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Features of primitive art

Primitive art reflected the first ideas of man about the world around him. Thanks to him, knowledge and skills were preserved and transferred, people communicated with each other. It played a universal role in the spiritual culture of the archaic era. Primitive art took place on every continent except Antarctica.

A characteristic feature of primitive art at a very early stage was syncretism(undividedness, mixing, inorganic fusion of heterogeneous elements, characterizing an undeveloped state). Music, singing, poetry, dance were not separated from each other. At this stage, the possibilities of all mental processes and experiences of primitive man were in embryo, in a collective unconscious state, in the so-called archetype.

Monuments of Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic hunting art show us that people's attention was focused on the depiction of animals. Paintings and engravings on rocks, sculptures made of stone, clay, wood, drawings on vessels are devoted exclusively to hunting scenes for game animals - mammoths, elephants, horses, deer. Women's figurines made of stone and bone with hypertrophied body shapes and schematized heads were widely distributed - the so-called "Venuses", apparently associated with the cult of the mother ancestor. Both rock carvings and figurines help us capture the most essential in primitive thinking. The spiritual forces of the hunter are aimed at comprehending the laws of nature. The hunter studied the habits of a wild beast to the smallest subtleties, which is why the artist of the Stone Age was able to show them so convincingly. The man himself did not enjoy as much attention as the outside world, which is why there are so few images of people in cave paintings.

The main artistic feature of primitive art was the symbolic form, the conditional nature of the image. Symbols are both realistic images and conventional ones. Systems of symbols that are complex in their structure, carrying a large aesthetic load, convey a variety of concepts or human feelings.

Primitive artists became the pioneers of all types of fine arts: graphics (drawings and silhouettes), painting (images in color, made with mineral paints), sculpture (figures carved from stone or molded from clay). They also succeeded in decorative art - stone and bone carving, reliefs. A special area of primitive art is ornament. Stone and bone tools, bracelets, various figurines carved from mammoth tusk are covered with geometric patterns. This ornament consists mainly of many zigzag lines. What does this abstract pattern mean and how did it come about? Having studied the cut structure of mammoth tusks with magnifying instruments, the researchers noticed that they also consist of zigzag patterns. Thus, the basis of the geometric ornament was a pattern drawn by nature itself. Starting from the Bronze Age, vivid images of animals almost disappear. Dry geometric schemes are spreading everywhere. The last stage in the development of the Bronze Age is characterized by the development of metallurgy and metalworking. Along with bronze objects, iron objects begin to appear, and artistic products are made from bronze, gold, and silver.

In connection with the settled way of life, by the end of the primitive era, new types of settlements and burials appeared. Settlements are divided into unfortified ( parking lots and villages) and fortified ( towns and fortresses), and burials are distinguished with tomb structures ( mounds, megaliths and tombs) and ground. Above the mounds sometimes towered stone women- stone statues of a person (warriors, women), which showed that the image of a person in art occupies an increasing place, and, therefore, testified to the beginning of a period of human domination over nature. The most complex structures were megaliths, i.e. large stone tombs dolmens, menhirs and cromlechs.

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discipline: HISTORY OF CULTURE

on the topic: ORIGIN AND EARLY ART FORMS

Performed:

Durneva Irina Vladimirovna

Moscow, 2012

Introduction

4. Discovery of Altamira

5. Cave painting

6. Neolithic Revolution

7. Copper and Bronze Age

Conclusion

Introduction

Throughout history, man and art have been inextricably linked. A person's awareness of himself is reflected in stone figurines, in the features of architectural monuments. Human qualities and feelings are captured in paintings, sculptural groups. The problems of life, religion, attitude are reflected in works of art.

Help in understanding the world through its emotional perception, expanding horizons, awakening creative forces, shaping the spiritual image of a person - the functions of art. The moment when a person turns to artistic creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history in terms of the possibilities that it contains. Art does not exist outside of time and society; in terms of its content, it is socially and inextricably linked with the national tradition and era.

Soviet psychologist L.S. Vygotsky wrote: "Art is social in us - it is a social technique of feeling, an instrument of society, with the help of which it draws the most intimate and most personal aspects of our being into the circle of social life."

The artist, having rethought what he saw, having unraveled the mysteries of life in his own way, with the help of a system of artistic images, tries to convey his worldview, involving us in a complex process of self-knowledge, forcing not only our eyes and brain to work, but also our imagination, mobilizing our spiritual forces to action.

The history of art in the history of mankind is a complex picture of the development of various national schools, trends, styles, mutual penetration of forms and traditions that do not know temporal and geographical boundaries, due to which geometric lines can be traced in the stepped forms of Orthodox churches, rich in decor not inferior to French baroque samples. Egyptian pyramids, and Russian icons look at us through the eyes of faces painted with the brush of a Byzantine artist.

In my work, I would like to show what are the earliest stages in the development of art and how a person, changing, created something new, something different from the previous one.

1. The origins of art and its features of early forms

The origins of art go back to ancient times. The problem of the origin of art has been worrying the best philosophical minds for many centuries, but not much is known about the artistic activity of mankind in the early stages of development. Numerous works of fine art (rock paintings, sculptures made of stone and bone) appeared much earlier than a person's conscious idea of artistic creativity was formed.

The origin of art dates back to the primitive era, when a person first tried to reflect his ideas about the world around him in art, which contributed to the consolidation and transfer of knowledge and skills, the emergence of another form of communication between people. According to archaeologists, already in the Paleolithic era (Old Stone Age) about 35-10 thousand BC. e., the main types of fine arts (sculpture, painting, graphics) appeared.

It should be noted that in primitive society, human artistic activity was inextricably linked with all existing forms of spiritual and material culture: mythology, religion, everyday life.

Artistic, spiritual culture exists in close unity with material culture, forming a primitive syncretic, i.e., a single, cultural complex, which only after centuries will break up into independent spheres of culture: religion, art (in all its diversity of forms), sports, science.

Images reproduced by the hand of a primitive person are a link in a single chain of artistic, religious, and theatrical magical action, reflecting the synthesis of the material and spiritual culture of a person of that distant era. Early drawings are primitive; this is a contour image of animal heads, impressions of a human hand, wavy lines squeezed out in wet clay with the fingers of a hand (the so-called "macaroni"). Later images of the Paleolithic era are drawings of animals of that time (deer, horses, bison, mammoths) made on the walls and ceilings of caves. The oldest figurines of animals are distinguished by their accurate depiction; life forced the hunter to study in detail the nature of the animal, its habits. This knowledge was of practical value. A person has not yet known himself, therefore the sculptural images of a person are very schematic, conditional. Such are the primitive "Venuses" (Venus of Willendorf), the simplest female figures with disproportionate limbs, hypertrophied maternal features and the absence of human facial features. Correctly perceiving individual objects, a person has not yet grasped the overall picture of the world and has not realized his place in it.

