Brother and sister Raskolnikov

LEARNING FROM STUDENTS

Anna Sharkova,
11th grade
gymnasium No. 1514,
Moscow
(teacher -
Maria Moiseevna
Belfer)

Brother and sister Raskolnikov

C elyu F.M. Dostoevsky, who called himself "a realist in the highest sense of the word", was a depiction of life at the moments of the greatest psychological stress, when the human essence is being tested. One of the most important principles of Dostoevsky's psychologism is the depiction of mental life in the polar opposite of its components. Therefore, the system of images in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is subject to a clear division into central characters with opposite types of worldview and their counterparts. The personality of the protagonist Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov- is reflected in other criminals and theorists of the novel. The refutation of this image is the meek, but morally strong Sonya, one of whose twins is Rodion's own sister - Avdotya Romanovna.

The souls of relatives cannot but have similarities. So, the brother and sister inherited an ardent temperament, pride, self-confidence and determination. The natural mind allowed them to evaluate any phenomena of life from their own point of view, and always remain serious. In addition, both were, according to the author, "remarkably good-looking" and outwardly similar, and Avdotya Romanovna "could even be called a beauty." These rich inclinations allowed both personalities to develop to great heights, but differences in external circumstances made their characters in many ways opposite.

In the second conversation with Sonya, after confessing to her in the murder, Raskolnikov described the situation of his family, first giving out feelings for his relatives as the reasons that prompted him to commit the crime: “You see: you know that my mother has almost nothing. The sister was brought up by chance, and condemned to hang around in governesses. All their hopes were on me alone. I studied, but I could not support myself at the university and was forced to leave for a while. Thus, even in student years poverty made similar the conditions for the existence of Dunya, who loves her brother “more than herself”, and Rodi, who she erected on a pedestal of hope. However, poverty affected the heroes in different ways.

On the very first page of the novel, the author reports: “He was crushed by poverty; but even the cramped situation has ceased to burden him lately. Poverty did the main thing: it led Raskolnikov to think about the imperfection and abomination of the world around him, teased his pride and self-confidence and woke up his mind. Then it seemed to become invisible: now his brain was busy rethinking new ideas, gradually lining up in a theory.

At that time, his sister, Dunya, was trying to survive far from Petersburg. Poverty hardened her, taught her to endure, and pride and self-demanding did not allow her dignity to drop. Much later, Razumikhin will have every reason to argue, admiring Dunechka: “The queen who mended her stockings in prison, of course, at that moment looked like a real queen and even more than during the most magnificent celebrations and exits.”

Mention of patience not by chance. This quality, which is more characteristic of women, distinguished Dunya from Raskolnikov especially strongly. Hence the other traits of her character that her brother lacks: gentleness, sacrifice, kindness, purity. Both the mother and Dmitry Prokofievich more than once said in admiration and respect: “She is an angel!” Raskolnikov reasoned: “The point is clear: for himself, for his own comfort, even to save himself from death, he will not sell himself, but he sells for another!”

Rodya is a completely different matter. Porfiry Petrovich described him at the meeting: “You are very irritable, Rodion Romanych, by nature, sir; even too much, sir, with all the other basic properties of your character and heart<…>After all, I understand what it’s like to drag everything on myself to a person who is dejected, but proud, powerful and impatient, especially impatient!<…>I repeat, you are impatient and very sick, Rodion Romanych.” Hence the “heart of gold”, which, according to the investigator, “can explain a lot”, and the recognition of oneself as a coward and scoundrel, and cynicism. In contrast to the “angel” Dunya, Raskolnikov “killed, but he considers himself an honest person, despises people, pale angel walks."

Their pallor is also different. Even at the first description, it was said about the brother that he was weak. In addition, he physically suffered an illness (fever) and constantly felt “some kind of painful and cowardly feeling” - all this could not but be reflected in pallor on the face of a poor city dweller. Dunya “was pale, but not painfully pale; her face shone with freshness and health.

In the end, Rodion Raskolnikov was led to the crime by precisely those features that were not characteristic of Dunya, called by Razumikhin “the source of kindness, purity, intelligence and ... perfection!”. However, both were equally close to the murder, and only an accident saved Dunya from the burden of a troubled conscience. It is therefore interesting to compare the psychological state and appearance of the characters in minutes of crime.

The murder of the old woman pawnbroker is exactly an experienced moment, which is described by the author without unnecessary details: “Not a single moment could be lost more. He took out the ax completely, waved it with both hands, hardly feeling himself, and almost without effort, almost mechanically, lowered the butt on his head. It was as if his strength was not there. But as soon as he once lowered the ax, then power was born in him. The further actions of the killer are described extremely physiologically, in all details and details, causing disgust in the reader.

Avdotya Romanovna appears in a completely different light, encroaching on Svidrigailov: “He had never seen her so beautiful. The fire that flashed from her eyes at the moment when she raised the revolver, as if burned him, and his heart sank with pain.

The difference is easy to explain. Dunya shot, defending herself from the meanness of a stronger and more powerful person, so the crime committed in desperation gave her only more dignity and determination, attractive in a beautiful woman and deserving respect. Raskolnikov actually committed the murder as an experiment, confessing to Sonya: “I didn’t kill in order to, having received funds and power, become a benefactor of mankind. Nonsense! I just killed; killed for himself, for himself alone.

This also explains the following difference. You can hear from people around you courage both - a quality, in many respects akin to determination. But if determination can be directed towards any goal, then courage is a noble trait. Therefore, the resolute Rodion declares in despair: “... And I am a coward and ... a scoundrel!”, “But I, I couldn’t even stand the first step, because I am a scoundrel!” True, he considers himself a scoundrel because he psychologically could not withstand the yoke of the crime, and not because he dared to do it. But from Dunya, he demands precisely noble deeds, to which she once exclaims: “And if you were right, if I really decided on meanness, is it not ruthless of you to talk to me like that? Why do you demand heroism from me, which perhaps you don’t have?” Rodya, who almost opened up to his sister, drew a similar parallel between them, without noticing it himself: “Will this one survive or not? No, it won't; sort of can't stand it! These people never endure.” In this case, it also falls into the category such... But do not forget that Dunya is a girl, so special courage would be even unnatural for her, unlike her brother, who is ashamed of timidity. Her conscience is clear, and her nobility and determination are exactly appreciated by Svidrigailov: “Needless to say that you are a brave girl.”

It is interesting that each of them in their own way responds to the possibility of another committing a crime. Already a murderer, the brother indignantly declares to the engaged Dunya: “Let me be a scoundrel, but you shouldn’t ... just someone ... and even though I am a scoundrel, I won’t consider such a sister a sister. Either me or Luzhin!” Then Raskolnikov will expect similar feelings from his sister: “There was one moment (the very last) when he terribly wanted to hug her tightly and say goodbye with her and even to tell, but he didn’t even dare to give her a hand: “Then, perhaps, she will shudder when she remembers that I now hugged her, she will say that I stole her kiss!” However, Avdotya Romanovna not only did not “shudder” at such a recollection , but behaved contrary to Raskolnikov's expectation: “You are crying, sister, but can you stretch out your hand to me?” - "And you doubted it?" She hugged him tightly. This testifies both to the purity of Dunya's conscience, and to the fact that conscience is alive in the depths of Rodion's soul, but late. Raskolnikov repents, if not of the murder, which he does not even consider a crime, then of what he did because of it. This causes a desire to retire from all people, and especially from relatives. In addition, Dunya, a believer and trying to follow the laws of God, is ready to love a person, even a criminal, if it is her brother, obeying what was said in the Gospel of Matthew: “You heard what was said to the ancients: do not kill; Whoever kills is subject to judgment. But I tell you that everyone who is angry with his brother in vain is subject to judgment; whoever says “cancer” to his brother is subject to the Sanhedrin; and whoever says “insane” is subject to fiery hell”; "Judge not lest ye be judged". Raskolnikov, on the other hand, is too proud and harsh to experience such noble feelings.

However, it may be that this proves the great love Raskolnikov to the Dunya. exactingness, a trait of both, is often manifested by people precisely in relation to loved ones. The circle of acquaintances is changing, so it is easier to accept them as they are and enjoy the joys of fleeting communication; on the other hand, you often try to remake friends and relatives, to destroy the shortcomings that oppress you in them. Thus, Rodya wanted to see in his sister just such a person who is not ashamed to love and respect as a native.

In the novel "Crime and Punishment", as always with Dostoevsky, love is depicted as a complex feeling: love is not given to heroes for free, it must be suffer, it needs a lot overcome; This also applies to the relationship between brother and sister. In a letter to her son, Pulcheria Alexandrovna wrote about his selfless sister: “Love Dunya, your sister, Rodya; love the way she loves you, and know that she loves you infinitely, more than herself. She is an angel, and you, Rodya, you are everything for us - all hope and all hope. Raskolnikov guesses what is behind these words, and anger seizes him: “Isn’t her conscience tormenting herself for agreeing to sacrifice her daughter to her son?” Rodya rights: their family relations really in many ways built on sacrifice. He, a proud and self-confident man, is not satisfied with this: “I don’t want your sacrifice, Dunechka, I don’t want it, mother!” He says this partly because he himself, being an egoist, does not want to make sacrifices, but wants, on the contrary, to have as much independence as possible: “Freedom and power, and most importantly power! Over all the trembling creature and over the whole anthill!.. That is the goal!” However, he is afraid to cross everything, otherwise you won’t get freedom, so he is looking for a way out in flight from people: “I remember you and love<…>Leave me alone!<…>Otherwise, I will hate you, I feel ... ”This extreme again only confirms the depth of his feelings for his family. In fact, Raskolnikov is also capable of sacrificing for his sister: “You should, perhaps, betray yourself in order to distract Dunechka from some careless step” - his words, reminiscent of annoyance at his sister: “For myself<…>he won’t sell himself, but he sells for another!”

No less interesting to compare other people's attitude towards them. It was impossible not to respect both, many bowed before both. However, similar natural inclinations were refracted differently in them under the influence of circumstances. If earlier people like Razumikhin admired Rodion, then after the murder and Raskolnikov’s withdrawal into himself, they began to fear and shun him: “What are you, are you all afraid of me?” he said with a twisted smile. "It's really true," Dunya said, looking directly and sternly at her brother. He was probably once loved, if he even almost married a girl who died suddenly soon after. But in hard labor he was “not loved and avoided by everyone. They even began to hate him in the end - why? He didn't know that. They despised him, laughed at him, laughed at his crime, those who were much more criminal than him. Dunechka, who retained her honor and conscience throughout her difficult life, more than deserved the admiration of Razumikhin: “I am not worthy to love you, but to bow before you is the duty of everyone, unless he is a perfect beast!”

All these internal changes in the soul of Raskolnikov and Dunino, the ability to preserve oneself, could not but be reflected in the external features of the brother and sister. Yes, amazingly different. smiles depicted on these similar faces. Rodion's smile most often expressed contempt, bilious mockery, or was a mask; his face was distorted and even disfigured. About Dun, the author says differently: “... but how a smile went to this face, how laughter went to her, cheerful, young, selfless!”

Some internal differences have also become clearer. Both were observant and insightful people, but if Raskolnikov became very suspicious, then insight Dunya was akin to intuition and sensitivity, accompanied by caution. Just as close in content, but opposite in shades, is the rigidity of Rodion, turning into cruelty, and the firmness of Avdotya Romanovna.

The insight of both was often expressed in mutual understanding that makes reconciliation possible. So, at the very first meeting in St. Petersburg, Dunya avoided a conflict with her brother, turning to her mother: “Come on, mama, at least we’ll leave the room for a minute; we're killing him, you can see it." But if Dunina's sensitivity, along with gentleness and diplomacy, serves to achieve peace, respect and love, then her brother more often used his understanding in order to accuse, expose others or himself: “Dunya, dear, I know you! After all, you were already in your twentieth year when we last saw each other: I already understood your character<…>The matter is clear." - Followed by reproaches and advice. Thus, for Dunya, understanding is akin to sensitivity, and for Raskolnikov, insight.

