Why they shot the royal family of the Romanovs. Canonization and ecclesiastical cult of the royal martyrs
History, like a corrupt girl, lies under every new "king". So, the newest history of our country has been rewritten many times. "Responsible" and "unbiased" historians rewrote biographies and changed the fate of people in the Soviet and post-Soviet period.
But today access to many archives is open. Only conscience is the key. What bit by bit gets to people does not leave indifferent those who live in Russia. Those who want to be proud of their country and raise their children as patriots of their native land.
In Russia, historians are a dime a dozen. If you throw a stone, you will almost always hit one of them. But only 14 years have passed, and no one can establish the real history of the last century.
Modern henchmen of Miller and Baer rob Russians in all directions. Either, mocking Russian traditions, they will start a carnival in February, or they will bring an outright criminal under the Nobel Prize.
And then we wonder: why is it in a country with the richest resources and cultural heritage, such a poor people?
Abdication of Nicholas II
Emperor Nicholas II did not abdicate the Throne. This act is a "fake". It was compiled and printed on a typewriter by the Quartermaster General of the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief A.S. Lukomsky and the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the General Staff N.I. Basili.
This printed text was signed on March 2, 1917, not by Emperor Nicholas II Alexandrovich Romanov, but by the Minister of the Imperial Court, Adjutant General, Baron Boris Frederiks.
After 4 days, the Orthodox Tsar Nicholas II was betrayed by the top of the Russian Orthodox Church, misleading the whole of Russia by the fact that, seeing this fake act, the clergy passed it off as a real one. And they transmitted by telegraph to the entire Empire and beyond its borders that the Sovereign, they say, abdicated the Throne!
On March 6, 1917, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church heard two reports. The first is the act on March 2, 1917 on the "abdication" of the Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II for himself and for his son from the Throne of the State of Russia and on the resignation of the Supreme Power. The second is the act on March 3, 1917 on the refusal of Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich of the perception of the Supreme Power.
After the hearings, until the establishment in the Constituent Assembly of the form of government and the new fundamental laws of the Russian State, it was ORDERED:
« The aforementioned acts should be taken into account and performed and announced in all Orthodox churches, in urban churches on the first day after receiving the text of these acts, and in rural areas on the first Sunday or holiday, after the Divine Liturgy, with the prayer to the Lord God for the appeasement of passions, with the proclamation of many years to the God-protected State of Russia and its Blessed Provisional Government».
And although the top of the generals of the Russian Army for the most part consisted of Jews, but the middle officer corps and several higher ranks of the generals, such as Fedor Arturovich Keller, did not believe this fake and decided to go to the rescue of the Sovereign.
From that moment, the division of the Army began, which turned into a Civil War!
The priesthood and the entire Russian society split.
But the Rothschilds achieved the main thing - they removed Her Legitimate Sovereign from governing the country, and began to finish off Russia.
After the revolution, all the bishops and priests who betrayed the Tsar suffered death or dispersion around the world for perjury before the Orthodox Tsar.
On May 1, 1919, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Lenin signed a document still hidden from the people:
Chairman of the V. Ch. K. No. 13666/2 comrade. Dzerzhinsky F. E. INSTRUCTION: “In accordance with the decision of V. Ts. I. K. and the Council of People's Commissars, it is necessary to put an end to priests and religion as soon as possible. Priests must be arrested as counter-revolutionaries and saboteurs, shot mercilessly and everywhere. And as much as possible. Churches are to be closed. Temple premises to be sealed and turned into warehouses.
Chairman V. Ts. I. K. Kalinin, Chairman of the Sov. nar. Komissarov Ulyanov /Lenin/.
Kill simulation
There is a lot of information about the Sovereign's stay with his family in prison and exile, about his stay in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg, and it is quite truthful.
Was there a shooting? Or perhaps it was staged? Was it possible to escape or be taken out of the Ipatiev house?
It turns out yes!
There was a factory nearby. In 1905, the owner dug an underground passage to it in case of capture by revolutionaries. During the destruction of the house by Yeltsin, after the decision of the Politburo, the bulldozer fell into a tunnel that no one knew about.
Thanks to Stalin and the intelligence officers of the General Staff, the Royal Family was taken to various Russian provinces, with the blessing of Metropolitan Macarius (Nevsky).
On July 22, 1918, Evgenia Popel received the keys to the empty house and sent a telegram to her husband, N. N. Ipatiev, to the village of Nikolskoye about the possibility of returning to the city.
In connection with the offensive of the White Guard Army, Soviet institutions were evacuated in Yekaterinburg. Documents, property and valuables were taken out, including those of the Romanov family (!).
On July 25, the city was occupied by White Czechs and Cossacks.
Strong excitement spread among the officers when it became known in what condition the Ipatiev house was, where the Tsar's Family lived. Who was free from service, went to the house, everyone wanted to take an active part in clarifying the question: “where are They?”.
Some were inspecting the house, breaking down the boarded-up doors; others sorted things and papers that were lying around; the third, raked the ashes from the furnaces. Fourth, scoured the yard and garden, looking into all cellars and cellars. Everyone acted independently, not trusting each other and trying to find an answer to the question that worried everyone.
While the officers were inspecting the rooms, people who came to profit, took away a lot of abandoned property, which was then found in the market and flea markets.
The head of the garrison, Major General Golitsyn, appointed a special commission of officers, mostly cadets of the General Staff Academy, chaired by Colonel Sherekhovsky. Which was instructed to deal with the finds in the Ganina Yama area: local peasants, raking up recent fires, found charred items from the Tsar's wardrobe, including a cross with precious stones.
Captain Malinovsky received an order to survey the Ganina Yama area. On July 30, taking with him Sheremetevsky, the investigator for the most important cases of the Yekaterinburg District Court A.P. Nametkin, several officers, the doctor of the Heir - V.N. Derevenko and the servant of the Sovereign - T.I. Chemodurov, went there.
Thus began the investigation into the disappearance of Sovereign Nicholas II, the Empress, the Tsesarevich and the Grand Duchesses.
The Malinovsky Commission lasted about a week. But it was she who determined the area of all subsequent investigative actions in Yekaterinburg and its environs. It was she who found witnesses to the cordon of the Koptyakovskaya road around Ganina Yama by the Red Army. I found those who saw a suspicious convoy that passed from Yekaterinburg into the cordon and back. I got evidence of destruction there, in the fires near the mines of the Royal things.
After the entire staff of the officers went to Koptyaki, Sherekhovsky divided the team into two parts. One, headed by Malinovsky, examined the Ipatiev house, the other, led by Lieutenant Sheremetevsky, took up the inspection of Ganina Yama.
When inspecting the Ipatiev house, the officers of the Malinovsky group managed to establish almost all the main facts in a week, on which the investigation then relied.
A year after the investigations, Malinovsky, in June 1919, showed Sokolov: “As a result of my work on the case, I became convinced that the August family is alive ... all the facts that I observed during the investigation are a simulation of a murder.”
At the scene
On July 28, A.P. Nametkin was invited to the headquarters, and from the side of the military authorities, since civil power had not yet been formed, it was proposed to investigate the case of the Royal Family. After that, they began to inspect the Ipatiev House. Doctor Derevenko and old man Chemodurov were invited to participate in the identification of things; Professor of the Academy of the General Staff, Lieutenant General Medvedev, took part as an expert.
On July 30, Aleksey Pavlovich Nametkin participated in the inspection of the mine and fires near Ganina Yama. After the inspection, the Koptyakovsky peasant handed over to Captain Politkovsky a huge diamond, which was recognized by Chemodurov as a jewel belonging to Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna.
Nametkin, inspecting the Ipatiev house from August 2 to 8, had publications of the decisions of the Ural Council and the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which reported on the execution of Nicholas II.
Inspection of the building, traces of shots and signs of spilled blood confirmed the well-known fact - the possible death of people in this house.
As for the other results of the inspection of the Ipatiev house, they left the impression of an unexpected disappearance of its inhabitants.
On August 5, 6, 7, 8, Nametkin continued to inspect the Ipatiev house, described the state of the rooms where Nikolai Alexandrovich, Alexandra Feodorovna, the Tsarevich and the Grand Duchesses were kept. During the inspection, I found many small things that belonged, according to the valet T. I. Chemodurov and the doctor of the Heir V. N. Derevenko, to members of the Royal Family.
Being an experienced investigator, Nametkin, after examining the scene, stated that an imitation of execution had taken place in the Ipatiev House, and that not a single member of the Royal Family had been shot there.
He repeated his data officially in Omsk, where he gave an interview on this topic to foreign, mainly American correspondents. Declaring that he had evidence that the Royal Family was not killed on the night of July 16-17, and was going to make these documents public soon.
But he was forced to hand over the investigation.
War with investigators
On August 7, 1918, a meeting of the branches of the Yekaterinburg District Court was held, where, unexpectedly for the prosecutor Kutuzov, contrary to agreements with the chairman of the court, Glasson, the Yekaterinburg District Court, by a majority of votes, decided to transfer "the case of the murder of the former Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II", to a member of the court Ivan Alexandrovich Sergeev .
After the transfer of the case, the house where he rented a room was burned down, which led to the death of Nametkin's investigative archive.
The main difference in the work of a detective at the scene lies in what is not in the laws and textbooks, in order to plan further activities for each of the significant circumstances discovered. That is why their replacement is harmful, because with the departure of the former investigator, his plan to unravel the tangle of riddles disappears.
On August 13, A.P. Nametkin handed over the case to I.A. Sergeev on 26 numbered sheets. And after the capture of Yekaterinburg by the Bolsheviks, Nametkin was shot.
Sergeev was aware of the complexity of the upcoming investigation.
He understood that the main thing was to find the bodies of the dead. Indeed, in forensic science there is a rigid setting: "no corpse - no murder." He had great expectations for the expedition to Ganina Yama, where they searched the area very carefully and pumped out water from the mines. But ... they found only a severed finger and a prosthesis of the upper jaw. True, the “corpse” was also removed, but it was the corpse of the dog Grand Duchess Anastasia.
In addition, there are witnesses who saw the former Empress and her children in Perm.
The doctor Derevenko, who treated the Heir, as well as Botkin, who accompanied the Royal Family in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg, testifies over and over again that the unidentified corpses delivered to him are not the Tsar and not the Heir, since the Tsar on his head / skull / should have a trace from the blow of the Japanese sabers in 1891
The clergy also knew about the release of the Royal Family: Patriarch St. Tikhon.
The life of the royal family after the "death"
In the KGB of the USSR, on the basis of the 2nd Main Directorate, there was a special. department that monitored all the movements of the Royal Family and their descendants across the territory of the USSR. Whether someone likes it or not, this will have to be taken into account, and, consequently, Russia's future policy should be reconsidered.
Daughters Olga (she lived under the name Natalia) and Tatyana were in the Diveevsky Monastery, disguised as nuns, and sang in the kliros of the Trinity Church. From there, Tatyana moved to the Krasnodar Territory, got married and lived in the Apsheron and Mostovsky districts. She was buried on September 21, 1992 in the village of Solyonoye, Mostovsky District.
Olga, through Uzbekistan, went to Afghanistan with the emir of Bukhara, Seyid Alim-Khan (1880 - 1944). From there - to Finland to Vyrubova. Since 1956, she lived in Vyritsa under the name of Natalya Mikhailovna Evstigneeva, where she rested in Bose on 01/16/1976 (11/15/2011 from the grave of V.K. Olga, Her fragrant relics were partially stolen by one possessed, but were returned to Kazan temple).
On October 6, 2012, her remaining relics were removed from the grave in the cemetery, added to the stolen ones and reburied near the Kazan Church.