Picturesque images of the Mesolithic period (Middle Stone Age) 10-6 thousand BC. e., became more colorful. Multi-figured compositions appeared, reflecting dynamic scenes of hunting, battles between tribes, and everyday activities. A person makes the first attempts to reveal the interconnections of the universe, to master the general laws of life.

Neolithic (new stone age), 6-2 thousand BC. e., enriched the visual arts with the creation of works of monumental anthropomorphic (humanoid) sculpture, for example, the so-called "stone women" of the Northern Black Sea region.

A characteristic feature of the Neolithic culture is the spread of small plastic arts, artistic crafts, which laid the foundation for decorative art.

In the Bronze Age, about 2 thousand years BC. e., the prevailing importance is given to the architecture called megalithic (that is, the architecture of large stones: from the Greek roots "meg" - large and "lit" - stone). Megalithic structures include: menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs. Their emergence is connected with the development of religious ideas. Stone pillars - menhirs - up to 20 m high (located in Brittany, France, Transcaucasia, Armenia) carry the features of architecture and sculpture.

2 Archaeologists Found Prehistoric Art For The First Time

Works of primitive art can be divided into two large groups:

1) rock and cave painting and engraving;

2) small works of art made of stone, bone, horn.

In the middle of the 19th century, a number of discoveries were made, made possible by the development of scientific archeology. In almost all parts of the world, archaeologists have discovered and uncovered centers of material culture: caveman sites, stone and bone tools and hunting - spears, axes, needles, scrapers. At many sites, objects have been found that can only be called works of art: silhouettes of animals, patterns and mysterious signs carved on pieces of deer antlers, on bone plates and stone slabs, strange human figures made of stone and bone, drawings, carvings and reliefs on rocks . In secret caves, where archaeologists penetrated with difficulty, groping, sometimes by swimming - through underground rivers, they happened to discover entire "museums" of primitive painting and sculpture.

3. The first works of art

The most ancient works of the Upper Paleolithic plastics date back to the 25th millennium BC. e.

In a vast area from Siberia to Western Europe, female figurines made mainly of ivory (mammoth tusks), the so-called Paleolithic Venuses, were common in this era. These images of women are still very far from a real resemblance to the human body. But large breasts and lush hips leave no doubt that these are women. Primitive sculptors were not interested in facial features. Their task was not to reproduce a specific nature, but to create a certain generalized image of a woman-mother, a symbol of fertility and the keeper of the hearth. Many of them are well polished, which indicates that they were often taken in hand. Most likely, these figurines were associated with the cult of fertility. Be that as it may, the desire to create an expressive form, attempts at artistic processing of the material make it possible to see the first works of art in these things.

4. Discovery of Altamira

People have always tried to recreate a reliable picture of the origin of the human race. At first, the history of the origin of man was based on myths and religious beliefs. The development of rational thinking in the 17th century required a different approach to this problem, based on the logic of the rapidly developing natural sciences. Traditional ideas ceased to satisfy the philosophers of the Enlightenment. Charles Darwin in his fundamental work "The Origin of Species" (1859) pointed out the possibility of the origin of man from apes, which caused a wave of religious protest. Nevertheless, under the influence of Darwin, interest in the study of the early stages in the development of mankind flared up.

Archaeological excavations have unearthed the most important monuments of prehistoric art, including examples of Paleolithic painting. We owe the discovery of the Altamira Cave in Northern Spain more to chance than to the diligence of archaeologists. In 1869, a hunter was looking for a lost dog and ended up in an unknown part of the cave. Six years later, local amateur archaeologist Marcelino Sautuola began his own research. Once, in 1879, he took his 12-year-old daughter with him, who drew her father's attention to the images on the ceiling, which were difficult to distinguish in the darkness of the cave. “Look, dad, bulls,” said the girl. Sautuola published the results of his discovery, but Sautuola was accused of deliberate falsification, in that these murals were made by one of his friends - an artist. Only almost 15 years after Sautuola's death, his opponents were forced to publicly admit they were wrong and agree that Altamira's painting belongs to the Paleolithic era.

5. Cave painting

The first examples of rock art are paintings in the cave of Altamira (Spain), dating back to about the 12th millennium BC. e., were discovered in 1875. Within 50 years, about 40 such "art galleries" were opened in Spain and France. Ironically, the paintings in the Altamira cave were taken for forgery. They seemed too perfect to be the creations of primitive man. In cave painting, images of animals are most often found - horses, bison, deer, cows, wild boars. In Africa, there are also images of rhinos and zebras. In earlier drawings, the animals looked motionless, but later primitive artists learned to convey movement. Rare images of a person are very schematic. The artists used black and red paints made from various inorganic materials. Stones and clays were ground into powder, then water or some kind of binder, such as resin, was added. The ancient masters learned how to convey the volume and shape of an object, using paint of various thicknesses and changing the saturation of the tone. Numerous finds have allowed scientists to trace the evolution of rock art, to study its technique, style, and plots. But neither the images themselves, nor the knowledge of the method of painting can tell what they were created for. There are many explanations. Some believe that this is just a reflection of the visible world. Primitive artists were well aware of the animals on which the very existence of people depended. Others believe that the very place of the find explains everything. It was once thought that primitive man lived in caves, but now it is proved that his dwelling was like a hut made of animal bones covered with skins. Picturesque images were usually located far from the entrance to the cave, which indicates their religious and magical nature, their connection with rituals that ensure success in hunting and procreation.

6. Neolithic Revolution

The end of the ice age (about 13 thousand years ago) led to a sharp change in climate. The ice has given way to vast forests. Many large mammals died out and were replaced by modern animal species. Man had to adapt to major changes.

Approximately 10 thousand years ago, gatherers and hunters discovered that grains of cereals thrown into the ground watered with water give a new crop next year. In addition, people have learned to keep wild animals in captivity and get offspring from them. The development of agriculture, which assumed a settled way of life, led to an increase in the size of the community and the emergence of fairly large permanent settlements, and later cities. About 9 thousand years ago, the first permanent settlements appeared in Western Asia, the inhabitants of which were engaged in agriculture. The transition from an appropriating economy to a producing one was called the Neolithic revolution.