Porfiry Petrovich understood Raskolnikov in many ways and explained his behavior: “You felt felt a lot". The same can be said about Dun. Life experience made both of them tougher, and their mother described them as follows: “You are a perfect portrait of him and not so much in face as in soul: both of you are melancholic, both gloomy and quick-tempered, both arrogant and both generous ...” - they acquired the lion's share of these traits thanks to heavy life circumstances. But it is precisely these features that raise the heroes above the rest in the eyes of the author and reader, because Raskolnikov is right: “Suffering and pain are always indispensable for a broad consciousness and a deep heart. Truly great people, it seems to me, must feel great sadness in the world.

Perhaps that is why both needed a brighter, cleaner, lighter and more good-natured person next to them. True, if, having bowed to Sonya, one can bow to “all human suffering”, then Razumikhin is simple in many respects precisely because of the lack of life experience and the insignificance of claims. In both pairs (Sonya - Rodion and Dunya - Razumikhin), the qualities of the heroes in total mutually balance each other.

“Do you know, Avdotya Romanovna, you yourself are terribly like your brother, even in everything!” - Razumikhin once guessed and, of course, simplified the essence of their similarities, but in many respects hit the mark. These insightful, decisive, proud, in many ways desperate, searching and demanding people with ardent hearts and a broad mind really have a lot in common, but with the difference that life made one a criminal, and saved the other from sin. All this becomes clear thanks to Dostoevsky's skill in depicting the contradictory human consciousness. However, the author himself insisted that it is impossible to know a person to the end: “Man is a mystery”, which can only be unraveled forever. The images of Rodion and Dunya Raskolnikov made it possible to touch many secrets of human psychology. The ending of the novel is open, and both characters still have a chance to improve or transgress; one thing is certain: the connection between such people will never disappear.

­ Characteristics of the hero Pulcheria Alexandrovna

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is a minor but significant character in F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"; mother of Rodion Raskolnikov and Dunya; needy widow and defenseless woman aged 43. They had another child in the family, but he died in infancy. Pulcheria Alexandrovna is shown by the author as a positive character. Most likely, her husband was some kind of official, but died long ago. The author says nothing about him. The woman is tormented by the alienated behavior of her son.

She does not know about Rodion's crime, but she guesses that something is tormenting him. At the time of the story, she and her daughter are forced to move to St. Petersburg in order to be closer to her son. The heroine is forced to earn extra money, doing small work, embroidering armlets, selling scarves. She and Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna) somehow earn a living and help their son Rodion with money so that he does not drop out of school.

Raskolnikov loves and respects his mother for her kindness. This woman, despite her mature age, retained her former beauty. Although she dressed poorly, she always looked neat and dignified. Pulcheria Alexandrovna retained soundness of mind and clarity of spirit. She is a timid and understanding woman who does not know how to lie or pretend. After the trial, she became seriously ill. Before her death, the heroine managed to bless her daughter Dunya to marry Razumikhin.

World of Dostoevsky

Life and work of Dostoevsky. Analysis of works. Characteristics of heroes

site menu

Raskolnikov's family in the novel "Crime and Punishment": characteristics, description

The family of Rodion Raskolnikov plays an important role in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Members of the Raskolnikov family are the central characters of the work.

This article presents a description of the Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment": a description of the main character's family.

See:
All materials on "Crime and Punishment"
All articles about Raskolnikov

• Raskolnikov's mother (Pulcheria Alexandrovna)
• Raskolnikov's sister (Avdotya Romanovna, or Dunya)

Raskolnikov's mother, Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova, is a poor widow at the age of 43. For her age, she looks quite good, although she dresses poorly:
“Despite the fact that Pulcheria Alexandrovna was already forty-three years old, her face still retained the remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest , pure heat of the heart until old age. ". the sheer poverty of the costume even gave both ladies an air of some special dignity. " Pulcheria Alexandrovna has been raising two children alone for many years, Rodion and Dunya. Apparently, her husband died many years ago and was probably a minor official or military man. It is known that Pulcheria Alexandrovna, as a widow, receives a pension of 120 rubles:
". add to a hundred and twenty rubles, I know that. It is also known that Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her late husband had another child who died at the age of 6 months:
“Near the grandmother’s grave, on which there was a slab, there was also a small grave of his younger brother, who had died for six months and whom he also did not know at all and could not remember; but he was told that he had a little brother, and every time he visited the cemetery, he religiously and reverently crossed himself over the grave, bowed to her and kissed her. Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova is a kind, gentle, intelligent woman, a loving and caring mother. She developed a warm relationship with the children.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna helps her son-student Rodion with the last of her strength. She sends him the lion's share of her pension and goes into debt for her son. The woman hopes that Rodion, having received the education of a lawyer, will help the family get out of poverty:
". there is such a mother that out of her hundred-five-ruble pension, even though she won’t eat herself, she’ll help out Rodenka. " Since the pension is not enough to live on, Pulcheria Alexandrovna earns money by small work:
“She knits winter scarves there, and embroiders armlets, spoils her old eyes. Why, kerchiefs are only twenty rubles a year. " Before coming to St. Petersburg, Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her daughter Dunya live in the R *** province in a small county town.

Raskolnikov's sister is Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova, or Dunya. She is younger than her brother by about 2-3 years. Dunya is an educated, smart, beautiful girl with a strong character and a big heart.

To support herself and help her mother and brother, Dunya serves as a governess for rich people and gives lessons:
“Expecting that Avdotya Romanovna, in essence, is a beggar. " ". lives by the labors of her hands, that she has both her mother and you (oh, hell, wince again.) ” Dunya and her brother Rodion have a very warm, trusting relationship. Dunya loves her brother very much and is ready to make any sacrifices for his future. That is why Dunya decides to marry the unloved Mr. Luzhin. Dunya hopes that this marriage will allow her to get out of poverty and, most importantly, help her brother Rodion:
". neither I nor Dunya have yet spoken a word to him about our strong hope that he will help us to help you with money while you are at the university; therefore, they didn’t say that, in the first place, this would happen by itself later, and he, probably, without further ado, would himself offer (if only he refused Dunechka something) the sooner that you yourself could become his right hand on the office and receive this help not in the form of a beneficence, but in the form of a salary you deserve. This is how Dounia wants to arrange it. " Raskolnikov himself does not accept this sacrifice of his sister and opposes her marriage to Luzhin. Soon, Dunya herself becomes disillusioned with the scoundrel Luzhin and refuses to marry him. Subsequently, Dunya marries Razumikhin, a friend of Raskolnikov.

This was a description of the Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment": a description of the main character's family.

Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna

1. Compositions
2. Characters of works
3. Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna

("Crime and Punishment")

Mother of Rodion Romanovich and Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikov. “Despite the fact that Pulcheria Alexandrovna was already forty-three years old, her face still retained the remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest, pure heat of the heart until old age. Let's say in brackets that to preserve all this is the only way not to lose one's beauty even in old age. Her hair was already beginning to turn gray and thin, small radiant wrinkles had long since appeared around her eyes, her cheeks were sunken and dried up from care and grief, and yet this face was beautiful. It was a portrait of Dunechkin's face, only twenty years later, and besides the expression of her lower lip, which did not protrude forward. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was sensitive, however, not to the point of cloying, timid and compliant, but to a certain extent: she could give in a lot, she could agree to a lot, even from what contradicted her convictions, but there was always such a trait of honesty, rules and extreme convictions, beyond which no circumstances could force her to cross. »

On the eve of his crime, Rodion Raskolnikov received a detailed letter from his mother with sad news: Dunya, with a scandal, left the place of a governess in the house of Svidrigailov, because of the lascivious harassment of the latter, and was forced to marry a certain Mr. Luzhin, judging by some of the ingenuous reservations of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, a scoundrel and hoarder. This message finally inspired Rodion to accomplish his plan - to kill the old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna in order to prevent the self-sacrifice of sister Dunya. The next day after the murder, Rodion receives from his mother a transfer of 35 rubles (“from the last money”), for some of which Razumikhin manages to buy him more or less decent clothes, and he will give the rest to the Marmeladov family. And soon Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her daughter themselves, at the behest and desire of Luzhin, come to St. Petersburg, and all the last days before the surrender of Rodion are near - both torturing and supporting him.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna did not fully understand the catastrophe of her son, did not understand (and, apparently, she did not want to understand, she was afraid): she fell ill with a nervous illness “like insanity”, it would seem that she believed that Rodya had gone somewhere far away, "abroad". She still managed to bless Dunya for marriage with Razumikhin and soon died "in the heat and delirium." In her deathbed delirium, “words escaped from her, according to which it could be concluded that she was much more suspected of the terrible fate of her son.”

In the name of Raskolnikov's mother, one can see a connection with the heroine of the "Old World Landowners" N.V. Gogol - Pulcheria Ivanovna.

© 2012 - 2018 Online publication “Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Anthology of life and work"
Roskomnadzor certificate of media registration El No. FS77-51838 dated December 7, 2012

All rights to the materials of the site belong to the editorial board and are its property. The rights to other materials that are objects of copyright belong to their authors. When citing information, a hyperlink to the site is required.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" and its history

F. M. Dostoevsky is a great man and writer, whose name is known to absolutely every person from the school bench. One of his most famous novels is Crime and Punishment. Dostoevsky wrote a story about a student who committed a murder, after which he suffered a terrible punishment, but not legally, but morally. Raskolnikov tormented himself, but not only he himself suffered from the perfect. The Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" also suffered from the act of the protagonist.

Meaning of the novel's title

Crime and Punishment is a great novel that has captivated millions of readers and lovers of the classics. It is worth saying that the title contains a deep meaning and content of the work.

It is important that from the very beginning Dostoevsky wanted to give his novel a different name, and he came up with "Crime and Punishment" when the writing of the work was at the completion stage. It must be said that the novel can no longer be imagined with a different title, because it is the current one that reflects the whole essence of the idea of ​​the great classic.

First the crime, then the punishment. Dostoevsky wanted to emphasize that sometimes criminal prosecution is not so terrible for a person as moral punishment. Raskolnikov felt its fullness and realized how terrible it was to “punish” himself.

It is worth saying that not only Rodion felt how hard it is to experience moral punishment. The Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" also felt how much they can suffer from the actions that loved ones and relatives commit.

Rodion Raskolnikov

F. M. Dostoevsky decided to introduce the reader to the main character of his novel from the very first pages. The author described Raskolnikov's appearance: "he was slender, handsome, his height was above average, and his eyes were large and beautiful." The protagonist of the novel grew up in the family of a poor tradesman.

The writer notes that Raskolnikov was always poorly dressed, and any other person would prefer not to go out in such “rags” at all. The protagonist's father has died and his family is in a very difficult situation. Raskolnikov's sister was forced to get a job as a governess in order to save a difficult financial situation, and Rodion had to live on money sent by his mother. However, the funds were still not enough, and the young man began to give private lessons. Such a difficult financial situation forced Rodion to leave his studies at the university.

The history of the Raskolnikov family played a huge role in the life of Rodion. It is worth saying that poverty caused many misfortunes that occurred in the life of the protagonist. However, in spite of everything, Rodion loved his family very much and was ready to give his life for her.

Raskolnikov's mother

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is the mother of Rodion, who loved her son with all her heart. She is a simple Russian woman who was not only a good and kind person, but also an affectionate mother who loved her children. The author shows the reader that Pulcheria looked good, despite her age, as well as ugly and unkempt clothes.

The mother of the protagonist was compliant and could always agree to a lot. However, despite this, she was an honest person and it was this trait that did not allow her to step over herself.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" appeared to the reader as poor, but honest. Its members were ready to do anything for each other.

Rodion's sister

Dunya is Raskolnikov's beloved sister. It is worth saying that a warm trusting relationship has long been established between her and her brother, which can safely be called friendly. Dunya loved Rodion and her mother very much, which is why she decided to marry Luzhin in order to save her family from poverty. She wanted Raskolnikov to continue his studies at the university and also work with her future husband.

However, Rodion dissuaded his sister from marrying Luzhin, because he was a greedy and ignoble gentleman. Soon, Dunya married Razumikhin, Raskolnikov's best friend, who became part of their small family.

