Nikolay Gogol. Gogol's creativity - report message Ukrainian period of Gogol's creativity

April 1 (March 20, old style), 1809 in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province (now a village in the Poltava region of Ukraine) and came from an old Little Russian family.
Gogol spent his childhood on the estate of his parents Vasilievka (another name is Yanovshchina; now the village of Gogolevo).

In 1818-1819 he studied at the Poltava district school, in 1820-1821 he took lessons from the Poltava teacher Gavriil Sorochinsky, living in his apartment. In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn, graduating from it in 1828. At the gymnasium, Nikolai Gogol was engaged in painting, participated in performances (as a decorator and as an actor), tried himself in various literary genres - then the poem "Housewarming", the not preserved tragedy "The Robbers", the story "The Brothers Tverdislavichi", satire " Something about Nizhyn, or the law is not written for fools" and others.

From his youth, Nikolai Gogol dreamed of a legal career. In December 1828 he moved to Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, fussing about the place, he makes the first literary tests: at the beginning of 1829, the poem "Italy" appeared, and in the spring of that year, under the pseudonym "V. Alov", Gogol published "an idyll in pictures" "Hanz Kühelgarten". The poem garnered scathing and derisive reviews from critics. In July 1829, Gogol burned the unsold copies of the book and left to travel to Germany.

At the end of 1829, he entered the service in the Department of State Economy and Public Buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. From April 1830 to March 1831, the novice writer served in the department of appanages as a scribe, assistant to the clerk under the guidance of the famous idyllic poet Vladimir Panaev. By this time, Gogol devoted more time to literary work. Following the first story "Bisavriuk, or Evening on the eve of Ivan Kupala" (1830), he published a number of works of art and articles: "Chapter from a historical novel" (1831), "Chapter from a Little Russian story:" Terrible Boar "(1831). Tale" Woman" (1831) was the first work signed by the real name of the author.

In 1830, the writer met the poets Vasily Zhukovsky and Pyotr Pletnev, who introduced Gogol to Alexander Pushkin at home in May 1831. By the summer of 1831, his relationship with Pushkin's circle had become quite close: while living in Pavlovsk, Gogol often visited Pushkin and Zhukovsky in Tsarskoye Selo; carried out instructions for the publication of Belkin's Tales. Pushkin appreciated Gogol as a writer, "gave" the plots of "The Government Inspector" and "Dead Souls".

Literary fame to the young writer brought "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka", published in 1831-1832.

In the early 1830s, Gogol was engaged in teaching, gave private lessons, and later taught history at the St. Petersburg Patriot Institute. In 1834, he was appointed adjunct professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University.

In 1835, the collections "Arabesques" and "Mirgorod" were published. "Arabesques" contained several articles of popular scientific content on history and art, as well as the novels "Portrait", "Nevsky Prospekt" and "Notes of a Madman". In the first part of "Mirgorod" appeared "Old World Landowners" and "Taras Bulba", in the second - "Viy" and "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich."

The pinnacle of Gogol's work as a playwright was The Inspector General, which was published and simultaneously staged on stage in 1836. In January of this year, the comedy was read for the first time by the author at an evening at Zhukovsky's in the presence of Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Vyazemsky. The premiere of the play took place in April on the stage of the Alexandrinsky Theater in St. Petersburg, in May - on the stage of the Maly Theater in Moscow.

In 1836-1848 Gogol lived abroad, only twice came to Russia.

In 1842, "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" was published in a significant circulation of 2.5 thousand copies for that time. Work on the book began in 1835, the first volume of the poem was completed in August 1841 in Rome.

In 1842, under the editorship of the writer, the first collected works of Gogol were published, where the story "The Overcoat" was printed.

In 1842-1845 Gogol worked on the second volume of Dead Souls, but in July 1845 the writer burned the manuscript.

At the beginning of 1847, Gogol's book "Selected passages from correspondence with friends" was published, which was received extremely negatively by many, including the writer's close friends.

Gogol spent the winter of 1847-1848 in Naples, intensively reading Russian periodicals, novelties of fiction, historical and folklore books. In April 1848, after a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Gogol finally returned to Russia, where he spent most of his time in Moscow, visited St. Petersburg, and also in his native places - Little Russia.

By the beginning of 1852, the edition of the second volume of Dead Souls was re-created, chapters from which Gogol read to his close friends. However, the feeling of creative dissatisfaction did not leave the writer, on the night of February 24 (February 12, old style), 1852, he burned the manuscript of the second volume of the novel. In incomplete form, only five chapters have been preserved, relating to various draft editions, which were published in 1855.

On March 4 (February 21, old style), 1852, Nikolai Gogol died in Moscow. He was buried in the Danilov Monastery. In 1931, Gogol's remains were reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery.

In April 1909, on the 100th anniversary of the writer's birth, a monument to Nikolai Gogol by Nikolai Andreev was unveiled in Moscow on Arbatskaya Square. In 1951, the monument was transferred to the Donskoy Monastery, to the Museum of Memorial Sculpture. In 1959, on the 150th anniversary of Gogol's birth, it was installed in the courtyard of the house on Nikitsky Boulevard, where the writer died. In 1974, the memorial museum of N.V. Gogol.

In 1952, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Gogol's death, a new one, the work of Nikolai Tomsky, was erected on the site of the old monument, with an inscription on the pedestal: "To the great Russian artist, words to Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol from the government of the Soviet Union."

In St. Petersburg - two monuments to the writer. In 1896, a bronze bust of Gogol by the sculptor Vasily Kreitan was installed in the Admiralty Garden.

