Nobel Laureates of the Year in Literature. Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to Bob Dylan

Nobel Prize 2016: Laureates will be announced this week. Piter.TV channel monitors developments and updates the list of the world's best scientists.

Today, October 3, the so-called "Nobel Week" officially opened in Stockholm. From this day until the end of the week, October 10, the attention of all world media will be riveted to the life of the usually calm Swedish capital. Here, in the hall of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, awards will be presented to all Nobel Prize winners for 2016. The Piter.TV channel has collected all the important and relevant information on this topic in one article. Here you can find out how this year's award differs from all previous Nobel Weeks, you can follow the schedule of the main scientific event of the year, find out if our scientists have a chance of triumph. And most importantly, we will update the list of winners in all 5 nominations online.

About the history of the Nobel Prize

This year the Nobel Prize is awarded for the 120th time. The awards will be distributed in 5 classical categories: these are the prizes in physics, medicine, literature, chemistry and the prize in the field of peace. As always, no one except the members of the Nobel Committee knows the names of the candidates for victory. This list will be made public only after 50 years. To many scientists, this situation seems insulting: after all, only this year the "golden list" included 376 nominees. However, only a few will find out about their triumph and it will happen very soon...

Nobel Prize Schedule 2016

Nobel Week began on October 3 with the presentation of the "eternal prize" in physiology and medicine.The one that Ivan Pavlov and Ilya Mechnikov conquered in the last century. Alas, now our medical science is going through a hard time. So the prize once again went to a more developed country - Japan. The award was won by 71-year-old researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi. The wording of the award sheet speaks for itself: "for the discovery of the mechanism of autophagy." We will tell you more about the merits of the wise Japanese below in the section on the winners of the award. And now back to the schedule of the awards ceremony.

In less than a day, on October 4, the honoring of the owner will take place in the same hall. Nobel Prize in Physics. Experts call this nomination the most unpredictable and competitive. It can be received by space explorers, theoretical physicists, and even mathematicians (for whom, as we remember, there is no separate award). Perhaps this is one of the few branches of the competition where the Russians have at least some chance of winning, who have made several high-profile discoveries in recent years.

The next Nobel Prize will be awarded on October 5: we are talking about the prize for his contribution to the development of chemistry. In this nomination, the real hegemons are scientists from the USA. Thus, the authors of various online sweepstakes for the "Nobel Prize" give preference to American researchers who were able to find a theoretical mechanism for gene editing in humans and animals. In practice, this can give humanity a real "cure for old age" or an Ice Age park. Several groups of scientists worked on the discovery at once, so the intrigue in this nomination still remains.

In another day, on October 7, it will be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The most controversial nomination recognizes its winner not in Stockholm, but in Oslo. However, this is not a feature of the 2016 award, but a tradition. The most politicized award since its inception is presented in Norway in the presence of members of the local royal family. This year, a record number of applications were submitted for it - more than 200. According to rumors, Donald Trump, Edward Snowden and even the Afghan women's cycling team were among the possible applicants. No, this is not the Nobel Committee so omnivorous and promiscuous. It is simply the only nomination that any citizen and any organization can apply for.

The last nomination this year was taken out of the "Nobel week". Literature Prize will be awarded only on October 13, which, however, will not lower its status. Tradition prescribes to award writers last, in the first quarter after the "Nobel Week". Last year, the award went to Belarusian Svetlana Aleksievich. This reduces the chances of Russian authors to win: usually the Nobel Committee tries not to give the same medal to representatives of the same continent in a row.

2016 Nobel Laureates (winners)

Winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiologyand- Yoshinori Osumi (Japan). Even 23 years ago, in 1993, he made his historic discovery. The Japanese saw, proved and explained the connection between the gene and the process of autophagy in cells. We are talking about the work of lysosomes, which destroy elements of the cell that become unnecessary. Sometimes the destruction occurs for reasons that are incomprehensible to logic: lysosomes kill more working elements. Yoshinori Ohsumi explained the influence of the gene program on the course of autophagy, which gave other researchers the opportunity to work on deciphering the "ageing code". Until now, they believe that cells can be forced to refuse to self-destruct. And this can seriously extend the life of the average person.

Winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics - scientists David Towless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz from the USA. The prize was awarded for the discovery of topological transitions and topological phases of matter.

2016 Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry- Jean-Pierre Savage, Fraser Stoddart and Bernard Feringa for the development and synthesis of molecular machines.

Nobel Peace Prize for 2016 received by Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos. The prize was awarded for ending the long-term conflict with the far-left radical group FARC.

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Awarded for Contract Theory to U.S. Residents Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström.

2016 Nobel Prize in Literature goes to Bob Dylan for his contribution to the development of musical lyrics. The author of dozens of rock hits became the first writer-musician to receive this award.

The list will be updated

Briton Kazuo Ishiguro.

According to the testament of Alfred Nobel, the award is awarded to "who created the most significant literary work of an idealistic orientation."

The editors of TASS-DOSIER have prepared material on the procedure for awarding this award and its laureates.

Awarding and nominating candidates

The prize is awarded by the Swedish Academy in Stockholm. It includes 18 academicians who hold this post for life. The preparatory work is carried out by the Nobel Committee, whose members (four to five people) are elected by the Academy from among its members for a three-year period. Candidates may be nominated by members of the Academy and similar institutions in other countries, professors of literature and linguistics, award winners and chairmen of writers' organizations who have received special invitations from the committee.

The nomination process runs from September to January 31 of the following year. In April, the committee draws up a list of the 20 most worthy writers, then reduces it to five candidates. The winner is determined by academicians in early October by a majority vote. The award is announced to the writer half an hour before the announcement of his name. In 2017, 195 people were nominated.

The five Nobel Prize winners are announced during Nobel Week, which begins on the first Monday in October. Their names are announced in the following order: physiology and medicine; physics; chemistry; literature; peace prize. The winner of the Swedish State Bank Prize in Economics in memory of Alfred Nobel will be named next Monday. In 2016, the order was violated, the name of the awarded writer was made public last. According to the Swedish media, despite the delay in the start of the laureate election procedure, there were no disagreements within the Swedish Academy.

Laureates

During the entire existence of the award, 113 writers have become its laureates, including 14 women. Among those awarded are such world famous authors as Rabindranath Tagore (1913), Anatole France (1921), Bernard Shaw (1925), Thomas Mann (1929), Hermann Hesse (1946), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway (1954), Pablo Neruda (1971), Gabriel Garcia Marquez (1982).

In 1953, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was awarded this award "for the high mastery of works of a historical and biographical nature, as well as for brilliant oratory, with the help of which the highest human values ​​​​were defended." Churchill was repeatedly nominated for this prize, in addition, he was twice nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but never won it.

As a rule, writers receive an award based on the totality of achievements in the field of literature. However, nine people were awarded for a particular piece. For example, Thomas Mann was noted for the novel "Buddenbrooks"; John Galsworthy for The Forsyte Saga (1932); Ernest Hemingway - for the story "The Old Man and the Sea"; Mikhail Sholokhov - in 1965 for the novel "Quiet Don" ("for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia").

In addition to Sholokhov, there are other our compatriots among the laureates. So, in 1933, Ivan Bunin received the prize "for the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose", and in 1958 - Boris Pasternak "for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the field of great Russian prose."

However, Pasternak, who was criticized in the USSR for his novel Doctor Zhivago, published abroad, refused the award under pressure from the authorities. The medal and diploma were presented to his son in Stockholm in December 1989. In 1970, Alexander Solzhenitsyn became the laureate of the award ("for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature"). In 1987, the prize was awarded to Joseph Brodsky "for a comprehensive work, saturated with clarity of thought and passion for poetry" (he emigrated to the United States in 1972).

In 2015, the Belarusian writer Svetlana Aleksievich was awarded for "polyphonic compositions, a monument to suffering and courage in our time."

In 2016, American poet, composer and performer Bob Dylan was honored for "creating poetic imagery in the great American song tradition."