The Raskolnikov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is very friendly. Despite all the hardships and obstacles that each of its members encounter on the way, they stay together and try to help each other.

Father of Rodion Raskolnikov

It is worth saying that Dostoevsky decided not to talk much about Rodion's father. It is only known that the head of the family has died. After his death, Pulcheria and her young children were forced to earn a living, and this was not easy for them.

Raskolnikov's connection with the family. Dunya's act

It must be repeated that the Raskolnikov family was very friendly and loving. The characterization of the heroes makes it clear that each of them was ready for everything for each other. The mother loved her children, and they loved her.

The reverent attitude of the Raskolnikovs towards each other can be seen at the very beginning of the novel. When they were left in complete poverty after the death of their father, their mother, Dunya and Rodion himself struggled to get money in order to provide for the family at least a little. The sister of the protagonist made great sacrifices, deciding to marry Luzhin. Dunya wanted to marry him primarily in order to save her family from poverty. This act suggests that Raskolnikov was so close to his mother and sister that they were ready to make great sacrifices.

The poor but friendly Raskolnikov family. Description of Rodion's act

Despite the fact that Rodion was a criminal, Dostoevsky did not deprive him of his loved ones and loved ones. This is confirmed by the Raskolnikov family. The characteristics of the members of this family show the reader that, despite the obstacles and hardships, they still remained the closest and dearest people to each other.

Rodion's connection with his family is confirmed by the situation when Rodion found out about the upcoming marriage of Dunya and Luzhin. Raskolnikov's sister wanted to marry this gentleman for the sake of her family's prosperity, but Rodion expressed his protest and discontent about this. Raskolnikov forbade his beloved sister to marry the greedy and not noble Luzhin, because he did not want to see how his sister would suffer and suffer. This act shows that the family and the honor of each of its members is the main thing.

The role of the family in the life of Rodion

It is worth saying that Dostoevsky paid so much attention to the Raskolnikov and Marmeladov families for a reason. The writer wanted to show what family ties mean in the life of every person. An example in the story is the Raskolnikov family. Description of the actions and characters of each character gives the reader the opportunity to understand what role loved ones play in each other's lives. It must be said that, in part, the Raskolnikov family became involved in the commission of the crime by Rodion, because the mother and Dunya placed all their hopes on the main character. That is why he felt a duty to his family, as well as a great responsibility for the lives of his mother and sister.

The role of the Rodion family in "Crime and Punishment"

Throughout the novel, the reader does not feel hostility, but pity for the protagonist of the work "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov's family was in a difficult position. Dunya, Pulcheria and Rodion constantly had to endure various upheavals and difficult situations.

The fate of the Raskolnikov family is not easy, and therefore makes every reader feel pity and sympathy. Throughout their lives, these people had to fight for themselves and their loved ones, go through difficult trials, but at the same time protect their honor and live fairly. The role of the Raskolnikov family in the novel is to help the author draw the reader's attention to how relationships with loved ones can influence a person's behavior. A good family, in which mutual understanding and love reigns, can give peace and true happiness.

Composition based on the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Part 3

In literary criticism, little attention is paid to the analysis of the image of Raskolnikov's mother Pulcheria Alexandrovna. She experiences their failures as her own and strives to do at least something for them. Dostoevsky admires her selfless love for children. She has already released Rodion into an independent life, but still tries to help him with money, support him with letters. With pain, she looks at the fate of her daughter. Initially perceiving Luzhin as a support for Dunya, she does not want any benefits from him for herself, informing Raskolnikov that after the wedding she will live separately from the newlyweds. At the same time, Pulcheria Alexandrovna constantly punishes Rodion to love her sister and emphasizes how much she loves him. She wants the children to support and help each other all their lives. It is no coincidence that at the sight of the reconciliation of a brother with a sister, her face glows with delight and happiness. In order for the reader to notice and remember this image of the second plan, F.M. Dostoevsky chooses for the heroine a colorful old name - Pulcheria. Pulcheria Alexandrovna supports her son in all endeavors and is sure that everything he does is fine. However, in her heart she feels pain and discord in the soul of Rodion. It is no coincidence that she is baptized before the next meeting with him, and in a conversation with Dunya she evaluates the characters of the children more soberly and frankly than with her son: “You know, Dunya, I looked at both of you, you are a perfect portrait of him, and not so much in face as in soul : both of you are melancholic, both gloomy and quick-tempered, both arrogant and both magnanimous ... It can’t be that he was an egoist, Dunechka? A. And when I think about what we will have tonight, so all the heart is taken away! It is noteworthy that Pulcheria Alexandrovna, at the very first meeting with Sonya, understands that she is the main thing in the life of her son.

Another image important for understanding maternal love in the novel is Katerina Ivanovna. On her example, F.M. Dostoevsky shows that the most complex social problems, hardships and hardships fall primarily on the shoulders of a woman-mother. A well-bred and educated woman, having become a widow, finds herself without a livelihood. She is trying by all means to feed the children. Realizing that the sacrifice that Sonya made for the sake of the family is unrequited, Katerina Ivanovna makes the children sing and dance in the street for the amusement of the public. She exclaims: “Oh, vile, vile. Don't care; now I’ll feed these myself, I won’t bow to anyone! We've tortured her enough! (She pointed to Sonya). One of the most tragic pages of the novel is the scene of Katerina Ivanovna's death from consumption. Before her death, she refuses the priest, realizing that for Sonya this is an extra ruble, that she leaves her three children "from hand to hand." In delirium, she shouts out German songs and words from her favorite romance, recalls her youth, her first love.

Her last words: “They left the nag! I tore it-ah-ah! - they make you remember Raskolnikov's dream, in which he sees a horse being tortured by the owner. Both episodes of the novel emphasize how much love and kindness are lacking in the earthly world and how much malice, meanness and ruthlessness are in it.

Their favorite heroines F.M. Dostoevsky gives beauty. Beautiful and slender Avdotya Romanovna. She has proud sparkling eyes, sometimes unusually kind. Pulcheria Alexandrovna also retained the remnants of her former beauty. She is 43 years old. For a person of the 19th century, this is already a respectable age: “Her face still retained the remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and an honest, pure glow. hearts to old age. By placing a detailed portrait of Pulcheria Alexandrovna, F.M. Dostoevsky immediately reinforces it with a psychological characteristic, noting such character traits as sensitivity, timidity, compliance.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna feels in her heart that Razumikhin is a reliable person. The mother's heart makes the right choice. Pulcheria Alexandrovna understands at first sight with whom her daughter will be happily married. It is no coincidence that Dunya will subsequently choose Razumikhin as her husband.

The images of Sonya and Dunya are set off in the novel by the episodic image of a young drunken woman on the boulevard in a silk dress, casually and clumsily dressed, obviously, by male hands. Raskolnikov sees some dandy following her and wants to save her: he gives the last money so that the policeman will take her home in a cab. Dostoevsky more than once shows Raskolnikov's ability for noble spiritual deeds.

In critical literature, when discussing the causes of Raskolnikov's crime, either the social or the philosophical aspect is enhanced. It is best to consider them together. However, F.M. It is more important for Dostoevsky to show not the causes of Raskolnikov's crime and not the crime itself, but the punishment in all its horror and inevitability. Suffice it to say that the description of the unbearable torment and suffering of the killer is given a central place in the novel. There are many additional circumstances that pushed Raskolnikov to the crime. This, for example, accidentally overheard a conversation in a tavern. During the next visit to the old woman, the hero is interested in who she lives with, notes for himself that everything else on the floor of the apartment is free.

F.M. Dostoevsky in no way justifies Rodion. The writer believes that the end does not justify the means.

Having committed the murder, Raskolnikov seemed to have contracted a dangerous mental illness: he raves, suffers, sees nightmares in a dream. The only deliverance for him is confession and repentance. But both that, and another for the proud person becomes a heavy moral test. Signs of neurasthenia appear in the hero even before the crime. However, after the murder, Raskolnikov generally feels that he is going crazy. He is seized with fear, horror and disgust. Half-dead, he barely gets home and plunges not even into sleep, but into some special difficult mental state: “Scraps and fragments of some thoughts swarmed in his head; but he could not grab a single one, he could not stop at a single one, despite even his efforts. Thus, punishment for the hero becomes punishment through suffering. It is important to understand that the punishment comes even before the announcement of the verdict: it is expressed in those hellish mental anguish, bordering on insanity, that the hero experiences.

In order for the reader to understand that Raskolnikov has a path other than crime to help his sister and mother, F.M. Dostoevsky introduces the image of Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin into the novel. This is Rodion's faithful comrade at the university, who, in spite of everything, continues to support him. This is a cheerful and kind guy to the point of simplicity. “However, under this simplicity both depth and dignity lurked,” emphasizes F.M. Dostoevsky. The friendship of Raskolnikov and Razumikhin is contrasted in the novel with showing the disunity of people in general. Razumikhin and Raskolnikov are contrasted with the help of their speaking surnames (“reason” - “split”) according to the principle of attitude to life in general. Razumikhin treats difficulties easily and simply. Like Raskolnikov, he is very poor, but he knows a lot of ways to earn money, and to do it honestly: for example, he gives lessons.