The daughters of Nicholas II Maria and Anastasia (who lived as Alexandra Nikolaevna Tugareva) were for some time in the Glinskaya Hermitage. Then Anastasia moved to the Volgograd (Stalingrad) region and got married on the Tugarev farm in the Novoanninsky district. From there she moved to St. Panfilovo, where she was buried on 06/27/1980. And her husband Vasily Evlampievich Peregudov died defending Stalingrad in January 1943. Maria moved to the Nizhny Novgorod region in the village of Arefino there and was buried on 05/27/1954.
Metropolitan John of Ladoga (Snychev, d. 1995) took care of Anastasia's daughter Yulia in Samara, and together with Archimandrite John (Maslov, d. 1991) took care of Tsarevich Alexei. Archpriest Vasily (Shvets, d. 2011) took care of his daughter Olga (Natalia). The son of the youngest daughter of Nicholas II - Anastasia - Mikhail Vasilyevich Peregudov (1924 - 2001), having come from the front, worked as an architect, according to his project, a railway station was built in Stalingrad-Volgograd!
The brother of Tsar Nicholas II, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, was also able to escape from Perm right under the noses of the Cheka. At first he lived in Belogorye, and then moved to Vyritsa, where he rested in Bose in 1948.
Until 1927, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna was at the Tsar's Dacha (Vvedensky Skete of Seraphim of the Ponetaevsky Monastery in the Nizhny Novgorod Region). And at the same time she visited Kyiv, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sukhumi. Alexandra Feodorovna took the name Xenia (in honor of St. Xenia Grigoryevna of Petersburg /Petrova 1732 - 1803/).
In 1899, Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna wrote a prophetic poem:
"In the solitude and silence of the monastery,
Where guardian angels fly
Far from temptation and sin
She lives, whom everyone considers dead.
Everyone thinks she already lives
In the Divine Celestial Realm.
She steps outside the walls of the monastery,
Submissive to your increased faith!”
The Empress met with Stalin, who told her the following: "Live in peace in the city of Starobelsk, but there is no need to interfere in politics."
Stalin's patronage saved the Tsaritsa when local Chekists opened criminal cases against her.
Money transfers were regularly received in the name of the Queen from France and Japan. The Empress received them and donated them to four kindergartens. This was confirmed by the former manager of the Starobelsky branch of the State Bank Ruf Leontievich Shpilyov and the chief accountant Klokolov.
The Empress did needlework, making blouses, scarves, and straws were sent to her from Japan to make hats. All this was done by order of local fashionistas.
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
In 1931, the Tsaritsa appeared at the Starobelsky district department of the GPU and stated that she had 185,000 marks in the Berlin Reichsbank, and 300,000 dollars in the Chicago bank. She supposedly wants to transfer all these funds to the disposal of the Soviet government, provided that it provides for her old age.
The statement of the Empress was forwarded to the GPU of the Ukrainian SSR, which instructed the so-called "Credit Bureau" to negotiate with foreign countries about receiving these deposits!
In 1942, Starobelsk was occupied, the Empress on the same day was invited to breakfast with Colonel General Kleist, who suggested that she move to Berlin, to which the Empress replied with dignity: “I am Russian and I want to die in my homeland.” Then she was offered to choose any house in the city that she wished: it would not be good, they say, for such a person to huddle in a cramped dugout. But she refused that too.
The only thing the Tsaritsa agreed to was to use the services of German doctors. True, the commandant of the city nevertheless ordered a sign to be installed at the Empress's dwelling with an inscription in Russian and German: "Do not disturb Her Majesty."
What she was very happy about, because in her dugout behind the screen were ... wounded Soviet tankers.
The German medicine was very useful. The tankers managed to get out, and they safely crossed the front line. Taking advantage of the favor of the authorities, Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna saved many prisoners of war and local residents who were threatened with reprisal.
From 1927 until her death in 1948, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, under the name of Xenia, lived in the city of Starobelsk, Lugansk region. She took monastic vows with the name of Alexandra at the Starobelsk Holy Trinity Monastery.
Kosygin - Tsarevich Alexei
Tsarevich Alexei - became Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (1904 - 1980). Twice Hero of the Socialist Labor (1964, 1974). Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru. In 1935, he graduated from the Leningrad Textile Institute. In 1938, head. department of the Leningrad regional party committee, chairman of the executive committee of the Leningrad City Council.
Wife Claudia Andreevna Krivosheina (1908 - 1967) - niece of A. A. Kuznetsov. Daughter Lyudmila (1928 - 1990) was married to Jermen Mikhailovich Gvishiani (1928 - 2003). The son of Mikhail Maksimovich Gvishiani (1905 - 1966) since 1928 in the State Pedagogical Department of Internal Affairs of Georgia. In 1937-38. deputy Chairman of the Tbilisi City Executive Committee. In 1938, the 1st deputy. People's Commissar of the NKVD of Georgia. In 1938 - 1950. early UNKVDUNKGBUMGB Primorsky Krai. In 1950 - 1953 early UMGB of the Kuibyshev region. Grandchildren Tatyana and Alexey.
The Kosygin family was friends with the families of the writer Sholokhov, the composer Khachaturian, and the rocket designer Chelomey.
In 1940 - 1960. - Deputy prev. Council of People's Commissars - Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1941 - deputy. prev. Council for the evacuation of industry in the eastern regions of the USSR. From January to July 1942 - authorized by the State Defense Committee in the besieged Leningrad. Participated in the evacuation of the population and industrial enterprises and property of Tsarskoye Selo. The prince walked along Ladoga on the Shtandart yacht and knew the surroundings of the Lake well, therefore he organized the "Road of Life" through the Lake to supply the city.
Aleksey Nikolaevich created an electronics center in Zelenograd, but enemies in the Politburo did not allow him to bring this idea to fruition. And today Russia is forced to buy household appliances and computers all over the world.
The Sverdlovsk Region produced everything from strategic missiles to bacteriological weapons, and was filled with underground cities hiding under the Sverdlovsk-42 indices, and there were more than two hundred such Sverdlovsk.
He helped Palestine, as Israel expanded its borders at the expense of the lands of the Arabs.
He brought to life projects for the development of gas and oil fields in Siberia.
But the Jews, members of the Politburo, made the export of crude oil and gas the main line of the budget - instead of the export of processed products, as Kosygin (Romanov) wanted.
In 1949, during the promotion of the "Leningrad case" by G. M. Malenkov, Kosygin miraculously survived. During the investigation, Mikoyan, deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, "organized Kosygin's long trip to Siberia, in connection with the need to strengthen the activities of cooperation, improve matters with the procurement of agricultural products." Stalin coordinated this business trip with Mikoyan in time, because he was poisoned and from the beginning of August until the end of December 1950 lay in the country, miraculously remaining alive!
In his treatment of Alexei, Stalin affectionately called him "Kosyga", since he was his nephew. Sometimes Stalin called him Tsarevich in front of everyone.
In the 60s. Tsarevich Alexei, realizing the inefficiency of the existing system, proposed a transition from a social economy to a real one. Keep records of sold, not manufactured products as the main indicator of the efficiency of enterprises, etc. Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov normalized relations between the USSR and China during the conflict on about. Damansky, having met in Beijing at the airport with Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai.
Alexei Nikolaevich visited the Venevsky Monastery in the Tula region and talked with the nun Anna, who was in touch with the entire royal family. He even gave her a diamond ring once, for clear predictions. And shortly before his death, he came to her, and she told him that He would die on December 18!
The death of Tsarevich Alexei coincided with the birthday of Leonid Brezhnev on December 18, 1980, and these days the country did not know that Kosygin had died.
The ashes of the Tsesarevich have been resting in the Kremlin wall since December 24, 1980!
There was no memorial service for the August Family
Until 1927, the Royal Family met on the stones of St. Seraphim of Sarov, next to the Tsar's dacha, on the territory of the Vvedensky Skete of the Seraphim-Ponetaevsky Monastery. Now only the former baptismal remained from the Skit. It was closed in 1927 by the NKVD forces. This was preceded by general searches, after which all the nuns were moved to different monasteries in Arzamas and Ponetaevka. And icons, jewelry, bells and other property were taken to Moscow.
In the 20s - 30s. Nicholas II stayed in Diveevo at st. Arzamasskaya, 16, in the house of Alexandra Ivanovna Grashkina - schema nun Dominica (1906 - 2009).
Stalin built a dacha in Sukhumi next to the dacha of the Royal Family and came there to meet with the Emperor and his cousin Nicholas II.
In the form of an officer, Nicholas II visited the Kremlin with Stalin, as confirmed by General Vatov (d. 2004), who served in Stalin's guard.
Marshal Mannerheim, having become the President of Finland, immediately left the war, as he secretly communicated with the Emperor. And in the office of Mannerheim hung a portrait of Nicholas II. Confessor of the Royal Family since 1912 Fr. Aleksey (Kibardin, 1882 - 1964), living in Vyritsa, took care of a woman who arrived there from Finland in 1956 on a post-maternity leave. the eldest daughter of the Tsar - Olga.
In Sofia after the revolution, in the building of the Holy Synod on St. Alexander Nevsky Square, the confessor of the Highest Family Vladyka Feofan (Bystrov) lived.
Vladyka never served a memorial service for the August Family and told his cell-attendant that the Royal Family was alive! And even in April 1931, he traveled to Paris to meet with Sovereign Nicholas II and with the people who freed the Royal Family from imprisonment. Vladyka Feofan also said that over time the Romanov family would be restored, but through the female line.
Expertise
Head Oleg Makeev, Department of Biology of the Ural Medical Academy, said: “Genetic examination after 90 years is not only difficult due to the changes that have occurred in bone tissue, but also cannot give an absolute result even if it is carefully performed. The methodology used in the studies already conducted is still not recognized as evidence by any court in the world.
A foreign expert commission to investigate the fate of the Royal Family, established in 1989, chaired by Pyotr Nikolaevich Koltypin-Vallovsky, commissioned a study by scientists from Stanford University and received data on the inconsistency of the DNA of the “Yekaterinburg remains”.
The Commission provided for DNA analysis a fragment of the finger of V. K. St. Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova, whose relics are kept in the Jerusalem Church of Mary Magdalene.
« The sisters and their children should have identical mitochondrial DNA, but the results of the analysis of the remains of Elizaveta Feodorovna do not correspond to the previously published DNA of the alleged remains of Alexandra Feodorovna and her daughters, ”such was the conclusion of the scientists.
The experiment was conducted by an international team of scientists led by Dr. Alec Knight, a molecular systematist at Stanford University, with the participation of geneticists from Eastern Michigan University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, with the participation of Dr. Lev Zhivotovsky, an employee of the Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
After the death of an organism, DNA begins to rapidly decompose, (cut) into parts, and the more time passes, the more these parts are shortened. After 80 years, without creating special conditions, DNA segments longer than 200 - 300 nucleotides are not preserved. And in 1994, during the analysis, a segment of 1.223 nucleotides was isolated».
Thus, Peter Koltypin-Vallovskoy emphasized: “ Geneticists again denied the results of an examination conducted in 1994 in the British laboratory, on the basis of which it was concluded that the “Ekaterinburg remains” belonged to Tsar Nicholas II and his Family».
Japanese scientists presented to the Moscow Patriarchate the results of their research regarding the "Ekaterinburg remains".
On December 7, 2004, Bishop Alexander of Dmitrov, vicar of the Moscow Diocese, met with Dr. Tatsuo Nagai in the MP building. Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Director of the Department of Forensic and Scientific Medicine, Kitazato University (Japan). Since 1987 he has been working at Kitazato University, he is Vice Dean of the Joint School of Medical Sciences, Director and Professor of the Department of Clinical Hematology and the Department of Forensic Medicine. Published 372 scientific papers and delivered 150 presentations at international medical conferences in various countries. Member of the Royal Society of Medicine in London.
