The moral responsibility of man for his actions are arguments. Arguments

1. (53 words) A notable example is the familiar story of the Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The way the hero carefully looks after his planet, how he takes care of his rose - this is a responsible attitude towards the world around him. Without him, everything would die, every plant on the planet needs it and depends on its attention and love.
2. (43 words) We are responsible for our every action, and this should always be remembered. The novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" vividly illustrates the consequences of irresponsible actions. Having committed a cold-blooded murder, Rodion Raskolnikov pays with hard labor and prison, and most importantly, with endless torment of conscience.
3. (56 words) Remembering the image of Andrei Sokolov in M. Sholokhov's story "The Fate of a Man", one can single out an important type of responsibility - responsibility for the fate of the Fatherland. He feels that he needs to be where he is most needed, where the fate of the Russian land is being decided. Despite the fact that he has never been a military man, the hero takes up arms and defends the country to the last.
4. (48 words) A vivid example of how empty words and irresponsible actions can hurt is the work of N. I. Karamzin “Poor Liza”. Playing with the feelings of a young girl, Erast deceived and betrayed her. Left alone with her grief, Lisa commits suicide. Then her lover suffered all his life, which proves the need for responsibility.
5. (50 words) By interfering with nature, a person must be fully responsible for what he has done. The scientific achievement of Professor Preobrazhensky from the story “Heart of a Dog” by M. A. Bulgakov confirms that sometimes scientists themselves can become victims of their own experiments. Realizing that Sharikov threatens him and everyone around him, the hero ruins his career, but corrects the mistake by destroying his discovery.
6. (40 words) We see an excellent example of responsibility for one's relatives in the work of Antoine de Saint-Exupery "Planet of Humans". Having suffered a terrible catastrophe, the hero worries about his loved ones who need him so much and are anxiously waiting for him at home, and not about his personal salvation.
7. (47 words) We are responsible for our promises, for every word. In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" Tatyana, despite the love that has not passed, does not step over her moral principles. She remains faithful to her marital duty, because once and for all she took responsibility to her husband.
8. (53 words) In Kuprin's story "The Lilac Bush", the main character took responsibility for the family future. Her husband put a blot on the drawing, but announced to the professor that it was a bush. Having failed the exam, Nikolai gives up, but Vera does not give up and plants lilacs in the indicated place. So, the woman helped her husband to go through the test, responsibly approaching the solution of the problem.
9. (44 words) In the work "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" by an unnamed author, the reader is imbued with the importance of understanding one's public duty. Responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, patriotism are the invariable values ​​of any people at all times, which we certainly need to remember. This is what Svyatoslav's "Golden Word" teaches, advising other princes.
10. (48 words) In the novel "The Master and Margarita" by M. A. Bulgakov, we meet the personification of cowardice in the character of the procurator Judea Pontius Pilate. Not wanting the fate of a philosopher, he sends the innocent Yeshua to a terrible execution. He forgot that he was responsible for the mistakes he made. Because of this, he was doomed to eternal torture.

Examples from life, cinema and media

1. (56 words) I will give an example from my personal life. Working in high positions, my grandmother was in business from morning until late at night. In response to constant questions about how she managed to do everything, she answers very briefly: “It’s just that there is a word necessary.” If a person undertakes something, then it must be done as expected - this is the law of all successful people.
2. (54 words) In one newspaper I read how a person works at the White Sea Canal. There are difficult conditions, a small salary, there is not even a store nearby, but, nevertheless, he monitors the state of his post and ensures the functioning of the channel. He explained to journalists that he simply feels responsible for all this, and therefore does not leave there and does not give up his craft.
3. (79 words) Based on a true story, Mel Gibson's Hacksaw Ridge tells the legendary story of war hero Desmond Doss. Completely unarmed, orderly Desmond, again and again putting himself in mortal danger, was looking for those who needed his help. Despite numerous wounds, he evacuated all the wounded from the line of fire. And in the end, showing unspeakable courage and responsibility, Desmond saved 75 people. The film also included a documentary insert of his words: “Then I prayed to God for only one thing. Save at least one more!"
4. (73 words) Briony Tallis, the heroine of Joe Wright's wonderful film Atonement, accuses her sister's young man of a terrible crime with which he had nothing to do. This statement completely changed the fate of the lovers, and ultimately they both die at the hands of the Second World War. Briony will carry this heavy burden of responsibility throughout her life and, becoming a writer, she will write the novel "Atonement", in which she will give happiness, and most importantly - time, for two separated destinies.
5. (52 words) Once my friend adopted a kitten in the country. He saved him from the water and fed him with a spoon, and at the end of the summer he grew into a beautiful and fluffy cat. However, his mom had allergies and his parents wouldn't let him take the pet. Then he spent a lot of time to arrange the animal. This is responsibility.
6. (54 words) One of the most responsible people in the world are doctors. Their responsibility lies in every movement of the hand, in the professionalism and clarity of correct actions. Such was the physician who saved the life of my friend who was in a car accident. Now the boy's family congratulates the doctor every year and invites him to visit, because he has become a second father for the child.
7. (48 words) Each of us is responsible for the ecology of the planet. We must be responsible for the natural resources we use, for the waste we produce every day, and of course for the animals. My parents, for example, feed the birds in the park every winter, and also participate in the community work day. I will do that too.
8. (49 words) We are responsible for every word we utter. By saying something without thinking, we can hurt people. Once I was rude to my grandmother, after which for the first time I saw her crying. I was shocked by this, and since then I have been trying to weigh every remark, because I realized the responsibility for what I say.
9. (44 words) When a person is in a team, sports or any other, he is responsible not for himself alone, but for the whole team, for a common goal and victory. For example, our outstanding hockey players in all interviews say that without collective responsibility they would not have achieved anything.
10. (41 words) In order to understand how irresponsible people can be, it is enough to find out how often they leave their pets. Abandoned dogs in dachas, overcrowded shelters, trapping of homeless animals are all the result of the absence in some people of such qualities as commitment and humanity.
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It so happens that human life consists of actions and their consequences. And perhaps the ability to be responsible for one's actions, to bear the burden of a decision is a key skill that defines a person as a person. The problem of human responsibility for their actions, the arguments in favor of which will be presented in this publication, has always been relevant. After all, no matter what a person does, everything will have consequences.

What is an irresponsible act?

The key concept in this problem is the word "act", that is, the action of a person. What action can be defined as irresponsible? In the framework of the study “The problem of human responsibility for their actions”, arguments from the literature will better reveal this issue.

It is worth recalling the story of V. G. Rasputin “Live and Remember”. The hero of the work deserts from the scene of hostilities. He wanders around his native village and regularly visits his wife, getting her into serious trouble. He is cowardly and only cares about himself, so he hides to the last, not wanting to admit guilt and refuse the role of a fugitive. Meanwhile, his wife courageously endures all the sorrows that fall to her lot, hiding the fact that her husband is in the vicinity of the village. But her powers are not infinite, in the end she commits suicide.

The hero of the work thinks only about himself, he does not think that his actions can adversely affect the fate of his mother or wife. Not wanting to answer for what he did, he ruins the life of an innocent person.

Do no harm

If we delve into the study of the topic “The problem of a person’s responsibility for his actions”, the arguments in the work discussed above repeat one thing: do no harm. Being in close social relationships, each person must understand that his actions should not harm other people. This applies not only to deeds, but to words and even creativity.

