Primitive man and primitive society. How ideas about the universe changed How ancient people knew the world

§ 1. How did primitive man become rational?

Lesson task. Be able to explain concepts work, ability, creativity.

A long time ago, people lived on Earth, not at all similar to modern man. These were primitive people. They lived in caves and dressed in animal skins. (You will learn more about the era of primitiveness in the lessons of the history of the Ancient World.)

It is hard to imagine that primitive people were our ancestors.

But it is so. After many millions of years, a modern man appeared ( reasonable man) - just like you and me. How did it happen?

Ancient man needed to get his own food, sew clothes and build a home.

That was not easy. It took a lot of effort and labor. The more complex tasks a person set for himself, the more perfect his work became. The tools he used in his work were also improved. With the help of a stone ax, a wooden spear, a bone knife, he obtained food for himself, sewed clothes from skins. Primitive man turned into skillful man. His hands became dexterous. The brain developed.

At first he hunted animals, and then he began to tame them. Sheep, goats, pigs and cows gradually became domestic animals. Previously, he dug up edible roots, tore the fruits of wild plants, and now he began to sow barley and wheat, bake hearty cakes from flour. Previously, he wandered through forests, mountains and valleys in search of food, but now he began to intelligently plan his work. I thought about how to grow crops, get sheep or cows, build a paddock or barn for them.

Labor helped primitive people develop their capabilities. They learned to speak articulately, to communicate with each other. Got some free time for creativity, that is, to create completely new, hitherto unknown tools, decorations, images.

It will be a long time before a person learns to write, to transfer his knowledge and experience to those who will live after him. He will learn to know himself and the world around him.

Thus, step by step, ancient man, powerless in the face of the vagaries of nature, turned into a rational being, a modern man.

Questions and tasks for the paragraph

1. How did primitive people live? Consider the illustrations for the paragraph.

2. Highlight the reasons that contributed to the transformation of primitive man into a man of a reasonable modern species.

3. What role did labor play in this? Give examples of how work influenced human development.

4 * . Using additional literature and Internet resources, define the concept of "labor".

5. How did early man know the world?

Read, retell, discuss

Youth Bars

The tribe that had camped at Big Spear Mountain a few months ago was worried. The young man Bars refused to go hunting with all the men. “You will die of hunger,” the elder told him. “We will miss you.” To this, Bars replied: “Don't worry about me. I know what I do". While his tribesmen were hunting, he collected various herbs and roots, saying: “Here is my meat. And here is my meat. And he put the plants in a bag woven from grass.

He liked to sit for long hours on the bank of the stream. Beautiful patterns and mysterious signs appeared on the wet sand. These signs were very popular with the members of the tribe. They copied them on small flat stones and took them with them - for good luck.

The tribesmen watched the strange young man for a long time. They could not explain his eccentricities. He did not hunt, but he was healthy, strong, never sick. And then they decided to choose him as the Keeper of the Secret: after all, he knew what they did not know.

... Bars was the first among them to think independently - a primitive scientist.

Finish the story

A ten-year-old hill tribe girl caught a deer. The elders told her to bring the deer to the fire in the evening to eat it. But the kind girl fell in love with the baby deer very much ...

Choose related words

Capabilities. Creation. Work. Human.

Reflecting on the past

1. Were primitive people cruel or kind?

2. Did they take care of the children?

3 * . Using a dictionary or the Internet, formulate what abilities are and what abilities primitive people had.

Work with drawings

Look at the drawings and choose which of them relate to primitive society, and which to a later period of time and to the present. Make up short stories.

play around

Primitive man finds himself in a modern general store. He is hungry and wants to find some clothes. The salespeople are trying to teach him how to behave in the store.

Fill in the diagram

Using your knowledge of the history of the Ancient World, fill in the diagram of the transformation of a primitive man into a modern man.

Especially for vacationers, as well as regular travel lovers, we tell you where the legs of modern tourism grow from.

1. Primitive world

The first people could not afford a long stay. Having exhausted natural resources, they left their homes and set off in search of new lands, where mammoths are larger and the grass is greener.

Constant migration processes stimulated the intellectual development of people: the beginnings of geographical knowledge appeared, botany, zoology, and even elementary mechanics developed. In addition, the need to transfer the accumulated information contributed to the emergence of rock art.