In December 1997, a monument to the writer by sculptor Mikhail Belov was unveiled on Malaya Konyushennaya Street, next to Nevsky Prospekt.

One of the oldest monuments to Gogol in Russia is located in Volgograd. A bronze bust of the writer by sculptor Ivan Tavbiy was installed on Aleksandrovskaya Square in 1910.

In the homeland of the writer, in the village of Velikie Sorochintsy, a monument to the writer was opened in 1911. In 1929, in honor of the 120th anniversary of the birth of the writer, the Velikosorochinsky Literary and Memorial Museum of N.V. Gogol.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources

Among the biographies of great writers, biography of Gogol stands in a separate row. After reading this article, you will understand why this is so.

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a universally recognized literary classic. He masterfully worked in a variety of genres. Both contemporaries and writers of subsequent generations spoke positively about his works.

Brief biography of Gogol

It is still not known exactly when Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born. The official date of his birth is considered to be March 20, 1809.

Little Kolya spent all his childhood in the village of Sorochintsy, Poltava province. He grew up in a very large family. He had 5 brothers and 6 sisters, although some of them died in infancy.

His family came from the old noble family of Yanovsky. According to family tradition, his grandfather Athanasius Yanovsky decided to add one more part to his surname to prove his relationship with the Cossack hetman Ostap Gogol.

Thus, they began to bear the surname Gogol-Yanovsky.

Gogol's parents

The father of the future writer, Vasily Afanasyevich, worked in the post office, rising to the rank of collegiate assessor. He was a creative person and was keenly interested in what undoubtedly influenced the biography of young Nikolai.

The head of the family showed a talent for poetry and writing. He also directed the home theater of one of his comrades, and occasionally participated in performances himself.

It is known that Gogol Sr. wrote comedy plays, but only one of them has survived to this day - "The Simpleton, or the Cunning of a Woman Outwitted by a Soldier."

Obviously, it was from his father that Nikolai Vasilievich took over his passion for literature, and already in early childhood he began to write poetry.

Nikolai Gogol's mother's name was Maria Ivanovna. She got married when she was barely 14 years old. She was half her husband's age. In her youth, she had a special attraction and was considered the first beauty in the village.

Mary was a God-fearing person and tried to raise her children in the same spirit. She paid special attention to various biblical prophecies and the Last Judgment of mankind, which was to take place soon.

Some biographers of Gogol believe that it is thanks to his mother that the writer's work is saturated with mysticism.

Since in childhood he saw how poor peasants and wealthy lords live, in his works he began to masterfully describe the intricacies of life and the emotional experiences of people.

Education

At the age of 10, Gogol was sent to study at a school. After that, he continued his studies with a local teacher Gavriil Sorochinsky. When he was 16 years old, he was able to enter the Gymnasium of Higher Sciences in the city of Nizhyn.

During the years of study, young Nikolai Vasilyevich had very poor health. In addition, it was difficult for him to give exact objects. However, one of the strengths of the writer was his. He liked to study literature and read various literature.

In a word, studying Gogol's biography, it is impossible not to notice that his education was not of very high quality. Many biographers believe that, most likely, the gymnasium itself is to blame, since it employed teachers below the average level of qualification.

Very often, knowledge was taught not in the form of a traditional explanation of the topic, but with the help of physical punishment with rods.

As a schoolboy, Nikolai Vasilyevich took part in all possible performances and skits. According to his friends and relatives, he had a great sense of humor and was always an optimist.

Creative biography of Gogol

He made his first attempts to prove himself as a writer as a student. The young Gogol was delighted with the great creativity, so he strove to imitate him in everything.

He composed various feuilletons and poems, and also tried his talent in other literary genres. It is worth noting that initially Nikolai Vasilievich treated writing as entertainment rather than professional work.

In 1828, Gogol decided to go to. Upon arrival in this city, he faced various difficulties and trials.

An interesting fact is that he tried to get a position as an official, and also tried himself as an actor.

However, all these attempts were in vain. As a result, he had to take up the pen again and begin creative activity. Thus, his biography was doomed to become known to the whole world.

At the first stages of the writer Gogol, serious problems and disappointments awaited. He managed to publish only a couple of poems.

When he wrote "Idyll in Pictures", an avalanche of criticism and ironic ridicule fell upon him. This forced Gogol to buy all editions of this poem with his own money and burn them.

Despite this, he did not give up, but rather did work on the mistakes and even changed the genre.

Soon he had a meeting with Baron Delvig, who agreed to publish Gogol's works in his publications. This was an important event in his biography.

Finally, he managed to achieve some success in the literary field. The young writer was noticed, and soon he was able to meet Pushkin and (see).

When Alexander Sergeevich read "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka" and "The Night Before Christmas", full of humor and mysticism, he highly appreciated Gogol's talent.

At this time, Nikolai Vasilyevich became seriously interested in the history of Little Russia, as a result of which several works were written by him. Among them was the famous "Taras Bulba", which gained worldwide fame.

Gogol even wrote letters to his mother asking her to tell as much as possible about the life of ordinary people living in remote villages.

In 1835, the well-known story "Viy" was published from his pen. It contains ghouls, ghouls, witches and other mystical characters that are regularly found in his creative biography. Later, based on this work, a film was made. In fact, it can be called the first Soviet horror film.

In 1841, Nikolai Vasilyevich wrote another famous story, The Overcoat. It tells about a hero who becomes poorer to such an extent that he is forced to rejoice at the most ordinary things.

