Industries of India in brief. General characteristics of India

A significant territory of South Asia is occupied by the Federal Republic of India, which is in seventh place in the world in terms of area, and the second in terms of population.

This is a country that is distinguished by a great diversity of nationalities, as well as the rapid growth and development of industry.

Population

India can rightfully be considered a favorable haven for representatives of various nationalities. In support of this, it can be clarified that despite the fact that Hindi is considered the state language, 14 more constitutional languages ​​have been approved in the country, including English, Sanskrit, Marathi, Assami and others.

Eighty years ago, during the colonies, the death rate exceeded the birth rate, and the average life expectancy barely reached 30 years. Two decades later, the demographic situation of the country improved dramatically, as health care began to actively develop, and every family was promoted to produce at least two children. Today, population growth is so rapid that in 5 years India will surpass China in terms of the number of inhabitants. That is why unemployment has been one of the most significant problems in the country over the past decade - more than 20% of able-bodied residents do not have a permanent job or are partially employed.

Although India cannot be called an urbanized state, the urban population still exceeds the rural one by several times. According to this indicator, India also ranks second in the world. Most of the townspeople work in trade and the service sector. It is worth pointing out that the largest cities in India are not distinguished by sufficient comfort, on the contrary - many basti slums, lack of running water and sewerage, problems with transport interchanges, regular traffic jams at rush hour, poor conditions for the urban population. The life of the rural population can be called more comfortable.

Industry of India

The service sector occupies the bulk of India's gross domestic product. The most developed industries of the country include energy, ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and light industries, since these areas are state property and make a huge contribution to India's GDP.

Energy

(North Chennai Thermal Power Plant, India)

Despite the fact that the energy sector in the country is at the stage of rapid development, the majority of the population satisfies their domestic fuel needs through agricultural waste and firewood. Hard coal is mined mainly in the northeast, and the cost of its transportation is quite high and economically unjustified. The processing of oil deposits is practically undeveloped, therefore, mainly imported raw materials are processed. Therefore, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants are the center of the energy industry. Nevertheless, India's nuclear energy program has been rapidly developing.

Metallurgy

(Steel plant in Bhilai, India)

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the main industries in India, because the country has a large number of deposits of ore and coal. The city of Kolkata is distinguished by the richest sources. The center of the largest metallurgical plants is located in the eastern part of the country. Basically, the work of factories is aimed at meeting state needs. Yet India exports some minerals, including mica, manganese and iron ore. It should be noted that the metallurgical industry is distinguished by aluminum smelting, since the country has its own rather large reserves of the necessary raw materials. All other non-ferrous metals India receives through imports.

mechanical engineering

(Conveyor assembly of cars by hand)

Over the past decade, the engineering industry in India has reached its apogee. Aircraft, shipbuilding, carriage and automotive industries began to develop rapidly, producing almost all types of necessary transport equipment. About forty diverse enterprises, which are located mainly in large cities, are the center of mechanical engineering and produce the necessary parts thanks to their own machine-building complex.

Textile and chemical industry

(Textile industry)

About two tens of millions of Indians work in the textile industry. Today it is invested by many foreign representatives of the textile business. Due to this industry, the economy of the state has significantly strengthened. The country's treasury receives huge profits (more than 30 billion dollars) from the sale of chemical industry products: mineral fertilizers, plastics, chemical fibers, rubber. Now most of the factories have directed their efforts to organic synthesis.

Agriculture in India

(Collection of traditional Indian tea)

Agriculture in India is mainly focused on farming and growing a variety of food crops (rice, wheat). In the world, tea, cotton and tobacco exported from India are valued. The climate of the country makes it possible to grow these crops and distribute high-quality goods far abroad. The development of animal husbandry is hindered by Hinduism, which is widespread in the state, which promotes vegetarianism and considers even the processing of skins a low and sinful craft. But agriculture does not suffer from this, since the inhabitants of India can engage in crop production all year round, which gives them a constant stable income.

INDIA

Territory - 3.28 million km 2. Population - 935.5 million people. The capital is Delhi.

Geographic location, general information.