There are many examples of how rash actions lead to the fact that others begin to suffer. For example, Luke from the play "At the Bottom". He told the inhabitants of the rooming house that they had hope for a better future, and even offered some options for action. But when he disappears, everyone becomes unbearably hurt by his words.

It is said that people die when their heart stops beating, but in fact they can die from unspoken words and unjustified hopes. Not physically, of course, spiritually.

Responsibility in Bulgakov's work

In the life of ordinary people and brilliant people, there is always the problem of a person's responsibility for his actions. "The Master and Margarita" is a famous novel by M. Bulgakov, where the problem of responsibility can be traced in the actions of each main character.

Pontius Pilate goes against conscience and human convictions by sentencing a wandering philosopher to death. Berlioz, forgetting about the true purpose of literature and the creator, "poisons" the Master, casting aside remorse. And even the Master himself burns his novel, preventing readers from knowing the truth. In the end, each of them gets what they deserve.

The problem of responsibility in life

In each literary work, the problem of a person's responsibility for his actions is quite clearly shown. Arguments from life can only supplement all of the above:

• In a small Siberian town, children began to disappear. Later, their bodies began to be found on the outskirts of the settlement. The police opened the archives, but the killer could not be found. There was only one person on whom suspicion fell. But no matter how many times law enforcement authorities checked the information about his whereabouts, the data indicated that he was in a mental hospital. After some time, it turned out that the offender had long been discharged from the medical institution, only the nurse forgot to draw up the relevant documents, which allowed him to calmly act out.

Perhaps this is too peculiar an argument, but the fact remains - an irresponsible attitude to one's duties always leads to disastrous consequences. Of course, they are not always so terrible, but they are always present.

Responsibility for the lives of others

Any leads to the fact that there is a problem of human responsibility for their actions. The arguments above are direct proof of this. But it should be understood that inaction is also an action. It is much easier to pretend that nothing is happening than to interfere in the course of events.

Human indifference is also included in the category of actions for which you have to answer. A very good example of this was given by A. Kuprin in the story "The Wonderful Doctor". The work was created on the basis of real events. A man who has been plagued by constant poverty decides to commit suicide. But just before he prepares to take the last, desperate step, Dr. N. Pirogov starts a conversation with him. The doctor helps the desperate. It is from this moment that a person's life begins to go "up".

But what would happen if the doctor ignored the stranger's sad expression? There would be one less person in the world and one more grief. Just a few words, a little participation, sympathy and understanding. It's not much, it's free and priceless at the same time. Each of us influences the fate of others, and this is another problem of human responsibility for their actions, the arguments of which speak for themselves.

No remorse

People have always known about conscience, its heavy burden and importance. And as long as humanity exists, there will be a problem of human responsibility for their actions. The arguments that are given in the article are only a small fragment of what people are trying to pass on from generation to generation.

V. Astafiev once wrote: "Life is not a letter, there is no place here to write a postscript." You cannot commit an act, and then erase it or cover it up with excuses. Whatever decision a person makes, he must be aware that sooner or later he will have to face the consequences. And you can live a decent life only when a person is in agreement with his own conscience and is ready to answer for everything he did, said or ignored.

• True and false patriotism is one of the central problems of the novel. Tolstoy's favorite heroes do not speak lofty words about love for the motherland, they do things in its name. Natasha Rostova persuades her mother to give carts to the wounded near Borodino, Prince Bolkonsky was mortally wounded on the Borodino field. Genuine patriotism, according to Tolstoy, is in ordinary Russian people, soldiers who, in a moment of mortal danger, give their lives for their Motherland.
• In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" some of the characters imagine themselves to be patriots and loudly shout about love for the fatherland. Others give their lives in the name of a common victory. These are simple Russian men in soldier's overcoats, fighters from the Tushin battery, who fought without cover. True patriots do not think about their own benefits. They feel the need to simply defend the land from enemy invasion. They have a genuine holy feeling of love for their homeland in their souls.

N.S. Leskov "The Enchanted Wanderer"

The Russian person belongs, by definition, N.S. Leskov, "racial", patriotic consciousness. They are imbued with all the actions of the hero of the story "The Enchanted Wanderer", Ivan Flyagin. Being a prisoner of the Tatars, he does not forget for a moment that he is Russian, and with all his heart strives to return to his homeland. Taking pity on the unfortunate old people, Ivan volunteers to be recruited. The soul of the hero is inexhaustible, indestructible. He comes out of all life's trials with honor.

V.P. Astafiev
In one of his journalistic articles, the writer V.P. Astafiev spoke about how he had a rest in the southern sanatorium. Plants collected from all over the world grew in the seaside park. But suddenly he saw three birch trees, which miraculously took root in a foreign land. The author looked at these trees and remembered his village street. Love for one's small homeland is a manifestation of true patriotism.

The legend of Pandora's box.
A woman found a strange box in her husband's house. She knew that this object was fraught with a terrible danger, but her curiosity was so strong that she could not stand it and opened the lid. All sorts of troubles flew out of the box and scattered around the world. In this myth, a warning sounds to all mankind: rash actions on the path of knowledge can lead to a disastrous ending.

M. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
In M. Bulgakov's story, Professor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".
The problem is revealed on the example of the images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "A wonderful doctor."
A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to commit suicide in despair, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, the life of the hero and his family changes in the happiest way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".
A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Yevgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger to both the elder Kirsanov and his parents. And, although by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth".
In an effort to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of the elders, sometimes offends them himself (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".
The girl Nastya, living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the things that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is already gone ...

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons".
The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna from the story of V. G. Rasputin taught the hero not only the lessons of the French language, but also the lessons of kindness, sympathy, and compassion. She showed the hero how important it is to be able to share someone else's pain with a person, how important it is to understand another.

An example from history.

The famous poet V. Zhukovsky was the teacher of the great Emperor Alexander II. It was he who instilled in the future ruler a sense of justice, a desire to benefit his people, the desire to carry out the reforms necessary for the state.

V. P. Astafiev. "Horse with a pink mane."
Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons"

• The formation of the personality of the protagonist in the difficult war years was influenced by the teacher. Her generosity is boundless. She instilled in him moral stamina, self-esteem.

L.N. Tolstoy "Childhood", "Boyhood", "Youth"
In the autobiographical trilogy, the main character, Nikolenka Irteniev, comprehends the world of adults, tries to analyze his own and other people's actions.

Fazil Iskander "The thirteenth feat of Hercules"

A smart and competent teacher has a huge impact on the formation of a child's character.

And A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
The atmosphere of laziness, unwillingness to learn, to think disfigure the soul of little Ilya. In adult life, these shortcomings prevented him from finding the meaning of life.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”.

The absence of a goal in life, the habits of work formed a “superfluous person”, an “egoist involuntarily”. Pechorin admits that he brings misfortune to everyone. Wrong education disfigures the human personality.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Education and training are the main aspects of human life. Chatsky, the main character in the comedy by A.S., expressed his attitude towards them in monologues. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". He criticized the nobles who recruited "regiment teachers" for their children, but as a result of the letter, no one "knew and did not study." Chatsky himself had a mind "hungry for knowledge", and therefore turned out to be unnecessary in the society of Moscow nobles. These are the flaws of wrong education.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying"
Dr. Jansen died rescuing children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
Margarita's self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved.

