create images like Grisha. This is the “going to the people” of revolutionary intellectuals in the early 70s of the last century. These are also memories of democratic figures of the first call, the so-called "sixties" - primarily about Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. The image of Grisha is both very real and at the same time very generalized and even conditional. On the one hand, he is a man of a completely definite life and way of life: the son of a poor sexton, a seminarian, a simple and kind guy who loves the village, the peasant, the people, who wishes him happiness and is ready to fight for him.
But Grisha is also a more generalized image of youth, striving forward, hoping and believing. He is all in the future, hence some of his uncertainty, only outlined. That is why Nekrasov, obviously not only for censorship reasons, crossed out poems already at the first stage of his work (although they are printed in most of the poet's post-revolutionary publications): Fate prepared for him a glorious path, a loud name of the People's Protector, Consumption and Siberia.
The dying poet was in a hurry. The poem remained unfinished, but it was not left without a result. In itself, the image of Grisha is not the answer either to the question of happiness, or to the question of the lucky one. The happiness of one person (whoever it is and whatever one understands by it, even the struggle for universal happiness) is not yet the solution of the issue, since the poem leads to thoughts about “the embodiment of the happiness of the people”, about the happiness of all, about the “feast to the whole world."
“Who is living well in Russia?” - the poet asked a great question in the poem and gave a great answer in her last song "Rus"
You are poor
You are abundant
You are powerful
You are powerless
Mother - Russia!
Saved in bondage
Heart free
Gold, gold
People's heart!
We got up - unwary,
Came out - uninvited,
Live by grain
The mountains have been applied! R
ati rises - Innumerable,
The strength will affect her
Invincible!

Essay on literature on the topic: The meaning of the poem “Who lives well in Russia”

Other writings:

1. The whole poem by Nekrasov is a flaring up, gradually gaining strength, worldly gathering. For Nekrasov, it is important that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also set off on a difficult and long journey of truth-seeking. In the "Prologue" the action is tied up. Seven peasants are arguing, “who lives Read More ......
2. The very title of the poem sets one up for a truly all-Russian review of life, for the fact that this life will be studied truthfully and in detail, from top to bottom. It aims to find an answer to the main questions of the time when the country was going through an era of great change: what is the source of folk Read More ......
3. The poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is the result of the author’s thoughts about the fate of the country and people. To whom in Russia to live well? The poem begins with this question. Its plot, like the plot of folk tales, is built as a journey of old peasants in search of a happy person. Read More ......
4. The song "Among the world of the valley ..." calls for the struggle for people's happiness, for light and freedom. But the point, of course, is not simply the declaration of these ideological and thematic slogan formulas. The meaning of the final verses of the poem really lies in the call to fight for the happiness of the people, but the meaning of the whole Read More ......
5. Disputes about the composition of the work are still ongoing, but most scholars have come to the conclusion that it should be as follows: “Prologue. Part One”, “Peasant Woman”, “Last Child”, “Feast for the Whole World”. The arguments in favor of just such an arrangement of the material are as follows. In the first part Read More ......
6. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov worked on his work “To whom it is good to live in Russia” for many years, giving him part of his soul. And throughout the entire period of the creation of this work, the poet did not leave high ideas about a perfect life and a perfect person. Poem “To Read More ......
7. The poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is the pinnacle of N. A. Nekrasov’s work. He himself called her "his favorite brainchild." Nekrasov devoted many years of tireless work to his poem, putting into it all the information about the Russian people accumulated, as the poet said, “according to Read More ......
8. The question of the first "Prologue" deserves special attention. There are several prologues in the poem: before the chapter “Pop”, before the parts “Peasant woman” and “Feast - for the whole world”. The first "Prologue" differs sharply from the others. It poses a problem common to the entire poem “To whom on Read More ......

The whole poem by Nekrasov is a flaring up, gradually gaining strength, worldly gathering. For Nekrasov, it is important that the peasantry not only thought about the meaning of life, but also set off on a difficult and long journey of truth-seeking.
In the "Prologue" the action is tied up. Seven peasants are arguing, "who lives happily, freely in Russia." Men still do not understand that the question of who is happier - a priest, a landowner, a merchant, an official or a king - reveals the limitations of their idea of ​​happiness, which comes down to material security. A meeting with a priest makes men think about a lot:

Well, here's your praise
Popov's life.

Starting with the chapter "Happy", there is a turn in the direction of the search for a happy person. On their own initiative, “lucky ones” from the bottom begin to approach the wanderers. Stories are heard - confessions of courtyard people, clergymen, soldiers, masons, hunters. Of course, these “lucky ones” are such that the wanderers, seeing the empty bucket, exclaim with bitter irony:

Hey, happiness man!
Leaky with patches
Humpbacked with calluses
Get off home!

But at the end of the chapter there is a story about a happy man - Yermil Girin. The story about him begins with a description of his lawsuit with the merchant Altynnikov. Ermil is conscientious. Let us recall how he paid off the peasants for the debt collected on the market square:

All day with a purse open
Yermil walked, inquired,
Whose ruble? didn't find it.

Throughout his life, Yermil refutes the initial ideas of wanderers about the essence of human happiness. It would seem that he has “everything that is necessary for happiness: peace of mind, money, and honor.” But at a critical moment in his life, Yermil sacrifices this “happiness” for the sake of the truth of the people and ends up in jail. Gradually, the ideal of an ascetic, a fighter for the people's interests, is born in the minds of the peasants. In the part “The Landowner”, the wanderers treat the masters with obvious irony. They understand that noble "honor" is worth a little.

No, you are not noble to us,
Give me the peasant word.

Yesterday's "slaves" took up the solution of problems that since ancient times were considered a privilege of the nobility. The nobility saw its historical destiny in caring for the fate of the Fatherland. And then suddenly this only mission from the nobility was intercepted by the peasants, they became citizens of Russia:

The landowner is not without bitterness
Said, "Put on your hats,
Sit down, gentlemen!”

In the last part of the poem, a new hero appears: Grisha Dobrosklonov, a Russian intellectual, who knows that people's happiness can be achieved only as a result of a nationwide struggle for the “Unwhacked province, Ungutted volost, Redundant village”.

Rat rises -
innumerable,
The strength will affect her
Invincible!

The fifth chapter of the last part ends with words expressing the ideological pathos of the whole work: “If our wanderers were under their native roof, // If they could know what was happening with Grisha.” These lines, as it were, give an answer to the question posed in the title of the poem. A happy person in Russia is one who firmly knows that one must “live for the happiness of a miserable and dark native corner.”