The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. It also includes the Laccadive Islands in the Arabian Sea, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. India borders on Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.

The EGP of India favors the development of the economy: India is located on the sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East.

Indian civilization arose in the third millennium BC. e. For almost two centuries India was a colony of England. In 1947, India gained independence, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic within the British Commonwealth.

India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and government, but while maintaining a strong central authority.

Natural conditions and resources.

The main part of the territory is located within the Indo-Gangetic lowland and the Deccan plateau.

The mineral resources of India are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, deposits of manganese ore; this creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industries.

The minerals of South India are diverse - these are bauxites, chromites, magnesites, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, monazite sands, ferrous metal ores, coal; in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil.

The climate of the country is mainly monsoonal subtropical and tropical, in the south - equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°С, only in winter in the mountains it falls below 0°. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of them fall in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, and the northwest receives the smallest amount.

Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soils has high fertility.

Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs.

The rivers of India have great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation.

Population.

India is the second country in the world in terms of population (after China). The country has a very high rate of population reproduction. And although the peak of the "population explosion" has already been passed on the whole, the demographic problem has not yet lost its sharpness.

India is the most multiethnic country in the world. Representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups live in it, at different stages of socio-economic development and speaking different languages. They belong to the Caucasoid, Negroid, Australoid races and the Dravidian group.

The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate: Hindustanis, Marathas, Bengalis, Biharis, etc. The official languages ​​in the country are Hindi and English.

More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tension.

The distribution of the population of India is highly uneven, since for a long time the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of the rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. The average population density is 260 people. per 1 km 2. Despite this high figure, there are still sparsely populated and even deserted territories.

The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number of large cities and "millionaire" cities is constantly increasing; in terms of the absolute number of citizens (220 million people), India ranks second in the world. But, nevertheless, most of the population of India lives in crowded villages.

Figure 11. Economic map of India.
(click on image to enlarge image)

Industry, energy.

India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Along with the traditional industries for India (agriculture, light industry), extractive and manufacturing industries are developing.

At present, 29% of GDP falls on industry, 32% - on agriculture, 30% - on the service sector.

Energy. The creation of an energy base in the country began with the creation of hydroelectric power plants, but among the newly built power plants in recent years, thermal power plants predominate. The main source of energy is coal. Nuclear energy is also developing in India - 3 nuclear power plants are operating.

Electricity generation per capita is still very low.

Ferrous metallurgy. This is a growing industry. The current level is 16 million tons of steel (1993). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the east of the country (Kolkata-Damodar industrial belt), as well as in the states of Bihar, Adhra Pradesh, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy also developed in the east. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxites, stands out.

Engineering. India produces a variety of machine tool and transport engineering products (TVs, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing rapidly.

The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore.

In terms of production of the radio-electronic industry, India has taken second place in overseas Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, and communications equipment.

Chemical industry. In a country with such a role of agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is of exceptional importance. The importance of petrochemistry is also growing.

Light industry- a traditional branch of the economy, the main directions are cotton and jute, as well as sewing. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, 25% are products of the textile and clothing industry.

food industry- also traditional, produces products for the domestic and foreign markets. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea.

Transport. Among other developing countries, India's transport is quite developed. In the first place in terms of importance are rail transport in domestic transportation and maritime transport in external ones.

Services sector. The largest film producer. Second only to the USA. In recent years, the creation of software products for the largest US corporations (1st place in the world) has been developed.

Agriculture.

India is a country of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world.

Three-fifths of India's EAN is employed in agriculture, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient.

4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production, agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated).

The main part of the arable land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes.

The main industrial crops of India are cotton, jute, sugar cane, tobacco, and oilseeds.

There are two main agricultural seasons in India - summer and winter. Sowing of the most important crops (rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer monsoon rains; in winter, they sow wheat, barley, etc.

As a result of several factors, including the "green revolution", India is completely self-sufficient in grain.

Animal husbandry is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock. Only milk and animal skins are used, meat is practically not consumed, since Hindus are mostly vegetarians.

Fishing plays an important role in coastal areas.

Foreign economic relations.