2. Ancient civilizations

With the advent of the first civilizations, the movement of human masses across the planet did not stop, although the motivation for movement changed.

The key to the prosperity of the ancient states was international trade. The rulers of Ancient Egypt regularly equipped expeditions pursuing trade and economic goals. For example, it is known for certain about the journey of a certain Hannu in 2750 BC. to the coast of the Red Sea for precious stones, ivory and incense.

Then in the XXVII century BC. e. Egyptian ships crossed the Mediterranean for the first time - the goal of the wanderers was the Phoenician city of Byblos, from where the flotilla returned to the top stuffed with cedar wood.

It should be noted that merchants often played the role of pioneers, supplying home not only rare goods, but also valuable information about the structure of the surrounding world.

The development of trade led to the creation of the institution of embassies. Chinese, Egyptian, Sumerian diplomats made long-term voyages to distant lands in order to become a guarantor of peaceful relations between states. Long before the beginning of the new era, religious wanderings appeared. Groups of pilgrims making processions to the temples of the great gods, and missionaries spreading their own creeds, organically fit into the cultural landscape of the ancient world.

3. Ancient Greece

The Hellenes also undertook trade voyages, made pilgrimages and traveled for knowledge (“The Father of History” Herodotus visited Egypt, Persia, Babylonia, the country of the Scythians and many other places, describing in detail the geography of his movements, as well as the history and culture of the peoples he saw). In addition, it was in ancient Greece that such phenomena as sports and health tourism first appeared.

Those wishing to improve their health went to the temples of the god of healing Asclepius. These structures, as a rule, were located far from cities in places with a favorable climate. Temple priests studied medicine and helped those who wished to be cured of ailments.

However, the treatment began even before the believer met with the deity. The ritual preceding the visit to the temple included a number of important procedures: fasting, washing, visiting the bath. In addition, the Greeks were well aware of the healing properties of sulfuric, salty-sulfuric and ferruginous waters. Baths were erected near the springs, where wealthy citizens could relax and at the same time get rid of ailments.

The phenomenon of sports tourism appeared in Greece around the 8th century. BC e. thanks to the Olympic Games. Once every four years, tens of thousands of fans flocked to Olympia to watch the competition of their idols.

On the occasion of the Olympics, a fair was held in the city, where, in addition to shopping, one could listen to the speeches of famous philosophers, poets or orators, as well as gawk at the works of local painters. Cultural leisure continued in the temples, where, for a fee, it was possible to watch the work of the priests, as well as listen to the “guide” telling stories and legends about this place.

A network of "sacred" roads was laid near large temples, providing unhindered access for pilgrims to the sanctuary. In the resorts and near the temples there were hotels that provided shelter for strangers, but travelers brought food with them. These institutions were municipally owned, because it was considered unworthy to keep such a business.

In addition, in rich houses there were usually always rooms for guests - wealthy Greeks welcomed even unfamiliar travelers.

"Hospitality Unions" were created in Greek cities. Each member of such an alliance - a xen - became a defender of the interests of the inhabitants of another policy in his own state. Over time, the institute of proxens was formed in Hellas. Proxenus acted as a consul, representing the interests of the inhabitants of the place that granted him this status.

4. Ancient Rome

During the heyday of the empire, a network of high-quality roads was built, the total length of which, according to various estimates, ranged from 80 to 300 thousand kilometers. Along the roads, at a distance of 6-15 miles from each other, there were post stations where you could change horses, as well as satisfy other needs: dine in a tavern and stay for the night.

Most of the Roman hotels were not comfortable: straw-stuffed and insect-infested pillows, diluted wine, bad food. Therefore, the poor stayed in roadside hotels. Wealthy travelers spent the night in tents that they took with them.

Road maps with the designation of inns were in great demand among travelers. In addition to maps, at the beginning of the new era, the Romans also had guidebooks at their disposal. You could buy them in a special "tourist office".

The unprecedented flourishing of the tourism industry in ancient Rome is also evidenced by the fact that prominent minds of their time began to develop the philosophy of travel. For example, Seneca the Younger wrote that for productive rest it is necessary to “choose healthy places not only for the body, but also for morals”, since “and the area, no doubt, is not devoid of the ability to corrupt.”