Gogol's personal life

From his youth until the end of his life, Gogol had disorders. So, for example, he was very afraid of an early death.

Some biographers claim that the writer generally suffered from manic-depressive psychosis. His mood often changed, which could not but excite the writer himself.

In his letters, he admitted that he periodically hears some voices calling him somewhere. Due to constant emotional stress and fear of death, Gogol was seriously interested in religion and led a secluded life.

His attitude towards women was also peculiar. Rather, he loved them from a distance, fascinated by them more spiritually than physically.

Nikolai Vasilievich corresponded with girls of different social status, doing it romantically and timidly. He did not really like to flaunt his personal life and, in general, any details related to this side of the biography.

Due to the fact that Gogol did not have children, there is a version that he was a homosexual. To date, this assumption has absolutely no evidence, although discussions on this topic are periodically conducted.

Death

The early death of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol still causes a lot of heated debate among his biographers and historians. In the last years of his life, Gogol experienced a creative crisis.

This was largely due to the death of Khomyakov's wife, as well as criticism of his works by Archpriest Matthew Konstantinovich.

All these events and mental anguish led to the fact that on February 5 he decided to refuse food. After 5 days, Gogol personally burned all his manuscripts, explaining this by the fact that some "evil force" commanded him to do so.

On February 18, while observing Great Lent, Gogol began to feel physically weak, which is why he went to bed. He avoided any treatment, preferring to him the calm expectation of his own death.

Because of the inflammation of the intestines, the doctors suggested that he had meningitis. It was decided to perform bloodletting, which not only caused irreparable harm to the writer's health, but also worsened his state of mind.

On February 21, 1852, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol died at the estate of Count Tolstoy in Moscow. Before his 43rd birthday, he did not live only one month.

There are so many interesting facts in the biography of the Russian writer Gogol that one can make a whole book out of them. We present just a few.

• Gogol was afraid, because this natural phenomenon had a negative effect on his psyche.
• The writer lived in poverty, walked in old clothes. The only expensive item in his wardrobe was a gold watch donated by Zhukovsky in memory of Pushkin.
• Gogol's mother was considered a strange woman. She was superstitious, believed in supernatural things, and constantly told cryptic, embellished fictions.
• According to rumors, Gogol's last words were: "How sweet it is to die."
• often received inspiration through the work of Gogol.
• Nikolai Vasilyevich adored sweets, so sweets and pieces of sugar were constantly in his pocket. He also liked to roll bread crumbs in his hands - it helped him to concentrate on thoughts.
• Gogol was sensitive to his appearance. He was very irritated by his own nose.
• Nikolai Vasilievich was afraid that he would be buried, being in a lethargic dream. Therefore, he asked that his body be buried only after the appearance of cadaveric spots.
• According to legend, Gogol woke up in a coffin. And this rumor has a basis. The fact is that when they intended to rebury his body, those present were horrified to find that the head of the deceased was turned to one side.

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Is Nikolai Gogol. Everyone knows his books. Based on his works, films are made and performances are staged. The work of this writer is very diverse. It contains both romantic stories and works of realistic prose.

Biography

Nikolai Gogol was born in Ukraine in the family of a regimental clerk. The talent of the satirist in him manifested itself early. Gogol showed an indefatigable thirst for knowledge already in childhood. Books played a big role in his life. In the Nezhin School, where he received his education, he was not given sufficient knowledge. That is why he subscribed additionally to literary magazines and almanacs.

Even in his school years, he began to compose witty epigrams. Teachers were the subject of ridicule of the future writer. But the lyceum student did not attach much importance to such creative research. After completing the course, he dreamed of leaving for St. Petersburg, believing that he could get a job there in the public service.

Service in the office

The dream came true, and the lyceum graduate left his native land. However, in St. Petersburg, he was able to get only a modest place in the office. In parallel with this work, he created small but they were bad, and he bought almost all copies of the first poem, which was called "Hans Küchelgarten", in a bookstore and burned it with his own hand.

Longing for a small homeland

Soon, failures in creativity and material difficulties plunged Gogol into despondency. The northern capital began to cause melancholy in his soul. And more and more often the employee of the small office recalled Ukrainian landscapes dear to the heart. Not everyone knows what book brought Gogol fame. But there is no schoolchild in our country who would not know the work “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”. The creation of this book was inspired by longing for a small homeland. And it was this literary work that brought fame to Gogol and allowed him to gain recognition from his fellow writers. A laudatory review of Pushkin himself was awarded to Gogol. The books of the great poet and writer in his youth had a decisive influence on him. That is why the opinion of the luminary of literature was especially valuable for the young author.

"Petersburg Tales" and other works

Since then, Gogol was well received in literary circles. He closely communicated with Pushkin and Zhukovsky, which could not but affect his work. From now on, writing became the meaning of life for him. He took this matter very seriously. And the result was not long in coming.

During this period, Gogol's most famous books were written. Their list suggests that the writer worked in an extremely intensive mode and did not give particular preference to one or another genre. His works caused a resonance in the world of literature. Belinsky wrote about the talent of the young prose writer, who is distinguished by his amazing ability to recognize unique abilities at an early stage. The realistic direction laid down by Pushkin developed at a decent level, as evidenced by Gogol's books. Their list includes the following works:

• "Portrait".
• "Diary of a Madman".
• "Nose".
• "Nevsky Avenue".
• "Taras Bulba".

Each of them is unique in its own way. In a sense, Nikolai Gogol became an innovator. His books were distinguished by the fact that for the first time in the history of Russian literature they touched on the topic. It was done superficially, but before that the fate of thousands of ordinary people was depicted in fiction only in passing.