India is still weakly involved in the MGRT, although foreign trade is of no small importance for its economy. The main export items are light industry products, jewelry, agricultural products, medicines, fuel resources; the share of machinery and equipment is growing.

The largest trading partners are the USA, Germany, Japan, Great Britain, Hong Kong.

Tasks and tests on the topic "India"

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  Basic concepts: Western European (North American) type of transport system, port-industrial complex, "axis of development", metropolitan region, industrial belt, "false urbanization", latifundia, shipstations, megalopolis, "technopolis", "growth pole", "growth corridors"; colonial type of branch structure, monoculture, apartheid, subregion.

  Skills: be able to assess the impact of the EGP and GWP, the history of settlement and development, the characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region, the country on the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy, the level of economic development, the role in the MGRT of the region, the country; identify problems and predict the prospects for the development of the region, country; highlight the specific, defining features of individual countries and give them an explanation; find similarities and differences in the population and economy of individual countries and give them an explanation, compile and analyze maps and cartograms.

India is a vibrant and diverse country whose economy is becoming more and more integrated with the world economy. The sweeping economic reforms undertaken in the last decade have had far-reaching consequences. GE Capital calls this country unique, PepsiCo finds it the fastest growing, and Motorola is confident that it will become a global source. Operations in India have taken a central position in the global activities of these giants.

A huge and growing market, a developing infrastructure, a sophisticated financial sector, a flexible regulatory environment, incentives, a stable government and a good economic outlook make India attractive for investment. India's business environment is conducive to achieving high levels and continuous growth.

India is currently on the path to developing into an open market economy, but traces of the country's past policies still remain. Economic liberalization, including the deregulation of industry, the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and the reduction of controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and served to accelerate the country's economic growth, which has averaged more than 7% annually since 1997.

India's economy is diverse and encompasses traditional rural agriculture, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries and many services. Slightly more than half of the workforce is in agriculture, but the service sector is the main source of economic growth. It makes up more than half of India's GDP, and employs only one-third of the workforce.

India has benefited from having a large educated English-speaking population and has become a major exporter of information technology services and programmers. In 2010, the Indian economy recovered from the global financial crisis - in large part due to strong domestic demand - and growth exceeded 8% during the year in real terms. Merchandise exports, which account for about 15% of GDP, have returned to pre-crisis levels. Industrial development and high food prices, which were the result of the combined effect of the weak monsoons of 2009 and government inefficiency in the food distribution system, led to high inflation, which peaked at about 11% in the first half of 2010, but then gradually decreased to single digits. values, after a series of increases in the interest rate of the Central Bank of the country.

In 2010, the authorities reduced subsidies for fuel and fertilizer production, sold a small percentage of shares in some state-owned enterprises, and auctioned the rights to use 3G telecommunications frequencies, in part to reduce the budget deficit. The Indian government is aiming to keep its budget deficit at 5.5% of GDP in fiscal year 2010-11, down from 6.8% the previous year.

India's long-term challenges include widespread poverty, inadequate physical and social infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities, insufficient access to quality secondary and tertiary education, and rural-urban migration.

Agriculture in India

The agricultural sector, which has been the mainstay of the Indian economy for so long, now accounts for only about 20% of the gross national product, yet employs 60% of the population. For several years after independence, India depended on foreign aid to meet its food needs. In the past 50 years, the food industry has grown steadily, mainly due to the increase in the amount of irrigated land and the widespread use of highly productive seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. The country has large grain reserves (about 45 million tons) and is a world grain exporter. Cash crops, especially tea and coffee, are major export earners. India is the world's largest tea producer, producing around 470 million tons annually, of which 200 million tons are exported. India also occupies about 30% of the global spice market, exporting about 120,000 tons per year.

There are still great contrasts in the agriculture of India - large plantations coexist with small farms. Many peasants have little or no land. In most villages there is no electricity at all. In terms of irrigated land (54.8 million hectares), India ranks first in the world. The share of agricultural products in India's exports is 15%.