Crime and punishment mother rodion

LETTER FROM RASKOLNIKOV

“My dear Rodya,” my mother wrote, “for more than two months now I have not talked to you in writing, from which I myself suffered and even did not sleep another night, thinking. But you probably won't blame me for this involuntary silence of mine. You know how much I love you; you are the only one with us, with me and Dunya, you are our everything, all our hope, our hope. What happened to me when I found out that you had already left the university for several months, for want of something to support yourself, and that your lessons and other means had ceased! How could I help you with my hundred and twenty rubles a year of pension? The fifteen rubles that I sent you four months ago, I borrowed, as you know, on account of the same pension, from our local merchant Afanasy Ivanovich Vakhrushin. He is a kind man and was also a friend of your father. But, having given him the right to receive a pension for me, I had to wait until the debt was paid, and this has just now come true, so I could not send you anything all this time. But now, thank God, I think I can send you more, and in general we can now even boast of fortune, about which I hasten to inform you. And, firstly, do you guess, dear Rodya, that your sister has been living with me for a month and a half, and we will no longer be separated in the future. Thank God, her tortures are over, but I will tell you everything in order, so that you find out how it all happened and what we have been hiding from you until now. When you wrote to me, two months ago, that you heard from someone that Dunya suffers a lot from rudeness in the house of the Svidrigailovs, and asked me for precise explanations - what could I then write to you in response? If I had written you the whole truth, then you would probably have left everything and even on foot, but you would have come to us, because I know your character and feelings, and you would not have offended your sister. I myself was in despair, but what could I do? I didn't even know the whole truth at the time. The main difficulty was that Dunechka, having entered their house last year as a governess, had taken a whole hundred rubles in advance on the condition of a monthly deduction from her salary, and, therefore, it was impossible to leave a place without paying off her debt. But this amount (now I can explain everything to you, dear Rodya) she took more in order to send you sixty rubles, which you then so needed and which you received from us last year. We then deceived you, wrote that it was from Dunechka's former money accumulated, but it was not so, and now I am telling you the whole truth, because everything has now changed suddenly, by the will of God, for the better, and so that you know how much he loves you Dunya and what a priceless heart she has. Indeed, Mr. Svidrigailov at first treated her very rudely and made her various impoliteness and ridicule at the table. But I don’t want to go into all these painful details, so as not to worry you needlessly, when it’s all over now. In short, despite the kind and noble treatment of Marfa Petrovna, the wife of Mr. Svidrigailov, and all the household, Dunechka was very hard, especially when Mr. Svidrigailov was, according to his old regimental habit, under the influence of Bacchus. But what happened afterwards? Imagine that this madman had long since developed a passion for Dunya, but he kept it under the guise of rudeness and contempt for her. Perhaps he himself was ashamed and horrified, seeing himself already in years and the father of a family, with such frivolous hopes, and therefore he was involuntarily angry with Dunya. Or perhaps the fact that he only wanted to cover up the whole truth from others with his rudeness of treatment and ridicule. But at last he could not resist and dared to make an obvious and vile offer to Dunya, promising her various rewards and, moreover, to drop everything and go with her to another village or, perhaps, abroad. Can you imagine all her suffering! It was impossible to leave the place now, not only because of a monetary debt, but also to spare Marfa Petrovna, who might suddenly get suspicious, and, consequently, would have to sow discord in the family. Yes, and for Dunechka there would be a big scandal; it wouldn't have worked out that way. There were many different reasons for this, so that Dunya could not expect to escape from this terrible house before six weeks. Of course, you know Dunya, you know how smart she is and with what a strong character. Dunechka can endure a lot and even in the most extreme cases find in herself so much generosity so as not to lose her firmness. She did not even write to me about everything, so as not to upset me, and we often sent messages. The denouement came unexpectedly. Marfa Petrovna overheard her husband imploring Dunechka in the garden, and, misunderstanding everything, blamed her for everything, thinking that she was the cause of everything. A terrible scene happened to them right there in the garden: Marfa Petrovna even hit Dunya, did not want to listen to anything, but she herself screamed for an hour and, finally, ordered Dunya to be immediately taken to me in the city, on a simple peasant cart, into which they threw all of her things, linen, dresses, everything as it happened, untied and unpacked. And then pouring rain arose, and Dunya, insulted and disgraced, had to drive with the peasant for seventeen miles in an uncovered cart. Now think about what I could write to you in a letter in response to yours, which I received two months ago, and what should I write about? I myself was in despair; I didn’t dare to write the truth to you, because you would be very unhappy, upset and indignant, and what could you do? Perhaps even ruin yourself, and Dunechka forbade it; but to fill the letter with trifles and about something, while there was such grief in my soul, I could not. For a whole month, gossip about this story circulated throughout the city, and it got to the point that we couldn’t even go to church with Dunya from contemptuous glances and whispers, and there were even conversations aloud with us. All the acquaintances moved away from us, everyone stopped even bowing, and I probably learned that the merchant clerks and some clerks wanted to inflict a low insult on us by smearing the gates of our house with tar, so that the owners began to demand that we move out of the apartment. The reason for all this was Marfa Petrovna, who managed to blame and pollute Dunya in all the houses. She knows everyone with us and this month she came to town every minute, and since she is a little talkative and likes to talk about her family affairs and, especially, complain about her husband to everyone and everyone, which is very bad, she spread the whole story, in a short time, not only in the city, but also in the county. I fell ill, but Dunechka was stronger than me, and if only you could see how she endured everything and consoled and encouraged me! She is an angel! But, by the mercy of God, our torments were reduced: Mr. Svidrigailov changed his mind and repented and, probably taking pity on Dunya, presented Marfa Petrovna full and obvious evidence of all Dunechka’s innocence, namely: a letter that Dunya even before Marfa Petrovna found them in the garden, was forced to write and hand it over to him in order to reject personal explanations and secret meetings, on which he insisted, and which, after Dunechka's departure, remained in the hands of Mr. Svidrigailov. In this letter, in the most ardent manner and with complete indignation, she reproached him precisely for the ignoble behavior of his behavior towards Marfa Petrovna, made it appear to him that he was a father and a family man, and that, finally, how vile of him to torment and make unhappy already unfortunate and defenseless girl. In a word, dear Rodya, this letter is written so nobly and touchingly that I sobbed reading it, and still cannot read it without tears. In addition, in justification of Dunya, finally, there were testimonies of servants who saw and knew much more than Mr. Svidrigailov himself assumed, as is always the case. Marfa Petrovna was completely amazed and “killed again,” as she herself admitted to us, but on the other hand, she was fully convinced of Dunechkina’s innocence and the very next day, Sunday, arriving right at the cathedral, on her knees and with tears, she begged the mistress to give her the strength to endure this. a new test and fulfill your duty. Then, straight from the cathedral, without visiting anyone, she came to us, told us everything, wept bitterly and, in complete repentance, hugged and begged Dunya to forgive her. That same morning, without any hesitation, right from us, she went to all the houses in the city and everywhere, in the most flattering expressions for Dounia, shedding tears, restored her innocence and the nobility of her feelings and behavior. Moreover, she showed everyone and read aloud Dunechkino's own handwritten letter to Mr. Svidrigailov, and even allowed copies to be made of it (which, it seems to me, is already superfluous). In this way, she had to go around everyone in the city for several days in a row, as some began to take offense that others were given preference, and thus queues were formed, so that in every house they were already waiting in advance and everyone knew that on such and such a day Marfa Petrovna this letter will be read there, and for each reading, again, even those who had already listened to the letter several times both at home and with other acquaintances, in turn, gathered. My opinion is that much, very much, was superfluous here; but Marfa Petrovna is already of such a nature. At least she completely restored Dounia's honor, and all the vileness of this affair fell on her husband as the main culprit, so that I even feel sorry for him; You've been too strict with this madman. Dunya immediately began to be invited to give lessons in some houses, but she refused. In general, everyone suddenly began to treat her with special respect. All this contributed mainly to that unexpected event, through which now, one might say, our whole fate is changing. Find out, dear Rodya, that a fiancé has been wooed to Dunya and that she has already given her consent, about which I hasten to notify you as soon as possible. And although this matter was done without your advice, you probably will not have a claim either on me or on your sister, as you will see for yourself, from the case, that it would be impossible for us to wait and postpone until we receive your answer. And you yourself could not discuss everything exactly in absentia. It happened so. He is already a court adviser, Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, and a distant relative of Marfa Petrovna, who contributed a lot to this. He began by saying that through her he expressed a desire to get to know us, was properly received, drank coffee, and the next day sent a letter in which he very politely explained his proposal and asked for a quick and decisive answer. He is a businesslike and busy man, and now he is in a hurry to Petersburg, so he cherishes every minute. Of course, at first we were very surprised, because all this happened too soon and unexpectedly. We thought and thought together all that day. He is a trustworthy and wealthy person, serves in two places and already has his own capital. True, he is already forty-five years old, but he is rather pleasant-looking and women can still like him, and in general he is a very respectable and decent person, only a little gloomy and, as it were, arrogant. But this may be just the way it seems at first glance. Yes, and I warn you, dear Rodya, when you see him in Petersburg, which will happen very soon, then do not judge too quickly and ardently, as is characteristic of you, if at first glance something in him does not seem to you. I say this in case, although I am sure that he will make a pleasant impression on you. And besides, in order to recognize any person, one must treat him gradually and carefully so as not to fall into error and prejudice, which are very difficult to correct and make amends after. And Pyotr Petrovich, at least in many respects, is a very respectable person. On his first visit, he announced to us that he was a positive person, but in many respects he shared, as he himself put it, "the convictions of our newest generations" and an enemy of all prejudices. He also said a lot, because he is somewhat vain and loves to be listened to, but this is almost no vice. Of course, I did not understand much, but Dunya explained to me that he was a man of little education, but smart and, it seems, kind. You know the character of your sister, Rodya. She is a firm, prudent, patient and generous girl, although with a fiery heart, which I have learned well in her. Of course, there is no special love either from her or from his side, but Dunya, besides the fact that the girl is smart, is at the same time a noble being, like an angel, and for her duty she will set herself to make her husband happy, who in turn would become take care of her happiness, and in the latter we do not have, for the time being, great reasons to doubt, although, to be honest, the matter has been quickly done. Moreover, he is a very prudent man and, of course, he will see for himself that his own marital happiness will be all the more certain, the happier Dunechka is after him. And that there were some irregularities in character, some old habits, and even some disagreement in thoughts (which cannot be avoided even in the happiest marriages), Dunechka herself told me about this that she was relying on herself; that there is nothing to worry about and that she can endure a lot, provided that further relations are honest and fair. He, for example, seemed to me at first as if sharp; but this can happen precisely because he is a straightforward person, and certainly so. For example, during the second visit, having already received consent, in a conversation he expressed that even before, not knowing Dunya, he had decided to take an honest girl, but without a dowry, and certainly one who had already experienced a distress; because, as he explained, a husband should not owe anything to his wife, but it is much better if the wife considers her husband to be her benefactor. I add that he expressed himself a little softer and more affectionately than I wrote, because I forgot the real expression, but I remember only one thought, and, moreover, he said this by no means intentionally, but, obviously, saying it, in the heat of conversation, so that he even tried later to recover and soften; but it still seemed to me a little, as it were, abruptly, and I reported this to Dunya. But Dunya, even with annoyance, answered me that "words are not yet deeds," and this, of course, is fair. Before making up her mind, Dunechka did not sleep all night and, believing that I was already asleep, she got out of bed and walked up and down the room all night; at last she knelt down and prayed long and fervently before the icon, and in the morning she announced to me that she had made up her mind.

I have already mentioned that Pyotr Petrovich is now setting off for Petersburg. He has big business there, and he wants to open a public law office in St. Petersburg. He has long been involved in various suits and lawsuits, and the other day he just won one significant lawsuit. Petersburg, and therefore it is necessary for him, because there he has one significant case in the Senate. Thus, dear Rodya, he can be very useful to you, even in everything, and Dunya and I have already assumed that you, even from this very day, could definitely begin your future career and consider your fate already clearly defined. Oh, if only this could come true! This would be such an advantage that we must consider it only as a direct mercy of the Almighty to us. Dunya only dreams about it. We have already ventured to say a few words on this subject to Pyotr Petrovich. He expressed himself cautiously and said that, of course, since he could not do without a secretary, then, of course, it is better to pay a salary to a relative than to a stranger, if only he turns out to be capable of the position (I wish you weren’t able to!), but immediately expressed doubt that your university studies would not leave you time for studies in his office. This time it was the end of the matter, but Dunya now thinks of nothing but this. She has now, for several days now, simply been in some kind of heat and has drawn up a whole project that later you can be a comrade and even a companion of Pyotr Petrovich in his difficult studies, especially since you yourself are at the Faculty of Law. I, Rodya, fully agree with her and share all her plans and hopes, seeing them as a complete possibility; and, despite Pyotr Petrovich's present, highly explicable evasiveness (because he doesn't know you yet), Dunya is firmly convinced that she will achieve everything by her good influence on her future husband, and of this she is sure. Of course, we were careful not to let Pyotr Petrovich talk about any of these future dreams of ours and, most importantly, about the fact that you would be his companion. He is a positive person and, perhaps, would have taken it very coldly, since all this would have seemed to him only dreams. In the same way, neither I nor Dunya have yet spoken a word to him about our strong hope that he will help us to contribute to you with money while you are at the university; therefore, they didn’t say that, in the first place, this would happen by itself later, and he, probably, without further ado, would himself offer (if only he refused Dunechka something) the sooner that you yourself could become his right hand on the office and receive this help not in the form of a beneficence, but in the form of a salary you deserve. This is how Dounia wants to arrange it, and I fully agree with her. Secondly, because they didn’t say that I especially wanted to put you with him, at our upcoming present meeting, on an even footing. When Dunya spoke to him about you with delight, he answered that every person must first be examined by himself and closer in order to judge him, and that he himself imagines, having met you, to form his own opinion about you. You know what, my priceless Rodya, it seems to me, for some reasons (however, not at all related to Pyotr Petrovich, but for some of my own, personal, even, perhaps, an old woman’s, woman’s whims), it seems to me that I maybe I’ll do better if I live after their marriage especially, as I live now, and not with them. I am quite sure that he will be so noble and delicate that he himself will invite me and offer me not to be separated from my daughter any more, and if I have not yet spoken, then, of course, because it is supposed to be so even without words; but I refuse. I have noticed more than once in my life that mothers-in-law are not very fond of husbands, and not only do I not want to be even the slightest burden on anyone, but I myself want to be completely free, as long as I have at least some kind of a piece and such children as you and Dunechka. If possible, I’ll settle near you both, because, Rodya, I’ve saved the most pleasant thing for the end of the letter: find out, my dear friend, that perhaps very soon we will all come together again and embrace all three after almost three years separation! It has probably already been decided that Dunya and I are leaving for Petersburg, I don’t know exactly when, but in any case, very, very soon, even, perhaps, in a week. Everything depends on the orders of Pyotr Petrovich, who, as soon as he looks around in Petersburg, will immediately let us know. He wants, according to some calculations, how to hasten the marriage ceremony and even, if possible, to get married to the current meat-eater, and if he fails, due to the short time, then immediately after the ladies. Oh, with what happiness I will press you to my heart! Dunya was all excited with the joy of seeing you, and she said once, in jest, that from this alone she would marry Pyotr Petrovich. She is an angel! She now ascribes nothing to you, but only ordered me to write that she has so much to talk with you, so much that now she can’t even raise her hand to take up a pen, because in a few lines you won’t write anything, you’ll only upset yourself. ; told me to hug you tighter and send you countless kisses. But, in spite of the fact that we may very soon meet personally, I will still send you money in the next few days, as much as I can. Now, as everyone has learned that Dunechka is marrying Pyotr Petrovich, and my credit has suddenly increased, and I probably know that Afanasy Ivanovich will believe me now, on account of the pension, even up to seventy-five rubles, so I may give you rubles I'll send twenty-five or even thirty. I would send more, but I'm afraid for our travel expenses; and although Pyotr Petrovich was so kind that he took on part of the costs of our journey to the capital, namely, he himself volunteered, at his own expense, to deliver our luggage and a large chest (somehow he had it there through acquaintances), but all- Still, we must also count on coming to Petersburg, where it is impossible to appear without a penny, even for the first days. However, we had already calculated everything with Dunechka to the point, and it turned out that the road would take a little. We are only ninety versts from the railroad, and, just in case, we have already agreed with a cab driver we know; and there Dunechka and I will have a safe ride in the third class. So maybe I'll contrive to send you not twenty-five, but probably thirty rubles. But enough; I wrote two sheets around, and there is no more space left; our whole history; Well, yes, and how many incidents have accumulated! And now, my priceless Rodya, I embrace you until our close date and bless you with my maternal blessing. Love Dunya, your sister, Rodya; love the way she loves you, and know that she loves you infinitely, more than herself. She is an angel, and you, Rodya, you are everything to us - all our hope and all our hope. If only you were happy, and we will be happy. Do you still pray to God, Rodya, and do you believe in the goodness of our creator and redeemer? I fear in my heart that the latest fashionable unbelief has visited you? If so, then I pray for you. Remember, dear, how even in your childhood, during the life of your father, you babbled your prayers on my knees and how happy we were all then! Farewell, or better, goodbye! I hug you tightly and kiss you countless.