But no matter how strong and unique the talent of the creator of The Overcoat, he made a special contribution to literature thanks to the writing of The Inspector General and Dead Souls.

Satire

Early works brought Gogol success. However, the writer was not satisfied with this. Gogol did not want to remain just a contemplator of life. The realization that the mission of the writer is extremely great grew stronger and stronger in his soul. The artist is able to convey to his readers his vision of modern reality, thereby influencing the consciousness of the masses. From now on, Gogol created for the benefit of Russia and its people. His books testify to this good intention. The poem "Dead Souls" has become the greatest work in literature. However, after the release of the first volume, the writer was severely attacked by adherents of conservative views.

The difficult situation that developed in the life and work of the writer led to the fact that he failed to complete the poem. The second volume, which was written shortly before his death, was burned by the writer.

* This work is not a scientific work, is not a final qualifying work and is the result of processing, structuring and formatting the collected information, intended to be used as a source of material for self-preparation of educational work.

Abstract on the topic

“The life and work of N.V. Gogol"

N.V. Gogol was born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorod district, Poltava province, in the family of a landowner. The Gogols had over 1,000 acres of land and about 400 souls of serfs. The writer's father, V. A. Gogol-Yanovsky (1777-1825), served at the Little Russian Post Office, in 1805 he retired with the rank of collegiate assessor and married M. I. Kosyarovskaya (1791-1868), according to legend, the first beauty in the Poltava region. The family had six children: in addition to Nikolai, son Ivan (died in 1819), daughters Marya (1811-1844), Anna (1821-1893), Liza (1823-1864) and Olga (1825-1907).
Gogol spent his childhood on the estate of his parents Vasilievka (another name is Yanovshchina). The cultural center of the region was Kibintsy, the estate of D. P. Troshchinsky (1754-1829), a distant relative of the Gogols, a former minister, elected to the district marshals (to the county marshals of the nobility); Gogol's father acted as his secretary. In Kibintsy there was a large library, there was a home theater, for which Father Gogol wrote comedies, being also his actor and conductor.
As a child, Gogol wrote poetry. The mother showed great concern for the religious upbringing of her son, who, however, was influenced not so much by the ritual side of Christianity as by his prophecy about the Last Judgment and the idea of ​​afterlife retribution.
In 1818-19, Gogol, together with his brother Ivan, studied at the Poltava district school, and then, in 1820-1821, took lessons from the Poltava teacher Gabriel Sorochinsky, living in his apartment. In May 1821 he entered the gymnasium of higher sciences in Nizhyn. Here he paints, participates in performances - as a decorator and as an actor, and with particular success performs comic roles. He also tries himself in various literary genres (writes elegiac poems, tragedies, a historical poem, a story). Then he wrote the satire "Something about Nizhyn, or the law is not written for Fools" (not preserved). However, the idea of ​​writing has not yet “come to mind” to Gogol, all his aspirations are connected with the “state service”, he dreams of a legal career. Gogol's decision was greatly influenced by Prof. N. G. Belousov, who taught a course in natural law, as well as a general strengthening of freedom-loving moods in the gymnasium. In 1827, a "case of free-thinking" arose here, which ended with the dismissal of leading professors, including Belousov; Gogol, who sympathized with him, testified in his favor during the investigation.
After graduating from the gymnasium in 1828, Gogol in December, together with another graduate A. S. Danilevsky (1809-1888), went to St. Petersburg. Experiencing financial difficulties, unsuccessfully fussing about the place, Gogol makes the first literary tests: at the beginning of 1829, the poem "Italy" appears, and in the spring of the same year, under the pseudonym "V. Alov", Gogol prints "an idyll in pictures" "Hanz Küchelgarten". The poem evoked sharp and mocking reviews from N. A. Polevoy and later a condescendingly sympathetic review from O. M. Somov (1830), which intensified Gogol's heavy mood. In July 1829, he burned unsold copies of the book and suddenly went abroad, to Germany, and by the end of September almost as suddenly returned to St. Petersburg. Gogol explained his step as an escape from a love feeling that suddenly took possession of him. Before leaving abroad, or shortly after his return, Gogol experiences another setback - his attempt to enter the stage as a dramatic actor turns out to be unsuccessful.
At the end of 1829, he managed to decide on a service in the department of state economy and public buildings of the Ministry of the Interior. From April 1830 to March 1831 he served in the department of destinies (first as a clerk, then as an assistant to the clerk), under the supervision of the famous idyllic poet V.I. Panaev. Staying in the offices caused Gogol a deep disappointment in the "service of the state", but it provided rich material for future works, depicting bureaucratic life and the functioning of the state machine. By this time, Gogol was devoting more and more time to literary work. Following the first story "Bisavryuk, or Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala" (1830), Gogol publishes a number of works of art and articles: "A Chapter from a Historical Novel" (1831), "Teacher. From a Little Russian story:" Terrible Boar "(1831) .), "Woman" (1831). The story "Woman" was the first work signed by the real name of the author. Gogol meets Zhukovsky, P. A. Pletnev, Pushkin. By the summer of 1831, his relationship with Pushkin's circle became quite close: while living in Pavlovsk, Gogol often visited Pushkin and Zhukovsky in Tsarskoye Selo; carries out assignments for the publication of Belkin's Tales. Gogol's financial position is being strengthened thanks to his pedagogical work: he gives private lessons in the homes of P.I. Balabin, N.M. Longinov, A.V. Vasilchikov, and from March 1831, at the request of Pletnev, he became a teacher of history at the Patriotic Institute (where he later assigned his sisters, Anna and Lisa).