Primitive people. What did they look like, what did they know? Scientists are confident that they have found convincing answers to these questions. So when did primitive people appear? Where can you find wild tribes today?

Ancient people, or rather their very first species, appeared approximately 2.5 million years ago. If you stick to Darwin's theory, which some consider insane, then they are descended from Australopithecus, these creatures are the highest among all primates. They appeared in Africa 2.5-3.5 million years ago. These monkeys had small brains and massive jaws. They could hold various objects in their hands, such as sticks or stones, and also move with a straight back.

Perhaps a key factor in evolution was that they could use the things around them. This gave impetus to the work of the brain. A mutation occurred in the genes of the South African monkeys, resulting in a "upright man" or Homo erectus.

"Human erectus" is still a man or does it refer to an animal?

Homo erectus is the first wild man who began to explore European expanses. When exactly this species reached the lands of Europe is difficult to say, since the opinions of historians differ, and they give different dates. "Upright Walkers" have already realized that it is much easier to survive together and began to gather in small tribes. With a collective mind, they thought of elementary actions and began to develop simple hunting tactics and build huts. They began to use fire, but could not yet produce it. Homo erectus also understood that the dead should be buried. Some scholars claim that they worshiped certain types of animals.

What are their common features? The chin was less protruding, the forehead was slightly inclined, the right hand was more developed than the left. However, in general, they were similar to the previous species. Body covered with hair, long arms and legs. They communicated with the help of gestures and chaotic cries.

Neanderthals: who are they and where did they go?

200,000 years ago, the first primitive people, called Neanderthals, appeared on the territory of Europe. After living there for quite a long time, they disappeared in an instant. Scientists have put forward some assumptions, but to this day there is no exact information.

The first Neanderthal skull was found in Germany. To date, scientists are confident that they may be direct descendants of the human race. Their gene is present in the DNA of modern man in the content from 1 to 4%. And not only among Africans. Most scientists recognize that our direct descendants are the Cro-Magnons, who lived not after the Neanderthals, but at the same time as them. These species coexisted for about 20,000 years. It also indicates that, in part, we may still carry mixed genes.

Why did the Neanderthals become extinct? There are many versions, but none of them has found significant confirmation. Some say that the ice age is to blame, while others say that another human species could arrange genocide. In any case, the fact remains that the Neanderthals died out, and the Cro-Magnons continued to exist, as they were more predisposed to intellectual activity.

Cro-Magnons - the forerunners of modern man

The development of the Cro-Magnons differed significantly from the evolution of their predecessors. Outwardly, they are not much different from modern people. In some sources, they are confused with the concept of "reasonable man", believing that they are not much different. But in fact, there are differences, and you should not confuse them.

In Ethiopia, intact skulls of this species have been preserved. Their age is approximately 160 thousand years. These wild people had an almost identical appearance with modern man. If you look at the skull, you can see that the superciliary arches are not very pronounced, the forehead is convex, and the face is smooth. This people can be safely called the longest-lived human species on earth. California scientists managed to discover that the first people on Earth appeared about 200,000 years ago in Africa, and then they began to actively populate the entire planet. At the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic (a period of about 40,000 years ago), their habitat covered almost the entire planet.

How did wild people live?

Despite the fact that the first man appeared on Earth a very long time ago, archaeologists managed to recreate his daily life. At first it became known that ancient people lived in small communities, since it was almost impossible to exist alone at that time, and those who renounced their tribe most often simply died. Even at that time, people were segmented and, as a result of distribution, they were given a job that was within their power. Ancient people have already adapted to the use of sticks and stones and with their help they got their own food and equipped the territory for the tribe.

They very often changed their place of residence, because they were constantly in search of food. Most often, ancient people set up camp at watering places, where they got their own food. Since they could not create a full-fledged housing, they took refuge in caves and gorges. Over time, the area around the cave was devastated, there was less and less food, therefore, the tribes had to move.

Even then, man learned to make fire. He was kept in caves and was not allowed to go out day and night.

The first city on Earth was built 3400 BC in South America. This building was the same age as the Egyptian pyramids. Is it a coincidence? Interesting is the fact that the houses were built with enviable accuracy, it is obvious that the city was carefully designed before the construction.