Part three

Waking up, Raskolnikov took his mother and sister by the hands and for several minutes carefully peered into their faces.

The mother was frightened by his gaze. In this look, a feeling was strong to the point of suffering, but at the same time there was something motionless, even as if insane. Pulcheria Alexandrovna began to cry. Avdotya Romanovna was pale; her hand trembled in her brother's.

Mother told Rodion that she and Dunya had arrived that evening, said that she herself was going to look after him, and heartily thanked Razumikhin for his help and participation. Raskolnikov asked in an irritable tone to leave him alone, but then stopped her and began to ask about Luzhin. After listening to his mother and sister, he announced that he had expelled Luzhin the other day, and demanded that Dunya give up her intention to marry him.

Brother, think what you are saying! - Avdotya Romanovna began hot-tempered, but immediately restrained herself. “Perhaps you are not able now, you are tired,” she said meekly.

- Delirious? No. You are marrying Luzhin for me. I don't accept sacrifices. And therefore, by tomorrow, write a letter. with refusal. Let me read it in the morning, and that's it!

- I can't do it! – the offended girl cried out. - By what right?

- Dunechka, you are also quick-tempered, stop it, tomorrow. Do not you see. - the mother was frightened, rushing to Dunya. “Ah, let’s go.”

- Let me be a scoundrel, but you should not. one somebody. and although I am a scoundrel, I will not consider such a sister a sister. Either I, or Luzhin! Go.

- Yes, you're crazy! Despot! roared Razumikhin, but Raskolnikov no longer answered, and perhaps he was not in the strength to answer. He lay down on the sofa and turned to the wall in complete exhaustion. Avdotya Romanovna looked curiously at Razumikhin; her black eyes flashed: Razumikhin even shuddered under that look. Pulcheria Alexandrovna stood as if struck.

Razumikhin tried to reassure his comrade's mother and sister, explaining everything by his ill health, urging them to leave, promising that he himself would look after the sick man and inform them of his condition.

Saying this, they stood on the stairs, on the landing, in front of the mistress's door. Razumikhin was in unusual agitation. His state even resembled some sort of ecstasy, and at the same time it was as if all the wine he had drunk again, at once and with redoubled force, rushed to his head. He stood with both ladies, grabbing both of them by the hands, coaxing them and. almost at his every word, tightly, tightly, as in a vise, he squeezed both of their hands to the point of pain and, it seemed, devoured Avdotya Romanovna with his eyes, not in the least embarrassed by this. Pulcheria Alexandrovna, all alarmed at the thought of her Family, although she felt that the young man was very eccentric and was shaking her hand too painfully, but since at the same time he was providence for her, she did not want to notice all these eccentric details. . But, in spite of the same anxiety, although Avdotya Romanovna was not of a shy nature, she met with amazement and almost even fear the glances of her brother's friend, sparkling with wild fire, and only the boundless power of attorney inspired by Nastasya's stories about this strange man kept her from attempts to run away from him and drag his mother with him. She also understood that, perhaps, it was impossible for them to run away from him now. However, after about ten minutes, she calmed down considerably.

Finally, Razumikhin managed to convince Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna, and they went to the hotel. Razumikhin, grabbing them both by the arms, went along with them.

- And as soon as I take you, in a moment, right here in the ditch, I will pour two tubs of water on my head, and I'm ready. If you only knew how much I love you both. Don't laugh or get angry. Be angry with everyone, but don't be angry with me! I am his friend, and therefore your friend too. I so want.

Razumikhin was completely delighted with Dunya and on the way he tried to tell her about his feelings.

Give me your hand, give me. you, too, give yours, I want to kiss your hands here, now, on my knees!

And he knelt in the middle of the pavement, fortunately deserted this time.

Stop, please, what are you doing? cried Pulcheria Alexandrovna, alarmed to the extreme.

- Get up, get up! - Dunya laughed and worried too.

“No way, before you give your hands!” That's it, and that's enough, and got up, and let's go! I am an unfortunate fool, I am unworthy of you, and drunk, and ashamed. I am not worthy to love you, but to bow before you is the duty of everyone, unless he is a perfect beast! I bowed. Here are your numbers, and Rodion is right on that alone, that just now he kicked out your Pyotr Petrovich! How dare he put you in such numbers? This is a scandal! Do you know who is allowed in here? But you are the bride! Are you a bride? Well, I'll tell you that your fiancé is a scoundrel after this!

“Listen, Mr. Razumikhin, you have forgotten yourself. Pulcheria Alexandrovna began.

- Yes, yes, you are right, I forgot, I'm ashamed! - Razumikhin thought, - but. but. you can't be angry with me for saying that! Because I sincerely say, and not because. um! that would be mean. And we all just realized, as he entered, that this man is not of our society. Not because he came in curled at the hairdresser, not because he was in a hurry to show his mind, but because he is a spy and a speculator; because he is a Jew and a buffoon, and it shows. Do you think he is smart? No, he's a fool, a fool! Well, is he a match for you? Oh my goodness.

Exactly twenty minutes after Razumikhin had left, there were two soft but hasty knocks on the door; he returned.

- I won't go in, no time! he hurried when the door was opened. He has Nastasya; told me not to come out. Now I'll bring Zosimov, he will report to you, and then you to the side; exhausted, I see, utterly.

And he started down the corridor from them.

- What a quick and. devoted young man! exclaimed Pulcheria Alexandrovna, extremely delighted.

Seems like a nice person! Avdotya Romanovna replied with some warmth.

After some time, Razumikhin returned and, as promised, brought Zosimov with him.

Zosimov immediately agreed to leave the feast and go and see Raskolnikov, but he went to the ladies reluctantly and with great distrust, not trusting the drunken Razumikhin. But his vanity was immediately reassured and even flattered: he realized that they really were waiting for him, like an oracle. He sat for exactly ten minutes and managed to convince and reassure Pulcheria Alexandrovna.

Noticing even at the entrance how dazzlingly beautiful Avdotya Romanovna was, he immediately tried not to notice her at all, during the entire visit, and addressed himself solely to Pulcheria Alexandrovna.

Zosimov said that Raskolnikov's condition at the moment did not cause concern; that his illness "has some moral causes" and is caused mainly by anxieties and worries; that in the patient "some kind of motionless thought" is noticeable, a sign of monomania. The arrival of relatives, in his opinion, should have strengthened the patient's condition and had a beneficial effect on him. Having told all this, Zosimov, pleased with himself and the impression he had made, left. Razumikhin, leaving with him, promised to come to them tomorrow morning "with a report."

- However, what a delightful girl this Avdotya Romanovna is! Zosimov remarked, almost licking his lips, when both went out into the street.

- Delightful? You said amazing! roared Razumikhin and suddenly rushed at Zosimov and grabbed him by the throat. “If you ever dare. Understand? Understand? he shouted, shaking him by the collar and pressing him against the wall, “did you hear?

"Let go, you drunken devil!" Zosimov fought back, and then, when he had already released him, he looked at him intently and suddenly rolled with laughter.

Waking up the next day in the morning, Razumikhin felt a sense of shame for his yesterday's behavior.

His most terrible recollection was how he had turned out to be “low and vile” yesterday, not only because he was drunk, but because he scolded in front of the girl, taking advantage of her position, out of foolishly hasty jealousy, her fiancé, not knowing only their mutual relations and obligations, but even without knowing a person decently. And what right did he have to judge him so hastily and recklessly? And who called him to judge! And how can such a creature as Avdotya Romanovna give herself to an unworthy person for money? So, there are merit in it. And what's the excuse that he was drunk? Stupid excuse, even more humiliating him! There is truth in wine, and the whole truth has come out, “that is, all the dirt of his envious, rude heart has come out!” And is such a dream allowed to him, Razumikhin? Who is he compared to such a girl - he, a drunken brawler and yesterday's braggart?

Having thoroughly washed and dressed, he went to the hotel where Raskolnikov's mother and sister were staying. Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna got up early and waited impatiently for him. Razumikhin greeted them gloomily, feeling awkward, and began answering Pulcheria Alexandrovna's questions, which "fell like hail." During the conversation, Razumikhin often stopped looking at Dunya. The main subject of conversation was, of course, Raskolnikov's illness.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna told Razumikhin that Luzhin did not meet her and Dunya at the station, as he had promised, but sent a footman who took them to the hotel. He himself was supposed to come this morning, but instead he sent a note saying that Rodion Romanovich had grossly offended him, and therefore he did not want to see him when he came to them in the evening. In the note, Luzhin also reported that he had seen Rodion “in the apartment of one, beaten by horses, drunkard, from this deceased, whose daughter, a girl of notorious behavior, gave up to twenty-five rubles yesterday, under the pretext of a funeral. Dunya believed that Rodion must come. Pulcheria Alexandrovna, not knowing how best to proceed, with tears in her eyes asked Razumikhin for advice. He told her that he agreed with Dunya.

“It’s best, mother, let’s go to him yourself and there, I assure you, we will immediately see what to do.” And besides, it's time, - Lord! Eleventh hour! she cried.

- Dunechka, it's time! Pulcheria Alexandrovna fussed anxiously. Oh my god!

Saying this, she fussily threw on her mantilla and put on her hat; Dounia was also dressed. Her gloves were not only worn, but even torn, as Razumikhin noticed, and yet this obvious poverty of the costume even gave both ladies an air of some special dignity, which always happens with those who know how to wear a poor dress.

Raskolnikov was sitting in the corner opposite, fully dressed and even carefully washed and combed, which had not happened to him for a long time. he was almost healthy, especially in comparison with yesterday, only he was very pale, absent-minded and gloomy. He spoke little and reluctantly, as if through force or fulfilling a duty, and some kind of restlessness occasionally appeared in his movements. However, this pale and gloomy face also lit up for a moment as if with light, when the mother and sister entered.