The Neolithic is characterized primarily by a significant improvement in the technique of making stone tools. The most important feature of the new technique is the final finishing of stone tools by grinding or polishing, as well as sawing and drilling stone. Another important achievement of the Neolithic era is the invention of ceramics. A practical need brought into life the ability to make and fire clay vessels, which were decorated with abstract ornaments. This utensil was intended both for everyday use and for religious rituals. Richly decorated items were most likely used for cult purposes.

More developed social relations gave rise to more diverse forms of religious cults. Excavations in the south of Turkey in Chatal Huyuk, one of the oldest cities in the world, which appeared about 10 thousand years ago, showed the existence of a sacred bull cult. Sanctuaries were decorated with long horns of this animal. The need for light and heat for a good harvest led to the spread of solar cults.

7. Copper and Bronze Age

About 4 thousand years ago, another turning point occurred in the evolutionary development of man. People discovered metals and began to process them. Copper was the first metal that man used to make tools, perhaps because it was easier to mine than other metals. Later, a person began to extract and extract other metals from ore, among which were tin and lead. By fusing copper with tin, man created the first metal that did not exist in nature - bronze. The resulting alloy was much harder than copper and was perfectly machinable. High-temperature kilns were first used for making ceramics, but gradually they were adapted for casting bronze and other metals. Metal soon replaced ceramics from the most important areas - the production of cult objects and jewelry. The ability to smelt metals also penetrated into Northern Europe, and after that another innovation from Mesopotamia came there - bronze (c. 3000 BC). The Celtic cultures that dominated Europe before the Roman conquest made extensive use of bronze and other metals and developed their own decorative traditions. Many weapons, cult and household items, decorated with ornaments, were found in Celtic burials.

Conclusion

The emergence of art is associated with the development of society and the conditions of human life. But why did art arise, why did it acquire precisely such forms, there are no simple and precise answers to these questions.

Mankind seeks to find them in order to understand the origins, in the depths of which one of the main active forces in the creation of civilization arose. art artistic architecture

List of used literature

1. Miriamov V.B. - Primitive and traditional art. - M., 1973.

2. Alekseeva V.V. - What is art? - M., 1991.

3. Popular art encyclopedia. / Ed. V.M. Field. - M.: Publishing House of the Soviet Encyclopedia, 1986.

4. Kuzmina M.T., Maltseva N.L. - History of foreign art. - M., 1980.

5. Early Art Forms: A Collection. - M., 1972.

6. Formozov A.A. - Monuments of primitive art on the territory of the USSR: 2nd ed. - M., 1980.

7. Stolyar A.D. - The origin of fine arts. - M., 1985.

8. Vipper R.Yu. Ancient world history. - M.: Respublika, 1994.

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"The Origin of Primitive Art: Religious Beliefs and Their Causes"

"General characteristics of primitive art"

The oldest surviving works of art were created in the primitive era, about sixty thousand years ago. Primitive (or, otherwise, primitive) art territorially covers all continents except Antarctica, and in time - the entire era of human existence, preserved by some peoples living in remote corners of the planet to this day. The conversion of primitive people to a new type of activity for them - art - is one of the greatest events in the history of mankind. Primitive art reflected the first ideas of man about the surrounding world, thanks to it knowledge and skills were preserved and transferred, people communicated with each other. In the spiritual culture of the primitive world, art began to play the same universal role that a pointed stone played in labor activity.

Until recently, scholars held two opposing views on the history of primitive art. Some experts considered cave naturalistic painting and sculpture to be the oldest, while others considered schematic signs and geometric figures. Now most researchers are of the opinion that both forms appeared at approximately the same time. For example, among the most ancient images on the walls of caves of the Paleolithic era are imprints of a human hand, and random interweaving of wavy lines, pressed into wet clay with the fingers of the same hand.

Paleolithic Art

The Stone Age is the oldest period in the history of mankind (began over 2 million years ago, lasted until the 6th millennium BC), when tools and weapons were made of stone (hence the name of the era - the Stone Age); divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic.

The first works of primitive art were created about 30 thousand years ago, at the end of the Paleolithic era, or the ancient Stone Age.

The most ancient sculptural images today are the so-called "Paleolithic Venuses" - primitive female figures. They are still very far from a real resemblance to the human body. All of them have some common features: enlarged hips, abdomen and chest, lack of feet. Primitive sculptors were not even interested in facial features. Their task was not to reproduce a specific nature, but to create a certain generalized image of a woman-mother, a symbol of fertility and the keeper of the hearth. Male images in the Paleolithic era are very rare. In addition to women, animals were depicted: horses, goats, reindeer, etc. At that time, people did not yet know metal, and almost all Paleolithic sculpture was made of stone or bone.

In the history of cave painting of the Paleolithic era, experts distinguish several periods. In ancient times (from about the 30th millennium BC), primitive artists filled the surface inside the outline of the drawing with black or red paint.

Stone Age people gave an artistic appearance to everyday items - stone tools and clay vessels, although there was no practical need for this. Why did they do this? One can only speculate about this. One of the reasons for the emergence of art is considered to be the human need for beauty and the joy of creativity, the other is the beliefs of that time. Beautiful monuments of the Stone Age are associated with beliefs - painted with paints, as well as images engraved on stone, which covered the walls and ceilings of underground caves - cave paintings. People of that time believed in magic: they believed that with the help of paintings and other images, one could influence nature. It was believed, for example, that it was necessary to hit a drawn animal with an arrow or spear in order to ensure the success of a real hunt.

Later (from about the 18th to the 15th millennium BC), primitive masters began to pay more attention to detail: they depicted wool with oblique parallel strokes, learned to use additional colors (various shades of yellow and red paint) to paint spots on the skins of bulls, horses and bison. The contour line also changed: it became either brighter or darker, marking the light and shadow parts of the figure, skin folds and thick hair (for example, horse manes, massive buffalo manes), thus conveying volume. In some cases, the contours or the most expressive details were emphasized by ancient artists with a carved line.

In the XII millennium BC. e. cave art reached its peak. The painting of that time conveyed volume, perspective, bloom proportions of figures, movement. At the same time, huge picturesque "canvases" were created that covered the vaults of deep caves.

The exact time of the creation of cave paintings has not yet been established. The most beautiful of them were created, according to scientists, about 20 - 10 thousand years ago. At that time, a thick layer of ice covered most of Europe; only the southern part of the mainland remained habitable. The glacier slowly receded, and behind it the primitive hunters moved north. It can be assumed that in the most difficult conditions of that time, all human strength went to the fight against hunger, cold and predatory animals. Nevertheless, he created magnificent paintings. Dozens of large animals are depicted on the walls of the caves, which they already knew how to hunt; among them there were also those that would be tamed by man - bulls, horses, reindeer and others. Cave paintings preserved the appearance of such animals that later completely died out: mammoths and cave bears. Primitive artists knew very well the animals on which the very existence of people depended. With a light and flexible line, they conveyed the poses and movements of the beast. Colorful chords - black, red, white, yellow - make a charming impression. Mineral dyes mixed with water, animal fat and plant sap made the color of the cave paintings especially bright. To create such great and perfect works then, as now, one had to learn. It is possible that the pebbles with images of animals scratched on them found in the caves were student works of the "art schools" of the Stone Age.