What did the wild people wear?

About 170 thousand years ago, man first thought about clothing. It was she who helped him leave Africa and migrate to places with a colder climate. In the cold, a person began to think more actively about survival, and so the intellectual component began to develop.

At first, with the help of clothes, people protected themselves from a mysterious threat from the outside. Then they came to wrap themselves in skins to escape the cold.

Wild people today

You and I are the "fruits" of evolution. However, there are people on the planet who have not been able to experience the benefits of the modern world. Most of them are the wild peoples of Africa and the tribes living in the Amazon. Time for these people stopped a few thousand years ago.

What tribes do we know today?

• Sentinelese living on Sentinel Island. They can foresee natural disasters. Modern researchers have tried to contact them, but to no avail.
• Masai. An aggressive African tribe, their appearance is characterized by the fact that from childhood they cut their lip and insert a large ring there. Polygamy flourishes in the tribe, as there are an order of magnitude more women.
• Groups of Nicobar and Andaman tribes live by regularly raiding each other. Periodically, some of them are forced to carry out acts of cannibalism, as the food supply is replenished extremely rarely.
• Piraha. A very undeveloped but friendly tribe. The complete absence of mythology speaks of the primitiveness of the tribe.

Conclusion

Tribes consisting of wild people exist to this day. They eschew modern man, as they subconsciously understand that he is able to change their usual way of life. In most cases, they treat researchers with misunderstanding and aggression. However, every year their numbers are decreasing, which indicates that civilization is conquering more and more new horizons.

Since ancient times, knowing the environment and expanding the living space, a person thought about how the world works, where he lives. Trying to explain the Universe, he used categories that were close and understandable to him, first of all, drawing parallels with familiar nature and the area in which he himself lived. How people used to represent the Earth? What did they think about its shape and place in the universe? How have their views changed over time? All this allows you to find out historical sources that have come down to the present day.

How ancient people imagined the Earth

The first prototypes of geographical maps are known to us in the form of images left by our ancestors on the walls of caves, incisions on stones and animal bones. Researchers find such sketches in different parts of the world. Such drawings depict hunting grounds, places where game hunters set traps, and roads.

Schematically depicting rivers, caves, mountains, forests on improvised material, a person sought to pass on information about them to subsequent generations. In order to distinguish objects already familiar to them from new ones, just discovered, people gave them names. So, gradually mankind accumulated geographical experience. And even then our ancestors began to wonder what the Earth is.

The way ancient people imagined the Earth largely depended on the nature, topography and climate of the places where they lived. Therefore, the peoples of different parts of the planet saw the world around them in their own way, and these views differed significantly.

Babylon

Valuable historical information about how ancient people imagined the Earth was left to us by civilizations that lived on the lands between and the Euphrates, inhabited the Nile Delta and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (modern territories of Asia Minor and southern Europe). This information is more than six thousand years old.

Thus, the ancient Babylonians considered the Earth a "world mountain", on the western slope of which was Babylonia - their country. This idea was facilitated by the fact that the eastern part of the lands they knew rested on high mountains, which no one dared to cross.

South of Babylonia was the sea. This allowed people to believe that the "world mountain" is actually round, and is washed by the sea from all sides. On the sea, like an inverted bowl, rests the solid heavenly world, which is in many ways similar to the earthly one. It also had its own "land", "air" and "water". The role of the land was played by the belt of the Zodiacal constellations, which blocked the celestial "sea" like a dam. It was believed that the Moon, the Sun and several planets move along this firmament. The sky for the Babylonians was the place of residence of the gods.

The souls of dead people, on the contrary, lived in the underground "abyss". At night, the Sun, plunging into the sea, had to pass through this dungeon from the western edge of the Earth to the eastern, and in the morning, rising from the sea to the firmament, again begin its daytime journey along it.

The way people represented the Earth in Babylon was based on observations of natural phenomena. However, the Babylonians could not correctly interpret them.

Palestine

As for the inhabitants of this country, other ideas reigned on these lands, different from those of Babylon. The ancient Jews lived in a flat area. Therefore, the Earth in their vision also looked like a plain, which in places was crossed by mountains.