During this period, Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (1831-1832) were published. They aroused almost universal admiration.
After the release of the 2nd part of "Evenings" Gogol in June 1832 arrives in Moscow as a famous writer. He gets to know M. P. Pogodin, S. T. Aksakov and his family, M.N. Zagoskin, I.I. Dmitriev. On this visit or on the second one (on the way back through Moscow from Vasilievka), he also meets with I.V. and P.V. Kireevsky, M.S. Shchepkin, and becomes close to M.A. Maksimovich. The next, 1833, year for Gogol is one of the most intense, full of painful searches for a further path. Gogol writes the first comedy "Vladimir of the 3rd degree", however, experiencing creative difficulties and foreseeing censorship complications, he stops work. Gogol considers the study of Ukrainian and world history to be very important, perhaps the main direction of his activity.
Numerous preliminary developments remained (in particular, "The plan for teaching general history", "An excerpt from the history of Little Russia ...", both - 1834; later, under changed names, they were included in the "Arabesques") of the writer. Gogol is busy about taking the chair of world history at the newly opened Kiev University, but to no avail. In June 1834, however, he was appointed adjunct professor in the department of general history at St. Petersburg University. Simultaneously with pedagogical work and works on history, about which Gogol quite widely informs his friends, he writes in deep secret the stories that made up his two subsequent collections - "Mirgorod" and "Arabesques". Their harbinger was "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" (first published in the book "Housewarming" in 1834).
The publication of "Arabesques" (1835) and "Mirgorod" (1835) marked Gogol's step towards realism, consolidating and deepening the trend that had already been outlined in "Evenings". The desire for the "ordinary" meant a change in the subject of the image: instead of strong and sharp characters - the vulgarity and facelessness of the townsfolk, instead of poetic and deep feelings - sluggish, almost reflex movements. In the tales of St. Petersburg life, "ordinary" life itself became illusory. Manifestations of ghostly - an endless series of unmotivated, illogical or internally inconsistent movements, facts and phenomena, from the actions of characters to the isolation and autonomy of the details of the toilet, external surroundings, as well as organs and parts of the human face and body. The pinnacle of Gogol's fantasy is the "Petersburg story" The Nose (1835; published in 1836), an extremely bold grotesque that anticipated some of the art trends of the 20th century. The story "Taras Bulba" acted as a contrast in relation to both the provincial and metropolitan world, capturing that moment of the national past, when the people ("Cossacks"), defending their sovereignty, acted as a whole, together and, moreover, as a force that determines the nature of common European history.
The writer spends the summer of 1835 in Vasilievka, the Crimea, and also in Kyiv, where he stays with Maksimovich and, together with Danilevsky, studies architectural monuments. In September, he returns to St. Petersburg and leaves teaching (in June he leaves the Patriotic Institute, in December - from the university).
In the autumn of 1835, he set about writing The Inspector General, the plot of which was prompted by Pushkin; the work progressed so successfully that on January 18, 1836, he read a comedy at the evening at Zhukovsky's (in the presence of Pushkin, P. A. Vyazemsky and others), and in February-March he is already busy staging it on the stage of the Alexandria Theater. The play premiered on April 19. May 25 - premiere in Moscow, at the Maly Theatre.
The depth of the comedy was not reflected in its first productions, which gave it a touch of vaudeville and farce; The image of Khlestakov was especially impoverished by N. O. Dyur in St. Petersburg and D. T. Lensky in Moscow, who played this role. Much greater understanding was found by criticism, which noted the originality of the comedy, calling the author "the great comedian of real life." However, the sharply unfriendly reviews of F. V. Bulgarin, who accused the writer of slandering Russia, and O. I. Senkovsky, who believed that the comedy was devoid of a serious idea, were not framed in plot and composition, were the first to sound. On Gogol, who managed to read only these reviews before leaving abroad, they produced a depressing effect, reinforced by many more oral judgments.
The state of mind of the writer was aggravated by the complication of relations with Pushkin; the reasons for this are not yet clear enough, but one of them was the friction in editing Sovremennik, for which Pushkin enlisted Gogol to collaborate. In 1836, the story "Carriage", the dramatic scene "Morning of a Businessman", several reviews and articles were published. Some expressions of the latter seemed risky and incorrect to Pushkin; in an editorial note, he made it clear that the article was not a Sovremennik program.