Zosimov, who observed and studied his patient with all the youthful ardor of a doctor just beginning to treat, was surprised to notice in him, with the arrival of his relatives, instead of joy, a kind of heavy hidden determination to endure an hour or two of torture, which cannot be avoided.

“Yes, now I myself see that I am almost healthy,” said Raskolnikov, kissing his mother and sister affably.

“What else did I want,” he continued, recalling with an effort. - I just woke up and wanted to go, but my dress delayed me; forgot to tell her yesterday. Nastasya. wash away that blood. Just got dressed now.

- Blood! what kind of blood? Pulcheria Alexandrovna was alarmed.

- This is true. do not worry. This is blood because yesterday, when I was staggering a little delirious, I stumbled upon a crushed man. one official. Yes. Well, he got dirty with blood when he helped carry him to the apartment. By the way, mother, I did one unforgivable thing yesterday; was truly out of his mind. Yesterday I gave all the money you sent me. his wife. to the funeral. Now a widow, consumptive, pathetic woman. three little orphans, hungry. the house is empty. and has another daughter. Maybe you would have given it yourself if you had seen it. However, I had no right, I confess, especially knowing how you yourself got this money. To help, you must first have the right to have such. I only wanted to say that with you, mother, I ask for forgiveness, ”he concluded sharply and curtly.

- That's it, Rodya, I'm sure everything you do is perfect! said the overjoyed mother.

"Don't be sure," he replied, twisting his mouth into a smile. Silence followed. There was something tense in this whole conversation, and in silence, and in reconciliation, and in forgiveness, and everyone felt it.

“But they are definitely afraid of me,” Raskolnikov thought to himself, looking at his mother and sister from under his brows. Pulcheria Alexandrovna, indeed, the more she kept silent, the more shy she became.

“You know, Rodya, Marfa Petrovna is dead! Pulcheria Alexandrovna suddenly jumped out. I have written to you about her so much.

- Ah, yes, I remember. So she died? Ah, really? He suddenly started up, as if waking up. - Has she died? From what?

– Imagine, suddenly! Pulcheria Alexandrovna hurried on, encouraged by his curiosity, “and just at the very time I sent you the letter then, even on that very day! Imagine, this terrible man, it seems, was the cause of her death. They say he beat her terribly!

Did they live like this? he asked, turning to his sister.

- No, on the contrary. With her, he was always very patient, even polite. In many cases, he was even too indulgent to her character, for seven whole years. I suddenly lost my patience.

- This is a terrible person! I can’t imagine anything worse, ”Dunya answered almost with a shudder, knitting her brows and thinking.

“Remember, mother, I was in love and wanted to get married,” Raskolnikov suddenly said, looking at his mother, amazed at the unexpected turn and tone with which he spoke about this. She was such a sick girl,” he continued, as if again suddenly thinking and looking down, “quite ill; she loved to give to the poor, and dreamed of a monastery all the time, and once burst into tears when she began to tell me about it; Yes Yes. remember. I remember very well. Such a fool. yourself. Really, I don’t know why I became attached to her then, it seems because she is always sick. If she were still lame or hunchbacked, I think I would love her even more. (He smiled thoughtfully.)

He looked at them attentively.

“What a bad apartment you have, Rodya, like a coffin,” Pulcheria Alexandrovna suddenly said, breaking the painful silence, “I am sure that you have become such a melancholic half of the apartment.

- Flat. he answered absently. - Yes, the apartment helped a lot. I also thought about it. There was, however, one urgent matter, which one way or another, but it was imperative to decide today, - so he decided just now, when he woke up. Now he was delighted with the deed as a way out.

“Look here, Dunya,” he began seriously and dryly, “of course, I ask you for forgiveness for yesterday, but I consider it my duty to remind you again that I will not deviate from my main thing. Either I, or Luzhin. Let me be a scoundrel, but you shouldn't. One somebody. If you marry Luzhin, I immediately stop considering you a sister.

“Brother,” Dunya answered firmly and also dryly, “there is a mistake on your part in all this. I thought about it overnight and found the error. The thing is that you seem to assume that I am sacrificing myself to someone and for someone. It's not like that at all.

Dunya answered Raskolnikov that she would not marry Luzhin if he was not worthy of respect, and whether he deserves it or not will be clear tonight. She showed her brother the groom's letter and asked him to be present at their meeting.

At that moment the door quietly opened, and a girl entered the room, looking around timidly. Everyone turned to her with surprise and curiosity. Raskolnikov did not recognize her at first sight. It was Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova. Yesterday he saw her for the first time, but at such a moment, in such a situation and in such a costume, that the image of a completely different person was reflected in his memory. Now she was a modestly and even poorly dressed girl, still very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but, as it were, somewhat frightened face. She was wearing a very simple house dress, on her head was an old hat of the same style; only in the hands was, in yesterday's way, an umbrella. Seeing an unexpectedly full room of people, she was not only embarrassed, but completely lost, shy, like a small child, and even made a movement to go back.

- Ah. it is you. Raskolnikov said in extreme surprise, and suddenly he himself was embarrassed.

“I didn’t expect you at all,” he hurried, stopping her with a look. Do me a favor, sit down.

Sonya sat up, almost trembling with fear, and glanced timidly at the two ladies. Suddenly she got up again and, in complete embarrassment, turned to Raskolnikov.

Sonya, stammering, invited Raskolnikov to the funeral and commemoration, and he promised her to come. He then asked her to sit down again and introduced her to her mother and sister.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna glanced at Sonya and screwed up her eyes slightly. Dounia stared earnestly, intently straight into the poor girl's face, and examined her in bewilderment.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna and Dunya spoke to Sonya about the wake.

Between conversations, Raskolnikov looked at her intently. It was a thin, very thin and pale face, rather irregular, somewhat pointed, with a pointed little nose and chin. She could not even be called pretty, but her blue eyes were so clear, and when they were animated, her expression became so kind and simple-hearted that it involuntarily attracted her. In her face, and indeed in her whole figure, there was, moreover, one special characteristic feature: in spite of her eighteen years, she seemed almost still a girl, much younger than her years, almost a child, and this was sometimes even comically manifested in some of her movements. .

Pulcheria Alexandrovna wanted to bow to Sonechka too, but somehow she failed, and in a hurry she left the room.

But Avdotya Romanovna seemed to be waiting in line and, following her mother past Sonya, bowed to her attentively, politely and completely. Sonechka became embarrassed, bowed somehow hurriedly and frightened, some even painful sensation was reflected in her face, as if Avdotya Romanovna's courtesy and attention were painful and painful for her.

Leaving, Dunya and Pulcheria Alexandrovna invited Razumikhin to their place for dinner. When his mother and sister left, Raskolnikov told Razumikhin that the murdered old woman had both his mortgage - a watch inherited from his father, and a ring - a gift from Dunya.

"So what do I do now?" I don't want things to be lost, especially the watch. I was trembling just now that my mother would ask me to look at them, when they started talking about Dunechka's clock. The only thing that survived after the father. She will become sick if they disappear! Women! So here's how to be, teach! I know that it would be necessary to declare in part. Wouldn't it be better for Porfiry himself, eh? How do you think? Something to get done as soon as possible.

- Not at all in the unit and certainly to Porfiry! Razumikhin shouted in some unusual excitement. - Well, I'm glad! Why is it here, let's go now, two steps, we'll probably catch it!

When they left the house, Raskolnikov asked Sonya Marmeladova for her address. Blushing, the girl said where she lived.

She was terribly glad to be gone at last; went looking down, in a hurry, so as to somehow get out of their sight as quickly as possible, so as to somehow quickly walk these twenty steps to the turn to the right into the street and finally be left alone, and there, walking, in a hurry, without looking at anyone, without anything noticing, thinking, remembering, thinking about every word spoken, every circumstance. Never, never had she felt anything like it. A whole new world unknown and vaguely descended into her soul. She suddenly remembered that Raskolnikov himself wanted to visit her today, maybe even in the morning, maybe now! “Not today, please, not today!” she muttered with a sinking heart, as if begging someone, like a frightened child. - God! To me. to this room. he will see. Oh my God!

Thinking in this way, she did not notice that a well-dressed gentleman was watching her. He imperceptibly accompanied Sonya to the very door of her room and spoke to her.

- You are standing at Kapernaumov! he said, looking at Sonya and laughing. - He altered my vest yesterday. And I am here, next to you, with Madame Resslich, Gertrude Karlovna. How it had to be!

Sonya looked at him carefully.

"Neighbors," he went on, in a particularly cheerful way. “It's only been my third day in the city. Well, goodbye for now.

Sonya did not answer; The door was opened and she slipped in. She felt ashamed for some reason, and as if she had become timid.

On the way to Porfiry, Razumikhin was in a particularly excited state.

“That, brother, is glorious,” he repeated several times, “and I am glad! I am pleased to.

Razumikhin was more than delighted, and Raskolnikov felt this with disgust.

“The most important thing, whether Porfiry knows or doesn’t know, was that I was at this witch’s apartment yesterday. Did you ask about blood? In an instant you need to know it, from the first step, as I enter, you can recognize it by the face; otherwise. even if I’m lost, I’ll find out! ”

And Raskolnikov decided to go for a trick. He started a playful conversation with Razumikhin, hinting at his attitude towards Dunya, and thus embarrassed his friend. Rodion laughed out loud, and at that moment the friends entered the rooms.

He entered with an air as if he was holding back with all his strength so as not to break out with laughter. Behind him, with a completely upturned and ferocious physiognomy, red as a peony, lanky and awkwardly, the ashamed Razumikhin entered. But as soon as he managed to take on a serious air and mutter something, suddenly, as if involuntarily, he looked again at Razumikhin and could no longer stand it: suppressed laughter broke out the more uncontrollably, the stronger he had hitherto been restrained. The extraordinary ferocity with which Razumikhin received this "heartfelt" laughter gave the whole scene an air of the most sincere gaiety and, most importantly, naturalness. Razumikhin, as if on purpose, helped the cause.

- Fu, damn it! he roared, waving his hand, and just hit it on a small round table on which stood a finished glass of tea. Everything flew and rang.

- But why break the chairs, gentlemen, the treasury is a loss! shouted Porfiry Petrovich cheerfully.

The scene was presented in this way: Raskolnikov laughed, forgetting his hand in the hand of the owner, but, knowing the measure, waited for a moment to finish faster and more naturally. Razumikhin, completely embarrassed by the fall of the table and the broken glass, looked gloomily at the fragments, spat and turned sharply towards the window, where he stood with his back to the audience, with a terribly frowning face.

Zametov was sitting on a chair in the corner, rising at the entrance of the guests and standing in anticipation, parting his mouth in a smile, but looking at the whole stage with bewilderment and even as if with incredulity, and even at Raskolnikov with some kind of confusion. The unexpected presence of Zametov unpleasantly struck Raskolnikov.

The conversation turned to pledged things.

Porfiry Petrovich was dressed at home, in a dressing gown, very clean linen, and worn-out shoes. He was a man of about thirty-five, below average height, full and even belly-shaven, without a mustache and without sideburns, with close-cropped hair on a large round head.

Porfiry Petrovich, as soon as he heard that the guest had a “business” before him, immediately asked him to sit on the sofa, and sat down himself at the other end. Raskolnikov, in short and coherent words, clearly and accurately explained his business and was so pleased with himself that he even managed to examine Porfiry quite well. Porfiry Petrovich also never once took his eyes off him the whole time.

“You should file an announcement with the police,” Porfiry replied with the most businesslike air, “that, having been informed of such and such an incident, that is, about this murder, you ask, in turn, to notify the investigator who is entrusted with the case.” that such and such things belong to you and that you wish to redeem them. or there. yes, they will write to you.

Porfiry paused, as if considering.

“Your things could not have been lost in any case,” he continued calmly and coldly. “I have been waiting for you here for a long time. Raskolnikov shuddered, but Porfiry did not seem to be looking, still preoccupied with Razumikhin's cigarette.