India's main consumer crops are rice and wheat. Modern India mostly provides for its food needs, albeit at a very low level of about 250 kg per capita. In the southeastern part of the Indo-Gangetic lowland is the main rice-growing zone of India, where rice is cultivated in the kharifa season (May-September) under monsoon rains, and in the rabi season (October-April) artificial irrigation is used.

Animal husbandry plays an important role in India's agriculture. In terms of the number of cattle (221.9 million tons), India ranks first in the world, but in terms of meat consumption - one of the last in the world, which is explained by the religious beliefs of the Indians - in Hinduism, the cow is a sacred animal. There are 58.8 million sheep, 18 million pigs, 9 million camels.

India ranks second in the world in terms of agricultural production. Agriculture and the sectors it is associated with, such as forestry and fisheries, accounted for 15.7% of GDP in FY09-10. employing 52.1% of the total labor force, and despite a steady decline in the share of GDP, are still the largest sector of the economy and an essential component of India's socio-economic development. Yields of all grain crops have increased since 1950, due to the emphasis on agriculture in the five-year plans and the steady improvement of technology, the application of modern agricultural methods and the provision of agricultural credit and subsidies. However, comparisons with other countries in the world show that the average harvest in India is only 30%-50% of the highest average harvest among countries in the world. The Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Maharashtra are the key agricultural regions of India.

In India, 546,820 square kilometers of land area, or approximately 39% of all arable land, is irrigated. India's inland water resources including rivers, canals, reservoirs and lakes and marine resources including the eastern and western coasts of the Indian Ocean and other bays employ nearly six million people in the fishing industry. In 2008, India had the third largest fishing industry in the world.

India is the world's largest producer of milk, jute and pulse, and also has the second largest cattle population in the world with 175 million animals in 2008. India is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and peanuts, as well as the world's second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (10.9% and 8.6% of world fruit and vegetable production, respectively). India is also the second largest producer and largest consumer of silk in the world (77 million tons in 2005).

Industry of India

After a decade of reforms, the manufacturing sector is gearing up to meet the needs of the new millennium. Investment in Indian companies reached record levels by 1994, and many multinational corporations decided to open stores in India to take advantage of the improved financial climate. With a view to further growth of the industrial manufacturing sector, FDI was allowed through the automatic route in almost all industries with some restrictions. Structural reforms have been undertaken in the excise regime with the aim of introducing a single rate and simplifying procedures and rules. Indian subsidiaries of multinational corporations have been allowed to pay royalties to the parent company for the registration of international trademarks, etc.

Growth rates of industrial production in India, % to the previous year

Companies in the manufacturing sector have come together in their core competencies, forging links with foreign companies to acquire new technologies, management expertise and access to foreign markets. The advantageously low costs associated with manufacturing in India have established India as an attractive sector for manufacturing and a source for global markets.

India's entry onto the path of industrialization has increased the role of its fuel and raw materials resources. The mineral reserves are significant. Iron ore (73.5 million tons), coal, and oil are mined. India does not fully meet the demand for oil and is forced to import it. Oil consumption is about 100 million tons per year.

The main manufacturing centers of India are the cities of Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi and Madras. In the development of the nuclear industry, India is a leader in the developing world. The main branch of light industry is the textile industry, which works on domestic raw materials. Metallurgy uses its own iron ore. Industries such as the automobile industry, the assembly of bicycles, the production of televisions and radios, paper, fertilizers and cement are developed. The main industrial exports are transport equipment, clothing and medicines.

As of 2010, India's industry accounted for 28% of GDP, and 14% of the working population was involved in industry. In absolute terms, India ranks 12th in the world in terms of industrial output. The Indian industrial sector underwent significant changes as a result of the economic reforms of 1991, which removed import restrictions, introduced foreign competition, led to the privatization of certain public sector industries, improved infrastructure and led to an increase in the production of consumer goods. Since the reforms, the Indian private sector has faced increased domestic and foreign competition, including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports. This forced manufacturers to cut costs, update management, rely on cheap labor and new technologies. However, this has become a barrier to job creation even in small businesses that previously relied on relatively labour-intensive processes.