V.P. Astafiev "Lyudochka"
In the episode with the dying man, when everyone moved away from him, only Lyudochka took pity on him. And after his death, everyone just pretended that they felt sorry for him, everyone except Lyudochka. A verdict on a society in which people are deprived of human warmth.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
The story tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

V. Hugo "Les Misérables"
The writer in the novel tells the story of a thief. After spending the night in the bishop's house, in the morning this thief stole the silverware from him. But an hour later, the police detained the criminal and took him to the house, where he was given an overnight stay. The priest said that this man did not steal anything, that he took all the things with the permission of the owner. The thief, amazed by what he heard, experienced a true rebirth in one minute, and after that he became an honest man.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"
There is an example of fair power: "But he was very kind, and therefore gave only reasonable orders. "If I order my general to turn into a sea gull," he used to say, "and if the general does not comply with the order, it will not be his fault, but mine" .

A. I. Kuprin. "Garnet bracelet"
The author claims that nothing is permanent, everything is temporary, everything passes and goes. Only music and love affirm true values ​​on earth.

Fonvizin "Undergrowth"
They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the loafer Mitrofanushka, experienced a genuine rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up as worthy sons of their homeland.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• What is the greatness of man? It is where goodness, simplicity and justice are. This is exactly what L.N. created. Tolstoy's image of Kutuzov in the novel "War and Peace". His writer calls him a truly great man. Tolstoy leads his beloved heroes away from "Napoleonic" principles and puts them on the path of rapprochement with the people. “Greatness is not where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth,” the writer argued. This famous phrase has a modern sound.
• One of the central problems of the novel is the role of the individual in history. This problem is revealed in the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon. The writer believes that there is no greatness where there is no goodness and simplicity. According to Tolstoy, a person whose interests coincide with the interests of the people can influence the course of history. Kutuzov understood the moods and desires of the masses, so he was great. Napoleon thinks only about his greatness, therefore he is doomed to defeat.

I. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
People, having read bright, bright stories about peasants, understood that it is immoral to own people like cattle. A broad movement began in Tran for the abolition of serfdom.

Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
After the war, many Soviet soldiers who were captured by the enemy were condemned as traitors to their homeland. The story of M. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man", which shows the bitter fate of a soldier, made society take a different look at the tragic fate of prisoners of war. A law was passed on their rehabilitation.

A.S. Pushkin
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, one can recall the poetry of the great A. Pushkin. He influenced more than one generation with his gift. He saw and heard things that an ordinary person did not notice and did not understand. The poet spoke about the problems of spirituality in art, and its high purpose in the poems “Prophet”, “Poet”, “I erected a monument to myself not made by hands”. Reading these works, you understand: talent is not only a gift, but also a heavy burden, a great responsibility. The poet himself was an example of civil behavior for subsequent generations.

V.M. Shukshin "Freak"
"Freak" - a distracted person, may seem ill-mannered. And what induces him to do strange things are positive, unselfish motives. The weirdo reflects on the problems that concern mankind at all times: what is the meaning of life? What is good and evil? Who in this life is “right, who is smarter”? And by all his actions he proves that he is right, and not those who believe

I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
This is the image of a man who only wanted to. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom".
He showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

From the history

• Ancient historians tell that once a stranger came to the Roman emperor, who brought as a gift a shiny, like silver, but extremely soft metal. The master said that he extracts this metal from clay earth. The emperor, fearing that the new metal would devalue his treasures, ordered the inventor's head to be cut off.
• Archimedes, knowing that a person suffers from drought, from hunger, proposed new ways of irrigating the land. Thanks to his discovery, productivity increased sharply, people stopped being afraid of hunger.
• The outstanding scientist Fleming discovered penicillin. This drug has saved the lives of millions of people who previously died from blood poisoning.
• One English engineer in the middle of the 19th century proposed an improved cartridge. But officials from the military department arrogantly told him: "We are already strong, only the weak need better weapons."
• The famous scientist Jenner, who defeated smallpox with the help of vaccinations, was prompted by the words of an ordinary peasant woman to a brilliant idea. The doctor told her that she had smallpox. To this, the woman calmly replied: “It can’t be, because I already had cowpox.” The doctor did not consider these words the result of dark ignorance, but began to conduct observations, which led to a brilliant discovery.
• The early Middle Ages are usually called "dark ages". The raids of the barbarians, the destruction of ancient civilization led to a deep decline in culture. It was difficult to find a literate person not only among commoners, but also among people of the upper class. So, for example, the founder of the Frankish state, Charlemagne, could not write. However, the thirst for knowledge is inherent in man. The same Charlemagne, during campaigns, always carried with him wax tablets for writing, on which, under the guidance of teachers, he diligently drew letters.
• Ripe apples have been falling from the trees for thousands of years, but no one has given this ordinary phenomenon any significance. The great Newton had to be born in order to look with new, more penetrating eyes at the familiar fact and discover the universal law of motion.
• It is impossible to calculate how many disasters people brought their ignorance. In the Middle Ages, any misfortune: the illness of a child, the death of livestock, rain, drought, crop failure, the loss of any thing - everything was explained by the machinations of evil spirits. A brutal witch hunt began, bonfires blazed. Instead of curing diseases, improving agriculture, helping each other, people spent enormous forces on a senseless struggle with the mythical "servants of Satan", not realizing that with their blind fanaticism, their dark ignorance, they are serving the Devil.
• It is difficult to overestimate the role of a mentor in the development of a person. The legend about the meeting of Socrates with Xenophon, the future historian, is curious. Once talking with an unfamiliar young man, Socrates asked him where to go for flour and oil. Young Xenophon briskly replied: "To the market." Socrates asked: “What about wisdom and virtue?” The young man was surprised. "Follow me, I'll show you!" Socrates promised. And the long-term path to the truth connected the famous teacher and his student with strong friendship.
• The desire to learn new things lives in each of us, and sometimes this feeling takes possession of a person so much that it makes him change his life path. Today, few people know that Joule, who discovered the law of conservation of energy, was a cook. The ingenious Faraday began his journey as a peddler in a shop. And Coulomb worked as an engineer for fortifications and gave physics only his free time from work. For these people, the search for something new has become the meaning of life.
• New ideas make their way in a hard struggle with old views, established opinions. So, one of the professors, who lectured students on physics, called Einstein's theory of relativity "an unfortunate scientific misunderstanding" -
• At one time, Joule used a volt battery to start an electric motor assembled by him from it. But the battery soon ran out, and a new one was very expensive. Joel decided that the horse would never be displaced by the electric motor, since it was much cheaper to feed a horse than to change the zinc in a battery. Today, when electricity is used everywhere, the opinion of an outstanding scientist seems naive to us. This example shows that it is very difficult to predict the future, it is difficult to survey the possibilities that will open up before a person.
• In the middle of the 17th century, from Paris to the island of Martinique, Captain de Clie carried a coffee stalk in a pot of earth. The voyage was very difficult: the ship survived a fierce battle with pirates, a terrible storm almost broke it against the rocks. On the ship, the masts were not broken, the gear was broken. Gradually, fresh water supplies began to dry up. She was given strictly measured portions. The captain, barely on his feet from thirst, gave the last drops of precious moisture to a green sprout ... Several years passed, and coffee trees covered the island of Martinique.