In 1868, in Spain, in the province of Santander, the Altamira Cave was discovered, the entrance to which had previously been covered with a landslide. Almost ten years later, the Spanish archaeologist Marcelino Sautuola, who was excavating in this cave, discovered primitive images on its walls and ceiling. Altamira was the first of many dozens of similar caves found later in France and Spain: La Moute, La Madeleine, Trois Frere, Font de Gome, and others. Now, thanks to targeted searches, about a hundred caves with images of primitive time are known in France alone.

An outstanding discovery was made quite by accident in September 1940. It so happened that it was the children, and quite by accident, who found the most interesting cave paintings in Europe. The Lascaux cave in France, which has become even more famous than Altamira, was discovered by four boys who, while playing, climbed into a hole that opened under the roots of a tree that had fallen after a storm. The painting of the Lasko Cave - images of bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, rams, bears and other animals - is the most perfect work of art of those that were created by man in the Paleolithic era. The most spectacular are the images of horses, for example, small dark undersized steppe horses resembling ponies. Also of interest is the clear three-dimensional figure of a cow located above them, preparing to jump over a fence or a pit-trap. This cave has now been turned into a well-equipped museum.

In the cave of Montespan in France, archaeologists have found a statue of a clay bear with traces of spear blows. Probably, primitive people associated animals with their images: they believed that by “killing” them, they would ensure success in the upcoming hunt. In such finds, there is a connection between the most ancient religious beliefs and artistic activity.

Similar monuments are also known outside of Europe - in Asia, in North Africa.

The huge number of these murals and their high artistry are striking. At first, many experts doubted the authenticity of cave paintings: it seemed that primitive people could not be so skillful in painting, and the amazing preservation of the paintings suggested a fake.

In the future, cave images lost their liveliness, volume; stylization (generalization and schematization of objects) intensified. In the last period, realistic images are completely absent. Paleolithic painting returned to where it started: on the walls of the caves appeared chaotic weaves of lines, rows of dots, vague schematic signs.

Along with cave paintings and drawings, various sculptures were made from bone and stone at that time. They were made with primitive tools, and this work required exceptional patience. The creation of statues, no doubt, was also associated with primitive beliefs.

Mesolithic Art

In the era of the Mesolithic, or the Middle Stone Age (XII-VIII millennium BC), the climatic conditions on the planet changed. Some of the hunted animals have disappeared; they were replaced by others. Fisheries began to develop. People created new types of tools, weapons (bows and arrows), tamed the dog. All these changes, of course, had an impact on the consciousness of primitive man, which was reflected in art. This is evidenced, for example, by rock paintings in the coastal mountainous regions of Eastern Spain, between the cities of Barcelona and Valencia. Previously, the focus of the ancient artist was the animals he hunted, now - the figures of people depicted in rapid movement. If the cave Paleolithic drawings represented separate, unrelated figures, then in Mesolithic rock art, multi-figured compositions and scenes begin to prevail, which vividly reproduce various periods in the life of hunters of that time. In addition to various shades of red paint, black and occasionally white were used, and egg white, blood, and possibly honey served as a stable binder.

Central to the rock art were hunting scenes, in which hunters and animals are linked in a vigorously unfolding action. Hunters follow the trail or chase the prey, sending a hail of arrows at it on the run, inflicting the last fatal blow, or fleeing from an angry wounded animal. At the same time, images of dramatic episodes of military clashes between tribes appeared. In some cases, apparently, we are even talking about execution: in the foreground is the figure of a lying man pierced by arrows, in the second is a close row of archers who raised their bows. Images of women are rare: they are usually static and lifeless. Large paintings were replaced by small ones. But the detail of the compositions and the number of characters are striking: sometimes there are hundreds of images of humans and animals. Human figures are very conditional, they are rather symbols that serve to depict mass scenes. The primitive artist freed the figures from everything, from his point of view, of secondary importance, which would interfere with the transfer and perception of complex poses, action, the very essence of what is happening. Man for him is, first of all, an embodied movement.

Neolithic art

The melting of glaciers in the Neolithic, or New Stone Age (5000-3000 BC), set in motion peoples who began to populate new spaces. Intensified intertribal struggle for the possession of the most favorable hunting grounds, for the seizure of new lands. In the Neolithic era, man was threatened by the worst of dangers - another person. New settlements arose on islands in the bends of rivers, on small hills, that is, in places protected from a surprise attack.

Rock art in the Neolithic era becomes more and more schematic and conditional: images only slightly resemble a person or animal. This phenomenon is typical for different regions of the globe. These are, for example, rock paintings of deer, bears, whales and seals found in Norway, reaching eight meters in length. In addition to schematism, they are distinguished by careless execution. Along with stylized drawings of people and animals, there are various geometric shapes (circles, rectangles, rhombuses and spirals, etc.), images of weapons (axes and daggers) and vehicles (boats and ships). Reproduction of wildlife fades into the background.

Rock art has existed in all parts of the world, but nowhere has it been as widespread as in Africa. Carved, embossed and painted images have been found in vast areas - from Mauritania to Ethiopia and from Gibraltar to the Cape of Good Hope. Unlike European art, African rock art is not exclusively prehistoric. Its development can be traced approximately from the VIII-VI millennium BC. e. up to our days. The first rock carvings were discovered in 1847-1850. in North Africa and the Sahara Desert (Tassilin-Ajer, Tibesti, Fezzana, etc.)

The Stone Age was followed by the Bronze Age (it got its name from the then widespread alloy of metals - bronze). The Bronze Age began in Western Europe relatively late, about four thousand years ago. Bronze was much easier to work than stone and could be molded and polished. Therefore, in the Bronze Age, all kinds of household items were made, richly decorated with ornaments and of high artistic value. Ornamental decorations consisted mostly of circles, spirals, wavy lines and similar motifs. Particular attention was paid to jewelry - they were large in size and immediately caught the eye.