Textile manufacturing, India's second largest source of employment after agriculture, accounts for 20% of total manufacturing output and employs more than 20 million people. According to government statements, the transformation of the textile industry from a degraded to a booming industry has been the greatest achievement of the central authorities. After the liberation of the industry in 2004-2005. From many encumbrances, primarily financial, the government gave the green light to the flow of investment, both domestic and foreign. Between 2004 and 2008, the total investment amounted to $27 billion. By 2012, as the government was convinced, this figure should have reached 38 billion; investments in 2012 were expected to create more than 17 million additional jobs.

However, demand for Indian textiles in world markets began to fall in 2008. According to the Department of Trade and Industry, during the 2008-2009 financial year (ending March 31) alone, the textile and clothing industry had to cut approximately 800,000 new jobs - almost half of the 2 million jobs that should be cut in exports. -oriented sectors of the Indian economy to cushion the impact of the global crisis.

Financial Sector of India

An extensive financial and banking sector contributes to the rapid growth of the Indian economy. India can be proud of a wide and well developed banking network. The sector also has a number of national and state financial institutions. They include foreign and institutional investors, investment funds, leasing companies, risk capital enterprises, etc. In addition, the country has a developed stock market. Indian stock markets are rapidly transforming towards a global market that is state of the art in terms of infrastructure in line with world practice such as futures derivatives trading, special trading conditions for certain stocks, online trading, etc.

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalized 14 banks in 1969 and another 6 banks in 1980. It became mandatory for banks to direct 40% of loans to priority sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, small industry, retailers, small businesses, etc., as well as guarantee the fulfillment of their social obligations and goals related to economic development. Since then, the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007, and the population per branch has decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 over the same period. The volume of household deposits in banks increased from $1.2 billion in 1970–71. to $776.91 billion in 2008–09 Despite the increase in rural branches from 1,860 or 22% of the total number of branches in 1969 to 30,590 or 42% in 2007, only 32,270 out of 500,000 villages had their own bank branch.

Over half of citizens' personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land, buildings, cattle, and gold. The share of public sector banks accounts for more than 75% of the total value of banking property in the country, and the share of private and foreign banks - 18.2% and 6.5%, respectively. During the period of economic liberalization, the government carried out significant banking reforms. While some of them concern nationalized banks, company mergers, reduced state intervention in banking, and increased profitability and competitiveness, other reforms have served to open up private and foreign banks and insurance companies.

India Services Sector

The main impetus for industrial growth came from the service sector. Services account for 55% of the gross national product. The speed, quality and sophistication of the type of services offered for sale is increasing and tending to meet international standards. Whether financial services, software services or accounting services, this sector is highly professional and a major driver of economic development. Interestingly, this sector is filled with participants, each of which occupies a certain niche in the market.

India is rapidly becoming a major force in the information technology sector. According to the National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), over 185 Fortune 500 companies use Indian software services. This potential is increasingly being recognized by worldwide software giants such as Microsoft, Hughes, and Computer Associates, who have made significant investments in India. A number of multinational corporations have taken advantage of the relative cost advantage and highly skilled workforce available in India and have set up service centers and order processing centers in India to meet the needs of their customers worldwide.

Infrastructure development

Infrastructure development in India has traditionally been a public sector concern. Following the recognition of the need for rapid growth and improvement in the quality of fixed infrastructure assets, private and foreign participation was encouraged through an attractive incentive and benefit package. India today has a large infrastructure in the form of advanced civil aviation, railways, road network, shipping, data communications, power generation and distribution. India has one of the largest road networks in the world. The country is making great strides in space technology and rocket science. The first trial run of the Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1 was successfully completed on April 18, 2001 by the SHAR Center, Sriharikota. The government has gradually removed from him the role of the sole conductor of infrastructure. This is reflected in the progressive incorporation of public sector system services in the field of telecommunications and ports, the deregulation of long distance domestic services, the proposed extraction of public investments in airlines (Air India and Indian Airlines) and the proposal for the lease of airports in Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Goa, Kochi and Amritsar . Following the policy of private participation in the road sector, the Ministry of Road Transport has presented 20 projects with a total value of 10 billion rupees. Of these 20 projects, 6 are for the construction of bypass roads, and the remaining 14 are for the construction of bridges and tunnels.