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco".
Showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Yesenin. "Black man".
The poem "The Black Man" is the cry of Yesenin's perishing soul, it is a requiem for the life left behind. Yesenin, like no one else, was able to tell what life does to a person.

Mayakovsky. "Listen."
An inner conviction in the correctness of his moral ideals separated Mayakovsky from other poets, from the usual course of life. This isolation gave rise to a spiritual protest against the philistine environment, where there were no high spiritual ideals. The poem is the cry of the poet's soul.

Zamyatin "Cave".
The hero comes into conflict with himself, a split occurs in his soul. His spiritual values ​​are dying. He violates the commandment "Thou shalt not steal."

V. Astafiev "King - fish".

• In V. Astafiev's story "The Tsar is a Fish", the main character, the fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish, which symbolizes the moral principle in nature, makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life. In moments of desperate struggle with fish, he suddenly remembers his whole life, realizing how little he has done for other people. This meeting morally changes the hero.
• Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with a moral and punishing force, it is capable of not only defending itself, but also not punishing. An illustration of the punishing force is the fate of Gosha Gertsev, the hero of Astafiev's story "The King is a Fish." This hero does not set punishment for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

• People forget that nature is their native and only home, requiring careful attitude to themselves, which is confirmed in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The main character, Yevgeny Bazarov, is known for his categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." This is how the Author sees a "new" person in him: he is indifferent to the values ​​accumulated by previous generations, lives in the present and uses everything that he needs, without thinking about what consequences this may lead to.
• In the novel by I. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons" the actual theme of the relationship between nature and man is raised. Bazarov, rejecting any aesthetic enjoyment of nature, perceives it as a workshop, and man as a worker. Arkady, a friend of Bazarov, on the contrary, treats her with all the admiration inherent in a young soul. In the novel, each character is tested by nature. Arkady, communication with the outside world helps to heal spiritual wounds, for him this unity is natural and pleasant. Bazarov, on the contrary, does not seek contact with her - when Bazarov was ill, he "went into the forest and broke branches." She does not give him the desired peace or peace of mind. Thus, Turgenev emphasizes the need for a fruitful and two-way dialogue with nature.

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart".
Professor Preobrazhensky transplants part of the human brain into the dog Sharik, turning the quite nice dog into the disgusting Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. You can not mindlessly interfere with nature!

A. Blok
The problem of a thoughtless, cruel person to the natural world is reflected in many literary works. To fight it, you need to realize and see the harmony and beauty that reigns around us. The works of A. Blok will help with this. With what love he describes Russian nature in his poems! Immense distances, endless roads, full-flowing rivers, blizzards and gray huts. Such is Blok's Russia in the poems "Rus", "Autumn Day". The poet's true, filial love for his native nature is conveyed to the reader. You come to the idea that nature is original, beautiful and needs our protection.

B. Vasiliev "Do not shoot at white swans"

• Now, when nuclear power plants explode, when oil flows through rivers and seas, entire forests disappear, a person must stop and think about the question: what will remain on our planet? B. Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans" also contains the author's thought about the responsibility of man for nature. The protagonist of the novel, Yegor Polushkin, is worried about the behavior of visiting "tourists", the lake that has become empty at the hands of poachers. The novel is perceived as a call to all to protect our land and each other.
• The protagonist Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works conscientiously, lives peacefully, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is not the king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son is growing up. Who can replace his father, will respect and protect his native land.

V. Astafiev "Belogrudka"
In the story “Belogrudka”, the children killed the brood of the white-breasted marten, and she, distraught with grief, takes revenge on the whole world around her, destroying poultry in two neighboring villages, until she herself dies from a gun charge

Ch. Aitmatov "Scaffold"
Man destroys the colorful and populous world of nature with his own hands. The writer warns that the senseless extermination of animals is a threat to earthly prosperity. The position of the "king" in relation to animals is fraught with tragedy.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"

In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", the main character could not find spiritual harmony, cope with the "Russian blues", including because he was indifferent to nature. And the author's "sweet ideal" Tatyana felt like a part of nature ("She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony...") and therefore manifested herself in a difficult life situation as a spiritually strong person.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Forest in autumn"
Reading Tvardovsky's poem "Forest in Autumn", you are imbued with the primordial beauty of the world around you, nature. You hear the noise of bright yellow foliage, the crackle of a broken branch. You see a light jump of a squirrel. I would like not just to admire, but to try to preserve all this beauty as long as possible.

L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. She enthusiastically tells Sonya about the beautiful night, about the feelings that overwhelm her soul. Andrei Bolkonsky also knows how to subtly feel the beauty of the surrounding nature. During a trip to Otradnoye, seeing an old oak tree, he compares himself with it, indulging in sad reflections that life has already ended for him. But the changes that subsequently occurred in the soul of the hero are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree that blossomed under the rays of the sun.

V. I. Yurovskikh Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh
The writer Vasily Ivanovich Yurovskikh, in his stories, tells about the unique beauty and wealth of the Trans-Urals, about the natural connection of a village person with the natural world, which is why his story "Ivan's Memory" is so touching. In this small work, Yurovsky raises an important issue: the impact of man on the environment. Ivan, the main character of the story, planted several willow bushes in the swamp, which frightened people and animals. Many years later. The nature around has changed: all sorts of birds began to settle in the bushes, every year the magpie began to build a nest, magpie hatch. No one else wandered through the forest, because the willow tree became a guide on how to find the right way. Near the bush you can hide from the heat, and drink water, and just relax. Ivan left a good memory of himself among people, and ennobled the surrounding nature.

M.Yu Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
The close emotional connection between man and nature can be traced in Lermontov's story "A Hero of Our Time". The events of the life of the main character, Grigory Pechorin, are accompanied by a change in the state of nature in accordance with changes in his mood. So, considering the duel scene, the gradation of the states of the surrounding world and Pechorin's feelings is obvious. If before the duel the sky seems to him “fresh and blue”, and the sun “shining brightly”, then after the duel, looking at the corpse of Grushnitsky, the heavenly body seemed “dull” to Grigory, and its rays “did not warm”. Nature is not only the experience of the characters, but is also one of the characters. The storm becomes the reason for a long meeting between Pechorin and Vera, and in one of the diary entries preceding the meeting with Princess Mary, Grigory notes that "the air of Kislovodsk is conducive to love." With such an allegory, Lermontov not only more deeply and fully reflects the internal state of the characters, but also indicates his own, author's presence by introducing nature as a character.

E. Zamyatina "We"
Turning to classical literature, I would like to cite E. Zamyatin's dystopian novel "We" as an example. Rejecting the natural beginning, the inhabitants of the United State become numbers, whose life is determined by the framework of the Tablet of Hours. The beauties of native nature have been replaced by perfectly proportioned glass structures, and love is possible only if you have a pink card. The protagonist, D-503, is doomed to a mathematically adjusted happiness, which is acquired, however, after the removal of fantasy. It seems to me that with such an allegory, Zamyatin tried to express the inseparability of the connection between nature and man.

S. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear"
One of the central themes of the lyrics of the brightest poet of the 20th century S. Yesenin is the nature of his native land. In the poem “Goy you, Russia, my dear,” the poet refuses paradise for the sake of his homeland, her flock is higher than eternal bliss, which, judging by other lyrics, he finds only on Russian soil. Thus, feelings of patriotism and love for nature are closely intertwined. The very awareness of their gradual weakening is the first step towards a natural, real world that enriches the soul and body.

M. Prishvin "Ginseng"
This theme is brought to life by moral and ethical motives. Many writers and poets addressed her. In M. Prishvin's story "Ginseng", the characters know how to be silent and listen to silence. For the author, nature is life itself. Therefore, the rock is crying, the stone has a heart. It is man who must do everything to ensure that nature exists and does not fall silent. This is very important in our time.

I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
A deep and tender love for nature was expressed by I. S. Turgenev in the “Notes of a Hunter”. He did this with penetrating observation. The hero of the story "Kasyan" traveled half of the country from the Beautiful Mosque, joyfully learned and explored new places. This man felt his inseparable connection with mother nature and dreamed that "every person" would live in contentment and justice. It wouldn't hurt us to learn from him.

M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs"
Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of large chickens. Such consequences can be caused by thoughtless interference in the life of nature.

Ch. Aitmatov "Slaf"
Ch. Aitmatov in the novel "The Scaffold" showed that the destruction of the natural world leads to a dangerous deformation of man. And it happens everywhere. What is happening in the Moyunkum savanna is a global problem, not a local one.

The closed model of the world in the novel by E.I. Zamyatin "We".
1) The appearance and principles of the United State. 2) The narrator, number D - 503, and his spiritual illness. 3) "The resistance of human nature." In dystopias, the world based on the same premises is given through the eyes of its inhabitant, an ordinary citizen, from the inside, in order to trace and show the feelings of a person who is undergoing the laws of an ideal state. The conflict between the individual and the totalitarian system becomes the driving force behind any dystopia, making it possible to identify dystopian features in seemingly very different works... The society depicted in the novel has reached material perfection and stopped its development, having plunged into a state of spiritual and social entropy.

A.P. Chekhov in the story "Death of an official"

B. Vasiliev "I was not on the lists"
The works make you think about the questions that everyone seeks to answer for themselves: what is behind the high moral choice - what are the forces of the human mind, soul, fate, what helps a person to resist, to show amazing, amazing vitality, helps to live and die "like a human being"?

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
Despite the difficulties and trials that befell the protagonist Andrei Sokolov, he always remained true to himself and his homeland. Nothing broke his spiritual strength and did not eradicate his sense of duty.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter".

Pyotr Grinev is a man of honor, in any life situation he acts as honor commands him. The nobility of the hero was able to appreciate even his ideological enemy - Pugachev. That is why he helped Grinev more than once.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Bolkonsky family is the personification of honor and nobility. Prince Andrei always put the laws of honor in the first place, followed them, even if it required incredible efforts, suffering, pain.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Deaf"
The events of Boris Vasiliev's story "Glukhoman" allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" seek to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society split, in it the bank account became the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
Shvabrin Alexey Ivanovich, the hero of the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: having wooed Masha Mironova and received a refusal, he takes revenge, speaking badly about her; during a duel with Grinev, he strikes him in the back. The complete loss of notions of honor also predetermines social betrayal: as soon as Pugachev gets the Belogorsk fortress, Shvabrin goes over to the side of the rebels.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Helen Kuragina tricks Pierre into marrying herself, then lies to him all the time, being his wife, disgraces him, makes him unhappy. The heroine uses lies to get rich, to take a good position in society.

N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General".

Khlestakov deceives officials, pretends to be an auditor. Trying to impress, he composes many stories about his life in St. Petersburg. Moreover, he lies so intoxicatingly that he himself begins to believe his stories, feels important and significant.

D.S. Likhachev in "Letters about the good and the beautiful"
D.S. Likhachev, in Letters about the Good and the Beautiful, tells how indignant he felt when he learned that in 1932 a cast-iron monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. At the same time, someone left a giant inscription on the wall of the monastery, built on the site of the death of another hero, Tuchkov: “Enough to keep the remnants of the slave past!” At the end of the 60s, the Travel Palace was demolished in Leningrad, which even during the war our soldiers tried to preserve, not to destroy. Likhachev believes that "the loss of any cultural monument is irreparable: after all, they are always individual."

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

• In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, respect for each other and understanding, therefore the children - Natasha, Nikolai, Petya - became truly good people. They are responsive to other people's pain, able to understand experiences and suffering others. Suffice it to recall the episode when Natasha gives the order to free the carts loaded with their family valuables in order to give them to the wounded soldiers.
• And in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole are immoral egoists. Both are looking for only benefits in life. They do not know what true love is and are ready to exchange their feelings for wealth.

A. S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"
In the story "The Captain's Daughter", the instructions of his father helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain an honest man, true to himself and duty. Therefore, the hero commands respect for his behavior.

N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience. From his school years, he valued only money, so in his life there were never true friends, a family that the hero dreamed of.

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"
Bukhara, the heroine of the story “Daughter of Bukhara” by L. Ulitskaya, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to leave life.

Zakrutkin V. A. "The human mother"
Maria, the heroine of Zakrutkin's story "The Mother of Man", during the war, having lost her son and husband, took responsibility for her newly born child and for other people's children, saved them, became their Mother. And when the first Soviet soldiers entered the burnt farm, it seemed to Maria that she had given birth not only to her son, but to all the children of the world destitute of the war. That is why she is the Mother of Man.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life"
K.I. Chukovsky in the book “Alive as Life” analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and mutilate our great and mighty language.

I.S. Turgenev
- Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property, handed over to us by our predecessors, among whom again Pushkin shines! Treat this mighty tool with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to perform miracles ... Take care of the purity of the language, like a shrine!

K.G. Paustovsky
- You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that could not be conveyed by the Russian word ... There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

A. P. Chekhov "Death of an official"
The official Chervyakov in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Death of an Official” is incredibly infected with the spirit of servility: having sneezed and spattered his bald head in front of the sitting General Bryzzhalov (and he did not pay attention to this), the hero was so frightened that after repeated humiliated requests to forgive him, he died of fear.

A. P. Chekhov "Thick and Thin"
The hero of Chekhov's story "Thick and Thin", the official Porfiry, met a school friend at the station of the Nikolaev railway and found out that he was a privy councilor, i.e. in the service moved significantly higher. In an instant, the “thin” turns into a servile creature, ready to humiliate and fawn.

A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
Molchalin, the negative character of the comedy, is sure that one should please not only "all people without exception", but even "the janitor's dog, so that it was affectionate." The need to tirelessly please also gave rise to his romance with Sophia, the daughter of his master and benefactor Famusov. Maxim Petrovich, the "character" of the historical anecdote, which Famusov tells Chatsky as an edification, in order to earn the favor of the empress, has turned into a jester, amusing her with ridiculous falls.

I. S. Turgenev. "Mu Mu"
The fate of the dumb serf Gerasim, Tatyana, is decided by the mistress. A person has no rights. What could be worse?

I. S. Turgenev. "Hunter's Notes"
In the story “Biryuk”, the main character, a forester, nicknamed Biryuk, lives miserably, despite the conscientious performance of his duties. The social structure of life is unfair.