In III-II millennia BC. e. original, huge structures made of stone blocks appeared, owing their appearance also to primitive beliefs - megaliths (from the Greek "megas" - "big" and "lithos" - "stone"). Megalithic structures include menhirs - vertically standing stones more than two meters high. On the Brittany Peninsula in France, the so-called fields stretched for miles. menhirs. In the language of the Celts, the later inhabitants of the peninsula, the name of these stone pillars several meters high means "long stone". Other structures have also been preserved - dolmens - several stones dug into the ground, covered with a stone slab, which originally served for burials. The megaliths also include cromlechs - complex structures in the form of circular fences with a diameter of up to one hundred meters from huge boulders. Megaliths were widespread: they were found in Western Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus and other regions of the globe. In France alone, about four thousand have been found.

Numerous menhirs and dolmens were located in places that were considered sacred. Especially famous are the ruins of such a sanctuary - a cromlech in England near the city of Salisbury - the so-called. Stonehenge (II millennium BC). Stonehenge is built from one hundred and twenty boulders weighing up to seven tons each, and thirty meters in diameter. It is curious that the Preselli Mountains in South Wales, from where the building material for this structure was supposed to be delivered, are located two hundred and eighty kilometers from Stonehenge. However, modern geologists believe that the boulders came to the vicinity of Stonehenge with glaciers from different places. It is assumed that they worshiped the sun.

Primitive art played an important role in the history and culture of ancient mankind. Having learned to create images (sculptural, graphic, pictorial), a person has acquired some power over time. The imagination of a person was embodied in a new form of being - artistic, the development of which can be traced in the history of art.

Primitive art, despite its external simplicity and unpretentiousness, is of great importance in the history of mankind as a whole. The development of its various types continued for millennia, and in some regions of the planet - for example, in Australia, Oceania, and some of America - it existed in the 20th century, changing its name to "traditional art".

art

The most ancient monuments of art of the primitive world belong to the ancient Stone Age - the Paleolithic (approximately 40 thousand years BC). Basically, these were rock paintings on the ceilings and walls of caves, in underground grottoes and galleries in Europe, North Africa and. Early drawings were extremely primitive and displayed only what a person saw in his daily life: animals, prints of human hands smeared in paint, etc. For painting, earthen paints, ocher, black manganese, white lime were used. As the art of the primitive period developed, the drawings became multicolored, and the plots became more complicated.

Thread

In addition, wood and bone were intensively developed, people learned to make full-fledged figurines. Most often, again, animals were depicted: bears, lions, mammoths, snakes and birds. When making such figurines, people tried to recreate the silhouette, texture of wool, etc. as accurately as possible. It is believed that figurines served our ancestors as amulets, protecting them from evil spirits.

Architecture

After the Ice Age, the so-called Neolithic Revolution took place. An increasing number of tribes chose a settled way of life and needed a permanent, reliable home. Depending on the habitat of a particular people, many new types of houses appeared - on stilts, from dried bricks, etc.

Ceramics

The most important place in the history of art is occupied by ceramic products. For the first time they also began to be made in the Neolithic era. People learned to use an accessible and easy-to-process material - clay - long before, in the Paleolithic, but they began to make really beautiful dishes and other products from it a little later. Gradually, more and more new forms appeared (jugs, bowls, bowls and others), almost every item was decorated with painted or carved ornaments. A striking example of art can be considered Trypillian ceramics. The painting on various products of this people reflected reality in all its diversity.

Bronze Age

Considering the forms of primitive art, one should pay attention to which marked the beginning of a completely new era in the history of human development. It was during this period that (menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs) appeared, which, according to historians, carried religious overtones. As a rule, megaliths were located near the burial places.

Decorations

Throughout all stages, primitive people sought to decorate themselves and their clothes. Jewelry was made from all available materials: shells, prey bones, stone, clay. Over time, having learned to process bronze, iron and other metals, including precious ones, people acquired skillfully made jewelry, which still amaze us with its beauty and elegance.

Art is of paramount importance, because it is with its appearance that the strongest leap in evolution is often compared, which forever separated man from the beast.

All-Russian State Tax Academy

ESSAY

ON CULTUROLOGY

on the topic

PRIMIAL ART

Completed by: group student NZ-103

Shchipitsina L.B.

Checked: ____________________

Moscow 2009

Plan

Introduction………………………………………………………………………3

Paleolithic. The art of the Paleolithic era…………………………………..4

Mesolithic. Mesolithic Art……………………………………..8

Neolithic. Neolithic Art………………………………………….11

Music and theater of primitive society……………………………….15

Conclusion………………………………………………………………...17

References………………………………………………………….18

Introduction

Primitive art, the art of the era of the primitive communal system. Primitive art arose around the 30th millennium BC. e., when a man of the modern type appears.

Primitive (or, in other words, primitive) art geographically covers all continents except Antarctica, and in time - the entire era of human existence.

The conversion of primitive people to a new type of activity for them - art - is one of the greatest events in the history of mankind. Primitive art reflected the first ideas of man about the world around him, thanks to him knowledge and skills were preserved and transferred, people communicated with each other. In the spiritual culture of the primitive world, art began to play the same universal role that a pointed stone played in labor activity.

Consolidating the results of labor experience in art, a person deepened and expanded his ideas about reality, enriched his spiritual world and more and more rose above nature. The emergence of art therefore meant a huge step forward in the cognitive activity of man. It helped to strengthen social ties and strengthen the primitive community. The immediate cause of the emergence of art was the real needs of everyday life.

In this work, I want to consider the different stages in the development of primitive art, starting from the late Paleolithic era.

Paleolithic. Art of the Paleolithic Age.

Paleolithic, Old Stone Age, the first of two major eras of the Stone Age. The Paleolithic is the era of the existence of fossil man, as well as fossil, now extinct animal species. People of the Paleolithic era used only chipped stone tools, not yet knowing how to grind them and make pottery - ceramics. They were engaged in hunting and gathering plant foods. Fishing was just beginning to emerge, while agriculture and cattle breeding were not known.

The first works of primitive art were created about 30 thousand years ago, at the end of the Paleolithic era. These are primitive human figures, mostly female, carved from mammoth tusk or soft stone. Often their surface is dotted with depressions, which probably meant fur clothing.

In addition to the "clothed" figurines, there are nude female figures. These are the so-called "Venuses", associated with the cult of "ancestresses". On their thighs, a small belt like a loincloth can be discerned, and sometimes tattoos. The hairstyles of the figurines are interesting, sometimes quite complex and lush. They are still very far from a real resemblance to the human body. All of them have some common features: enlarged hips, abdomen and chest, lack of feet. Primitive sculptors were not even interested in facial features. Their task was not to reproduce a specific nature, but to create a certain generalized image of a woman-mother, a symbol of fertility and the keeper of the hearth. Male images in the Paleolithic era are very rare.