Foreign Trade of India

In recent years, the volume of India's foreign trade has increased dramatically, and its share in the country's GDP has increased from 16% in 1990-91 to 16% in 1990-91. up 43% in 2005–06 India's main trading partners are the European Union, China, the United States and the United Arab Emirates. In 2006–07 India's exports included technical goods, petroleum products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, gems and jewelry, textiles and garments, agricultural products, iron ore and other minerals. Imports included crude oil and petroleum products, automobiles, electronic goods, gold and silver. In 2010, exports were $225.4 billion and imports were $359.0 billion. The trade deficit during the same year was $133.6 billion.

External Debt and Government Debt of India

The ratio of external debt to GDP decreased from 38.7% in 1992 to 14.6% in 2010. India's public debt in 2010 amounted to 71.84% of GDP or $1,171 billion.

Forecast for the development of the Indian economy

In 2007, India's GDP exceeded $1 trillion, making India the twelfth member of the club of trillionaire states. Such data are provided in a study conducted by the Swiss bank Credit Suisse. Overcoming the barrier was facilitated by the strengthening of the national currency of India, the rupee, against the dollar.

The growth rate of the Indian economy in the 2011/2012 fiscal year, which begins on April 1, 2011, could reach 9.25%. However, the government of the country needs to take measures to reduce the inflation rate in the country, - said Indian Finance Minister Pranab Muhari. "The economy is expected to return to pre-crisis levels next year," the economic review prepared by the minister's advisers said. "Fear of inflation prevails." India needs to cut its budget deficit along with higher base rates to curb inflation, which has been "uncomfortably high" this fiscal year, Muhari said, Interfax reported.

"We see signs that economic growth will remain strong and that fiscal policy will be focused on reducing the deficit and curbing inflation," said Religare Capital Markets Ltd. chief economist. Jay Shankar.

India, with more than a billion people, dreams of eventually becoming a second China - the world's largest producer of electronics and other technological consumer goods. Moreover, this country is rapidly moving towards the stated goal. True, at the moment, hardly any of our readers can name at least one successful Indian brand. We will try to correct this common gap in our knowledge and tell about 3 largest tech companies in India who seek to make breakthrough to the world level.

Micromax is the largest manufacturer of mobile devices

The Indian company Micromax is currently the tenth largest manufacturer of mobile devices in the world. According to this indicator, it overtook even such traditionally well-known brands as Motorola or Nokia. However, the vast majority of sales of the company's products are in India, and therefore it is little known in the rest of the world.

In India, the company, which started producing mobile phones only in 2008, became the most popular mobile brand in the first quarter of 2014, finally overtaking the South Korean giant Samsung.

Initially, the Indian from Micromax was only the name and management, and the industrial production of the company was located in China. But since 2014, the release of smartphones and tablets under this brand has mostly been moved to India. At the same time, Micromax is trying in every possible way in terms of sales to go beyond the borders of its home country and begin expansion into the international market. It has launched its offensive from other developing countries, including African states, as well as Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, but dreams of changing the situation.

Micromax chose the famous Hollywood actor Hugh Jackman as the face of the company, however, the first major country where its official representative office appeared was not the United States of America or Australia, but Russia. In January 2014, Micromax came to our country, presenting a wide range of budget mobile phones.

The main advantage of Micromax products over devices from other manufacturers is precisely its extreme budget with fairly good technical characteristics and a high level of assembly. Micromax focuses primarily on the youth audience and people with low incomes, that is, those who initially do not plan to buy an iPhone.

For example, the cheapest version of a smartphone from this company, presented on the Russian market, costs 1990 rubles (Micromax Bolt A28), and the most expensive - 13990 (Micromax Canvas Knight). In the latter case, we are talking about a 5-inch device with an eight-core processor at 2 GHz and a 16-megapixel camera.

Tata Motors is the largest car manufacturer

Tata Motors is the clearest example of how a local car manufacturer from a Third World country has turned into a large international company that controls, among other things, the world market leaders.