Raskolnikov became more and more confident every minute that Porfiry knew everything, and this made him more and more irritable.

Anger boiled up in him, and he could not suppress it. “And in anger, I’ll let it out! flashed through him again. Why are they torturing me? »

Thoughts swirled like a whirlwind in Raskolnikov's head. He was terribly annoyed.

“The main thing is that they don’t even hide, and they don’t want to stand on ceremony! And on what occasion, since you don’t know me at all, did you talk about me with Nikodim Fomich? So, they don’t want to hide that they are watching me like a pack of dogs! So frankly in the face and spit! he trembled with rage. - Well, hit straight, and do not play like a cat with a mouse. »

Those present started talking about the crime as such. Razumikhin expressed his point of view on this issue and asked Rodion to tell what he thought about this. Razumikhin spoke out against the socialists, who explain the crime solely by social causes - supposedly it is worth inventing a normal society, as crime will disappear. In the midst of the dispute, Porfiry Petrovich remembered Raskolnikov's article "On Crime", published in the newspaper two months ago. Raskolnikov wrote this article six months ago and did not know that it had been published.

The article was devoted to the psychological state of the offender in the process of crime. According to Porfiry Petrovich, Raskolnikov hinted in the article that there are people who have every right to commit a crime, and the law is not written for them.

Raskolnikov chuckled at the intensified and deliberate distortion of his idea. He immediately understood what was the matter and what they wanted to push him into. He decided to accept the challenge.

“It’s not exactly like that with me,” he began simply and modestly. - However, I confess that you almost correctly stated it, even, if you want, and quite correctly. (It was certainly pleasant for him to agree, which is absolutely true.) The only difference is that I do not at all insist that extraordinary people must and must always commit all sorts of atrocities, as you say. I simply hinted that the "extraordinary" person has the right. that is, not an official right, but he himself has the right to allow his conscience to step over. through other obstacles, and only if the fulfillment of his idea (sometimes saving, perhaps for all mankind) requires it.

According to Raskolnikov, all extraordinary people who are able to say something new must certainly be, by their nature, to some extent criminals. He believed that everyone is divided into two categories: the lowest (ordinary), which is the material for the reproduction of their own kind, and real people, that is, those who are able to say a new word. If such a person needs, for his idea, to step even over a corpse, over blood, then he can, in his conscience, give himself permission to step over blood. The first category includes conservative people prone to obedience. Those who belong to the second are all transgressors of the law, they are destroyers or they are inclined to this, depending on their abilities. The first category is the master of the present, the second is the master of the future. The former preserve mankind and multiply it numerically, while the latter move it and lead it to the goal. "Both of them have the same right to exist."

Porfiry Petrovich, who became interested in Raskolnikov's theory, began to ask him questions.

- Do you believe in God? Sorry for being so curious.

“I believe,” repeated Raskolnikov, raising his eyes to Porfiry.

– Do you believe in the resurrection of Lazarus?

- I believe. Why do you need all this?

- Here's how. so curious. Excuse me. But tell me this: what would distinguish these extraordinary from the ordinary? At birth, perhaps, there are such signs. Therefore, you must admit, if confusion occurs and one of one category imagines that he belongs to another category, and begins to “remove all obstacles,” as you very happily put it, right here.

– But bear in mind that a mistake is possible only from the side of the first category, that is, “ordinary” people (as I, perhaps very unsuccessfully, called them). Despite their innate tendency to obedience, due to a certain playfulness of nature, which even a cow is not denied, quite a lot of them like to imagine themselves as progressive people, “destroyers” and pry into the “new word”, and this is completely sincere, sir. Indeed, at the same time, they very often do not notice the new and even despise them as backward and humiliatingly thinking people. But I don't think there can be much danger here, and you really have nothing to worry about, because they never go far.

- Well, at least from this side, you reassured me at least a little; but here's the trouble again, sir: tell me, please, are there many such people who have the right to cut others, these "extraordinary" ones? Of course, I am ready to bow down, but you must admit, it’s terrible, sir, if there are very many of them, huh?

“Oh, don’t worry about that either,” Raskolnikov continued in the same tone. - In general, people with a new idea, even a little bit capable of saying at least something new, are unusually few born, even strangely few. Only one thing is clear, that the order of the generation of people, all these categories and divisions, must be very correctly and accurately determined by some law of nature. This law, of course, is now unknown, but I believe that it exists and may later become known.

Razumikhin joined the conversation. Most of all, he was outraged by Raskolnikov's opinion that a person can afford to shed blood on his own. According to Razumikhin, this is “permission of blood in conscience. more terrible than the official permission to shed blood, legal. Porfiry Petrovich continued to question Raskolnikov. He asked what would happen if some ordinary youth imagined himself to be Lycurgus or Mohammed and began to remove all obstacles. And Raskolnikov, when he wrote his article, did he really not consider himself, at least a little, also an “extraordinary” person and speaking a new word?

“Very likely,” Raskolnikov answered.

- And if so, then would you really decide yourself - well, there, in view of some worldly failures and embarrassments, or in order to somehow help all of humanity - to step over an obstacle. Well, for example, kill and rob.

And somehow he suddenly winked at him with his left eye again and laughed inaudibly, just as he had just before.

“If I had stepped over, then, of course, I would not have told you,” Raskolnikov answered with defiant, haughty contempt.

“Let me tell you,” he answered dryly, “that I do not consider myself a Mahomet or Napoleon. nor, consequently, without being such persons, can I give you a satisfactory explanation of how I would have acted.

- Well, come on, who in Russia doesn’t consider himself Napoleon now? Porfiry suddenly said with terrible familiarity. Even in the intonation of his voice this time there was something especially clear.

“Isn’t Napoleon what future Napoleon killed our Alena Ivanovna with an ax last week?” Zametov suddenly blurted out from a corner.

Raskolnikov was silent and fixedly, firmly looked at Porfiry. Razumikhin frowned darkly. He already seemed to feel something before.

Porfiry Petrovich affably said goodbye to Raskolnikov, asking in parting to go to him the other day about the things pledged by the old pawnbroker. At the same time, he expressed the hope that Rodion, as one of the last pawnbrokers, would tell the investigation something useful. Finally, Porfiry Petrovich asked Raskolnikov a question whether he saw painters in her house on the day of visiting the old woman, deliberately trying to confuse the suspect. But Razumikhin unexpectedly noticed that the painters were in the house on the day of the murder, and Raskolnikov came to pawn things three days before the murder. Friends went out into the street gloomy and gloomy.

From Porfiry Petrovich, Raskolnikov and Razumikhin went to the rooms in which Pulcheria Alexandrovna and Dunya were waiting for them. Razumikhin was outraged that Porfiry Petrovich and Zametov were suspected of Raskolnikov's murder. They had almost reached the hotel when Raskolnikov suddenly turned around and went home, telling his friend that he would be back in half an hour.

When Raskolnikov arrived at his house, his temples were damp with sweat and he was breathing heavily. He hurried up the stairs, went into his unlocked apartment, and immediately locked himself with a hook. Then, frightened and madly, he rushed to the corner, to the very hole in the wallpaper, in which things were then lying, put his hand into it and for several minutes carefully ransacked the hole, sorting through all the nooks and crannies of the wallpaper. Finding nothing, he stood up and took a deep breath. Approaching Bakaleev’s porch earlier this morning, he suddenly imagined that some thing, some chain, cufflink, or even a piece of paper in which they were wrapped, marked with an old woman’s hand, could somehow slip through and get lost in some a crack, and then suddenly appear before him as an unexpected and irresistible piece of evidence.

After making sure that there was nothing behind the wallpaper, Raskolnikov went out into the yard and noticed that the janitor was pointing at him with his hand to some bourgeois-dressed man. When Raskolnikov approached the janitor, the tradesman silently withdrew.

Raskolnikov rushed after the tradesman and immediately saw him walking along the other side of the street. He soon caught up with him, but for some time he walked behind.

- You asked me. at the janitor? Raskolnikov finally spoke, but somehow very quietly.

The tradesman gave no answer and did not even look. They were silent again.

- Yes you. come ask. and be quiet. yes, what is it? - Raskolnikov's voice was interrupted, and the words somehow did not want to be pronounced clearly.

This time the tradesman raised his eyes and looked at Raskolnikov with an ominous, gloomy look.

- Killer! he suddenly spoke in a low, but clear and distinct voice.

Raskolnikov walked beside him. His legs suddenly became terribly weak, his back felt cold, and for a moment his heart seemed to stop; then suddenly it hit, as if off the hook.

- Yes you. what. who is the killer? Raskolnikov muttered under his breath.

“You are a murderer,” he said, even more distinctly and impressively, and as if with a smile of some kind of hated triumph, and again looked directly into Raskolnikov’s pale face and into his dead eyes. Both then approached the crossroads. The tradesman turned left into the street and walked without looking back. Raskolnikov remained where he was and looked after him for a long time.

Returning to his room, Raskolnikov lay down on the sofa and, without moving or thinking about anything, lay for half an hour. Hearing footsteps on the stairs, he closed his eyes and pretended to be asleep. Razumikhin and Nastasya, who came to see him, decided not to disturb him and to come in later. Left alone, Raskolnikov lay in the same position for another half an hour.

"Who is he? Who is this man who came out of the ground? Where was he and what did he see? He saw everything, that's for sure. Where did he stand and where did he look from? Why is he only now coming out from under the floor? And how could he see - is it possible. »

At times he would stop motionless before some thought:

“No, those people are not made that way; the real ruler, who is allowed everything - smashes Toulon, massacres in Paris, forgets the army in Egypt, spends half a million people in a Moscow campaign and gets off with a pun in Vilna; and to him, after death, idols are set; - and therefore, everything is allowed. No, these people, apparently, do not have a body, but bronze!

One sudden extraneous thought suddenly almost made him laugh: "Napoleon, the pyramids, Waterloo - and the skinny, nasty registrar, the old woman, the pawnbroker, with the red packing under the bed - well, what it's like to digest at least Porfiry Petrovich. Where can they digest it? Aesthetics get in the way.

"The old woman is nonsense! he thought hotly and impetuously, “the old woman, perhaps, is a mistake, it’s not the point of her! The old woman was only a disease. I wanted to get over quickly. I didn't kill a man, I killed a principle! I killed the principle, but I didn’t cross over, I stayed on this side. He only managed to kill. Yes, and that failed, it turns out. »

I myself want to live, otherwise it would be better not to live. Well? I just did not want to pass by a hungry mother, clutching my ruble in my pocket, in anticipation of "universal happiness." “I carry, they say, a brick for everyone’s happiness, and that’s why I feel peace of mind.” Haha! Why did you miss me? After all, I only live once, I also want to. Eh, I'm an aesthetic louse, and nothing else,” he added suddenly, laughing like a madman.

His hair was damp with sweat, his quivering lips were parched, his motionless gaze was fixed on the ceiling.

“Mother, sister, how I loved them! Why do I hate them now? Yes, I hate them, I physically hate them, I can't stand them next to me. Lizaveta! Sonya! Poor, meek, with meek eyes. Lovely. Why don't they cry? Why don't they moan. They give everything. look meek and quiet. »

Exhausted from heavy and gloomy thoughts, Raskolnikov fell asleep. He had a terrible dream: the tradesman lured him into the old woman's apartment, and she, alive, was hiding there in the corner. He began to beat her with an ax, and she laughed. Then he rushed to run, but people were already waiting for him. Waking up in horror, Raskolnikov saw that a stranger was standing on the threshold of his closet, introducing himself as Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov.