In June 1836 Gogol left St. Petersburg for Germany (in total he lived abroad for about 12 years). He spends the end of summer and autumn in Switzerland, where he takes up the continuation of Dead Souls. The plot was also prompted by Pushkin. Work began as early as 1835, before the writing of The Inspector General, and immediately acquired a wide scope. In St. Petersburg, several chapters were read to Pushkin, evoking in him both approval and at the same time a depressing feeling.
In November 1836 Gogol moved to Paris, where he met A. Mickiewicz. Here, in February 1837, at the height of his work on Dead Souls, he received shocking news of Pushkin's death. In a fit of "inexpressible anguish" and bitterness, Gogol feels "the current work" as a "sacred testament" of the poet. In early March 1837, he first came to Rome, where he spent time in the company of the artist A. A. Ivanov, I. S. Shapovalov, and also Princess 3. A. Volkonskaya. At the end of the summer, Gogol was again on the road: Turin, Baden-Baden, Frankfurt, Geneva. In October, he comes to Rome for the second time, where the final stage of work on the 1st volume of the poem unfolded. A number of new important meetings date back to this time: in 1838 in Rome, the writer becomes close to the amateur composer Count M. Yu. Vielgorsky and his family; Gogol was especially attached to his son I. M. Vielgorsky, whose early death (in 1839 in Rome) the writer bitterly mourned in the work "Nights in the Villa" (not finished, published 1856); in the summer of 1839 in Hanau am Main, he met N. M. Yazykov who soon became one of his closest friends.
In September 1839, accompanied by Pogodin, Gogol arrived in Moscow and began reading the chapters of "Dead Souls" - first in the Aksakovs' house, then, after moving to St. Petersburg in October, with Zhukovsky, with Prokopovich in the presence of his old friends. Total read 6 chapters. The enthusiasm was universal.
On May 9, 1840, at the celebration of his name day, arranged in Pogodin's house in Moscow, Gogol meets M. Yu. Lermontov. After 9 days, he leaves Moscow again, heading to Italy for the final finishing of the 1st volume. But at the end of the summer of 1840 in Vienna, where Gogol stopped to continue work on a drama from the Zaporizhzhya story, begun back in 1839 ("For a shaved mustache"; the author burned the manuscript in 1840; fragments were published in 1861), he suddenly suffers from an attack of severe nervous illness . From the end of September 1840 to August 1841 Gogol lives in Rome, where he completes the 1st volume of the poem. In October he returned to Petersburg through Moscow; reads the last 5 chapters in Aksakov's house. In January 1842, the writer, fearing the prohibition of the poem, forwarded the manuscript from V.G. Belinsky to the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee, also asking for the assistance of St. Petersburg friends. On March 9, the book was allowed by the censor A. V. Nikitenko, but with a change in title and without The Tale of Captain Kopeikin, the text of which Gogol was forced to rework. In May, "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls" (vol. 1, M., 1842) was published.
After the first, brief, but highly commendable comments, the initiative was seized by Gogol's detractors, who accused him of caricature, farce, and slandering reality. Later, N.A. Polevoy made an article that bordered on a denunciation.
All this controversy took place in the absence of Gogol, who went abroad in June 1842. Before leaving, he entrusts Prokopovich with the publication of the first collection of his works. Summer Gogol spends in Germany, in October, together with N. M. Yazykov, he moves to Rome. Works on the 2nd volume of "Dead Souls", begun, apparently, in 1840; He spends a lot of time preparing his collected works. "The Works of Nikolai Gogol" in four volumes came out at the beginning of 1843, since the censorship suspended two volumes already printed for a month.
The three years (1842-1845) that followed after the writer's departure abroad was a period of intense and difficult work on the 2nd Dead Souls.
The writing of "Dead Souls" is extremely difficult, with many stops. The work revived somewhat with the move to Nice, where Gogol spent the winter of 1843-1844, living in the Vielgorsky apartment. Gogol forces himself to write, overcoming mental fatigue and creative doubts. In Ostend in the summer of 1844 he became especially close to A.P. Tolstoy, the former governor of Tver and the military governor of Odessa. Conversations with him regarding the duties of senior officials then formed the basis of letter XXVIII from "Selected Places ..." - "Occupying an Important Place."
The process of writing a poem is increasingly turning into a process of life building oneself, and through oneself and all those around. So from the work on "Dead Souls" the idea of ​​the book "letters" was spun off, the first articles to which Gogol began to think over as early as 1844-1845.
At the beginning of 1845, Gogol showed signs of a new spiritual crisis. The writer goes to rest and "recuperate" in Paris, but in March he returns to Frankfurt. A period of treatment and consultations with various medical celebrities begins, moving from one resort to another - first in Halle, then to Berlin, then to Dresden, then to Karlsbad. At the end of June or at the beginning of July 1845, in a state of sharp exacerbation of his illness, Gogol burned the manuscript of the 2nd volume. Subsequently (in "Four Letters to Different Persons About Dead Souls" - "Selected Places") Gogol explained this step by the fact that "paths and roads" were not clearly shown in the book.
Slow, beautiful and very exciting. The wives got rid of their clothes. Our patience was running out. We were afraid that we would end up in our pants. The girls took pity on us. They quickly freed our members from captivity and seized them with their lips. My cock ended up in Lena's mouth. Lips and tongue did some incredible things. There was no more strength to hold back. I started to finish. Sperm tight jets hit in the throat. Lena was somehow able to swallow it whole without spilling a drop.