In addition to women, figures of animals carved from bone or stone were depicted: horses, goats, reindeer, etc. The first examples of artistic carving (engraving on bone and stone) date back to the same period.

The most important monuments of Paleolithic art are cave images, where full of life and movement figures of large animals that were the main objects of hunting (bison, horses, deer, mammoths, predatory animals, etc.) predominate. The first images of rock art are paintings in the cave of Altamira (Spain), dating back to about the 12th millennium BC. - were discovered in 1875, and by the beginning of the First World War in Spain and France, there were about 40 such "art galleries".

In the history of cave painting of the Paleolithic era, experts distinguish several periods. In ancient times (approximately from the 20th millennium BC), works of art were characterized by simplicity of forms and colors. Rock paintings are, as a rule, the contours of the figures of animals, made with bright paint - red, black or yellow, and occasionally - filled with round spots or completely painted over. Such "pictures" were clearly visible in the twilight of the caves, illuminated only by torches or the fire of a smoky fire.

Stone Age people gave an artistic appearance to everyday items - stone tools and clay vessels, although there was no practical need for this. Why did they do this? One can only speculate about this. One of the reasons for the emergence of art is considered to be the human need for beauty and the joy of creativity, the other is the beliefs of that time. Beautiful monuments of the Stone Age are associated with beliefs - painted with paints, as well as images engraved on stone, which covered the walls and ceilings of underground caves - cave paintings . People of that time believed in magic: they believed that with the help of paintings and other images, one could influence nature. It was believed, for example, that it was necessary to hit a drawn animal with an arrow or spear in order to ensure the success of a real hunt.

Later (from about the 18th to the 15th millennium BC), primitive masters began to pay more attention to details. Ancient artists learned to convey the volume and shape of an object, applied paint of various thicknesses, and changed the saturation of tone.

The contour line has changed: it has become either brighter or darker, marking the light and shadow parts of the figure, skin folds and thick hair (for example, horse manes, massive buffalo manes). At first, the animals in the drawings looked motionless, but later the primitive man learned to convey movement. Figures of animals full of life appeared on the cave drawings: deer run in panic fear, horses rush in a "flying gallop" (the front legs are tucked in, the hind legs are thrown forward). The wild boar is terrifying in a rage: he jumps, baring his fangs and bristling. Cave paintings had a ritual purpose - when going hunting, a primitive man painted a mammoth, a wild boar or a horse, so that the hunt was successful and the prey was easy. This is confirmed by the characteristic imposition of some drawings on others, as well as their multiplicity.

In the XII millennium BC. e. cave art reached its peak. Painting of that time conveyed volume, perspective, colors, proportions of figures, movement. At the same time, huge picturesque “canvases” were created that covered the vaults of deep caves.

An outstanding discovery was made quite by accident in September 1940. It so happened that it was the children, and quite by accident, who found the most interesting cave paintings in Europe. The Lascaux cave in France, which has become even more famous than Altamira, was discovered by four boys who, while playing, climbed into a hole that opened under the roots of a tree that had fallen after a storm. The painting of the Lascaux Cave - images of bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, rams, bears and other animals - is the most perfect work of art from those that were created by man in the Paleolithic era. The most spectacular are the images of horses, for example, small dark undersized steppe horses resembling ponies. Also of interest is the clear three-dimensional figure of a cow located above them, preparing to jump over a fence or a pit-trap. This cave has now been turned into a well-equipped museum.

Similar monuments are also known outside of Europe - in Asia, in North Africa.

The striking vitality of many Paleolithic images of animals is due to the peculiarities of labor practice and the perception of the world of Paleolithic man. The accuracy and sharpness of his observations were determined by the daily work experience of hunters, whose whole life and well-being depended on the knowledge of animals, on the ability to track them down. For all its vital expressiveness, the art of the Paleolithic was, however, to the full extent primitive, infantile. It did not know generalization, transmission of space, composition in our sense of the word. To a large extent, the basis of Paleolithic art was the reflection of nature in living, personified images of primitive mythology, the spiritualization of natural phenomena, endowing them with human qualities. The bulk of the monuments of Paleolithic art is associated with the primitive cult of fertility and hunting rites.

In the late Paleolithic, the rudiments of architecture also take shape. Paleolithic dwellings appear to have been low, domed structures sunken about a third into the ground, sometimes with long tunnel-like entrances. The bones of large animals were sometimes used as building material.

Mesolithic. Mesolithic Art.

Mesolithic, the era of the Stone Age, transitional between the Paleolithic and Neolithic. The Mesolithic cultures of many territories are characterized by miniature stone tools - microliths. Chipped chopping tools made of stone were used - axes, adzes, picks, as well as tools made of bone and horn - spearheads, harpoons, fish hooks, points, picks, etc. Bows and arrows, various devices for fishing and hunting sea animals spread ( dugout boats, nets). Pottery appeared mainly during the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic.

The most striking examples of painting of the Middle Stone Age, or Mesolithic, are rock paintings on the eastern and southern coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, in Spain. They are located not in the dark, hard-to-reach depths of the caves, but in small rocky niches and grottoes. Currently, about 40 such places are known, including at least 70 separate groups of images.

These murals differ from the images characteristic of the Paleolithic. Large drawings, where animals are presented in full size, have been replaced by miniature ones: for example, the length of the rhinos depicted in the Minapida grotto is about 14 cm, and the height of human figures is only 5-10 cm on average. But the detail of the compositions and the number of characters are striking: sometimes it is hundreds of images of humans and animals. Human figures are very conditional, they are rather symbols that serve to depict mass scenes. The primitive artist freed the figures from everything, from his point of view, of secondary importance, which would interfere with the transfer and perception of complex poses, action, the very essence of what is happening. Man for him is, first of all, an embodied movement.

"Artists" used, as a rule, black or red paint. Sometimes they used both colors: for example, they painted over the upper body of a person red, the legs black. In addition to various shades of red paint, white was occasionally used, and egg white, blood, and possibly honey served as a stable binder.

A characteristic feature of rock art is a kind of transfer of individual parts of the human body. An exorbitantly long and narrow body, having the appearance of a straight or slightly curved rod; as if intercepted at the waist; legs are disproportionately massive, with convex calves; the head is large and round, with carefully reproduced details of the headdress.

Previously, the focus of the ancient "artist" were the animals he hunted, now - the figures of people depicted in rapid movement. If the cave Paleolithic drawings represented separate, unrelated figures, then in Mesolithic rock art, multi-figured compositions and scenes begin to prevail, which vividly reproduce various periods in the life of hunters of that time.