Statistics

The Nobel website notes that of the 113 laureates, 12 wrote under pseudonyms. This list includes the French writer and literary critic Anatole France (real name François Anatole Thibaut) and the Chilean poet and politician Pablo Neruda (Ricardo Eliécer Neftali Reyes Basoalto).

The relative majority of awards (28) were awarded to writers who wrote in English. 14 writers were awarded for books in French, 13 in German, 11 in Spanish, 7 in Swedish, 6 in Italian, 6 in Russian (including Svetlana Aleksievich), 4 in Polish, 4 in Norwegian and Danish three people, and in Greek, Japanese and Chinese two each. Authors of works in Arabic, Bengali, Hungarian, Icelandic, Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Occitan (Provençal French), Finnish, Czech, and Hebrew were awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature once each.

Most often awarded were writers who worked in the genre of prose (77), in second place - poetry (34), in third - dramaturgy (14). For works in the field of history, three writers received the prize, in philosophy - two. At the same time, one author can be awarded for works in several genres. For example, Boris Pasternak received the prize as a prose writer and as a poet, and Maurice Maeterlinck (Belgium; 1911) as a prose writer and playwright.

In 1901-2016, the prize was awarded 109 times (in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940-1943, academicians could not determine the best writer). Only four times the award was divided between two writers.

The average age of laureates is 65 years old, the youngest remains Rudyard Kipling, who received the prize at 42 (1907), and the oldest is 88-year-old Doris Lessing (2007).

The second writer (after Boris Pasternak) to refuse the prize was the French novelist and philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre in 1964. He stated that he "does not want to be turned into a public institution," and expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that when awarding the prize, academicians "ignore the merits of the revolutionary writers of the 20th century."

Notable writer-nominees who did not win the award

Many great writers who were nominated for the award never received it. Among them is Leo Tolstoy. Our writers such as Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Maxim Gorky, Konstantin Balmont, Ivan Shmelev, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Vladimir Nabokov were not awarded either. The outstanding prose writers of other countries - Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Mark Twain (USA), Henrik Ibsen (Norway) - did not become laureates either.

Bob Dylan (left)

The 2016 Nobel Prize for Literature was American poet and singer Bob Dylan. The award was presented with the wording: "for the creation of new means of poetic expression within the great American song tradition." The announcement was made at a ceremony in Stockholm, home of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards the prize. The announcement of the winner is broadcast live on the website of the Nobel Committee. The corresponding statement is posted on the website of the Nobel Committee.

Bob Dylan was born in 1941 in Minnesota. As a youth, he played in youth bands, and gradually his interest focused on American folk music and the blues. At the time, one of his idols was folk singer Woody Guthrie. Dylan was also influenced by the poetry of Anglo-American modernism. In 1961, Dylan moved to New York, where he began to perform in cafes and clubs. There he recorded his debut album Bob Dylan (1962). Subsequently, he released several more albums that had a significant impact on modern pop music: Bringing It All Back Home, Highway 61 Revisited (both in 1965), Blonde On Blonde (1966), Blood On The Tracks » (1975).

Real fame came to Dylan after a series of his tours in 1965 and 1966. At the same time, collections of Dylan's poems began to appear. Other literary experiences of the writer include "Tarantula" ("Tarantula", 1971), a collection of "Writings and Drawings" ("Writings and Drawings", 1973). In 2004, Dylan's autobiographical work "Chronicles" was published. In the late 1980s, Dylan toured a lot - one of his tours was called "endless" ("Never-Ending Tour").

During his creative career, Dylan received twelve Grammy statuettes, and in 1998 - three at once, for the album "Time Out Of Mind" and the song "Cold Irons Bound" (in the nominations "Best Album of the Year", "Best Contemporary Folk Album"). Rock" and "Best Male Rock Vocal"). In 2001, Dylan was awarded the Academy Award "Oscar" for the song "Things Have Changed" to the film "Wonder Boys" ("Wonder Boys") with Michael Douglas in the title role. In April 2008, the musician and performer was awarded the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for "outstanding influence on popular music and American culture, marked by lyrical compositions of exceptional poetic power."