I looked at my neighbors. Sergey's eyes were in some kind of fog. He finished. Masha drank sperm, choking with pleasure, helping her fingers to keep it in her mouth. She licked and pulled everything out of Seryoga
Julia pushed Sanya's cock away from her mouth and caught the sperm that shot out of him. Not everything got into her mouth, but Yulia collected it with her hand and licked it off.
Then our ladies lifted us from the sofa and, dancing in front of us, began to undress us. They took off our clothes, while their kisses excited us, giving new strength. They caressed us with their bodies, clung to us and at the same time did not allow us to respond to their caresses. After they freed us from our clothes, they turned our backs to them and asked each of us to say a number from one to ten. I named ten, Sergey - three, and Sanya - six. Our wives clapped loudly and said that Yulka lost, so all men should now seduce her. We rejoiced at such a loss. We approached Yulia and began to kiss and caress her. Our hands stroked her everywhere, all over her body. Sanya and I began to kiss Yulka's breasts. Her nipples have grown. We began to bite them, Yulia began to moan.
Seryoga groped her clitoris. His fingers were doing something there. We lifted Yulia in our arms and carried her to the sofa. Seryoga launched his tongue into Yulia's pussy. It was so wet there that he could hardly swallow what was coming out of it. Sanya and I continued to bite our breasts. True, our bites became stronger and stronger. Julia began to scream. From this cry, Masha and Lena wound up. They began to seduce each other. They kissed, bit, caressed and expressed their emotions loudly. There was a cry of pleasure in the house. Sergei lay on his back and sat Julia on his cock. She began to dance on it. I put mine to her mouth - she began to kiss him. Lips, teeth, tongue - all this brought me into a state of some kind of euphoria. Sanya joined Yulia's ass. He drove his dignity into her. Yulia began to wheeze. We found some common rhythm and began to fuck my wife. Julia screamed with pleasure, groaned, squealed. She had an orgasm. She grabbed my cock with her hands so that it would not pop out of her mouth.
My sperm flowed into Yulka's mouth. She swallowed it, and what did not fit in her mouth, smeared it on her face. Then Sanya finished. He poured part of his sperm into Yulkina's ass, and the rest onto her back. And he smeared it with his hand. Sergei held out the longest. His orgasm was so powerful that he howled with pleasure. It seemed to us that from his powerful streams of sperm, which poured into Yulia, she began to bounce. We freed Yulia from ourselves. But our girls rushed to her and began to lick sperm from her. We enjoyed looking at it. Lena began to lick Yulkina's pussy, drank a cocktail, which consisted of male sperm and woman's juices. She licked her ass, from which the remnants of sperm flowed. Lena licked all the sperm from Yulia's back and then licked her face.
Improvement in the physical condition of Gogol was only in the fall. In October he is already in Rome. From May to November 1846 Gogol was on the road again. In November, he settled in Naples with S.P. Apraksina, the sister of A.P. Tolstoy. Here the news of the death of N. M. Yazykov (1847) is hard to bear.
Gogol continues to work on the 2nd volume, however, experiencing increasing difficulties, he is distracted by other things: he composes a preface to the 2nd edition of the poem (published 1846) "To the reader from the writer", writes "The denouement of the Inspector" (published 1856), in which the idea of ​​a "prefabricated city" in the spirit of the theological tradition ("On the City of God" by Blessed Augustine) was refracted into the subjective plane of the "spiritual city" of an individual, which brought to the fore the requirements of spiritual education and improvement of everyone.
In 1847, Selected passages from correspondence with friends were published in St. Petersburg. The book performed a dual function - both explaining why the 2nd volume has not yet been written, and some compensation for it: Gogol proceeded to present his main ideas - a doubt about the effective, teacher function of fiction, a utopian program for fulfilling one's duty by all "estates" and "ranks", from the peasant to the highest officials and the king.
The release of "Selected Places" brought a real critical storm to their author. L. V. Brant, Senkovsky, E.F. Rosen and others wrote about Gogol's defeat, about his excessive and unjustified pretensions. N. F. Pavlov reproached Gogol for contradictions and false grounds. Gogol was accused of betraying his vocation by many of his friends, primarily S. T. Aksakov. P. A. Vyazemsky and A. A. Grigoriev wrote about the need for a more cautious approach to the book. "Selected Places" was sharply criticized by V.G. Belinsky.
All these responses overtook the writer on the road: in May 1847 he went from Naples to Paris, then to Germany. Gogol cannot recover from the "blows" he received: "My health ... was shocked by this devastating story for me about my book ... I wonder myself how I am still alive." In order to deflect the blows and justify himself, Gogol undertakes a "confession of my literary work" (published in 1855), where he insists that his creative path was consistent and uninterrupted, that he did not betray art and his former creations. Nevertheless, he acknowledges the failure of "Selected Places" and expresses a desire to avoid the shortcomings of the book in the forthcoming 2nd volume. Among the critics of "Selected Places" was the Rzhev archpriest father Matvey (Konstantinovsky), who persuaded the writer to even greater rigorism and steady moral self-improvement. Gogol yielded to the influence of this sermon, although he defended his right to artistic creativity.
Gogol again spends the winter of 1847-1848 in Naples, intensively reading Russian periodicals, novelties of fiction, historical and folklore books - "in order to plunge deeper into the indigenous Russian spirit." At the same time, he is preparing for a long-planned pilgrimage to the holy places. In January 1848 he was sent to Jerusalem by sea. In April he returns to Odessa. Summer 1848 Gogol spends in Odessa, Vasilievka; in September in St. Petersburg, at an evening with the poet and teacher of Russian literature A. A. Komarov, he meets young writers: N. A. Nekrasov, I. A. Goncharov, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin.
In mid-October Gogol lives in Moscow. In 1849–1850, Gogol read individual chapters of the 2nd volume of Dead Souls to his friends. General approval and delight inspire the writer, who now works with redoubled energy. In the spring of 1850, Gogol makes his first and last attempt to arrange his family life - he proposes to A. M. Vielgorskaya, but is refused.
In June 1850, Gogol made a trip (together with Maksimovich "for a long time") to his native places; on the way, he visits A. O. Smirnova in Kaluga, then visits Optina Pustyn. He spends summer and early autumn in Vasilievka, meets with Danilevsky, and continues to work on the 2nd volume.
In October he comes to Odessa. His condition is improving; he is active, cheerful, cheerful; willingly converges with the actors of the Odessa troupe, to whom he gives lessons in reading comedies, with L. S. Pushkin, with local writers. In March 1851 he left Odessa and, having spent the spring and early summer in his native places, returned to Moscow in June. A new circle of readings of the 2nd volume of the poem follows; I read up to 7 chapters in total. In October, he is present at The Inspector General at the Maly Theater, with S. V. Shumsky in the role of Khlestakov, and is satisfied with the performance; in November, he reads The Inspector General to a group of actors, and I. S. Turgenev was among the listeners.
January 1, 1852 Gogol informs Arnoldi that the 2nd volume is "completely finished." But in the last days of the month, signs of a new crisis were clearly revealed, the impetus for which was the death of E. M. Khomyakova, the sister of N. M. Yazykov, a person spiritually close to Gogol. He is tormented by a premonition of imminent death, aggravated by renewed doubts about the beneficence of his writing career and the success of his work. In late January - early February, Gogol meets with his father Matvey (Konstantinovsky), who arrived in Moscow; the content of their conversations remained unknown, however, there is an indication that Father Matthew advised to destroy some of the chapters of the poem, motivating this step with their harmful influence that they would have. Gogol, for his part, could reinterpret his reaction in the sense that the 2nd volume remained artistically unconvincing. On February 7, Gogol confesses and takes communion, and on the night of 11 to 12 he burns the white manuscript of the 2nd volume (only 5 chapters relating to various draft editions have been preserved in incomplete form; published in 1855). On the morning of February 21, Gogol died in his last apartment in Talyzin's house in Moscow.