Winds, bringing with them either drought or rain, occupied a special place in the beliefs of the Palestinians. Living in the "lower zone" of the sky, they separated the "heavenly waters" from the surface of the Earth. Water, in addition, was under the Earth, feeding from there all the seas and rivers on its surface.

India, Japan, China

Probably the most famous legend today, which tells how ancient people imagined the Earth, was composed by the ancient Indians. This people believed that the Earth was actually a hemisphere, which rests on the backs of four elephants. These elephants stood on the back of a giant tortoise swimming in an endless sea of ​​milk. All these creatures were wrapped in many rings by the black cobra Shesha, which had several thousand heads. These heads, according to the beliefs of the Indians, propped up the universe.

The land in the view of the ancient Japanese was limited to the territory of the islands known to them. She was credited with a cubic shape, and the frequent earthquakes that occur in their homeland were explained by the rampage of the fire-breathing dragon that lives deep in its depths.

About five hundred years ago, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, observing the stars, established that the center of the Universe is the Sun, and not the Earth. Almost 40 years after the death of Copernicus, his ideas were developed by the Italian Galileo Galilei. This scientist was able to prove that all the planets of the solar system, including the Earth, actually revolve around the Sun. Galileo was accused of heresy and forced to renounce his teachings.

However, the Englishman Isaac Newton, who was born a year after the death of Galileo, subsequently managed to discover the law of universal gravitation. Based on it, he explained why the Moon revolves around the Earth, and the planets with satellites and numerous revolve around the Sun.

Alesya Ermolaeva
Summary of GCD on familiarization with the outside world in a preparatory group for school on the topic “How did ancient people live?”

Target: formation elementary ideas about the history of mankind through reconstruction of the way of life of ancient people.

Tasks:

1. Give children initial ideas about what the first people on earth: introduce with their appearance and way of life.

2. Replenish children's vocabulary with words "humanoid", "cave", "hut".

3. Broaden your horizons and informative interest in people's lives ancient world.

4. Continue to develop attention, logical thinking and observation, imagination and fantasy through productive activities.

5. Educate curiosity and communication skills, arouse interest in joint activities, the ability to negotiate and help each other.

Material and equipment:

Demo:

Multimedia equipment and presentation;

Wooden stick and breeding board fire:

Mnemotable.

Dispensing:

Clothing imitating the skin of a primitive man for each child and caregiver; skins on which children sit;

split picture "Primitive World"- 2 pieces;

Beads and cords (according to the number of girls);

Material for building a hut: skins on magnets 4 pieces, fabric pebbles on magnets 10 pieces, fabric bones 16 pieces;

Dotted Rock Drawing Sheets ancient animals and charcoal pencils (according to the number of boys);

Wet wipes;

wooden sticks (10cm) for each child:

Clay figurines of mammoths according to the number of children.

The course of continuous educational activities.

INTRODUCTION. MOTIVATION.

(Children enter the hall, a teacher comes out to meet, dressed in a suit ancient man, dragging behind him a skin on which there are skins for children. Bumps into children and is surprised).

caregiver: What interesting children, so strangely dressed. (Turns to child). What are you wearing? Where are you from? (children's answers). Does that mean I'm in kindergarten? I - ancient man. I want to go home to ancient world. Can you help me, guide me? (Children agree). First you need to change clothes, we don’t go like that! Here are the clothes for you. (Children dress up)

The teacher sits on the skin near the screen.)

caregiver: Sit closer to me. Now you too ancient people. (Children sit on the skins)

Where do you think the very first man on Earth came from? (children's answers). In fact, it still remains a big mystery. Some scientists believe that God created us. Others that we are descended from monkeys. And still others, in general, think that man was created by aliens.

MAIN PART.

caregiver: Many, many years ago, monkeys appeared in Africa, which gradually acquired a human image and features, they are called great apes. They are lived together in groups helped each other and couldn't talk at all. Over time, the strongest and most enduring turned into people. Unlike other monkeys, they walked without the help of hands, on two legs, the hair on the body became barely noticeable, the shape of the head changed. So there were ancient people.

They learned how to make the simplest tools. How do you think which ones? (children's answers). That's right, spears, axes, knives, digging sticks.