Dylan has long acquired a cult status not only in America but throughout the world, the number of super-popular hits he created is in the dozens, and his music and lyrics have influenced many contemporary and past musicians, including John Lennon, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton and others. In addition to the musician's commitment to the traditions of American folk music, the characteristic features of Dylan's work include serious work with texts - Dylan was the first major musician in modern America to make a popular song a means of talking about serious social problems.

In 2016, the announcement of the laureate was postponed for a whole week. Usually, the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature becomes known the same week when the winners in scientific categories are announced. According to Per Vastberg, a member of the Royal Swedish Academy, this year's delay is not connected, as many people think, with some kind of disagreement over the candidacy of the winner - it's all about the peculiarities of the current year's calendar. Academicians usually debate the Literature Prize on four Thursdays in a row, starting with the penultimate one in September. There were five Thursdays in September 2016, not the usual four, and the penultimate one fell on September 22. Because of this, the whole process moved a week later.

The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which has 18 permanent members. The selection of the next winner takes a whole year. The process of nominating nominees (usually there are about 200) lasts from September to the end of January, after which, within two months, the Nobel Committee for Literature (4-5 people) selects the most deserving ones in order to form a “long list” of 15-20 candidates in April, with the work of which other academicians get acquainted. In May, a "shortlist" of five candidates is approved. During the summer, the academics scrutinize their work and in September begin the final series of four weekly sessions. At the last of them, the best contender for the award is determined by voting. As a rule, the next Nobel laureate in literature learns about his victory half an hour before the public announcement of it.

Last year, the Belarusian writer Svetlana Aleksievich won the Nobel Prize in Literature. She was awarded the prize for her "poly-voiced work - a monument to the suffering and courage of our time." Aleksievich is known as the author of documentary prose in Russian - such books as "War has an unfeminine face" (1984, memoirs of women who went through the Great Patriotic War), "Zinc Boys" (1989, memoirs of veterans of the war in Afghanistan), "Chernobyl prayer "(1997, about the veterans of the liquidation of the Chernobyl disaster), etc.

The founder of the award, Alfred Nobel, was fond of literature from his youth, read in several languages, collected a large library, and in the later years of his life he tried to compose. In his will, which determined the conditions for awarding the prize, Nobel ordered to annually reward "the one who created the most significant literary work of an idealistic orientation." The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to the French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme.

Dmitry Ivanov

Despite the fact that the names of the Nobel Prize nominees are kept strictly secret, the media actively make their assumptions and even bets.

For many years now, critics and international brokers have been predicting victory for the ruler of the souls of today's youth Haruki Murakami. His books are an extraordinary success all over the world, and the name needs no comment. This award was predicted for him a long time ago, which is why the stakes of the Japanese writer are very high, 5:1.

The second and third places are given to the Americans Philip Roth, author of American Pastoral (1998, Pulitzer Prize) and Joyce Carol Oates. Americans last received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993. Then it was given to Toni Morrison, an American of African descent, for bringing to life an important aspect of American reality in her novels full of dreams and poetry.

Among non-European authors, a Syrian author made it into the top five Adonis, the pseudonym of the publicist and poet Ali Ahmad Saeed Asbar, known for his political, cultural and philosophical discussions. He lectured at the College de France on Arabic poetics, settled in Paris in 1985 and worked as a consultant to UNESCO. The poet has been repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize, he has been waiting for the recognition of the Nobel Committee for a quarter of a century.

Among the other applicants in 2016, the names of the Kenyan novelist are named in the top ten Ngugi Wa Thiongo, Albanian Ismail Kadare, Norwegian Yuna Fosse, Israeli Amos Oz and Hungarian Peter Nadasha.

Ngugi Wa Thiongo, also known under the pseudonym James Ngugi, is not new to the list: he was nominated for the award in 2010 and in 2014. The politically active author writes in English and Kikuyu. In 1962 he made his debut with the novel "Don't Cry, Child", his books are devoted to the acute social, cultural and political problems of Kenya.

A photo: www.gazeta.ru

The reason why Ngugi is the greatest writer to come out of East and Central Africa is because, like Peter Abrahams in South Africa and Chinua Achebe in West Africa, he writes on serious subjects, local publication The East African Standard notes.