He carried out the identification of the mitochondrial DNA of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II. During the assassination attempt on Tsarevich Nicholas II in Japan in 1891, his handkerchief was left there, which was applied to the wound. It turned out that the structures of DNA from the cuts in 1998 in the first case differ from the structure of DNA in both the second and third cases. A research team led by Dr. Nagai took a sample of dried sweat from the clothes of Nicholas II, stored in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo, and performed a mitochondrial analysis of it.
In addition, a mitochondrial DNA analysis of the hair, bone of the lower jaw and thumbnail of V.K. Georgy Alexandrovich, younger brother of Nicholas II, buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral, was performed. I compared DNA from the cuts of bones buried in 1998 in the Peter and Paul Fortress with blood samples from the native nephew of Emperor Nicholas II Tikhon Nikolayevich, as well as with sweat and blood samples of Tsar Nicholas II himself.
Dr. Nagai's conclusions: "We got results different from those obtained by Drs. Peter Gill and Pavel Ivanov on five points."
Glorification of the King
Sobchak (Finkelstein, d. 2000), being the mayor of St. Petersburg, committed a monstrous crime - he issued death certificates for Nicholas II and members of his family to Leonida Georgievna. He issued certificates in 1996 - without even waiting for the conclusions of the "official commission" of Nemtsov.
The “protection of the rights and legitimate interests” of the “Imperial House” in Russia began in 1995 by the late Leonida Georgievna, who, on behalf of her daughter, the “Head of the Russian Imperial House”, applied for state registration of the death of members of the Imperial House killed in 1918-1919. and the issuance of death certificates.
On December 1, 2005, an application was submitted to the Prosecutor General's Office for the "rehabilitation of Emperor Nicholas II and members of his family." This application was submitted on behalf of "Princess" Maria Vladimirovna by her lawyer G. Yu. Lukyanov, who replaced Sobchak in this post.
The glorification of the Royal Family, although it took place under Ridiger (Alexius II) at the Bishops' Council, was just a cover for the "consecration" of Solomon's temple.
After all, only the Local Council can glorify the king in the face of the Saints. Because the Tsar is the spokesman of the Spirit of the whole people, and not just of the Priesthood. That is why the decision of the Bishops' Council of 2000 must be approved by the Local Council.
According to the ancient canons, it is possible to glorify God's saints after healing from various ailments occurs at their graves. After that, it is checked how this or that ascetic lived. If he lived a righteous life, then healing comes from God. If not, then such healings are done by the Bes, and then they will turn into new diseases. 
The royal family spent 78 days in their last home.
Commissioner A. D. Avdeev was appointed the first commandant of the House of Special Purpose.
Preparations for the shooting
According to the official Soviet version, the decision to execute was made only by the Ural Council, Moscow was notified of this only after the death of the family.
In early July 1918, the Ural military commissar Filipp Goloshchekin went to Moscow to resolve the issue of the future fate of the royal family.
At its meeting on July 12, the Ural Council adopted a resolution on execution, as well as on methods for destroying corpses, and on July 16 transmitted a message (if the telegram was genuine) about this by direct wire to Petrograd - G. E. Zinoviev. At the end of the conversation with Yekaterinburg, Zinoviev sent a telegram to Moscow:
There is no archive source for the telegram.
Thus, the telegram was received in Moscow on July 16 at 21:22. The phrase “trial agreed with Filippov” is an encrypted decision on the execution of the Romanovs, which Goloshchekin agreed upon during his stay in the capital. However, the Ural Council asked once again to confirm this earlier decision in writing, referring to "military circumstances", since Yekaterinburg was expected to fall under the blows of the Czechoslovak Corps and the White Siberian Army.
Execution
On the night of July 16-17, the Romanovs and the servants went to bed, as usual, at 22:30. At 11:30 p.m., two special representatives from the Ural Council came to the mansion. They handed the decision of the executive committee to the commander of the security detachment P. Z. Ermakov and the new commandant of the house, Commissioner of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission Yakov Yurovsky, who replaced Avdeev in this position on July 4, and suggested that the execution of the sentence be started immediately.
Awakened, family members and staff were told that due to the advance of the white troops, the mansion could be under fire, and therefore, for security reasons, it was necessary to go to the basement.
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There is a version that the following document was drawn up by Yurovsky to carry out the execution: Revolutionary Committee under the Yekaterinburg Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies REVOLUTIONARY HEADQUARTERS OF THE URAL DISTRICT Extraordinary Commission C and o to the Special Forces to the house of Ipatiev / 1st Camishl. Rifle Regiment / Commandant: Gorvat Laons Fischer Anzelm Zdelshtein Isidor Fekete Emil Nad Imre Grinfeld Victor Vergazi Andreas Obl.Com. Vaganov Serge Medvedev Pav Nikulin City of Ekaterinburg July 18, 1918 Chief of the Cheka Yurovsky However, according to V.P. Kozlov, I.F. Plotnikov, this document, once provided to the press by the former Austrian prisoner of war I.P. Meyer, first published in Germany in 1956 and, most likely, fabricated, does not reflect the real shooter list. According to their version, the team of executioners consisted of: a member of the collegium of the Ural Central Committee - M.A. Medvedev (Kudrin), the commandant of the house Y.M. Yurovsky, his deputy G.P. Nikulin, the commander of the guard P.Z. Ermakov and ordinary soldiers of the guard - Hungarians (according to other sources - Latvians). In the light of I. F. Plotnikov’s research, the list of those who were shot may look like this: Ya. M. Yurovsky, G. P. Nikulin, M. A. Medvedev (Kudrin), P. Z. Ermakov, S. P. Vaganov, A. G Kabanov, P. S. Medvedev, V. N. Netrebin, Ya. M. Tselms and, under a very big question, an unknown student miner. Plotnikov believes that the latter was used in the Ipatiev house for only a few days after the execution, and only as a jewelry specialist. Thus, according to Plotnikov, the execution of the royal family was carried out by a group consisting almost entirely of ethnic Russians, with the participation of one Jew (Ya. M. Yurovsky) and, probably, one Latvian (Ya. M. Celms). According to surviving information, two or three Latvians refused to participate in the execution. , The fate of the RomanovsIn addition to the family of the former emperor, all members of the Romanov House were destroyed, who for various reasons remained in Russia after the revolution (with the exception of Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich, who died in Tashkent from pneumonia, and two children of his son Alexander Iskander - Natalia Androsova (1917-1999 ) and Kirill Androsov (1915-1992), who lived in Moscow). Memoirs of contemporariesMemoirs of Trotsky
Memoirs of SverdlovaSomehow in mid-July 1918, shortly after the end of the Fifth Congress of Soviets, Yakov Mikhailovich returned home in the morning, it was already dawn. He said that he was late at the meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, where, among other things, he informed the members of the Council of People's Commissars about the latest news he had received from Yekaterinburg. - Didn't you hear? - Yakov Mikhailovich asked. - After all, the Urals shot Nikolai Romanov. Of course, I haven't heard anything yet. The message from Yekaterinburg was received only in the afternoon. The situation in Yekaterinburg was alarming: the White Czechs were approaching the city, the local counter-revolution was stirring. The Ural Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, having received information that Nikolai Romanov, who was being held in custody in Yekaterinburg, was preparing to escape, decided to shoot the former tsar and immediately carried out his sentence. Yakov Mikhailovich, having received a message from Yekaterinburg, reported the decision of the regional council to the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, which approved the decision of the Ural Regional Council, and then informed the Council of People's Commissars. V. P. Milyutin, who participated in this meeting of the Council of People's Commissars, wrote in his diary: “I returned late from the Council of People's Commissars. There were "current" cases. During the discussion of the project on public health, the report of Semashko, Sverdlov entered and sat down in his place on a chair behind Ilyich. Semashko finished. Sverdlov went up, leaned over to Ilyich and said something. - Comrades, Sverdlov is asking for the floor for a message. “I must say,” Sverdlov began in his usual tone, “a message has been received that Nikolai was shot in Yekaterinburg by order of the regional Soviet ... Nikolai wanted to run away. The Czechoslovaks advanced. The Presidium of the Central Executive Committee decided to approve ... - Let's move on to the article-by-article reading of the project, - suggested Ilyich ... " Destruction and burial of the royal remainsInvestigationSokolov's investigationSokolov painstakingly and selflessly conducted the investigation entrusted to him. Kolchak had already been shot, Soviet power returned to the Urals and Siberia, and the investigator continued his work in exile. With the materials of the investigation, he made a dangerous journey through all of Siberia to the Far East, then to America. In exile in Paris, Sokolov continued to take testimony from surviving witnesses. He died of a ruptured heart in 1924 without completing his investigation. It was thanks to the painstaking work of N. A. Sokolov that the details of the execution and burial of the royal family became known for the first time. The search for royal remainsThe remains of members of the Romanov family were discovered near Sverdlovsk back in 1979 during excavations led by consultant to the Minister of Internal Affairs Geliy Ryabov. However, then the found remains were buried at the direction of the authorities. In 1991, the excavations were resumed. Numerous experts have confirmed that the remains found then are most likely the remains of the royal family. The remains of Tsarevich Alexei and Princess Maria were not found. In June 2007, realizing the world historical significance of the event and the object, it was decided to carry out new survey work on the Old Koptyakovskaya road in order to find the alleged second hiding place for the remains of the members of the Romanov imperial family. In July 2007, the bones of a young man aged 10-13 years old, and a girl aged 18-23 years old, as well as fragments of ceramic amphoras with Japanese sulfuric acid, iron angles, nails, and bullets were found by Ural archaeologists near Yekaterinburg, not far from burial places of the family of the last Russian emperor. According to scientists, these are the remains of members of the Romanov imperial family, Tsarevich Alexei and his sister, Princess Maria, hidden by the Bolsheviks in 1918. Andrey Grigoriev, Deputy General Director of the Research and Production Center for the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Sverdlovsk Region: “I learned from the Ural local historian V. V. Shitov that the archive contains documents that tell about the stay of the royal family in Yekaterinburg and her subsequent murder, as well as an attempt to hide their remains. Until the end of 2006, we were unable to start prospecting. On July 29, 2007, as a result of the search, we stumbled upon finds.” On August 24, 2007, the General Prosecutor's Office of Russia resumed the investigation into the criminal case of the execution of the royal family in connection with the discovery near Yekaterinburg of the remains of Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria Romanov. Traces of cutting were found on the remains of the children of Nicholas II. This was announced by the head of the department of archeology of the research and production center for the protection and use of monuments of history and culture of the Sverdlovsk region Sergey Pogorelov. “Traces of the fact that the bodies were chopped up were found on a humerus belonging to a man and on a fragment of a skull identified as female. In addition, a fully preserved oval hole was found on the man's skull, possibly a trace from a bullet,” Sergei Pogorelov explained. 1990s investigationThe circumstances of the death of the royal family were investigated as part of a criminal case initiated on August 19, 1993 at the direction of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation. The materials of the Government Commission for the study of issues related to the study and reburial of the remains of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II and members of his family have been published. Reaction to the shootingKokovtsov V.N.: “On the day the news was printed, I was twice on the street, rode a tram, and nowhere did I see the slightest glimpse of pity or compassion. The news was read loudly, with grins, mockery and the most ruthless comments... Some kind of senseless callousness, some kind of boasting of bloodthirstiness. The most disgusting expressions: - it would have been so long ago, - come on, reign again, - cover Nikolashka, - oh, brother Romanov, danced. Heard all around, from the youngest youth, and the elders turned away, indifferently silent. Rehabilitation of the royal familyIn the 1990s-2000s, the question of the legal rehabilitation of the Romanovs was raised before various authorities. In September 2007, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation refused to consider such a decision, since it did not find "accusations and relevant decisions of judicial and non-judicial bodies vested with judicial functions" on the fact of the execution of the Romanovs, and the execution was "a deliberate murder, albeit politically tinged, committed by persons not endowed with appropriate judicial and administrative powers". At the same time, the lawyer of the Romanov family notes that "As you know, the Bolsheviks transferred all power to the soviets, including the judiciary, so the decision of the Ural Regional Council is equated to a court decision." Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 8 on November 2007, recognized the decision of the prosecutor's office as legal, considering that the execution should be considered exclusively within the framework of a criminal case.The decision of the Ural Regional Council dated July 17, 1918, which adopted the decision on execution . This document was presented by the lawyers of the Romanovs as an argument confirming the political nature of the murder, which was also noted by representatives of the prosecutor's office, however, according to the Russian legislation on rehabilitation, the decision of bodies endowed with judicial functions is required to establish the fact of repression, which the Ural Regional Council de jure was not. Since the case had been considered by a higher court, representatives of the Romanov family intended to challenge the decision of the Russian court in the European Court. However, on October 1, the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation recognized Nikolai and his family as victims of political repression and rehabilitated them,,. As the lawyer of the Grand Duchess Maria Romanova Herman Lukyanov stated: According to the judge, According to the procedural norms of Russian legislation, the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is final and not subject to review (appeal). On January 15, 2009, the case of the murder of the royal family was closed. . . In June 2009, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation decided to rehabilitate six more members of the Romanov family: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov, Elizaveta Fedorovna Romanova, Sergei Mikhailovich Romanov, Ioan Konstantinovich Romanov, Konstantin Konstantinovich Romanov and Igor Konstantinovich Romanov, class and social characteristics, without being charged with a specific crime...“. In accordance with Art. 1 and pp. "c", "e" art. 3 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression", the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation decided to rehabilitate Paley Vladimir Pavlovich, Yakovleva Varvara, Yanysheva Ekaterina Petrovna, Remez Fedor Semenovich (Mikhailovich), Kalin Ivan, Krukovsky, Dr. Gelmerson and Johnson Nikolai Nikolaevich ( Brian). The issue of this rehabilitation, unlike the first case, was actually resolved in a few months, at the stage of applying to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, no trials were required, since the prosecutor's office revealed all signs of political repression during the audit. Canonization and ecclesiastical cult of the royal martyrsNotes
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Exactly 100 years ago, on July 17, 1918, the Chekists shot the royal family in Yekaterinburg. The remains were found more than 50 years later. There are many rumors and myths around the execution. At the request of colleagues from Meduza, Ksenia Luchenko, a journalist and associate professor at the RANEPA, who has written numerous publications on the subject, answered key questions about the murder and burial of the Romanovs.