Gogol's life and work is divided into three stages. Each of them has its own semantic features. In his works, the mystical and the real are combined, the author uses humorous techniques. All his work had a huge impact on all Russian literature.

In 1829 the first period in Gogol's work began and ended in 1835. At this time he writes satirical works. He received the name "Petersburg". For the first time in this city he experienced adversity and problems. He saw real life in a negative light. The writer had a dream of a happy life. At this time, his first collections "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka", "Mirgorod" and "Arabesques" were published. They depict pictures of life, from his previous life in Ukraine.

From 1836, the second stage began, which lasted until 1842. The works of this stage are distinguished by realism. At this time, he prints The Government Inspector and Dead Souls. In them, Gogol raised problems revealing the vices of people, corruption, vulgarity, lies. He ridiculed them, trying to defeat them in this way.

Since 1842, the third and last period in the work of N.V. Gogol. It ended in 1852. During this period, Gogol exposes his inner world, he raises philosophical and religious questions. When he lived abroad, in complete oblivion and loneliness, he turned to religion and rethought his life.

At this moment, he is working on the second volume of Dead Souls, in which the author wanted to find positive features in negative characters. In the work “Selected places from correspondence with friends”, the writer depicted his spiritual world, and the crisis. Gogol falls ill, burns his work "Dead Souls", and soon after that he dies.

N.V. Gogol wrote works of various genres, but in all of them a person stands in the center. Folk legends, epics were included in the plot of the works.

His books combine the real world with fantasy. Mystical and real heroes live in the same time. This shows the romantic orientation of the works of the writer's early work.

Mysticism was in the writer's life all the time. Gogol remains not only a writer, but also a great mystic of our time.

Message 2

Speaking about the work of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, one must first of all turn to the times of the school of the writer. His writing data were received innately from his parents, and were fixed in the Nizhyn Lyceum, where the famous writer studied. There was a particular shortage of teaching material in the lyceum, in order for young people who wanted to know more to quench their thirst for knowledge. For this, it was additionally necessary to write out the works of well-known, at that time, writers. They were Zhukovsky and Pushkin. Gogol also took the initiative to become editor-in-chief of the local school magazine.

The development of creativity N.V. Gogol went from romanticism on the way to realism. And in every way these two styles were mixed throughout the life of the writer. The first attempts at literary writing were no good, since life in Russia oppressed him, and his thoughts and dreams rushed to his native Ukraine, where the writer spent his childhood.

The poem "Hanz Kühelgarten" became the first published work of N.V. Gogol, in 1829. Her character was more romantic and the poem was a Fossian imitation. But after negative criticism, the poem was immediately burned by the writer. Romanticism and realism are well mixed in the collection Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka. It so well reflected the dream of a beautiful and uncomplicated, direct and happy life. The author was able to depict Ukraine in a completely different way, in his works there was restlessness, conflict, the elimination of human relations, criminal acts in front of fellow countrymen, intertwined with the detachment of the individual.

N.V. Gogol idolized Pushkin and Zhukovsky, they were his inspirers, which helped the birth of such works as Nevsky Prospekt, Tras Bulba, Viy.

Two subsequent collections, "Arabesques" and "Mirgorod", transferred readers to the environment of officials, where it was full of minor worries and misfortunes that burden the everyday life of the people described there. Romantic themes and encounters were more realistic, which made it possible to rebuild all the degrees of writing the poem. The theme of the "little man" was well revealed in the story "The Overcoat", and became the main one in Russian literature.

The talent of a satirist and the path of an innovator in the creation of dramatic works was noted in the comedies The Inspector General and The Marriage. It was a completely new stage in the creative activity of the writer.

Gogol's works have always been imbued with the spirit of Ukraine, with notes of humor, full of humanity and tragedy.

The Amur River is the largest and most mysterious, shrouded in legends, river in the entire Far East, its length is 2824 km and its width is 5 km. Amur is born from the confluence of the Argun and Shilka rivers.

• Canada - message report (2, 7 grade geography)

  The country is located in the north of North America, washed by three oceans at once: the Arctic, the Pacific (in the west) and the Atlantic (in the east).