N. A. Nekrasov "Railway"
The poem talks about who built the railroad. These are workers subjected to merciless exploitation. The structure of life, where arbitrariness reigns, is worthy of condemnation. In the poem “Reflections at the front door”: the peasants came from distant villages with a petition to the nobleman, but they were not accepted, they were driven away. The government does not take into account the situation of the people.

L. N. Tolstoy "After the Ball"
The division of Russia into two parts, rich and poor, is shown. The social world is unfair to the weak.

N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
There can be nothing holy, right in a world ruled by tyranny, wild and crazy.

V.V. Mayakovsky

• In the play "The Bedbug" Pierre Skripkin dreamed that his house would be "a full bowl." Another hero, a former worker, claims: "Whoever fought has the right to rest by a quiet river." Such a position was alien to Mayakovsky. He dreamed of the spiritual growth of his contemporaries.

I. S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
Everyone's personality is important for the development of the state, but not always talented people can develop their abilities for the benefit of society. For example, in the "Notes of a Hunter" I.S. Turgenev, there are people whose talents the country does not need. Yakov ("Singers") becomes an inveterate drunkard in a tavern. The truth-seeker Mitya ("Odnodvorets Ovsyannikov") stands up for the serfs. The forester Biryuk serves responsibly, but lives in poverty. Such people are unnecessary. They even laugh at them. It's not fair.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
Despite the terrible details of camp life and the unjust structure of society, Solzhenitsyn's works are optimistic in spirit. The writer proved that even in the last degree of humiliation it is possible to preserve a person in oneself.

A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
A person who is not accustomed to work does not find a worthy place in the life of society.

M. Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
Pechorin says that he felt strength in his soul, but did not know what to apply them to. Society is such that there is no worthy place for an outstanding personality.

and A. Goncharov. "Oblomov"
Ilya Oblomov, a kind and talented person, could not overcome himself and reveal his best features. The reason is the lack of high goals in the life of society.

A.M. Gorky
Many heroes of M. Gorky's stories talk about the meaning of life. The old gypsy Makar Chudra wondered why people work. The heroes of the story "On the Salt" found themselves in the same impasse. Around them - wheelbarrows, salt dust, eating away the eyes. However, no one got angry. Good feelings arise in the soul of even such oppressed people. The meaning of life, according to Gorky, is in work. Everyone will begin to work conscientiously - you see, and we will all become richer and better together. After all, "the wisdom of life is always deeper and more extensive than the wisdom of people."

M. I. Weller "The Novel of Education"
The meaning of life is for those who themselves devote their activities to the cause that they consider necessary. The “Roman of Education” by M.I. Weller, one of the most published modern Russian writers, makes one think about this. Indeed, there have always been many purposeful people, and now they live among us.

L. N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"

• The best characters of the novel, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, saw the meaning of life in the desire for moral self-improvement. Each of them wanted "to be quite good, to bring good to people."
• All the favorite heroes of Leo Tolstoy were busy with intense spiritual search. Reading the novel "War and Peace", it is difficult not to be sympathetic to Prince Bolkonsky, a thinking, searching person. He read a lot, knew everything about everything. The hero found the meaning of his own life in the defense of the Fatherland. Not for the sake of an ambitious desire for glory, but because of the love of the motherland.
• In search of the meaning of life, a person must choose his direction. In Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", the fate of Andrei Bolkonsky is a difficult path of moral losses and discoveries. The important thing is that, walking along this thorny road, he retained true human dignity. It is no coincidence that M.I. Kutuzov will say to the hero: "Your road is the road of honor." I also like extraordinary people who try to live not uselessly.

I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
Even the failures and disappointments of an outstanding talented person are significant for society. For example, in the novel Fathers and Sons, Yevgeny Bazarov, a fighter for democracy, called himself an unnecessary person for Russia. However, his views anticipate the emergence of people capable of greater deeds and noble deeds.

V. Bykov "Sotnikov"
The problem of moral choice: what is better - to save one's life at the cost of betrayal (as the hero of the story Rybak does) or to die not a hero (no one will know about Sotnikov's heroic death), but to die with dignity. Sotnikov makes a difficult moral choice: he dies, retaining his human appearance.

M. M. Prishvin "Pantry of the sun"
Mitrasha and Nastya were left without parents during the Great Patriotic War. But hard work helped young children not only survive, but also earn the respect of their fellow villagers.

And P. Platonov "In a beautiful and furious world"
Machinist Maltsev is completely devoted to work, his favorite profession. During a thunderstorm, he became blind, but his friend's devotion, love for his chosen profession perform a miracle: having got on his beloved steam locomotive, he regains his sight.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor"
The main character has been used to working all her life, helping other people, and although she has not gained any benefits, she remains a pure soul, a righteous person.

Ch. Aitmatov Roman "Mother's field"
The leitmotif of the novel is the spiritual responsiveness of hardworking rural women. Aliman, whatever happens, has been working on the farm since dawn, on the melon field, in the greenhouse. She feeds the country, people! And the writer does not see anything higher than this share, this honor.

A.P. Chekhov. The story "Ionych"

• Dmitry Ionych Startsev chose an excellent profession. He became a doctor. However, the lack of perseverance and perseverance made the once good doctor a simple layman, for whom money-grubbing and his own well-being became the main thing in life. So, it is not enough to choose the right future profession, you must preserve yourself morally and morally in it.
• There comes a time when each of us faces the choice of a profession. The hero of the story A.P. dreamed of honestly serving people. Chekhov "Ionych", Dmitry Startsev. The profession he has chosen is the most humane. However, having settled in a city where the most educated people turned out to be small and limited, Startsev did not find the strength to resist stagnation and inertia. The doctor turned into a simple man in the street, thinking little about his patients. So, the most valuable condition for not living a boring life is honest creative work, no matter what profession a person chooses.

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace"
A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

F. M. Dostoevsky. "Crime and Punishment"
Rodion Raskolnikov creates his own theory: the world is divided into those "who have the right" and "trembling creatures." According to his theory, a person is able to create history, like Mohammed, Napoleon. They commit atrocities in the name of "great goals". Raskolnikov's theory fails. In fact, true freedom lies in the subordination of one's aspirations to the interests of society, in the ability to make the right moral choice.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"
The problem of freedom can be seen especially clearly in V. Bykov's story "Obelisk". Teacher Frost, had the choice to stay alive or die along with the students. He always taught them goodness and justice. He had to choose death, but he remained a morally free man.

A.M. Gorky "At the bottom"
Is there a way in the world to break free from the vicious circle of life's worries and desires? M. Gorky tried to answer such a question in the play "At the Bottom". In addition, the writer raised another vital question: can one be considered a free person who has resigned himself. Thus, the contradictions between the truth of the slave and the freedom of the individual is an eternal problem.

A. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
Opposition to evil, tyranny attracted the special attention of Russian writers of the 19th century. The oppressive power of evil is shown in the play by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". A young, gifted woman, Katerina, is a strong person. She found the strength to defy tyranny. The conflict between the atmosphere of the "dark kingdom" and the bright spiritual world, unfortunately, ended tragically.

A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago"
Pictures of bullying, cruel treatment of political prisoners.

A.A. Akhmatova Poem "Requiem"
This is a work about the repeated arrests of a husband and son, the poem was written under the influence of numerous meetings with mothers, relatives of prisoners in the Cross, a St. Petersburg prison.

N. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"
In Nekrasov's story there is a terrible truth about the heroism of those people who in a totalitarian state have always been considered "cogs" in the huge body of the state machine. The writer mercilessly condemned those who calmly sent people to their death, who shot for a lost sapper shovel, who kept people in fear.

V. Soloukhin
The secret of comprehending beauty, according to the famous publicist V. Soloukhin, lies in admiring life and nature. The beauty poured into the world will enrich us spiritually if we learn to contemplate it. The author is sure that it is necessary to stop in front of her, "not thinking about time", only then she "will invite you to interlocutors."

K.Paustovsky
The great Russian writer K. Paustovsky wrote that “you need to immerse yourself in nature, as if you plunged your face into a pile of leaves wet from the rain and felt their luxurious coolness, their smell, their breath. Simply put, nature must be loved, and this love will find the right ways to express itself with the greatest power.

Yu.Gribov
A modern publicist, writer Y. Gribov argued that "beauty lives in the heart of every person and it is very important to wake her up, not let her die without waking up."

V. Rasputin "Deadline"
Children from the city gathered at the bedside of their dying mother. Before death, the mother seems to go to the place of judgment. She sees that there is no previous mutual understanding between her and the children, the children are disunited, they have forgotten about the lessons of morality received in childhood. Anna leaves life, difficult and simple, with dignity, and her children still live and live. The story ends tragically. Hurrying about some business, the children leave their mother to die alone. Unable to bear such a terrible blow, she dies that same night. Rasputin reproaches the children of the collective farmer for insincerity, moral coldness, forgetfulness and vanity.

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram"
The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" is not a banal story about a lonely old woman and an inattentive daughter. Paustovsky shows that Nastya is not soulless: she sympathizes with Timofeev, spends a lot of time organizing his exhibition. How could it happen that Nastya, who cares about others, shows inattention to her own mother? It turns out that it’s one thing to get carried away with work, to do it with all your heart, to give it all your strength, physical and mental, and another to remember your loved ones, your mother, the most holy being in the world, not limited only to money transfers and short notes. Nastya failed to achieve harmony between caring for the "distant" and love for the closest person. This is the tragedy of her situation, this is the reason for the feeling of irreparable guilt, unbearable heaviness that visits her after the death of her mother and which will settle in her soul forever.

F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The protagonist of the work, Rodion Raskolnikov, did many good deeds. He is a kind person by nature who is hard going through the pain of others and always helps people. So Raskolnikov saves children from the fire, gives his last money to the Marmeladovs, tries to protect the drunk girl from men pestering her, worries about her sister Dunya, seeks to prevent her marriage with Luzhin in order to protect her from humiliation, loves and pities her mother, tries not to disturb her with his problems. But the trouble with Raskolnikov is that he chose a completely inappropriate means to fulfill such global goals. Unlike Raskolnikov, Sonya performs truly beautiful deeds. She sacrifices herself for the sake of loved ones, because she loves them. Yes, Sonya is a harlot, but she did not have the opportunity to quickly earn money in an honest way, and her family was dying of hunger. This woman destroys herself, but her soul remains pure, because she believes in God and tries to do good to everyone, loving and compassionate in a Christian way.
The most beautiful act of Sonya is the salvation of Raskolnikov ..
The whole life of Sonya Marmeladova is self-sacrifice. By the power of her love, she elevates Raskolnikov to herself, helps him overcome his sin and rise again. The actions of Sonya Marmeladova express all the beauty of a human act.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Pierre Bezukhov is one of the writer's favorite characters. Being at odds with his wife, feeling disgusted with the life in the world that they lead, experiencing after his duel with Dolokhov, Pierre involuntarily asks eternal, but so important questions for him: “What is bad? What well? Why live, and what am I? And when one of the smartest Masonic leaders urges him to change his life and purify himself by serving good, to benefit his neighbor, Pierre sincerely believed "in the possibility of a brotherhood of people united in order to support each other on the path of virtue." And to achieve this goal, Pierre does everything. what he considers necessary: ​​he donates money to the brotherhood, arranges schools, hospitals and shelters, tries to make life easier for peasant women with small children. His actions are always in harmony with his conscience, and the feeling of being right gives him confidence in life.

Pontius Pilate sent the innocent Yeshua to be executed. For the rest of his life, the procurator was tormented by his conscience, he could not forgive himself for his cowardice. The hero received peace only when Yeshuya himself forgave him and said that there was no execution.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment".

Raskolnikov killed an old pawnbroker to prove to himself that he was a "higher" being. But after the crime, his conscience torments him, a persecution mania develops, the hero moves away from relatives and friends. At the end of the novel, he repents of the murder, embarks on the path of spiritual healing.

M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man"
M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who, during the war,
lost all relatives. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act indicates that love and desire
doing good gives a person strength for life, strength in order to resist fate.

LN Tolstoy "War and Peace".

The Kuragin family are greedy, selfish, vile people. In pursuit of money and power, they are capable of any immoral acts. So, for example, Helen marries Pierre by deceit and uses his wealth, bringing him a lot of suffering and humiliation.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".

Plyushkin subordinated his whole life to hoarding. And if at first this was dictated by thrift, then his desire to save crossed all boundaries, he saved on the most necessary, lived, limiting himself in everything, and even broke off relations with his daughter, fearing that she was claiming his “wealth”.

The role of flowers

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov".

Oblomov, in love, gave Olga Ilyinskaya a lilac branch. Lilac became a symbol of the hero's spiritual transformation: he became active, cheerful, cheerful when he fell in love with Olga.

M. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita".

Thanks to the bright yellow flowers in Margarita's hands, the Master saw her in the gray crowd. The heroes fell in love with each other at first sight and carried their feelings through many trials.

M. Gorky.

The writer recalled that he had learned a lot from books. He did not have the opportunity to get an education, so it was in books that he drew knowledge, an idea of ​​the world, knowledge of the laws of literature.

A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin".

Tatyana Larina grew up on romance novels. Books made her dreamy, romantic. She created for herself the ideal of a lover, the hero of her novel, whom she dreamed of meeting in real life.

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Composition according to the text: “Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home as usual, at half past eight ...” Kachalkov S. S.

The problem of a person's moral responsibility for his actions is raised by the modern prose writer S. S. Kachalkov.

The text tells of "an amazing incident." Returning home, service workshop worker Sergei Pletenkin, as usual, took a fellow traveler to "justify the fuel." Ironically, it turned out to be Natasha Abrosimova, a former student from a parallel class, with whom Sergey acted dishonorably many years ago. The author shows how the hero's conscience awakens along with memories: the joy of successful earnings is replaced by anxious thoughts, mental confusion. He “gloomy washes his hands”, is in no hurry to “eat the cooling soup”. Natasha’s question sounds obsessively in my head: “Did you deceive me?”

The answer to the reader is clear. S. Kachalkov is convinced that by inflicting pain on another, a person first of all “deceives” himself, and sooner or later resentment returns to him with remorse.

I am close to the position of the writer. Of course, conscience is a sense of moral responsibility, which is inherent in absolutely all people from the very beginning.

I recall the fifth procurator of Judea, the Horseman of the Golden Spear, Pontius Pilate, one of the main characters in M. Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita. For 12 thousand moons, he lost sleep and peace, condemning an innocent person to death.