How many people were shot?
The royal family with their close associates was shot in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 17, 1918. In total, 11 people were killed - Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, their four daughters - Anastasia, Olga, Maria and Tatyana, son Alexei, family doctor Yevgeny Botkin, cook Ivan Kharitonov and two servants - valet Aloysia Troupe and maid Anna Demidova.
The execution order has not yet been found. Historians found a telegram from Yekaterinburg, which says that the tsar was shot because of the approach of the enemy to the city and the disclosure of the White Guard conspiracy. The decision to execute was made by the local authority Uralsovet. However, historians believe that the order was given by the leadership of the party, and not by the Ural Council. The commandant of the Ipatiev House, Yakov Yurovsky, was appointed the head of the execution.
Is it true that some members of the royal family did not die immediately?
Yes, if you believe the testimony of witnesses to the execution, Tsarevich Alexei survived after the automatic burst. He was shot by Yakov Yurovsky with a revolver. This was told by the guard Pavel Medvedev. He wrote that Yurovsky sent him outside to check if the shots were heard. When he returned, the whole room was covered in blood, and Tsarevich Alexei was still moaning.
Photo: Grand Duchess Olga and Tsarevich Alexei on the ship "Rus" on the way from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. May 1918, last known photograph Yurovsky himself wrote that not only Alexei had to “shoot”, but also his three sisters, the “maid of honor” (maid Demidov) and Dr. Botkin. There is also the testimony of another eyewitness - Alexander Strekotin.
“The arrested were already all lying on the floor, bleeding, and the heir was still sitting on a chair. For some reason, he did not fall off his chair for a long time and remained still alive.
It is said that the bullets bounced off the diamonds on the princesses' belts. This is true?
Yurovsky wrote in his note that the bullets ricocheted off something and jumped around the room like hailstones. Immediately after the execution, the Chekists tried to appropriate the property of the royal family, but Yurovsky threatened them with death so that they would return the stolen property. Jewels were also found in Ganina Yama, where Yurovsky's team burned the personal belongings of the dead (the inventory includes diamonds, platinum earrings, thirteen large pearls, and so on).
Is it true that their animals were killed along with the royal family?
Photo: Grand Duchess Maria, Olga, Anastasia and Tatiana in Tsarskoe Selo, where they were held in custody. With them is the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Jemmy and the French Bulldog Ortino. Spring 1917 The royal children had three dogs. After the night execution, only one survived - the spaniel of Tsarevich Alexei, nicknamed Joy. He was taken to England, where he died of old age in the palace of King George, cousin of Nicholas II. A year after the execution, at the bottom of the mine in Ganina Yama, they found the body of a dog, which was well preserved in the cold. Her right leg was broken and her head was pierced. Charles Gibbs, the English teacher of the royal children, who helped Nikolai Sokolov in the investigation, identified her as Jemmy, Grand Duchess Anastasia's Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. A third dog, Tatiana's French bulldog, was also found dead.
How were the remains of the royal family found?
After the execution, Yekaterinburg was occupied by the army of Alexander Kolchak. He ordered an investigation into the murder and the search for the remains of the royal family. Investigator Nikolai Sokolov studied the area, found fragments of burnt clothes of members of the royal family, and even described the “bridge of sleepers”, under which a burial was found several decades later, but came to the conclusion that the remains were completely destroyed in Ganina Yama.
The remains of the royal family were found only in the late 1970s. Screenwriter Geliy Ryabov was obsessed with the idea of finding the remains, and Vladimir Mayakovsky's poem "The Emperor" helped him in this. Thanks to the lines of the poet, Ryabov got an idea of the burial place of the tsar, which the Bolsheviks showed Mayakovsky. Ryabov often wrote about the exploits of the Soviet police, so he had access to classified documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Photo: Photo No. 70. An open mine at the time of its development. Yekaterinburg, spring 1919 In 1976, Ryabov came to Sverdlovsk, where he met a local historian and geologist Alexander Avdonin. It is clear that even screenwriters favored by the ministers in those years could not openly engage in the search for the remains of the royal family. Therefore, Ryabov, Avdonin and their assistants secretly searched for a burial place for several years.
The son of Yakov Yurovsky gave Ryabov a “note” from his father, where he described not only the murder of the royal family, but also the subsequent throwing of the Chekists in an attempt to hide the bodies. The description of the place of the final burial under the flooring of sleepers near the truck stuck in the road coincided with Mayakovsky's "indication" about the road. It was the old Koptyakovskaya road, and the place itself was called Porosenkov Log. Ryabov and Avdonin explored the space with probes, which they outlined by comparing maps and various documents.
In the summer of 1979, they found a burial and opened it for the first time, taking out three skulls from there. They realized that it would not be possible to conduct any examinations in Moscow, and it was dangerous to keep the skulls, so the researchers put them in a box and returned them to the grave a year later. They kept the secret until 1989. And in 1991, the remains of nine people were officially found. Two more badly burned bodies (by that time it was already clear that these were the remains of Tsarevich Alexei and Grand Duchess Maria) were found in 2007 a little further away.
Is it true that the murder of the royal family is ritual?
There is a typical anti-Semitic myth that Jews allegedly kill people for ritual purposes. And the execution of the royal family also has its own "ritual" version.
Once in exile in the 1920s, three participants in the first investigation into the murder of the royal family - investigator Nikolai Sokolov, journalist Robert Wilton and General Mikhail Diterikhs - wrote books about this.
Sokolov cites an inscription he saw on the wall in the basement of the Ipatiev house, where the murder took place: "Belsazar ward in selbiger Nacht Von seinen Knechten umgebracht." This is a quote from Heinrich Heine and translates as "That very night Belshazzar was killed by his lackeys." He also mentions that he saw some kind of "designation of four signs" there. Wilton in his book concludes from this that the signs were “kabbalistic”, adds that there were Jews among the members of the firing squad (only one Jew directly involved in the execution was Yakov Yurovsky, and he was baptized into Lutheranism) and comes to the version of the ritual assassination of the royal family. Dieterikhs also adheres to the anti-Semitic version.
Wilton also writes that Diterichs during the investigation had an assumption that the heads of the dead were cut off and taken to Moscow as trophies. Most likely, this assumption was born in an attempt to prove that the bodies were burned in Ganina Pit: no teeth were found in the bonfire, which should have remained after burning, therefore, there were no heads in it.
The version of the ritual murder circulated in émigré monarchist circles. The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad canonized the royal family in 1981 - almost 20 years earlier than the Russian Orthodox Church, so many of the myths that the cult of the martyr tsar managed to acquire in Europe were exported to Russia.
In 1998, the Patriarchy asked the investigation ten questions, which were fully answered by Vladimir Solovyov, the senior prosecutor-criminalist of the Main Investigation Department of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, who was in charge of the investigation. Question number 9 was about the ritual nature of the murder, question number 10 - about the cutting off of heads. Solovyov replied that in Russian legal practice there are no criteria for "ritual murder", but "the circumstances of the death of a family indicate that the actions of persons involved in the direct execution of the sentence (selection of the place of execution, team, murder weapons, burial place, manipulations with corpses) were determined by chance. People of various nationalities (Russians, Jews, Magyars, Latvians and others) took part in these actions. The so-called "kabbalistic writings have no analogues in the world, and their writing is interpreted arbitrarily, and essential details are discarded." All the skulls of those killed were intact and relatively intact; additional anthropological studies confirmed the presence of all cervical vertebrae and their correspondence to each of the skulls and bones of the skeleton.
Ilya Belous
Today, the tragic events of July 1918, when the Imperial Family died as a martyr, are increasingly becoming a tool for various political manipulations and suggestions of public opinion.
Many consider the leadership of Soviet Russia, namely V. I. Lenin and Y. M. Sverdlov, to be the direct organizers of the execution. It is very important to understand the truth about who conceived and committed this cruel crime, and why. Let's look into everything in detail, objectively using verified facts and documents.
On August 19, 1993, in connection with the discovery of the alleged burial of the royal family on the old Koptyakovskaya road near Sverdlovsk, at the direction of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, criminal case No. 18 / 123666-93 was initiated.
Investigator for Particularly Important Cases of the Main Investigative Committee of the Investigative Committee under the RF Prosecutor's Office V.N. Solovyov, who led the criminal investigation into the death of the royal family, testified that there was not a single evidence that the execution was sanctioned by Lenin or Sverdlov, or of any involvement in the murder.
But first things first.
In August 1917 The provisional government sent the royal family to Tobolsk.
Kerensky originally intended to send Nicholas II to England via Murmansk, but this initiative met with no support from either the British or the Provisional Government.
It is not clear what made Kerensky send the Romanovs to the peasant-revolutionary Siberia, which was then under the rule of the Socialist-Revolutionaries.