• Format difference - 16:9, 4:3, and Cinemascope Why does a feature film play with horizontal frames even on a 16:9 widescreen TV? Why do some movies have larger frames and others smaller? It's all about […]
• Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia of October 1, 2014 N 543 "On approval of the Regulations on the organization of providing the population with personal protective equipment" (as amended) Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia of October 1, 2014 N 543 "On approval […]
• Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of February 1, 2018 No. 43n "On Amendments to the Procedure for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technologies, Contraindications and Restrictions to Their Use, approved by order of the Ministry of […]
• Theme: Conditions for admission to a monastery Theme options Search by topic Display Linear view Combined view Tree view Conditions for admission to a monastery Who, for the sake of God, denies the world and enters into monasticism, takes the path […]
• Legal advice in Yekaterinburg Representation in court. Services of a lawyer, lawyer Drafting of documents Lawyer Bruskov Pavel Vitalievich Penalty for alimony - 2.6 million rubles were collected. This is a record Alimony transferred from equity to […]
• Exhaust manifold / spider 4-2-1 Mazda 6 1.8 / 2.0L "02-07 Installation is possible For buyers from Moscow and the region, we offer installation services (optics, grilles, mesh, etc.) - spare parts and accessories purchased from us. […]
• The Ministry of Education and Science has developed a draft amendment to the legislation, which implies the creation in Russia of a register of unscrupulous parents and guardians. The document is posted on the federal portal of draft regulatory legal acts. Office […]
• In Moscow, the minimum pension from January 1 will rise to 17.5 thousand rubles Good news for millions of Muscovites pensioners. The city government decided that from January 1, the size of the city social standard for a pensioner, which […]

The theme of family values ​​is very important in these works, because the family is salvation and support in difficult and difficult moments of life.

1) In the work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "Asya", the theme of family values ​​is revealed on the example of the reverent relationship between brother and sister. Gagin turned out to be a good brother and sacredly carried out the orders of the late father, who received the girl in the care of his son. The brother knows almost everything about the character of his sister, how difficult and complex he is, delved into all its subtleties, practically studied Asya’s behavior, but still, without pride, he admits that no one can fully understand and study Asya. Asya also loves her brother very much, he is the only one whom she can reward with her tenderness and love. When Asya realized that she liked the narrator and she was in love with him, she began to “hold on” to her brother, frightened and reproaching herself for the fact that he would no longer be her only love.

2) The theme of family values ​​in the novel by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

The desire to help his family is one of the reasons that prompted Raskolnikov to commit a crime, the same reason makes him feel ashamed of what he did, because the family from childhood brought up conscience and self-esteem in him. Relations in the Raskolnikov family are warm, reverent, tender, each of the family members is ready to sacrifice everything for each other. The mother sends the last money, which is already completely lacking, while the sister is completely capable of sacrificing her own happiness for the sake of her brother, intending to marry the unloved.

Updated: 2018-03-06

Attention!
If you notice an error or typo, highlight the text and press Ctrl+Enter.
Thus, you will provide invaluable benefit to the project and other readers.

Thank you for your attention.

A multifaceted romance

Leafing through the first pages of the book, we begin to get acquainted with the image of Raskolnikov in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment. Telling the story of his life, the writer makes us reflect on a number of important questions. It is difficult to determine what type of novel the work of F. M. Dostoevsky belongs to. It raises problems affecting various spheres of human life: social, moral, psychological, family, moral. Rodion Raskolnikov is the center of the novel. It is with him that all the other storylines of the great work of the classic are connected.

The protagonist of the novel

Appearance

The description of Raskolnikov in the novel begins with the first chapter. We meet a young man who is in a painful condition. He is gloomy, thoughtful and withdrawn. Rodion Raskolnikov is a former university student who abandoned his studies at the Faculty of Law. Together with the author, we see the meager furnishings of the room where the young man lives: “It was a tiny cell, six paces long, which had the most miserable appearance.”

We carefully examine the details of worn clothes. Rodion Raskolnikov is in an extremely distressed situation. He does not have money to pay off debts for an apartment, to pay for his studies.

Character traits

The characterization of Raskolnikov in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is given by the author gradually. First, we get acquainted with the portrait of Raskolnikov. “By the way, he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-haired, taller than average, thin and slender.” Then we begin to understand his character. The young man is smart and educated, proud and independent. The humiliating financial situation in which he found himself makes him gloomy and withdrawn. He hates interacting with people. Any help from a close friend of Dmitry Razumikhin or an elderly mother seems humiliating to him.

Raskolnikov's idea

Exorbitant pride, sick pride and a beggarly state give rise to a certain idea in Raskolnikov's head. The essence of which is to divide people into two categories: ordinary and those with the right. Thinking about his great destiny, “Am I a trembling creature or do I have a right?” The hero prepares for a crime. He believes that by killing the old woman, he will test his ideas, be able to start a new life and make humanity happy.

Crime and Punishment of the Hero

In real life, things turn out differently. Together with the greedy pawnbroker, the wretched Lizoveta perishes, having harmed no one. The robbery failed. Raskolnikov could not bring himself to use the stolen goods. He is disgusted, sick and scared. He understands that in vain he counted on the role of Napoleon. Having crossed the moral line, depriving a person of life, the hero avoids communication with people in every possible way. Rejected and sick, he is on the verge of insanity. Raskolnikov's family, his friend Dmitry Razumikhin, are unsuccessfully trying to understand the state of the young man, to support the unfortunate. A proud young man rejects the care of loved ones and is left alone with his problem. “But why do they love me so if I'm not worth it!

Oh, if I were alone and no one loved me, and I myself would not love anyone! he exclaims.

After a fatal event, the hero forces himself to communicate with strangers. He takes part in the fate of Marmeladov and his family, giving money sent by his mother for the funeral of an official. Saves a young girl from corruption. Noble impulses of the soul are quickly replaced by irritation, annoyance and loneliness. The life of the hero seemed to be divided into two parts: before the murder and after it. He does not feel like a criminal, does not realize his guilt. Most of all, he worries about the fact that he did not pass the test. Rodion is trying to confuse the investigation, to understand whether the smart and cunning investigator Porfiry Petrovich suspects him. Constant pretense, tension and lies deprive him of strength, devastate his soul. The hero feels that he is doing wrong, but does not want to admit his mistakes and delusions.

Rodion Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova

The rebirth to a new life began after Rodion Raskolnikov met Sonya Marmeladova. The eighteen-year-old girl herself was in extremely distressed condition. Shy, modest by nature, the heroine is forced to live on a yellow ticket in order to give money to her starving family. She constantly suffers insults, humiliation and fear. “She is unrequited,” the author says of her. But this weak creature has a kind heart and a deep faith in God, which helps not only to survive herself, but also to support others. Sonya's love saved Rodion from death. Her pity at first arouses protest and indignation in the proud young man. But it is Sonya who confides his secret and it is from her that he seeks sympathy and support. Exhausted by the struggle with himself, Raskolnikov, on the advice of his girlfriend, admits his guilt and goes to hard labor. He does not believe in God, does not share her beliefs. The idea that happiness and forgiveness must be suffered is incomprehensible to the hero. The patience, care and deep feeling of the girl helped Rodion Raskolnikov turn to God, repent and start living anew.

The main idea of ​​the work of F. M. Dostoevsky

A detailed description of the crime and punishment of Raskolnikov form the basis of the plot of the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky. Punishment begins immediately after the murder is committed. Painful doubts, remorse, a break with loved ones turned out to be much worse than the long years of hard labor. The writer, subjecting Raskolnikov to a deep analysis, tries to warn the reader against misconceptions and mistakes. Deep faith in God, love for one's neighbor, moral principles should become the basic rules in the life of every person.

The analysis of the image of the protagonist of the novel can be used by students of grade 10 in preparation for writing an essay on the topic "The image of Raskolnikov in the novel" Crime and Punishment "".

Artwork test

In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" depicts several families in particular. the Raskolnikov family, consisting of Pulcheria Alexandrovna and her children Avdotya and Rodion.

Rodion is a former student. The author describes his appearance as follows: "he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark blond, taller than average, thin and slender." The impression is spoiled by his clothes: “he was so poorly dressed that another, even a familiar person, would be ashamed to go out into the street in such rags during the day.” The inner portrait of the hero is described as accurately as possible by Razumikhin, Raskolnikov's comrade at the institute. He notes such qualities as gloominess, gloominess, arrogance and pride.

Razumikhin also speaks of him as a secretive, suspicious, insensitive, taciturn and arrogant person, but at the same time generous and kind, "as if he has two opposite characters."

Raskolnikov ardently loves his sister and mother and is deeply devoted to them. It is very difficult for him to endure the fact that they get into debt and send him the last money, while he himself cannot help them in any way. The news that Dunya sacrifices herself and marries Luzhin for him shocks Rodion, he cannot accept such a sacrifice and is angry with her for this act and with himself because of his own helplessness. “Not to be? What will you do to prevent this from happening?"

Raskolnikov has a special relationship with people, which is revealed in detail in his conversation with Porfiry Petrovich. He divides all people into "ordinary" and "extraordinary". Their essential difference is that the former are "by nature conservative" and "live in obedience." The latter, for the sake of their idea, can allow themselves to commit a crime and at the same time not blame themselves, “step over” it. It was Raskolnikov’s idea of ​​​​people and this theory that was one of the reasons for the murder of the old pawnbroker by him, since Rodion wanted to find out if he was capable of a crime and whether he could consider himself “extraordinary”. Raskolnikov treats Luzhin with contempt, he understands that Luzhin is selfish and uses people for his own interests, and that his marriage to Dunya is pure calculation. Rodion is especially outraged by Luzhin's position on marriage: "the husband should not owe anything to his wife, but it is much better if the wife considers her husband to be her benefactor."

Dostoevsky does not agree with the theory of the hero and condemns him for murder, and, consequently, for deviating from the biblical commandments.

Avdotya Romanovna, or, as she is called in the family, Dunechka, is Raskolnikov's sister. Outwardly, she looks like a brother. The author, along with the image of her portrait, shows us some of Dunya's character traits: proud eyes, a serious expression on her face. a prominent chin, giving her face an arrogance, a young and selfless laugh, etc. Dunya is well educated, thanks to this she got a place as a governess in the Svidrigailovs' house. Her character is characterized by such traits as pride, strong will, nobility, sacrifice for the sake of the family. Her mother describes her as follows: “she is a firm, prudent, patient and generous girl, although with an ardent heart.” it was thanks to these qualities that Dunya managed to survive the humiliation in the situation with the Svidrigailov family.

Dunya is madly in love with her family, especially her brother. For his sake, she is ready to step over pride, endure humiliation, sacrifice her freedom and feelings and marry Luzhin. But at the same time, she does not deviate from her life principles and does not lose respect for herself. However, despite her love for her brother, she cannot accept his act and understand the motives for the crime he committed.

Giving consent to marriage with Luzhin, Dunechka does not have any feelings for him. The only thing that pushed her to this was the opportunity to help Rodion improve his plight. At the beginning of their acquaintance, Luzhin seemed to her a man of "small education", but smart and kind, but after his attempt to slander Sonya Marmeladova, she saw his true essence and, true to her principles, broke off the engagement.

The third member of the family is Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova. “Despite the fact that Pulcheria Alexandrovna was already forty-three years old, her face still retained the remnants of its former beauty, and besides, she seemed much younger than her years, which almost always happens with women who have retained clarity of spirit, freshness of impressions and honest, pure warmth of the heart. Her character is rather soft, she is timid, sensitive and compliant, but nevertheless, Raskolnikov's mother, like her daughter, has strong convictions that "no circumstances could force her to cross."

Pulcheria Alexandrovna is a kind, pious and simple woman who loves her children more than anything else, especially her firstborn, Rodion. “You are the only one with us, with me and with Dunya, you are our everything, all hope and hope.” She knows perfectly well what Dunya sacrifices, agreeing to marry Luzhin, but does not stop her, because she herself is ready for everything for her son and gives him the last. “Love Dunya, your sister, Rodya; love the way she loves you, and know that he loves you more than himself.” Pulcheria Alexandrovna could not survive the crime of her son, she developed a nervous illness "like insanity."

At first, Pulcheria Alexandrovna had a positive attitude towards Luzhin: “he is a trustworthy and well-to-do person ... quite pleasant-looking ... very respectable and decent, only a little gloomy and, as it were, arrogant.” But, just like Dunya, later she realized that he was not at all what he seemed: “Well, will I give you, like that, my Dunya? Come on, leave us completely!”