The history of Tata Motors began in 1945, when this company began to produce locomotives. The first car was produced by an Indian firm in 1954, and since then the Tata brand in India has become synonymous with VW in Germany or VAZ in Russia. After all, this manufacturer initially focuses on the mass market, on the production of a "people's" car, which will be affordable for the general public.

The top realization of the idea of ​​​​producing a truly popular Indian car was the release in 2008 of the Tata Nano car, which, with a cost of 2,500 US dollars, bears the honorary title of "the cheapest car in the world."

Commercial success in India and in a limited number of foreign markets, mainly in developing countries, allowed Tata Motors to begin international expansion. Of course, cars with the name Tata are very difficult to find in more or less wealthy countries. However, in our time, this company controls a significant percentage of the world's auto production, it owns large stakes in such well-known companies as Jaguar, Land Rover, Daimler, Rover, etc. However, Europeans and Americans also have a percentage of the shares of Tata Motors itself.

Tata Motors was the first to decide to develop the electric vehicle market in its country. The company is actively promoting its Tata Indica and Tata Ace electric models, as well as building the corresponding infrastructure in major cities of Hindustan. However, the very production of these cars did not begin in India, but in Norway.

Infosys is the largest IT company

One of the most successful examples of creation outside of California can be found in India, where a technology park has existed in the city of Bangalore since the late seventies of the twentieth century, which has become an incubator for the emergence of thousands of high-tech companies that work with the whole world.

The largest Bangalore and Indian IT company in general is Infosys Corporation with a capitalization of almost $40 billion, an annual turnover of $9 billion and 173,000 permanent employees.

Like the vast majority of Indian IT companies, Infosys outsources the production and support of software to order from wealthy Western countries. Infosys' core business is corporate business (predominantly telecommunications) and produces business and industrial process software as well as e-commerce software.

At the same time, Infosys sees huge growth opportunities. After all, if earlier this company worked mainly with small and medium-sized Western businesses, now it has begun to focus on the premium segment - the level of competence and the name allows you to aim at the highest levels.

Interestingly, more and more Infosys has customers from India itself and other developing countries.

The above examples have shown how even in one of the poorest countries in the world, large international corporations can appear that produce fairly competitive products. However, in most cases, the path to the West is closed for such manufacturers - the market for high-tech goods in developed countries is very saturated, and therefore, perhaps the only way for a company from the Third World to develop outside its own country is to expand into other poor states, an attempt to become an economic superpower at the expense of poor and small countries without their own technological production. Moreover, the products of these manufacturers are already maximally oriented and adapted to this market.

The times of appearance and rapid global take-off of companies like Samsung or Sony are over. And unique cases of the opposite, such as the relative success of a young Chinese brand, only confirm the rule.

India is among the top ten countries in the world in a number of indicators of industrial production. Heavy industry enterprises are concentrated mainly on the Kota Nagpur plateau, where coking coal deposits coexist with iron ore deposits. New industrial centers (Bhilai, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur) are also being created in the previously backward hinterland.

During the years of political independence, a powerful industrial base has emerged, scientific and technical potential has been accumulated (more than 3,700 various research institutes, design bureaus, research laboratories) that meet the advanced world level, one of the most powerful supercomputers in the world, Param-10000, has been created, and a wide range of civilian and military launch vehicles. Modern India owns high technologies, is a major manufacturer and exporter of software - 140 of the 500 leading companies in the world satisfy their software needs precisely at the expense of India. The country ranks third in the world in terms of the number of scientific and technical personnel, and in 1998 it became a space and nuclear power.

The share of the state in the total investment in R&D has grown to 80%. The state directs half of these funds to research and development of the defense, space and nuclear industries. At the same time, 10% is directed directly to research institutes, and 30% - to the introduction of developments in industry.

The scope of the R&D infrastructure is impressive - more than 900 scientific departments, including universities, private research institutes, training centers, as well as banking, financial, insurance and other structures.