According to Karabchevsky's lawyer, Kerensky did not rule out a bloody denouement:
Kerensky leaned back in his chair, thought for a moment, and, passing the forefinger of his left hand along his neck, made an energetic gesture upwards. I and everyone understood that this was a hint of hanging. - Two, three victims, perhaps, are necessary! - said Kerensky, looking around us with his eyes that were either mysterious or half-sighted thanks to the upper eyelids hanging heavily over his eyes. // Karabchevsky N. P. Revolution and Russia. Berlin, 1921. Vol. 2. What my eyes have seen. Ch. 39.
After the October Revolution, the Soviet government, according to Nicholas II, took a position on the organization open court over the former emperor.
February 20, 1918 At a meeting of the commission under the Council of People's Commissars, the issue of "preparing an investigative material on Nikolai Romanov" was considered. Lenin spoke out for the trial of the former tsar.
April 1, 1918 The Soviet government decided to transfer the royal family from Tobolsk to Moscow. This was categorically opposed by the local authorities, who believed that the royal family should remain in the Urals. They offered to transfer her to Yekaterinburg. // Kovalchenko I.D. The age-old problem of Russian history // Journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences, No. 10, 1994. P.916.
At the same time, Soviet leaders, including Yakov Sverdlov, the issue of the security of the Romanovs was worked out. In particular, April 1, 1918 The Central Executive Committee issued the following resolution:
“... Instruct the commissar for military affairs to immediately form a detachment of 200 people. (including 30 people from the Partisan detachment of the Central Executive Committee, 20 people from the detachment of the Left S.R.) and send them to Tobolsk to reinforce the guard and, if possible, immediately transport all those arrested to Moscow. This resolution is not subject to publication in the press. Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Ya. Sverdlov. Secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee V. Avanesov.
Academician-Secretary of the Department of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ivan Dmitrievich Kovalchenko in 1994 gives information similar to the testimony of investigator Solovyov:
“Judging by the documents we found, the fate of the royal family as a whole was not discussed in Moscow at any level. It was only about the fate of Nicholas II. It was proposed to hold a trial against him, Trotsky volunteered to be the accuser. The fate of Nicholas II was actually a foregone conclusion: the court could only pass a death sentence on him. Representatives of the Urals took a different position.
They believed that it was urgent to deal with Nicholas II. A plan was even developed to kill him on the way from Tobolsk to Moscow. The chairman of the Ural Regional Council, Beloborodov, wrote in his memoirs in 1920: “We believed that, perhaps, there was even no need to bring Nikolai to Yekaterinburg, that if favorable conditions were provided during his transfer, he should be shot on the road. Zaslavsky had such an order (the commander of the Yekaterinburg detachment sent to Tobolsk. - I.K.) and all the time tried to take steps to implement it, although to no avail. " // Kovalchenko I.D. The age-old problem of Russian history // Journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences, No. 10, 1994.
April 6, 1918 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee made a new decision - to transfer Nicholas II and his family to Yekaterinburg. Such a quick change of decision is the result of a confrontation between Moscow and the Urals, academician Kovalchenko claims.
In a letter from the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Sverdlov, Ya.M. Uraloblsovet says:
“The task of Yakovlev is to deliver | Nicholas II | to Yekaterinburg alive and hand over either to the chairman Beloborodov or Goloshchekin. // Resolution on the termination of the criminal case No. 18/123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 5-6.
Yakovlev Vasily Vasilyevich is a professional Bolshevik with many years of experience, a former Ural militant. Real name - Myachin Konstantin Alekseevich, pseudonyms - Stoyanovich Konstantin Alekseevich, Krylov. Yakovlev was given 100 revolutionary soldiers to the detachment, and he himself was endowed with emergency powers.
By this time, the leadership of the Council in Yekaterinburg decided the fate of the Romanovs in its own way - it made an unspoken decision on the need for the secret destruction of all members of the family of Nicholas II without trial or investigation during their move from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg.
Chairman of the Ural Council A.G. Beloborodov recalled:
“... it is necessary to dwell on one extremely important circumstance in the line of conduct of the Regional Council. We thought that there was probably no need to bring Nikolai to Yekaterinburg, that if favorable conditions were provided during his transfer, he should be shot on the road. Such an order had | the commander of the Yekaterinburg detachment | Zaslavsky and all the time tried to take steps towards its implementation, although to no avail. In addition, Zaslavsky, obviously, behaved in such a way that his intentions were unraveled by Yakovlev, which to some extent explains the misunderstandings that arose later between Zaslavsky and Yakovlev on a rather large scale. // Resolution on the termination of the criminal case No. 18/123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 5-6.
At the same time, the Ural leadership was ready to go into direct conflict with Moscow. An ambush was being prepared to kill the entire Yakovlev detachment.
Here is the statement of the statement of the Red Guard of the Ural detachment A.I. Nevolin to Commissioner Yakovlev V.V.
“... He was a member of the Red Army in the 4th hundred in Yekaterinburg ... Gusyatsky ... says that Commissar Yakovlev is traveling with the Moscow detachment, we need to wait for him ... assistant instructor Ponomarev and instructor Bogdanov begin: “We ... have now decided this: on the way to Tyumen let's set up an ambush. When Yakovlev rides with Romanov, as soon as they catch up with us, you must use machine guns and rifles to whip the entire Yakovlev detachment to the ground. And don't say anything to anyone. If they ask what kind of detachment you are, then say that you are from Moscow, and do not say who your boss is, because you need to do this apart from the regional one and in general all the Soviets. I then asked the question: “Robbers, then, to be?” I, they say, personally do not agree with your plans. If you need to kill Romanov, then let someone alone decide, but I don’t allow such a thought in my head, bearing in mind that our entire armed force is on guard for the defense of Soviet power, and not for individual benefits, and people, if Commissar Yakovlev, seconded after him, is from the Council of People's Commissars, then he must introduce him to where he was ordered. But we were not and cannot be robbers, so that because of one Romanov, they would shoot the same Red Army comrades as we are. ... After that, Gusyatsky became even more angry with me. I see that the matter is beginning to touch my life. Looking for ways out, I finally decided to escape with Yakovlev's detachment. // Resolution on the termination of the criminal case No. 18/123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 5-6.
There was also a plan, tacitly approved by the Ural Council, to liquidate the royal family with the help of a train wreck on the way from Tyumen to Yekaterinburg.
A set of documents related to the relocation of the royal family from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg indicates that the Ural Council on issues related to the security of the royal family was in sharp confrontation with the central authorities.
A telegram from the Chairman of the Ural Council A.G. Beloborodov, sent by V.I. Lenin, in which he complains in an ultimatum form about the actions of the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Ya.M. Sverdlov, in connection with his support for the actions of Commissioner V.V. Yakovlev (Myachin), aimed at the safe transfer of the royal family from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg.
Correspondence of Yakovlev V.V. with the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Sverdlov Ya.M. shows the true intentions of the Bolsheviks of the Urals in relation to the royal family. Despite the clearly expressed position of Lenin V.I. and Sverdlov Ya.M. about the delivery of the royal family to Yekaterinburg alive, the Bolsheviks of Yekaterinburg went against the leadership of the Kremlin in this matter and made an official decision to arrest Yakovlev V.V. and even the use of armed force against his detachment.
On April 27, 1918, Yakovlev sends a telegram to Sverdlov, in which he testifies to the attempts of the local Bolsheviks to kill the Tsar's family (calling it with the code word "baggage") reflected by his fighters:
“I just brought some of my luggage. I want to change the itinerary due to the following extremely important circumstances. From Ekaterinburg to Tobolsk, special people arrived before me to destroy the luggage. The special-purpose detachment fought back - it almost came to bloodshed. When I arrived, the residents of Yekaterinburg gave me a hint that there was no need to bring luggage to the place. ... They asked me not to sit next to the luggage (Petrov). It was a direct warning that I might also be destroyed. ... Not having achieved their goal either in Tobolsk, or on the road, or in Tyumen, the Yekaterinburg detachments decided to ambush me near Yekaterinburg. They decided that if I did not give them the luggage without a fight, they decided to kill us too. ... Yekaterinburg, with the exception of Goloshchekin, has one desire: to do away with luggage at all costs. The fourth, fifth and sixth companies of the Red Army are preparing an ambush for us. If this is at odds with the central opinion, then it is madness to carry luggage to Yekaterinburg. // Resolution on the termination of the criminal case No. 18/123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 5-6.
When Nicholas II arrived in Yekaterinburg, local authorities provoked a crowd at the Yekaterinburg I station, which tried to arrange lynching of the family of the former emperor. Commissar Yakovlev acted decisively, threatening those who attempted on the tsar to use machine guns against them. Only this allowed to avoid the death of the royal family.
April 30, 1918 Yakovlev handed over to the representatives of the Ural Regional Council Nicholas II, Alexandra Fedorovna, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, Chamberlain V.A. Dolgorukov and life physician prof. Botkin, valet T.I. Chemodurov, footman I.L. Sednev and room girl A.S. Demidov. Dolgorukov and Sednev were arrested upon arrival and placed in a prison in Yekaterinburg. The rest were sent to the house of the industrialist and engineer Ipatiev N.N.
23 May 1918 Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, Grand Duchesses Olga Nikolaevna, Tatyana Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna were transported from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg. Along with them came a large group of servants and people from the environment. In Yekaterinburg, immediately after their arrival, Tatishchev, Gendrikova, Schneider, Nagornov, Volkov were arrested and placed in prison. The following were placed in the Ipatiev house: Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich, Grand Duchesses Olga Nikolaevna, Tatyana Nikolaevna and Anastasia Nikolaevna, the boy Sednev and the footman Trupp A.E. Footman Chemodurov was transferred from the Ipatiev house to the prison in Yekaterinburg.
June 4, 1918 at a meeting of the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR, the order of the Council of People's Commissars was considered, according to which a decision was made: to delegate to the Council of People's Commissars a representative from the People's Commissariat of Justice "as an investigator Comrade Bogrov." Materials relating to Nicholas II were systematically collected. Such a trial could only take place in the capitals. In addition, V.I. Lenin and L.D. Trotsky received messages from the Urals and from Siberia about the unreliability of the protection of the royal family. // Resolution on the termination of the criminal case No. 18/123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 5-6. 5.4. The situation of the family and people from the environment of the former Emperor Nicholas II after the Bolsheviks came to power
Sentiment towards Nicholas II in the Urals
Archival, newspaper and memoir sources coming from the Bolsheviks have preserved a lot of evidence that the "working masses" of Yekaterinburg and the Urals in general constantly expressed concern about the reliability of the protection of the royal family, the possibility of releasing Nicholas II and even demanded his immediate execution. If you believe the editor of the "Uralsky Rabochy" V. Vorobyov, "they wrote about this in letters that came to the newspaper, they spoke at meetings and rallies." This was probably true, and not only in the Urals. Among the archival documents there is, for example, this one.
July 3, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars received a telegram from the Kolomna District Committee of the Party. It reported that the Kolomna Bolshevik organization
"unanimously decided to demand from the Council of People's Commissars the immediate destruction of the entire family and relatives of the former tsar, because the German bourgeoisie, together with the Russian, are restoring the tsarist regime in the captured cities." “In case of refusal,” the Kolomna Bolsheviks threatened, “it was decided to carry out this decree on our own.” // Ioffe, G. Z. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs / M .: Respublika, 1992 . pp.302-303
The Ural elite was all “leftist”. This was manifested in the issue of the Brest peace, and in the separatist aspirations of the Ural Regional Council, and in relation to the deposed tsar, whom the Urals did not trust Moscow. Ural Chekist I. Radzinsky recalled:
“The dominance in the head was left, left-communist ... Beloborodov, Safarov, Nikolai Tolmachev, Evgeny Preobrazhensky - they were all leftists.”
The party line, according to Radzinsky, was led by Goloshchekin, who was also a “leftist” at that time.