Russian critics are inclined to believe that the choice is often based on ideological motives. Literary critic Peter Vail writes: The Nobel Committee, like any intellectual community, consists of people of leftist convictions. Leftists, of course, in European terminology. That is why one of the greatest writers of the 20th century, Borges, did not win the Nobel Prize. The thing is that he paid a visit to Pinochet, shook his hand and praised him for crushing the communists. At the same time, everyone understood the greatness of Borges as a writer, but they did not forgive Pinochet.

“In works of great emotional power, he revealed the abyss that lies beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world,” says the official release published on the website announcing the new Nobel Prize in Literature winner, Japanese-born British writer Kazuo Ishiguro.

A native of Nagasaki, he moved with his family to Britain in 1960. The first novel of the writer - "Where the hills are in the haze" - was published in 1982 and was dedicated to his hometown and new homeland. The novel tells about a native of Japan who, after her daughter's suicide and moving to England, cannot get rid of obsessive dreams about the destruction of Nagasaki.

Great success came to Ishiguro with the novel The Rest of the Day (1989),

dedicated to the fate of the former butler, who served one noble house all his life. For this novel, Ishiguro received the Booker Prize, and the jury voted unanimously, which is unprecedented for this award. In 1993, an American film director filmed this book with and starring.

The writer’s fame was also supported by the release in 2010 of the film based on the dystopia Don’t Let Me Go, which takes place in an alternative Britain of the late 20th century, where organ donor children for cloning are raised in a special boarding school. They played in the picture, Keira Knightley, and others.

In 2005, this novel was included in the list of the top 100 according to the version.

Kazuo's latest novel, The Buried Giant, published in 2015, is considered one of Kazuo's strangest and most daring works. This is a medieval fantasy novel in which an elderly couple's journey to a neighboring village to visit their son becomes a path to their own memories. Along the way, the couple defend themselves from dragons, ogres and other mythological monsters. You can read more about the book.

The amount of the award this year is $1.12 million. The award ceremony will take place at the Stockholm Philharmonic on December 10, the day the founder of the award died.

literary rate

Every year, it is the Nobel Prize in Literature that is of particular interest to bookmakers - in no other discipline in which the award is awarded, such a stir does not happen. The list of favorites this year, according to the betting companies Ladbrokes, Unibet, includes Kenyan Ngugi Wa Thiongo (5.50), Canadian writer and critic (6.60), Japanese writer (odds 2.30). The fellow countryman of the current laureate, the author of "Hunting for Sheep" and "After Darkness", however, is promised the Nobel for several years - as well as another "eternal" nominee for the literary Nobel, the famous Syrian poet Adonis. However, both of them remain without a reward from year to year, and the bookmakers are in a slight bewilderment.

Among the other candidates this year were: Chinese Ian Lyanke, Israeli, Italian Claudio Magris, Spaniard, American singer and poet Patti Smith, from Austria, South Korean poet and prose writer Ko Eun, Nina Buraui from France, Peter Nadas from Hungary, American rapper Kanye West and others.

In the entire history of the award, bookmakers were not mistaken only three times:

In 2003, when the victory was awarded to the South African writer John Coetzee, in 2006 with the famous Turk, and in 2008 with the Frenchman.

“What bookmakers are guided by when determining favorites is unknown,” says the literary expert, editor-in-chief of the Gorky Media resource, “it is only known that a few hours before the announcement, the odds for who then turns out to be the winner fall sharply to unprofitable values.” Does this mean that someone supplies bookmakers with information a few hours before the announcement of the winners, the expert refused to confirm. According to Milchin,

Bob Dylan was at the bottom of the list last year, as was Svetlana Aleksievich in 2015.

According to the expert, a few days before the announcement of the current winner, rates on Canadian Margaret Atwood and Korean Ko Eun went down sharply.

The name of the future laureate is traditionally kept in the strictest confidence until the announcement. The list of candidates compiled by the Swedish Academy is also classified and will not be known until 50 years later.

The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by King Gustav III to support and develop the Swedish language and literature. It includes 18 academicians who are elected to their post for life by other members of the academy.