The people depicted on a light gray background of rocks are full of swift energy. Their nude figures are outlined with graceful clarity. The "artists" of this period achieved true mastery in group images. In this they are much superior to the cave "painters". In rock art, multi-figure compositions appear, mostly of a narrative nature: each drawing is truly a story in colors.

A masterpiece of rock art of the Mesolithic period can be called a drawing in the Gasulha Gorge (Spanish province of Castellón). On it are two red figures of shooters aiming at a mountain goat that jumps from above. The posture of people is very expressive: they stand, leaning on the knee of one leg, stretching back the other and bending their torso towards the animal.

A distinctive feature of the rock art of this period is that people occupy a central place in it. The team of hunters become the main characters of the artistic story.

In lively and expressive images, we are faced with the life story of a primitive man of the Stone Age, told by himself in the rock paintings. Still, the main occupation of people was hunting for wild animals. The bow, the main invention of this period of the Stone Age, became the main weapon. In the foreground of the drawings, a hunter armed with a bow is always depicted. At the same time, people did not stop using throwing darts. Bundles of such darts, along with quivers full of arrows, can be seen in the hands of hunters and warriors. Dogs domesticated at that time also participated in the hunt.

There are drawings devoted to various methods of hunting: tracking, trapping, etc. Ancient "hunters" emphasized that hunting is a dangerous and difficult business. One of the drawings shows an angry bull, probably slightly wounded by arrows, chasing fleeing hunters.

Rock art allows you to imagine what a primitive man looked like. The men in the drawings are depicted, as a rule, naked. Only occasionally they wear short pants above the knees. With special care, fringes or cords are drawn at the waist and at the knees. Interesting variety of hairstyles for men; sometimes their heads are decorated with feathers stuck in their hair. Women wear long, bell-shaped skirts; breasts must be exposed. Images of women are rare: they are usually static and lifeless.

Rock art tells about the dramatic episodes of military clashes between the tribes. The drawings often depict battles: fierce fights, warriors fleeing from pursuit.

One of the large compositions in the Gasoulia Gorge surprisingly truthfully depicts the battle of ancient people. One group of warriors, armed with bows and arrows, pushes another: on the right - the attackers, on the left - the defenders. Attackers rush forward uncontrollably, showering their enemies with a cloud of arrows from tightly drawn bows. Among the defenders, one can see the wounded, struck by arrows, suffering from pain, but not surrendering to the enemy. In the foreground, a detachment of four shooters with desperate tenacity holds back the onslaught of the enemy.

In the canopy of the Mola Religia (Gasulya Gorge), an excellent drawing with a military dance scene has survived. Five naked warriors run one after another in a chain. Their bodies are equally tilted forward. Each holds in one hand a bunch of arrows, in the other - a bow, belligerently raised up.

Neolithic. Neolithic Art.

Neolithic, New Stone Age, the era of the later Stone Age, characterized by the use of exclusively flint, bone and stone tools (including those made using sawing, drilling and grinding techniques) and, as a rule, the widespread use of earthenware. Neolithic labor tools represent the final stage in the development of stone tools, which are then replaced by metal products that appear in increasing quantities. According to cultural and economic characteristics, Neolithic cultures fall into two groups:

farmers and pastoralists,

advanced hunters and fishermen.

The melting of glaciers in the Neolithic, or New Stone Age, set in motion peoples who began to populate new spaces. Intensified intertribal struggle for the possession of the most favorable hunting grounds, for the seizure of new lands. In the Neolithic era, man was threatened by the worst of dangers - another person. New settlements arose on islands in the bends of rivers, on small hills, that is, in places protected from a surprise attack.

During the period of the New Stone Age, cave painting fades into the background, giving way to sculpture - clay figurines. More or less mass production of the same type of products began, in particular sculptural images of animals and people, especially women. Archaeologists find them in a vast area: from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Baikal.

The transition from hunting to farming and cattle breeding contributed to the development of new trends in art. Stronger than before, the decorative and ornamental trend developed already in the Paleolithic (decoration of household items, dwellings, clothes). In the Neolithic and Eneolithic epochs, and partly in the Bronze Age, among the ancient tribes of Egypt, India, the Near East, Asia Minor, and China, art spread, largely associated with agricultural mythology: painted ceramics with ornaments (in the Danube-Dnieper region in China - complex curvilinear , mainly spiral; in Central Asia, Iran, India, Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt - rectilinear geometric patterns, often combined with images of animals and stylized human figures).

Along with decorative ornamentation, many agricultural tribes had a vitally expressive sculpture. The architecture of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic is represented by the architecture of communal settlements (multi-room mud houses of Central Asia and Mesopotamia, dwellings of the Trypillia culture with a frame base of twigs and adobe floors, etc.).

In the III-II millennium BC. e. original, huge structures made of stone blocks appeared, owing their appearance also to primitive beliefs - megaliths (from the Greek "megas" - "big" and "lithos" - "stone"). Megalithic structures include menhirs - vertically standing stones more than two meters high. On the Brittany Peninsula in France, the so-called fields stretched for miles. menhirs. In the language of the Celts, the later inhabitants of the peninsula, the name of these stone pillars several meters high means "long stone". A different kind of structures have also been preserved - dolmens - several stones dug into the ground, covered with a stone slab, which originally served for burials. The megaliths also include cromlechs - complex structures in the form of circular fences with a diameter of up to one hundred meters from huge boulders. Megaliths were widespread: they were found in Western Europe, North Africa, the Caucasus and other regions of the globe. In France alone, about four thousand have been found.

Numerous menhirs and dolmens were located in places that were considered sacred. Especially famous are the ruins of such a sanctuary - a cromlech in England near the city of Salisbury - the so-called. stonehenge(II millennium BC) . Stonehenge is built from one hundred and twenty boulders weighing up to seven tons each, and thirty meters in diameter. It is curious that the Suppressed Mountains in South Wales, from where the building material for this structure was supposed to be delivered, are located two hundred and eighty kilometers from Stonehenge. However, modern geologists believe that the boulders came to the vicinity of Stonehenge with glaciers from different places. It is assumed that they worshiped the sun.