Look at the screen. Using the table, find the differences between the great ape and ancient man? (children's answers).

caregiver: To see how before lived your ancestors need to try a little. (Children are divided into groups of 5 people) . Look, the image is corrupted, it needs to be assembled from several parts. (Children collect a picture from 5 parts, go back to the screen)

Here they are, your distant ancestors.

caregiver Q: What do you think you ate? ancient people? (children's answers)

That's right, they ate berries, fruits, plant roots, bird eggs. They fished and went hunting.

caregiver: You changed into clothes ancient man. What is it called? (children's answers)

caregiver: Right. AT ancient the world did not have modern clothes, factories that sewed them. Ancient people they sewed clothes from the skin using thin strips of leather, and the needle was replaced by sharpened teeth and animal bones.

Why do you think ancient people began to make clothes from the skin? (children's answers). What else could animal skins be used for? (children's answers)

caregiver: Correctly. In order not to freeze, a person needs clothes. What else helped people keep warm? (children's answers) Right. One day, during a thunderstorm, lightning hit a tree, and a fire started. So ancient people first got acquainted with fire, and realized that the fire gives light, heat and scares away predators. Over time, they learned to make fire themselves. Do you know what used to make fire? (children's answers). Come on, and we will try to make fire. (The teacher shows the exercise of finger and breathing exercises, then repeats with the children). Like this ancient people made fire.

Do you know what was home to ancient people? (children's answers). Correctly, lived they are in caves and huts. The cave is the very first people's dwelling. They found a recess in the mountain to hide from bad weather and predatory animals. With time ancient people learned to build huts. Of what ancient people could build a hut? (children's answers)

caregiver: From branches, bones and skins. AT dwelling they always left a place for fire and fenced this place with stones. Why do you think? (children's answers). (The teacher draws the attention of the children to the screen).

caregiver: It seems to have darkened. Let's see if the clouds are gathering, if it's going to rain. Just look at the sky with your eyes, left, right, now look around around(circular eye movement) (2 times). It might rain and we need somewhere to hide. So we will build huts. (The teacher offers construct a hut made of prepared parts - children are divided into two teams of 5 people, to the music)

caregiver: Nice and cozy huts you have built. (Return to their seats at the screen).

Already at that time people loved to adorn themselves. What do you think they used for decoration? (children's answers)

That's right, shells and feathers were sewn to clothes, necklaces were made from bones and teeth of animals, pebbles and other materials.

From ancient times people began to decorate dwelling. In the caves, scientists find images of hunters and animals that lived in those distant times. At first they painted only with charcoal. The first paints were made from soft rocks, which were ground into powder and mixed with animal fat. They drew with a finger, and painted over with a piece of fur soaked in paint.

We are with you today ancient people. Before you is a fragment of a rock, the drawing on it has not been completed. I suggest that the boys use charcoal to connect the dots, and you will see which animal is depicted on the rock. And girls, make beads by stringing different objects on a thread. (Children complete the task, the boys wipe their hands with wet wipes, name the animals, the girls put on beads). You are wonderful at decorating yourself and yours. dwelling.

(Children stand in a semicircle).

REFLECTION.

caregiver: Guys, today you helped me a lot. Thank you. It's time for you to go back, but ... how to do it?

Voice: To go back, you need to answer my questions. Why did you travel to the past? (children's answers) What did you do ancient people? (children's answers). What task was the most difficult for you? Why? (children's answers). For your courage and ingenuity, in memory of today, I give you mammoths. (The teacher with the children shows gifts, passes through the door - distributes mammoths)

caregiver: I will remember our meeting for a long time. Everything that you have done today, you can keep in your group and organize a museum together with your teacher ancient world. (say goodbye).

Slide number 1 - intro.

Slide number 2 - kindergarten

Slide number 3 - forest.

Slide video number 4 - transformation into a person

Slide number 6 - evolution

Slide number 7 - life ancient man

Slide number 8 - getting food

Slide number 9 - ancient girl sewing clothes

Slide number 10 - ancient man and skins

Slide number 11 - fire

Slide number 12 - night and fire

Slide number 13 - getting fire

Slide number 14 - cave

Slide number 15 - hut

Slide number 16 - clouds

Slide number 17 - hut

Slide number 18 - decorations

Slide number 19 - rock paintings

Slide number 20 - drawings

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