I think each of us has more than once found ourselves in ugly situations when our inner judge delivered an impartial verdict. And the punishment was mental torment, those same pangs of conscience that receded only after sincere repentance and readiness to embark on the path of correction.

Thus, it is necessary to observe moral laws - at least from a sense of self-preservation.

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Dolokhov in L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" apologizes to Pierre on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. In moments of danger, during a period of general tragedy, conscience awakens in this tough man. This surprised Bezukhov. Dolokhov shows himself to be a decent person when he, with other Cossacks and hussars, frees a party of prisoners, where Pierre will be; when he will hardly speak when he sees Petya lying motionless. Conscience is a moral category, without it it is impossible to imagine a real person.

Issues of conscience and honor are important for Nikolai Rostov. Having lost a lot of money to Dolokhov, he promises himself to return it to his father, who saved him from dishonor. After a while, Rostov will do the same towards his father when he inherits and accepts all his debts. Could he have acted differently if he had been brought up in his parental home with a sense of duty and responsibility for his actions. Conscience is that internal law that does not allow Nikolai Rostov to act immorally.

2) "The Captain's Daughter" (Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin).

Captain Mironov is also an example of fidelity to one's duty, honor and conscience. He did not betray the Fatherland and the Empress, but preferred to die with dignity, boldly throwing accusations in Pugachev's face that he was a criminal and a traitor.

3) "The Master and Margarita" (Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov).

The problem of conscience and moral choice is closely connected with the image of Pontius Pilate. Woland begins to tell this story, and the main character is not Yeshua Ha-Nozri, but Pilate himself, who executed his defendant.

4) "Quiet Flows the Don" (M.A. Sholokhov).

Grigory Melekhov during the years of the civil war led the Cossack hundred. He lost this position due to the fact that he did not allow his subordinates to rob prisoners and the population. (In past wars, robbery was common in the ranks of the Cossacks, but it was regulated). His behavior caused dissatisfaction not only on the part of his superiors, but also on the part of Panteley Prokofievich, the father, who, taking advantage of his son's opportunities, decided to "profit" from the loot. Panteley Prokofievich had already done this, having visited the eldest son of Petro, and was sure that Grigory would allow him to rob the sympathizers of the "red" Cossacks. Gregory's position in this regard was specific: he took "only edibles and feed for the horse, vaguely afraid to touch someone else's and disgusted with robberies." “Especially disgusting” seemed to him the robbery of his own Cossacks, even if they supported the “Reds”. “His little? Hama you! For such things on the German front, people were shot, ”he throws in his father’s hearts. (Ch.6 ch.9)

5) "Hero of our time" (Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov)

The fact that for an act committed against the voice of conscience, sooner or later there will be retribution, is also confirmed by the fate of Grushnitsky. Wanting to take revenge on Pechorin and humiliate him in the eyes of his acquaintances, Grushnitsky challenges him to a duel, knowing that Pechorin's pistol will not be loaded. A vile act towards a former friend, towards a person. Pechorin accidentally learns about Grushnitsky's plans and, as further events show, prevents his own murder. And without waiting for the conscience to wake up in Grushnitsky and he confesses his deceit, Pechorin kills him in cold blood.

6) "Oblomov" (Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov).

Mikhei Andreevich Tarantiev and his godfather Ivan Matveevich Mukhoyarov commit illegal acts against Ilya Ilyich Oblomov several times. Tarantiev, taking advantage of the favor and trust of the ingenuous and ignorant of Oblomov's affairs, having previously drunk him, forces him to sign a contract for hiring housing on extortionate terms for Oblomov. Later, he will recommend him as the manager of the estate of a swindler and thief, Zatertoy, talking about the professional merits of this person. Hoping that Zaterty is really an intelligent and honest manager, Oblomov will entrust him with the estate. There is something frightening in its validity and timelessness in the words of Mukhoyarov: “Yes, godfather, until the boobies in Russia are gone, that they sign papers without reading, our brother can live!” (Part 3 Ch.10). For the third time, Tarantyev and his godfather will oblige Oblomov to pay a non-existent debt on a loan letter to his landlady. How low must a man fall if he allows himself to profit from the innocence, gullibility, kindness of other people. Mukhoyarov did not even spare his own sister and nephews, forcing them to live almost starving for the sake of his own prosperity and well-being.

7) "Crime and Punishment" (Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky).

Raskolnikov, who created his theory of “blood on the conscience”, calculated everything, checked it “arithmetically”. It is his conscience that does not allow him to become "Napoleon". The death of an “unnecessary” old woman causes unexpected consequences in the lives of people around Raskolnikov; consequently, when solving moral questions, one cannot rely only on logic and reason. “The voice of conscience remains at the threshold of Raskolnikov’s consciousness for a long time, but it deprives him of the peace of mind of the “master”, dooms him to the torment of loneliness and separates from people” (G. Kurlyandskaya). The struggle between reason, which justifies blood, and conscience, which protests against shed blood, ends for Raskolnikov with the victory of conscience. “There is one law - the moral law,” Dostoevsky asserts. Having understood the truth, the hero returns to the people from whom he was separated by the committed crime.

Lexical meaning:

1) Conscience is a category of ethics that expresses the ability of a person to exercise moral self-control, to determine from the standpoint of good and evil the attitude towards one's own and other people's actions, lines of behavior. S. makes his assessments, as it were, regardless of the practical. interest, however, in reality, in various manifestations, S. of a person reflects the impact on him of concret. historical, social class conditions of life and education.

2) Conscience is one of the qualities of the human personality (properties of the human intellect), which ensures the preservation of homeostasis (the state of the environment and its position in it) and is due to the ability of the intellect to model its future state and the behavior of other people in relation to the “carrier” of conscience. Conscience is one of the products of education.

3) Conscience - (joint knowledge, know, know): the ability of a person to realize his duty and responsibility to other people, to independently evaluate and control his behavior, to be a judge of his own thoughts and actions. “The cause of conscience is the cause of man, which he wages against himself” (I. Kant). Conscience is a moral sense that allows you to determine the value of your own actions.

4) Conscience - - the concept of moral consciousness, inner conviction of what is good and evil, consciousness of moral responsibility for one's behavior; an expression of the individual's ability to exercise moral self-control on the basis of the norms and rules of behavior formulated in a given society, independently formulate high moral duties for himself, demand their fulfillment from himself and make self-assessment of the actions performed from the heights of morality and morality.

Aphorisms:

“The strongest feature of the difference between man and animals is the moral sense, or conscience. And his dominance is expressed in a short, but powerful and extremely expressive word "should". Ch.Darwin

"Honor is an outward conscience, and conscience is an inward honor." And Schopenhauer.

"A clear conscience is not afraid of lies, nor rumors, nor gossip." Ovid

"Never act against your conscience, even if the public interest requires it." A. Einstein

"Often people take pride in the purity of their conscience just because they have a short memory." L.N. Tolstoy

“How not to be satisfied with the heart when the conscience is calm!” D.I.Fonvizin

“Along with state laws, there are also laws of conscience that make up for the omissions of the legislation.” G. Fielding.

“Without a conscience and with a great mind, you cannot live.” M. Gorky

“Only he who has clothed himself in the armor of lies, impudence and shamelessness will not flinch before the judgment of his conscience.” M. Gorky

• Updated: May 31, 2016
• Author: Mironova Marina Viktorovna