The tribes that preserved the fishing and hunting way of life (forest hunters and fishermen of Northern Europe and Asia, from Norway and Karelia to the West to Kolyma to the East) had both ancient motifs and realistic art forms inherited from the Paleolithic. Such are rock carvings, animal figurines made of clay, wood and horn (for example, finds in the Gorbunovsky peat bog and the Oleneostrovsky burial ground). Rock paintings of the Neolithic and Late Bronze Ages were also created in Central Asia (Zaraut-Sai) and the Caucasus (Kobustan). In the steppes of Eastern Europe and Asia, pastoral tribes created the so-called animal style at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age. Cultural ties with Ancient Greece, the countries of the Ancient East and China contributed to the emergence of new plots, images and visual means in the artistic culture of the tribes of Southern Eurasia. The later stages of primitive art were associated with the growth of productive forces, the development of the division of labor during the period of the beginning of the decomposition of the primitive communal standing and the beginning of the formation of a class society. Rich and varied art, organically connected with the forms of primitive art, continued to exist until the 19th - 20th centuries. among peoples who have largely preserved primitive communal relations (the natives of Australia, Oceania and South America, the peoples of Africa).

The art of the Stone Age was of great positive significance for the history of ancient mankind. Fixing his life experience and attitude in visible images, primitive man deepened and expanded his ideas about reality, enriched his spiritual world.

Music and theater of primitive society.

It is difficult for us to imagine the music of primitive people. After all, there was no written language then, and no one knew how to write down either the words of the songs or their music. We can get the most general idea of this music partly from the preserved traces of the life of people of those distant times (for example, from rock and cave paintings), and partly from observations of the life of some modern peoples who have preserved the primitive way of life. So we learn that even at the dawn of human society, music played an important role in people's lives.

Mothers, singing, rocked the children; warriors inspired themselves before the battle and frightened the enemies with warlike songs - cries; the shepherds gathered their flocks with drawling words; and when people gathered together for some work, measured shouts helped them to unite their efforts and more easily cope with the work. When someone from the primitive community died, his relatives expressed their grief in songs of lamentation. This is how the oldest forms of musical art arose: lullabies, military, shepherd, labor songs, funeral laments. These ancient forms continued to develop and survived even today, although, of course, they have changed a lot. After all, the art of music is constantly evolving, just like human society itself, reflecting the whole variety of feelings and thoughts of a person, his attitude to life around him. This is the main feature of real art.

Music was included in the games of primitive people as an indispensable component. She was inseparable from the words of the songs, from the movements, from the dance. In the games of primitive people, the beginnings of various types of art were merged into one whole - poetry, music, dance, theatrical action, which subsequently became isolated and began to develop independently. Such an undivided (syncretic) art, more like a game, has survived to this day among tribes living in a primitive communal system.

In ancient music there was a lot of imitation of the sounds of the surrounding life. Gradually, people learned to select musical sounds from a huge number of sounds and noises, learned to be aware of their relationship in height and duration, their connection with each other.

Rhythm was developed earlier than other musical elements in primitive musical art. And there is nothing surprising here, because rhythm is inherent in the very nature of man. Primitive music helped people find rhythm in their work. Melodically monotonous and simple, this music was at the same time surprisingly complex and rhythmically varied. The singers emphasized the rhythm by clapping their hands or stomping: this is the most ancient form of singing with accompaniment.

In primitive society, man was completely dependent on the forces of nature that he did not understand. The change of seasons, unexpected cold, fires, loss of livestock, crop failure, disease - everything was attributed to supernatural forces that had to be propitiated to win over. According to the ancients, magic (magic) was considered one of the most important means of achieving success in any business. It consisted in the fact that before any labor process a mimic scene was played, depicting the successful implementation of this process. This is how ritual games were born.

The participants in the ritual games used a rather complex pantomime, accompanying it with songs, music, and dances. It seemed to the ancients that all this had magical powers. So already in the early ritual performances, some elements of modern theater were contained and merged together. Ritual games are always associated with the forms of economy that are developed among one or another people. The tribes, who obtained their food by hunting and fishing, played out whole hunting performances. The participants were divided into two groups. Those who portrayed "prey" decorated themselves with bird feathers, fangs, put on animal skins, animal masks, or painted the body and face. The game consisted of scenes of tracking, chasing and killing prey. Then all the participants danced to the sound of a tambourine or drum, accompanied by warlike cries and singing.

Among the agricultural peoples, mimic games were included in the holidays associated with the spring - with the revival of nature, with the beginning of sowing work, in the fall - with the harvest, the fading of nature. Therefore, most agricultural rituals depict the "birth" and "dying" of the deity - the patron of nature, the triumph of the light forces of life over the dark forces of death. On these holidays, mourning and sadness were replaced by joy, fun, jokes. Some features of such games were preserved in later Western European carnivals.

Conclusion.

The history of primitive art includes the problem of the origin of art and considers the stages of its development over several tens of millennia from the most ancient works of art of the Paleolithic era. In other words, this is the history of the pre-class period in the development of art. Once upon a time, what we call artistic creativity was not yet an independent type of professional labor activity. Unlike the art of the era of civilization, primitive art does not constitute an autonomous area in the sphere of culture. In a primitive society, artistic activity is closely intertwined with all existing forms of culture: mythology, religion. With them, it exists in indissoluble unity, forming what is called a primitive cultural complex.

In primitive society, almost all types of spiritual activity are associated with art and express themselves through art. At this stage of development, art is the same multi-valued tool of spiritual culture, which was a sharpened stone for the labor activity of primitive man - a universal tool used in all cases of his life.

In primitive art, the first ideas about the surrounding world are developed. They contribute to the consolidation and transfer of primary knowledge and skills, are a means of communication between people. Labor, which transforms the material world, has become a means of purposeful struggle of man with primordial nature. Art, which streamlines the system of ideas about the surrounding world, regulates and directs social and mental processes, served as a means of combating chaos in man himself and in human society.

The moment a person turns to this new type of activity, which we can conditionally call artistic creativity, can be considered as the greatest discovery, perhaps unparalleled in history in terms of the possibilities that it contains.

Bibliography

1. Alekseev V. P., Pershits A. I. History of primitive society. M., 1999.

2. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. In 30 volumes / Ed. A. M. Prokhorova. 3rd ed. M., 1970-1978.

T. 16. Moesia - Morshansk. M., 1974. S. 8.

T. 17. Morshin - Nikish. M., 1974. S. 472.

T. 19. Otomi - Plaster. M., 1975. S. 355.

3. Mirimanov V. B. Primitive and traditional art. M., 1973.

4. Tylor E. B. Primitive culture. M., 1989.

primeval art (3)
Abstract >> History
Primary silhouette. Examples of the first works primeval art are schematic contour drawings of animals ... . Breil A. West - the birthplace of the great rock art // primeval art. - Novosibirsk, 1971. Bednarik R. Data interpretation...
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Totemism, animism, magic) 3.1 primeval art primeval art – art era primeval society. It originated in the late Paleolithic... intact primitive Lifestyle. primeval art- only part primeval culture where...
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Abstract >> Culture and art
26. Features of formation and development primeval art Peculiarities primeval

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