In their "leftism" the Ural Bolsheviks were forced to compete with the Left Social Revolutionaries and anarchists, whose influence was always tangible, and by the summer of 1918 even increased. Even in the winter of 1918, a member of the Ural Regional Committee of the Party, I. Akulov, wrote to Moscow that the Left SRs were simply "puzzling" with "their unexpected radicalism."
The Ural Bolsheviks could not and did not want to give their political rivals the opportunity to reproach them for "slipping to the right." The Socialist-Revolutionaries made similar announcements. Maria Spiridonova reproached the Bolshevik Central Committee for dismissing “tsars and sub-tsars” in “Ukraine, Crimea and abroad” and raising a hand against the Romanovs “only at the insistence of the revolutionaries,” referring to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists.
Commandant of the Ipatiev House (until 07/04/1918) A.D. Avdeev testified in his memoirs that a group of anarchists tried to pass a resolution "that the former tsar be executed immediately." Extremist-minded groups were not limited to some demands and resolutions. // Avdeev A. Nicholas II in Tobolsk and Yekaterinburg // Krasnaya Nov. 1928. No. 5. S. 201.
Chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies P.M. Bykov, in his memoirs, points to attempts to organize an attack on the Ipatiev house and eliminate the Romanovs. // Bulls P. The last days of the Romanovs. Uralbook. 1926. S. 113
“In the morning, for a long time, but in vain, they waited for the arrival of the priest to perform the service; everyone was busy in churches. During the day, for some reason, they didn’t let us out into the garden. Avdeev came and talked for a long time with Evg. Serg. According to him, he and the Regional Council are afraid of the actions of the anarchists and therefore, perhaps, we will have to leave soon, probably to Moscow! He asked to be prepared for departure. They immediately began to pack, but quietly, so as not to attract the attention of the guards, at the special request of Avdeev. Around 11 o'clock. In the evening he returned and said that we would stay a few more days. Therefore, on June 1, we stayed in bivouac, without laying out anything. The weather was good; The walk took place, as always, in two turns. Finally, after dinner, Avdeev, slightly tipsy, announced to Botkin that the anarchists had been captured and that the danger had passed and our departure had been cancelled! After all the preparations, it even became boring! In the evening we played bezique. // Diary of Nikolai Romanov // Red Archive. 1928. No. 2 (27). pp. 134-135
The next day, Alexandra Feodorovna wrote in her diary:
"Now they say that we are staying here, because they managed to capture the leader of the anarchists, their printing house and the whole group." //TSGAOR. F. 640. Op.1. D.332. L.18.
Rumors of lynching of the Romanovs swept the Urals in June 1918. Moscow began to send disturbing requests to Yekaterinburg. On June 20, the following telegram arrived:
“Information spread in Moscow that the former Emperor Nicholas II had allegedly been killed. Provide the information you have. Manager of the affairs of the Council of People's Commissars V. Bonch-Bruevich. // TsGAOR. F. 130. Op.2. D.1109. L.34
In accordance with this request, the commander of the Severoural group of Soviet troops R. Berzin, together with the military commissar of the Ural military district Goloshchekin and other officials, checked the Ipatiev House. In telegrams to the Council of People's Commissars, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, he reported that
“All members of the family and Nicholas II himself are alive. All information about his murder is a provocation.” // TsGAOR. F.1235. op.93. D.558.L.79; F.130.Op.2.D.1109.L.38
June 20, 1918 In the premises of the Postal and Telegraph Office of Yekaterinburg, a conversation took place over a direct wire between Lenin and Berzin.
According to three former officials of this office (Sibirev, Borodin and Lenkovsky), Lenin ordered Berzin:
“... take the entire Royal Family under your protection, and prevent any violence against it, answering in this case with your (i.e. Berzina) own life.” // Summary of information on the Royal Family of the Department of Military Field Control under the Commissioner for the Protection of State Order and Public Peace in the Perm Province dated 11/III/1919. Published: The death of the Royal Family. Materials of the investigation in the case of the murder of the Royal Family, (August 1918 - February 1920), p. 240.
Newspaper "Izvestia" June 25 and 28, 1918 published denials of rumors and reports from some newspapers about the execution of the Romanovs in Yekaterinburg. // Ioffe, G. Z. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs / M .: Respublika, 1992 . pp.303-304
Meanwhile, the White Czechs and Siberian troops were already bypassing Yekaterinburg from the south, trying to cut it off from the European part of Russia, capturing Kyshtym, Miass, Zlatoust and Shadrinsk.
Seems to be, the Ural authorities made a fundamental decision on execution by July 4, 1918: on this day, commandant Avdeev, loyal to Nicholas II, was replaced by Chekist Ya.M. Yurovsky. There was a change in the protection of the royal family.
Security guard Netrebin V.N. wrote in his memoirs:
“Soon [after entering the internal guard on July 4, 1918 - S.V.], it was explained to us that ... we might have to execute the b / c [former tsar. - S.V.], and that we must strictly keep everything a secret, everything that can happen in the house ... Having received explanations from comrade. Yurovsky, that we need to think about how best to carry out the execution, we began to discuss the issue ... The day when the execution would have to be carried out was unknown to us. But we still felt that it would come soon.”
“The All-Russian Central Executive Committee does not give sanctions for execution!”
In early July 1918, the Ural Regional Council tried to convince Moscow to shoot the Romanovs. At this time, a member of the Presidium of the Regional Council, Philip Isaevich Goloshchekin, who knew Yakov Sverdlov well from underground work, went there. He was in Moscow during the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets from 4 to 10 July 1918. The congress ended with the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR.
According to some reports, Goloshchekin stopped at Sverdlov's apartment. Among the main questions then could be: the defense of the Urals from the troops of the Siberian army and the White Czechs, the possible surrender of Yekaterinburg, the fate of the gold reserves, the fate of the former tsar. It is possible that Goloshchekin tried to coordinate the imposition of a death sentence on the Romanovs.
Probably, Goloshchekin did not receive permission to be shot from Sverdlov, and the central Soviet government, in the person of Sverdlov, insisted on a trial for which it was preparing. Participant in the execution of the royal family Medvedev (Kudrin) M.A. writes:
“... When I entered [the premises of the Ural Cheka on the evening of July 16, 1918], those present were deciding what to do with the former Tsar Nicholas II Romanov and his family. Information about a trip to Moscow to Ya.M. Sverdlov was made by Philip Goloshchekin. Goloshchekin failed to obtain sanctions from the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the execution of the Romanov family. Sverdlov consulted with V.I. Lenin, who spoke in favor of bringing the royal family to Moscow and an open trial of Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra Fedorovna, whose betrayal during the First World War cost Russia dearly ... Ya.M. Sverdlov tried to give [Lenin] Goloshchekin’s arguments about the dangers of transporting the royal family’s train through Russia, where counter-revolutionary uprisings broke out in the cities every now and then, about the difficult situation on the fronts near Yekaterinburg, but Lenin stood his ground: “Well, what if the front is retreating ? Moscow is now a deep rear! And here we will arrange a trial for them for the whole world.” At parting, Sverdlov said to Goloshchekin: “Say so, Philip, to your comrades: the All-Russian Central Executive Committee does not give official sanction for execution.” // Decree on the termination of the criminal case No. 18 / 123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 5-6
This position of the Moscow leadership must be considered in the context of the events taking place at that time on the fronts. For several months now, by July 1918, the situation had become increasingly critical.
Historical context
At the end of 1917, the Soviet government was strenuously trying to get out of the First World War. Great Britain sought the resumption of the clash between Russia and Germany. On December 22, 1917, peace negotiations began in Brest-Litovsk. On February 10, 1918, the German coalition in an ultimatum demanded that the Soviet delegation accept extremely difficult peace conditions (Russia's rejection of Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine, parts of Latvia, Estonia and Belarus). Contrary to Lenin's instructions, the head of the delegation, Trotsky, arbitrarily interrupted the peace negotiations, although the ultimatum had not yet been officially received, and stated that Soviet Russia was not signing peace, but was ending the war and demobilizing the army. The negotiations were interrupted, and soon the Austro-German troops (over 50 divisions) went on the offensive from the Baltic to the Black Sea. On February 12, 1918, the offensive of Turkish troops began in Transcaucasia.
Trying to provoke Soviet Russia to continue the war with Germany, the Entente governments offered her "help", and on March 6, the British landing took Murmansk under the false pretext of the need to protect the Murmansk region from the powers of the German coalition.
The open military intervention of the Entente began. // Ilya Belous / "Red" terror arose in response to international and "white" terror
Not having sufficient forces to repulse Germany, the Soviet Republic on March 3, 1918 was forced to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. On March 15, the Entente declared the non-recognition of the Brest Peace and accelerated the deployment of military intervention. On April 5, Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok.
Despite its severity, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk temporarily stopped the advance of German troops in the central directions and gave the Soviet Republic a little respite.
In March-April 1918, an armed struggle unfolded in Ukraine against the occupying Austro-German troops and the Central Rada, which, on February 9, concluded a “peace treaty” with Germany and its allies. The small Ukrainian Soviet units with battles retreated to the borders of the RSFSR in the direction of Belgorod, Kursk and to the Don region.
In mid-April 1918, German troops, violating the Brest Treaty, occupied the Crimea and liquidated Soviet power there. Part of the Black Sea Fleet went to Novorossiysk, where, in view of the threat of the seizure of ships by the German invaders, they were flooded on June 18 by order of the Soviet government. Also, German troops landed in Finland, where they helped the Finnish bourgeoisie to eliminate the revolutionary power of the workers.
The Baltic Fleet, which was in Helsingfors, made the transition to Kronstadt under difficult conditions. On April 29, the German invaders in Ukraine eliminated the Central Rada, putting in power the puppet hetman P. P. Skoropadsky.
The Don Cossack counter-revolution also adopted a German orientation, again launching a civil war on the Don in mid-April.
On May 8, 1918, German units occupied Rostov, and then helped to take shape in the kulak-Cossack "state" - the "Great Don Host" led by Ataman Krasnov.
Turkey, taking advantage of the fact that the Transcaucasian Commissariat declared its independence from Soviet Russia, launched a broad intervention in the Transcaucasus.
On May 25, 1918, the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps, prepared and provoked by the Entente, began, the echelons of which were located between Penza and Vladivostok due to the upcoming evacuation to Europe. At the same time, German troops, at the request of the Georgian Mensheviks, landed in Georgia. The rebellion caused a sharp revival of the counter-revolution. Mass counter-revolutionary rebellions unfolded in the Volga region, in the South Urals, the North Caucasus, in the Trans-Caspian and Semirechensk regions. and other areas. With renewed vigor, the Civil War began to unfold in the Don, the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia.
Soviet power and the Soviet state were under the threat of complete occupation and liquidation. The Central Committee of the Communist Party directed all its forces to the organization of defense. Volunteer units of the Red Army were being formed all over the country.
In parallel, the Entente allocated significant funds and agents for the creation of military conspiratorial organizations within the country: the right-wing Socialist-Revolutionary Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, headed by Boris Savinkov, the right-wing Kadet monarchist National Center, and the coalition Union for the Revival of Russia. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks supported the petty-bourgeois counter-revolution, ideologically and organizationally. Work was carried out to destabilize the internal political life in the country.
On July 5, 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Yakov Blyumkin killed in Moscow the German ambassador to Moscow under the government of the RSFSR, Count Wilhelm Mirbach. The terrorist attack was designed to break the Brest Peace and a possible resumption of war with Germany. Simultaneously with the terrorist attack on July 6, 1918, an uprising of the Left SRs took place in Moscow and a number of large Russian cities.