When evaluating the cost-effectiveness of financial allocations to R&D, India uses such a criterion as the increase in the gross value (Gloss Value Addition) of each of the sectors. In defense, space and nuclear industries, this figure is $1.2 billion. (for comparison: in the country's agriculture it is equal to 100 billion dollars, and from the introduction of various know-how in industry - 90 billion dollars).

Light industry is represented by handicraft and modern enterprises. Indian natural silks, Kashmiri shawls, woodcarving, papier-mâché products, saffron, furs, jewelry are world famous. Every Indian state, many cities and localities are famous for their handicrafts:

Varanasi (Benares state) is a well-known center of silk weaving, as well as products made of bronze, silver, gold;

Mirzapur and Aligarh are famous for metal products, various kinds of utensils, the production of locks, iron chests, etc.;

Firozabad is the country's largest center for the manufacture of glass bracelets;

Mysore (the former capital of the principality of the same name) is a center for the production of products from ivory, sandalwood, natural silk, etc.

Enterprises for the processing of agricultural products and minerals are usually located near the extraction sites of raw materials. These are factories for cleaning cotton, processing peanuts, sugar cane, freezing and drying products, primary processing of metals. State governments in every possible way welcome the development of local industry: so-called industrial parks appear everywhere - small free zones where lower taxes and low land prices are established.

In recent years, India has become known as a manufacturer of medicines and pharmaceuticals that are quite competitive with Western products, but at a lower cost. Maintains a high share in exports and such a traditional Indian industry as the cutting of diamonds and other precious stones.

Indian industrial capital, both private and public, willingly enters into business relations with foreign partners in order to acquire the latest technologies, as well as the opportunity to subject their management to foreign business expertise and gain access to foreign markets.

The growth of the Indian economy is largely facilitated by the vast financial and banking sector. India can be proud of a wide and well-organized banking sector. It has a network of national financial institutions (its own and foreign investment funds, investors, leasing companies, venture firms, etc.) and a well-developed stock market, where the interests of 23 stock exchanges collide. The total market capitalization of the Bombay Stock Exchanges (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE) in 2008 was over $8 billion.

The depth and scale of Indian stock markets exceed the size of the stock markets of such competing countries as South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan (“Eastern Dragons”), Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia. Indian stock markets are equipped with the latest stock exchange technology and have won recognition in the business world due to the high professional level of stock transactions, developed market infrastructure, special conditions for trading via the Internet, 26% participation of foreign assets in the insurance sector, easy investment and withdrawal procedures. for a number of companies and enterprises, etc.

Driven by the growth of the nation's knowledge-based, knowledge-intensive industries, Indian stocks have made significant gains in the US stock markets. It is no coincidence that India is of great interest to national and foreign investors. The problem of investment is endowed with a number of important questions, namely, what is the investment attractiveness of this country, does the government's policy of liberalization contribute to the inflow of capital into the country, is the problem of external debt relevant, etc.

Active capital inflows over the past 5-6 years amounted to about 56% of net capital inflows to developing countries as a whole. At the same time, if in previous years portfolio investments in the country were more than direct ones, now the picture has noticeably changed: direct investments up to 100% are allowed in all industries and sectors of the Indian economy, except for areas where the investor already has a business, or an Indian company provides financial services or foreign direct investment that is contrary to industry policy. The largest share of foreign direct investment falls on electrical goods (16%), transport (10%), telecommunications (9.6%), services (9%).

One of the important factors determining the interest of foreign investors in India is its huge domestic market. Indeed, the rapid growth of the urban population, the breakthrough of electronic media, education, tourism, the changing nature of the Indian family's spending, the increasing attention of Indian buyers everywhere to the quality of goods, their design, brands, comfort, increased interest in the services of hotels, restaurants, personal transport, etc. - all this provides the domestic market with a steady upward trend, actively fueling the interest of foreign investors in this country.

However, the effectiveness of the measures taken does not fully meet the requirements of the national economy of India, since the share of foreign direct investment is still no more than 1% in global foreign direct investment. At the same time, almost half of them are in two large industrial centers of the country - Delhi and Bombay. Nevertheless, India has a vested interest in becoming an active participant in international trade and interstate capital flows.