The Entente began to land large landings in Vladivostok, the bulk of which were Japanese (about 75 thousand people) and American (about 12 thousand people) troops. The troops of the interventionists in the North, which consisted of British, American, French and Italian units, were reinforced. In July, the Right SR Yaroslavl mutiny of 1918, prepared with the support of the Entente, and smaller mutinies in Murom, Rybinsk, Kovrov, and others took place. an agreement with the White Czechs, to move with them to Moscow.
The efforts of the interventionists and the internal counter-revolution were united.
“Their war with the civil war merges into one single whole, and this is the main source of the difficulties of the present moment, when the military question, military events, has again come to the fore as the main, fundamental question of the revolution” // Lenin V.I. Full coll. soch., 5th ed., vol. 37, p. fourteen.
English trace
Western services, based on Socialist-Revolutionary-anarchist elements, posed a serious threat to Russia, inflating chaos and banditry in the country in opposition to the policy of the new government.
The former Minister of War of the Provisional Government and Kolchakist A.I. Verkhovsky joined the Red Army in 1919. // Verkhovsky Alexander Ivanovich. On a difficult pass.
In his memoirs, Verkhovsky wrote that he was a member of the Union for the Revival of Russia, which had a military organization that trained personnel for anti-Soviet armed uprisings, which was financed by the "allies".
“In March 1918, I was personally invited by the Union for the Revival of Russia to join the military headquarters of the Union. The military headquarters was an organization that had the goal of organizing an uprising against the Soviet regime ... The military headquarters had connections with the allied missions in Petrograd. General Suvorov was in charge of relations with allied missions... Representatives of the allied missions were interested in my assessment of the situation from the point of view of the possibility of restoring ... the front against Germany. I had conversations on this subject with General Nissel, the representative of the French mission. Military headquarters through the cashier of the headquarters of Suvorov received funds from allied missions». // Golinkov D. L. Secret operations of the Cheka
The testimonies of A. I. Verkhovsky are fully consistent with the memoirs of another figure in the Union for the Revival of Russia, V. I. Ignatiev (1874-1959, died in Chile).
In the first part of his memoirs Some Facts and Results of the Four Years of the Civil War (1917-1921), published in Moscow in 1922, Ignatiev confirms that the organization's source of funds was "exclusively allied". the first amount from foreign sources Ignatiev received from General A.V. Gerua, to whom General M.N. Suvorov sent him. From a conversation with Gerua, he learned that the general was instructed to send officers to the Murmansk region at the disposal of the English general F. Poole, and that funds had been allocated to him for this cause. Ignatiev received a certain amount from Gerua, then received money from one agent of the French mission - 30 thousand rubles.
An espionage group was operating in Petrograd, headed by the sanitary doctor V.P. Kovalevsky. She also sent officers, mostly guards, to the English General Poole in Arkhangelsk through Vologda. The group called for the establishment of a military dictatorship in Russia and was supported by British funds. The representative of this group, the English agent Captain G. E. Chaplin, worked in Arkhangelsk under the name Thomson. December 13, 1918 Kovalevsky was shot on charges of creating a military organization associated with the British mission.
On January 5, 1918, the Union for the Defense of the Constituent Assembly was preparing a coup d'etat, which prevented the Cheka. The English plan failed. The Constituent Assembly was dispersed.
Dzerzhinsky was aware of the counter-revolutionary activities of the socialists, mainly the Socialist-Revolutionaries; their connections with the British services, about the flows of their financing by the Allies.
Detailed information about the activities of the Socialist-Revolutionaries in the various committees "Saving the Motherland and the Revolution", "Protection of the Constituent Assembly" and others disclosed by the Cheka was given already in 1927 by Vera Vladimirova in her book "The Year of Service of the "Socialists" to the Capitalists. Essays on history, counter-revolution in 1918"
Russian historian and politician V. A. Myakotin, one of the founders and leaders of the Union for the Revival of Russia, also published his memoirs in 1923 in Prague “From the recent past. On the other side." According to his story, relations with the diplomatic representatives of the allies were conducted by members of the Union for the Revival of Russia, specially authorized for this. These communications were carried out through the French ambassador Noulens. Later, when the ambassadors left for Vologda, through the French consul Grenard. The French financed the "Union", but Noulens directly stated that "the allies, in fact, do not need the assistance of Russian political organizations" and may well land their troops in Russia themselves. // Golinkov D. L. Secret operations of the Cheka.
The Russian Civil War was actively supported by British Prime Minister Lloyd George and US President Woodrow Wilson.
The US President personally oversaw the work of agents to discredit the Soviet government, and above all, the young government headed by Lenin, both in the West and in Russia.
In October 1918, on the direct orders of Woodrow Wilson, an edition was published in Washington. "German-Bolshevik conspiracy", better known as "The Sisson Papers", allegedly proving that the Bolshevik leadership consisted of direct agents of Germany, controlled by the directives of the German General Staff. // The German-Bolshevik conspiracy / by United States. Committee on Public Information; Sisson, Edgar Grant, 1875-1948; National Board for Historical Service
"Documents" was acquired at the end of 1917 by Edgar Sisson, special envoy of the US President in Russia, for 25 thousand dollars. The publisher of the publication was CPI - the Committee of Public Information under the US government. This committee was created by US President Woodrow Wilson and pursued the task of "influencing public opinion on the issues of US participation in the First World War", that is, CPI was a propaganda structure that served the US military. The committee existed from April 14, 1917 to June 30, 1919.
The Documents were fabricated by the Polish journalist and traveler Ferdinand Ossendowski. They allowed the myth to be spread throughout Europe about the leader of the Soviet state, Lenin, who allegedly "made a revolution with German money."
Sisson's mission went "brilliantly". He "obtained" 68 documents, some of which allegedly confirmed the existence of Lenin's connection with the Germans and even the direct dependence of the Council of People's Commissars on the Government of Kaiser Germany until the spring of 1918. More information about forged documents can be found on the website of academician Yu. K. Begunov.
Forgery continues to spread in modern Russia. So, in 2005, the documentary film “Secrets of Intelligence. Revolution in a suitcase.
Murder
In July, the White Czechs and the White Guards captured Simbirsk, Ufa and Yekaterinburg, where the "regional government of the Urals" was created. Germany demanded that the Kremlin give permission to send a battalion of German troops to Moscow to protect its subjects.
Under these conditions, the execution of the royal family could have a negative impact on the development of relations with Germany, since the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna and the Grand Duchesses were German princesses. Given the current situation, under certain conditions, the extradition of one or more members of the royal family of Germany was not excluded in order to alleviate the serious conflict caused by the assassination of the German ambassador Mirbach.
On July 16, 1918, a telegram arrived from Petrograd to Moscow with a quote from another telegram from a member of the presidium of the Ural Regional Council F. I. Goloshchekin to Moscow:
“July 16, 1918. Submitted on July 16, 1918 [at] 5:50 pm. Accepted on July 16, 1918 [at] 21:22. From Petrograd. Smolny. HP 142.28 Moscow, Kremlin, copy to Lenin.
From Yekaterinburg, the following is transmitted by direct wire: “Inform Moscow that the [trial] agreed with Filippov, due to military circumstances, cannot wait, we cannot wait. If your opinions are different, please let me know right now, out of turn. Goloshchekin, Safarov”
Get in touch with Yekaterinburg about this yourself
Zinoviev.
At that time, there was no direct connection between Yekaterinburg and Moscow, so the telegram went to Petrograd, and from Petrograd Zinoviev sent it to Moscow, to the Kremlin. The telegram arrived in Moscow on July 16, 1818 at 21:22. It was already 23:22 in Yekaterinburg.
“At this time, the Romanovs were already offered to go down to the execution room. We do not know whether Lenin and Sverdlov read the telegram before the first shots were fired, but we know that the telegram did not say anything about the family and servants, so accusing the Kremlin leaders of killing children is at least unfair, ”says the investigator Solovyov in an interview with Pravda
On July 17, at 12 noon, a telegram addressed to Lenin from Yekaterinburg arrived in Moscow with the following content:
“In view of the approach of the enemy to Yekaterinburg and the disclosure by the Extraordinary Commission of a large White Guard conspiracy aimed at kidnapping the former tsar and his family ... by order of the Presidium of the Regional Council, Nikolai Romanov was shot on the night of July 16 to July 17. His family has been evacuated to a safe place.” // Heinrich Ioffe. Revolution and the Romanov family
In this way, Yekaterinburg lied to Moscow: the whole family was killed.
Lenin learned about the murder not immediately. On July 16, the editors of the Danish newspaper National Tidende sent Lenin the following request:
“There are rumors here that the former tsar has been killed. Please report the actual state of affairs." // IN AND. Lenin. unknown documents. 1891-1922 M., Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN). 2000. p. 243
Lenin sent a reply to the telegraph:
"National Tidende. Copenhagen. The rumor is false, the former tsar is unharmed, all the rumors are just lies of the capitalist press.” //IN AND. Lenin. unknown documents. 1981-1922 M., Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN). 2000. p. 243
Here is the conclusion of the investigator of the ICR for especially important cases Solovyov:
“The investigation has reliably established that Yakov Mikhailovich (Yankel Khaimovich) Yurovsky, his deputy Grigory Petrovich Nikulin, Chekist Mikhail Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Kudrin), head of the 2nd Ural squad Pyotr Zakharovich Ermakov, his assistant Stepan Petrovich Vaganov, security guard Pavel Spiridonovich Medvedev, Chekist Alexei Georgievich Kabanov. Participation in the execution of the guard Viktor Nikiforovich Netrebin, Jan Martynovich Tselms and the Red Guard Andrey Andreevich Strekotin is not excluded. There is no reliable information about the other participants in the execution.
According to the national composition, the “firing” team included Russians, Latvians, one Jew (Yurovsky), possibly one Austrian or Hungarian.
These persons, as well as other participants in the execution, after Yurovsky pronounced Ya.M. The sentence began indiscriminate shooting, and the shooting was carried out not only in the room where the execution was carried out, but also from the adjacent room. After the first volley, it turned out that Tsarevich Alexei, the daughters of the Tsar, the maid A.S. Demidova and Dr. E.S. Botkin show signs of life. Grand Duchess Anastasia screamed, the maid Demidova A.S. rose to her feet, Tsarevich Alexei remained alive for a long time. They were shot with pistols and revolvers, Ermakov P.Z. finished off the survivors with a rifle bayonet. After the statement of death, all the corpses began to be transferred to the truck.
As established by the investigation, on the night of July 16-17, 1918, in the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg, the following were shot: the former Emperor Nicholas II (Romanov), the former Empress Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova, their children - Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich Romanov, Grand Duchesses Olga Nikolaevna Romanova, Tatyana Nikolaevna Romanova, Maria Nikolaevna Romanova and Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova, life physician Evgeny Sergeevich Botkin, maid Anna Stepanovna Demidova, cook Ivan Mikhailovich Kharitonov and footman Aloisy Egorovich Trupp.
The version is often circulated that the murder was “ritual”, that the heads of the corpses of members of the royal family were cut off after death. This version is not confirmed by the results of the forensic examination.
“In order to study the possible postmortem amputation of the head, the necessary forensic medical examinations were carried out on all sets of skeletons. According to the categorical conclusion of the forensic medical examination on the cervical vertebrae of skeletons No. 1-9 there are no traces that could indicate a post-mortem detachment of heads. At the same time, the version of a possible opening of the burial in 1919-1946 was checked. Investigative and expert data indicate that the burial was not opened until 1979, and during this opening, the remains of Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna were not affected. An audit by the FSB Directorate for the city of Yekaterinburg and the Sverdlovsk Region showed that the UFSB does not have data on a possible opening of the burial in the period from 1919 to 1978. // Resolution on the termination of the criminal case No. 18 / 123666-93 "On the clarification of the circumstances of the death of members of the Russian Imperial House and persons from their entourage in the period 1918-1919", paragraphs 7-9.
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee did not punish the Uraloblsovet for arbitrariness. Some consider this evidence that the sanction to kill did exist. Others - that the central government did not go into conflict with the Urals, because in the conditions of the successful offensive of the Whites, the loyalty of the local Bolsheviks, and the propaganda of the Social Revolutionaries about Lenin's slipping "to the right" were more important factors than the disobedience and execution of the Romanovs. The Bolsheviks may have feared a split under difficult conditions.
People's Commissar for Agriculture in the first Soviet government, Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR V.P. Milyutin recalled:
“I returned late from the Council of People's Commissars. There were "current" cases. During the discussion of the draft on health care, Semashko's report, Sverdlov entered and sat down in his place on a chair behind Ilyich. Semashko finished. Sverdlov went up, leaned over to Ilyich and said something.
— Comrades, Sverdlov is asking for the floor for a message.
“I must say,” Sverdlov began in his usual tone, “a message has been received that in Yekaterinburg, by order of the regional Soviet, Nikolai was shot ... Nikolai wanted to run away. The Czechoslovaks advanced. The Presidium of the CEC decided to approve...
“Now let’s move on to reading the project article by article,” Ilyich suggested ... ” // Sverdlova K. T. Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov. - 4th. - M .: Young Guard, 1985.
“On July 8, the first meeting of the Presidium of the Central I.K. of the 5th convocation took place. Comrade presided. Sverdlov. Members of the Presidium were present: Avanesov, Sosnovsky, Teodorovich, Vladimirsky, Maksimov, Smidovich, Rozengolts, Mitrofanov and Rozin.
Chairman comrade. Sverdlov announces a message just received via a direct wire from the Regional Ural Council about the execution of the former Tsar Nikolai Romanov.
In recent days, the capital of the Red Urals, Yekaterinburg, was seriously threatened by the danger of the approach of Czechoslovak gangs. At the same time, a new conspiracy of counter-revolutionaries was uncovered, with the aim of wresting the crowned executioner from the hands of Soviet power. In view of this, the Presidium of the Ural Regional Council decided to shoot Nikolai Romanov, which was carried out on July 16th.
The wife and son of Nikolai Romanov were sent to a safe place. Documents about the revealed conspiracy were sent to Moscow with a special courier.
Having made this message, comrade. Sverdlov recalls the story of the transfer of Nikolai Romanov from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg after the disclosure of the same organization of the White Guards, which was preparing the escape of Nikolai Romanov. In recent times, it has been proposed to bring the former king to justice for all his crimes against the people, and only the events of recent times have prevented this from being carried out.
The Presidium of the Central I.K., having discussed all the circumstances that forced the Ural Regional Council to decide on the execution of Nikolai Romanov, decided:
The All-Russian Central I.K., represented by its Presidium, recognizes the decision of the Ural Regional Council as correct.
The historian Ioffe believes that specific people played a fatal role in the fate of the royal family: the head of the Ural party organization and military commissar of the Ural region F.I. Goloshchekin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council A. Beloborodov, and a member of the collegium of the Ural Cheka, the commandant of the "special purpose house" Ya.M. Yurovsky. // Ioffe, G. Z. Revolution and the fate of the Romanovs / M .: Respublika, 1992 . pp.311-312 Holo
It should be noted that in the summer of 1918 a whole "campaign" was carried out in the Urals to exterminate the Romanovs.
At night from 12 to 13 June 1918 Several armed men came to a hotel in Perm, where Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich and his personal secretary and friend Brian Johnson were living in exile. They took their victims into the forest and killed them. The remains have not been found so far. The murder was presented to Moscow as the kidnapping of Mikhail Alexandrovich by his supporters or a secret escape, which was used by local authorities as a pretext for tightening the regime for the detention of all the exiled Romanovs: the royal family in Yekaterinburg and the grand dukes in Alapaevsk and Vologda.
At night from 17 to 18 July 1918, simultaneously with the execution of the royal family in the Ipatiev House, the murder of six grand dukes who were in Alapaevsk was committed. The victims were taken to an abandoned mine and dumped into it.
The corpses were discovered only on October 3, 1918, after policeman Malshikov T.P. excavations in an abandoned coal mine located 12 versts from the city of Alapaevsk at a fork in the roads leading from the city of Alapaevsk to the Verkhotursky tract and to the Verkhne-Sinyachikhinsky plant. The doctor of the military hospital train No. 604 Klyachkin, on the instructions of the police chief of the city of Alapaevsk, opened the corpses and established the following:
“Based on the data of a forensic autopsy of a citizen of the city of Petrograd, doctor Fyodor Semenovich REMEZ, I conclude:
Death occurred from hemorrhage of the pleural cavity and hemorrhages under the dura due to contusion.
Bruised injuries are fatal...
1. Death b. Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich occurred from a hemorrhage under the dura mater and a violation of the integrity of the substance of the brain as a result of a gunshot wound.
This damage is classified as lethal.
2. Death b. Prince Ioann Konstantinovich's death occurred from a hemorrhage under the dura mater and in both pleural cavities. The indicated injuries could have occurred from blows with a blunt hard object or from bruises when falling from a height onto some hard object.
3. Death b. Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich occurred from a hemorrhage under the dura mater and in the region of the pleural sacs. The indicated injuries occurred either as a result of blows to the head and chest with some hard blunt object, or from a bruise when falling from a height. Damage is classified as lethal.
4. Death b. Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna occurred from a hemorrhage under the dura mater. This injury could have occurred from a blow to the head with some blunt heavy object or from a fall from a height. The injury is classified as lethal.
5. The death of Prince Vladimir Paley occurred from hemorrhages under the dura mater and into the substance of the brain and into the pleura. These injuries could occur when falling from a height or from blows to the head and chest with a blunt hard tool. Damage is classified as lethal.
6. Death b. Prince Igor Konstantinovich occurred from a hemorrhage under the dura mater and a violation of the integrity of the cranial bones and the base of the skull and from hemorrhages into the pleural cavity and into the peritoneal cavity. These injuries occurred from blows by some blunt solid object or from a fall from a height. Damage is classified as lethal.
7. The death of the nun Varvara Yakovleva occurred from a hemorrhage under the dura mater. The injury in question could have been caused by blows from a blunt hard object or a fall from a height.
This whole act was drawn up in the most essential justice and conscience, in accordance with the rules of medical science and on duty, which we certify with our signatures ... "
Investigator Sokolov, Judicial Investigator for Particularly Important Cases of the Omsk District Court N. A. Sokolov, whom Kolchak instructed in February 1919 to continue the case of the murder of the Romanovs, testified:
“Both the Yekaterinburg and Alapaevsk murders are the product of the same will of the same people.” // Sokolov N. The murder of the royal family. S. 329.
Obviously: the incitement of the Ural Bolshevik elite to the murder of the royal family, and the incitement by the Socialist-Revolutionaries of such public requests in the Urals; material and consulting support for the White movement; sabotage activities of the counter-revolution within Russia; attempts to stir up a conflict between Russia and Germany; the accusation of the Soviet leadership of "involvement in German intelligence", which allegedly was the reason for his unwillingness to continue the war with Germany - all links in the same chain that stretches to the British and American intelligence services. We should not forget: a similar policy of clash between Russia and Germany was supported by British and American bankers just a few years after the events we are considering, taking on the financing of the Nazi military machine, and fanning the fire of a new World War. // .
At the same time, even during the Second World War, the Third Reich, with all its sophisticated propaganda, did not release any German intelligence documents that would indicate links with Lenin. But what a moral blow to Leninism, to the system of ideological coordinates of the Red Army soldiers who went into battle under Lenin's banners, and in general all Soviet citizens, would be! It is obvious that such documents simply did not exist, just as there was no connection between Lenin and German intelligence.
Note: the version that the execution of the Royal Family was initiated by the Soviet leadership does not find a single scientific confirmation, as well as the myth of the “ritual murder”, which today has become the core of monarchist propaganda, through which Western intelligence services incite extremism of the Black Hundreds, anti-Semitic persuasion in Russia.
The question "Who shot the royal family?" in itself is immoral and can only interest lovers of "fried" and fans of conspiracy theories. For example, the Russian Orthodox Church was only interested in the identification of the remains, which is why the canonization of the royal family was carried out only in 2000 (19 years later than in the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad), and all its members were canonized as Russian New Martyrs. At the same time, the question of who gave the order and was the executor of the execution is not exaggerated in church circles. In addition, to this day there is no exact list of the persons of the "firing" team. In the twenties and thirties of the last century, many people involved in this act of vandalism vied with each other to brag about their participation (like the anecdotal associates of V.I. Lenin, who helped him drag the log on the first subbotnik) and wrote memoirs about it. However, almost all of them were shot during the Yezhov purges of 1936-1938.
Today, almost everyone who recognizes the execution of the royal family believes that the place of execution was the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. According to most historians, the following people were directly involved in the execution:
- member of the collegium of the Ural Regional Extraordinary Commission Ya.M. Yurovsky;
- head of the "Flying Squad" of the Ural Cheka G.P. Nikulin;
- Commissioner M.A. Medvedev;
- Ural security officer, head of the guard service P.Z. Ermakov;
- Vaganov S.P., Kabanov A.G., Medvedev P.S., Netrebin V.N., Tselms Ya.M. are considered ordinary participants in the execution.
As can be seen from the above list, there was no dominance of "Jewish Masons" or Balts (Latvian shooters) in the firing squad. Some researchers also doubt the number of people directly involved in the execution. The execution cellar had dimensions of 5 × 6 meters, and such a number of executioners simply would not have fit there.
Speaking about who from the top leadership gave the order for the execution, it can be said with confidence that neither V.I. Lenin and L.D. Trotsky did not know about the upcoming execution. Moreover, in early July, Lenin ordered the transfer of the entire royal family to Moscow, where it was supposed to organize a demonstrative people's trial of Nicholas II, and the “fiery tribune” L.D. Trotsky. The question of what Ya.M. knew about the upcoming execution. Sverdlov, also debatable, but not indisputable. The fact that the order was given by I.V. Stalin, let it be on the conscience of the democrats of the times of perestroika and glasnost. In those years, Joseph Stalin was not a prominent figure in the top of the Bolsheviks and most of the time he was absent from Moscow, being at the fronts.
At one time, rumors started by Ya.M. Yurovsky, that one of the participants in the execution was brought to Moscow to be shown to V.I. To Lenin and L.D. Trotsky, the alcoholized head of the last emperor. And only the burial found and the genetic examinations carried out dispelled this heresy.
According to the "Jewish" version, the immediate leader and main executor was Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky (Yankel Khaimovich Yurovsky). The "execution" team consisted mainly of foreigners: according to one version - Latvians, according to another - Chinese. Moreover, the execution itself was organized as a ritual action. A rabbi was invited to it, who was responsible for the religious correctness of the ceremony. The walls of the execution cellar were painted with Kabbalistic signs. However, after, on the orders of the First Secretary of the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee B.N. Yeltsin, the house of special maintenance (Ipatiev House) was demolished in 1977, you can invent and invent anything.
In all these theories, it is not clear why the relatives of Emperor Nicholas II - neither "cousin" Willy (the German Kaiser Wilhelm II), nor the King of England, cousin of the Russian autocrat George V - insisted to the Provisional Government on granting political asylum to the royal family. And here there are many conspiracy theories why neither the Entente, nor Germany and Austria-Hungary needed the Romanov dynasty. However, this is a topic for a separate study.
In addition, there is a group of historians-researchers of the question "Who shot the royal family?", who believe that there was no execution, but only its imitation. And no genetic examinations and skull reconstructions can convince them otherwise.
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